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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reign of King Otto, 1833–1863</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_King_Otto,_1833–1863-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_King_George_I,_1864–1913" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_King_George_I,_1864–1913"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reign of King George I, 1864–1913</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign_of_King_George_I,_1864–1913-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign of King George I, 1864–1913 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_King_George_I,_1864–1913-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balkan_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Balkan Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_subsequent_crises,_1914-1922" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_subsequent_crises,_1914-1922"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>World War I and subsequent crises, 1914-1922</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I_and_subsequent_crises,_1914-1922-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I and subsequent crises, 1914-1922 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_subsequent_crises,_1914-1922-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greco-Turkish_War_(1919–1922)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Turkish_War_(1919–1922)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Turkish_War_(1919–1922)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_and_Monarchy_(1922–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_and_Monarchy_(1922–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Republic and Monarchy (1922–1940)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_and_Monarchy_(1922–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_Greece_(1950–1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_Greece_(1950–1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Postwar Greece (1950–1973)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Postwar_Greece_(1950–1973)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Postwar Greece (1950–1973) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Postwar_Greece_(1950–1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_military_junta_of_1967–1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_military_junta_of_1967–1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Greek military junta of 1967–1974</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_military_junta_of_1967–1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_and_democracy_(1973–2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_and_democracy_(1973–2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transition and democracy (1973–2009)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_and_democracy_(1973–2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_Government_and_Economic_Crisis_(2009–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_Government_and_Economic_Crisis_(2009–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Greek Government and Economic Crisis (2009–)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Greek_Government_and_Economic_Crisis_(2009–)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Greek Government and Economic Crisis (2009–) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Greek_Government_and_Economic_Crisis_(2009–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government-Debt_Crisis_(2009–2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government-Debt_Crisis_(2009–2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Government-Debt Crisis (2009–2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-Debt_Crisis_(2009–2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Coalition government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SYRIZA_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SYRIZA_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>SYRIZA victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SYRIZA_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Democracy_back_in_power_(2019–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Democracy_back_in_power_(2019–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>New Democracy back in power (2019–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Democracy_back_in_power_(2019–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of modern Greece</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="تاريخ اليونان الحديث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ اليونان الحديث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Гісторыя сучаснай Грэцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя сучаснай Грэцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на съвременна Гърция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на съвременна Гърция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της νεότερης Ελλάδας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της νεότερης Ελλάδας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce_depuis_le_XIXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Histoire de la Grèce depuis le XIXe siècle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Grèce depuis le XIXe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EB%8C%80_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="근대 그리스의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="근대 그리스의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_contemporanea" title="Grecia contemporanea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grecia contemporanea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Graeciae_recentior" title="Historia Graeciae recentior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Graeciae recentior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на современа Грција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на современа Грција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_het_moderne_Griekenland" title="Geschiedenis van het moderne Griekenland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van het moderne Griekenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Gr%C3%A9cia_Moderna" title="História da Grécia Moderna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Grécia Moderna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История современной Греции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История современной Греции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Yunanistan_tarihi" title="Modern Yunanistan tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Modern Yunanistan tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Історія сучасної Греції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія сучасної Греції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="近代希臘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="近代希臘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1204808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Greece" title="Category:History of Greece">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of <span class="fn org label">Greece</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;">right</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Greek Bronze Age</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic chronology</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1000</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100–1100</span> BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenean</a> <small>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750–1050</span> BC)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a> <small>(1100 BC–750 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a> <small>(800 BC–480 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> <small>(500 BC–323 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> <small>(323 BC–31 BC)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a> <small>(146 BC–330 AD)</small></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Medieval Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish and Latin states</a> <small>(1204-1579)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Venetian Crete</a> <small>(1205-1667)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian Islands</a> <small>(1363-1797)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a> <small>(1371-1912)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern Greece</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a> <small>(1800-1807)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <small>(1821-1829)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1822-1832)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> <small>(1832-1924, 1935-1973)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> <small>(1914/15-1917)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1924-1935)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a> <small>(1936-1941)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Collaborationist regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Political Committee of National Liberation">Free Greece</a>) <small>(1941-1944)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a> <small>(1946-1949)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Military Junta</a> <small>(1967-1974)</small><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a> <small>(1974-)</small><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece#History" title="Church of Greece">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Ethnonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greek music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/16px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Greece" title="Template talk:History of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of modern Greece</b> covers the history of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> from the recognition by the Great Powers — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> — of its <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1828 to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> had ruled most of the Greek-speaking world since late Antiquity, but experienced a decline as a result of <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turkish</a> invasions and was fatally weakened by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">sacking of Constantinople</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Latin Crusaders</a> in 1204. The establishment of Catholic <a href="/wiki/Latinokratia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinokratia">Latin states</a> on Greek soil, and the struggles of the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a> against them, led to the emergence of a distinct Greek national identity. The Byzantine Empire was restored by the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologos</a> dynasty in 1261, but it was a shadow of its former self, and constant civil wars and foreign attacks in the 14th century brought about its terminal decline. As a result, most of Greece gradually became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a> in 1458, and of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a> in 1460. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg/170px-Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg/255px-Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg/340px-Filiki_Eteria_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>The flag of <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ottoman control was largely absent in the mountainous interior of Greece, and many fled there, often becoming brigands.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, only the islands of the Aegean and a few coastal fortresses on the mainland, under <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> rule, remained free from Ottoman rule, but by the mid-16th century, the Ottomans had conquered most of them as well. <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">fell</a> in 1522, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in 1571, and the Venetians retained <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> until 1670. The <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> were only briefly ruled by the Ottomans (<a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a> from 1479 to 1481 and from 1485 to 1500), and remained primarily under the rule of Venice. </p><p>The first large-scale insurrection against Ottoman rule was the <a href="/wiki/Orlov_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov Revolt">Orlov Revolt</a> of the early 1770s, but it was brutally repressed. The same time, however, also marks the start of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a>, as Greeks who studied in Western Europe brought knowledge and ideas back to their homeland, and as Greek merchants and shipowners increased their wealth. As a result, especially in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, liberal and nationalist ideas began to spread across the Greek lands. </p><p>In 1821, the Greeks <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">rose up</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Initial successes were followed by infighting, which almost caused the Greek struggle to collapse; nevertheless, the prolongation of the fight forced the Great Powers (Britain, Russia and France) to recognize the claims of the Greek rebels to separate statehood (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1827)" title="Treaty of London (1827)">Treaty of London</a>) and intervene against the Ottomans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a>. Greece was initially to be an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> state under Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, but by 1832, in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1832)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1832)">Treaty of Constantinople</a>, it was recognized as a fully independent kingdom. In the meantime, the <a href="/wiki/Third_National_Assembly_at_Troezen" title="Third National Assembly at Troezen">3rd National Assembly</a> of the Greek insurgents called upon <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, a former foreign minister of Russia, to take over the governance of the fledgling state in 1827. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_of_Ioannis_Kapodistrias">Administration of Ioannis Kapodistrias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration of Ioannis Kapodistrias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapodistrias3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kapodistrias3.jpg/170px-Kapodistrias3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kapodistrias3.jpg/255px-Kapodistrias3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Kapodistrias3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On his arrival, Kapodistrias launched a major reform and modernisation programme that covered all areas. He re-established military unity by bringing an end to the second phase of the civil war; re-organised the military, which was then able to reconquer territory lost to the Ottoman military during the civil wars; and introduced the first modern <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> system in Greece, which brought diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> under control for the first time since the start of the War of Independence. </p><p>Kapodistrias also negotiated with the Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire to establish the borders and degree of independence of the Greek state; signed the peace treaty that ended the War of Independence with the Ottomans; introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(currency)" title="Phoenix (currency)">phoenix</a></i>, the first modern Greek currency; organised local administration; and, in an effort to raise the living standards of the population, introduced the cultivation of the <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> into Greece. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Greek_coin_1828-1833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Phoenix_Greek_coin_1828-1833.jpg/220px-Phoenix_Greek_coin_1828-1833.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Phoenix_Greek_coin_1828-1833.jpg/330px-Phoenix_Greek_coin_1828-1833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Phoenix_Greek_coin_1828-1833.jpg/440px-Phoenix_Greek_coin_1828-1833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Face and Obverse of a <a href="/wiki/Greek_phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek phoenix">Phoenix</a> coin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Furthermore, he tried to undermine the authority of the traditional clans (or dynasties) that he considered the useless legacy of a bygone and obsolete era.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he underestimated the political and military strength of the <i>capetanei</i> (καπεταναίοι – commanders) who had led the revolt against <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1821, and who had expected a leadership role in the post-revolution Government. When a dispute between the <i>capetanei</i> of <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a> and the appointed governor of the province escalated into an armed conflict, he called in Russian troops to restore order, because much of the army was controlled by <i>capetanei</i> who had been part of the rebellion. </p><p>George Finlay's 1861 <i>History of Greek Revolution</i> records that by 1831 Kapodistrias's government had become hated, chiefly by the independent <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a>, but also by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Roumeliotes</a> and the rich and influential merchant families of <a href="/wiki/Hydra_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra island">Hydra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spetses" title="Spetses">Spetses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psara" title="Psara">Psara</a>. The customs dues of the inhabitants of Hydra were the chief source of revenue for these municipalities, and they refused to hand these over to Kapodistrias. It appears that Kapodistrias had refused to convene the National Assembly and was ruling as a despot, possibly influenced by his Russian experiences. The municipality of Hydra instructed Admiral <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vokos_Miaoulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Vokos Miaoulis">Miaoulis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Mavrokordatos" title="Alexandros Mavrokordatos">Alexandros Mavrokordatos</a> to go to <a href="/wiki/Poros" title="Poros">Poros</a> and seize the Hellenic Navy's fleet there. This Miaoulis did so with the intention of preventing a blockade of the islands, so for a time it seemed as if the National Assembly would be called. </p><p>Kapodistrias called on the British and French residents to support him in putting down the rebellion, but this they refused to do. Nonetheless, an Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ivanovich_Ricord" title="Pyotr Ivanovich Ricord">Rikord (or Ricord)</a> took his ships north to Poros. Colonel (later General) Kallergis took a half-trained force of Greek Army regulars and a force of irregulars in support. With less than 200 men, Miaoulis was unable to make much of a fight; Fort Heidek on <a href="/wiki/Bourtzi_(Nafplio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourtzi (Nafplio)">Bourtzi</a> Island was overrun by the regulars and the brig <i>Spetses</i> (once Laskarina Bouboulina's <i>Agamemnon</i>) sunk by Ricord's force. Encircled by the Russians in the harbor and Kallergis' force on land, Poros surrendered. Miaoulis was forced to set charges in the flagship <i>Hellas</i> and the corvette <i>Hydra</i> to blow them up when he and his handful of followers returned to Hydra. Kallergis' men were enraged by the loss of the ships and sacked Poros, carrying off plunder to Nauplion. </p><p>The loss of the best ships in the fleet crippled the Hellenic Navy for many years, but it also weakened Kapodistrias' position. He did finally call the National Assembly, but his other actions triggered more opposition and that led to his downfall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination_of_Kapodistrias_and_the_creation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Greece">Assassination of Kapodistrias and the creation of the Kingdom of Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assassination of Kapodistrias and the creation of the Kingdom of Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapodistrias_murder_by_Pachis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kapodistrias_murder_by_Pachis.jpg/220px-Kapodistrias_murder_by_Pachis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kapodistrias_murder_by_Pachis.jpg/330px-Kapodistrias_murder_by_Pachis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kapodistrias_murder_by_Pachis.jpg/440px-Kapodistrias_murder_by_Pachis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>The murder of Ioannis Kapodistrias</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charalambos_Pachis" title="Charalambos Pachis">Charalambos Pachis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg/220px-Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg/330px-Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg/440px-Peter_v_Hess_Empfang_K%C3%B6nig_Otto_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3435" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><i>The Entry of <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">King Otto</a> in Athens</i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hess" title="Peter von Hess">Peter von Hess</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1831, Kapodistrias ordered the imprisonment of <a href="/wiki/Petros_Mavromichalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Petros Mavromichalis">Petrobey Mavromichalis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>, one of the wildest and most rebellious parts of Greece. This was a mortal offence to the Mavromichalis family, and on 9 October 1831 (27 September in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a>) Kapodistrias was assassinated by Petros' brother <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Mavromichalis" title="Konstantinos Mavromichalis">Konstantis</a> and son <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Mavromichalis" title="Georgios Mavromichalis">Georgios</a> on the steps of the church of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Spyridon" title="Saint Spyridon">Saint Spyridon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a>. </p><p>Ioannis Kapodistrias was succeeded as Governor by his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Augustinos_Kapodistrias" title="Augustinos Kapodistrias">Augustinos Kapodistrias</a>. Augustinos ruled only for six months, during which the country was very much plunged into chaos. Under the protocol signed at the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1832" title="London Conference of 1832">London Conference of 1832</a> on 7 May 1832 between <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and the protecting Powers, Greece was defined as an independent kingdom, free of Ottoman control, with the <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Volos" title="Volos">Volos</a> line as its northern frontier. The protocol also dealt with the way in which a Regency was to be managed until <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Bavaria</a> reached his majority to assume the throne of Greece. The Ottoman Empire was indemnified in the sum of 40,000,000 piastres for the loss of territory in the new kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_of_King_Otto,_1833–1863"><span id="Reign_of_King_Otto.2C_1833.E2.80.931863"></span>Reign of King Otto, 1833–1863</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign of King Otto, 1833–1863"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg/170px-Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg/255px-Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg/340px-Prinz_Otto_von_Bayern_Koenig_von_Griechenland_1833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2139" data-file-height="2653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto</a>, the first King of modern Greece.</figcaption></figure> <p>Otto's reign would prove troubled, but he managed to hang on for 30 years before he and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Amalia_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Amalia of Greece">Queen Amalia</a>, left the same way they came, aboard a British warship. During the early years of his reign, a group of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Regency_council_of_Otto_of_Greece" title="Regency council of Otto of Greece">regents ruled in his name</a>, and they made themselves very unpopular by trying to impose German ideas of rigid hierarchical government on the Greeks, while keeping most significant state offices away from them. Nevertheless, they laid the foundations of a Greek administration, army, justice system and education system. Otto was sincere in his desire to give Greece good government, but he suffered from two great handicaps: his Roman Catholic faith and his childless marriage to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Amalia_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Amalia of Greece">Queen Amalia</a>. This meant he could neither be crowned as King of Greece under the Orthodox rite nor establish a dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otto came of age in 1835 and assumed the reins of government, but Bavarians remained as heads of the government until 1837. Otto thereafter appointed Greek ministers, although Bavarian officials still ran much of the army. At this time, Greece still had no legislature and no constitution. Discontent at the continued "Bavarocracy" grew until the <a href="/wiki/3_September_1843_Revolution" title="3 September 1843 Revolution">3 September 1843 Revolution</a> broke out in Athens. Otto agreed to grant a constitution and convened a National Assembly that met in November of the same year. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">Greek Constitution of 1844</a> then created a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral parliament</a> consisting of an Assembly (<i>Vouli</i>) and a Senate (<i>Gerousia</i>). Power then passed into the hands of a group of Greek politicians, most of whom who had been commanders in the War of Independence against the Ottomans. </p><p>Greek politics in the 19th century was dominated by the "national question". The majority of Greeks continued to live under Ottoman rule, and Greeks dreamed of liberating them all and reconstituting a state embracing all the Greek lands, with <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as its capital. This was called the Great Idea (<i><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></i>), and it was sustained by almost continuous rebellions against Ottoman rule in Greek-speaking territories, particularly <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> broke out in 1854, Greece saw an opportunity to gain Ottoman-controlled territory that had large Greek populations. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Russians attacked the Ottoman forces, Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> from April 1854 to February 1857. The Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1854" title="Epirus Revolt of 1854">Epirus Revolt of 1854</a> as well as uprisings in Crete. The revolts failed and Greece made no gains during the Crimean War, which Russia lost.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new generation of Greek politicians was growing increasingly intolerant of King Otto's continuing interference in government. In 1862, the King dismissed his prime minister, the former admiral <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Kanaris" title="Konstantinos Kanaris">Konstantinos Kanaris</a>, the most prominent politician of the period. This provoked a military rebellion, forcing Otto to accept the inevitable and leave the country. </p><p>The Greeks then asked Britain to send Queen Victoria's son <a href="/wiki/Duke_Alfred_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred</a> as their new king, but this was vetoed by the other Powers. Instead, a young Danish Prince became <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">King George I</a>. George was a very popular choice as a constitutional monarch, and he agreed that his sons would be raised in the Greek Orthodox faith. As a reward to the Greeks for adopting a pro-British King, Britain ceded the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> to Greece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_of_King_George_I,_1864–1913"><span id="Reign_of_King_George_I.2C_1864.E2.80.931913"></span>Reign of King George I, 1864–1913</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign of King George I, 1864–1913"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg/170px-King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg/255px-King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg/340px-King_George_of_Hellenes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">King George I of the Hellenes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Hellenic Navy</a> uniform.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the urging of Britain and <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">King George</a>, Greece adopted the much more democratic <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">Greek Constitution of 1864</a>. The powers of the King were reduced, the Senate was abolished, and the franchise was extended to all adult males. <a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> was used in elections, with one urn for each candidate divided into "yes" and "no" portions into which voters dropped lead beads. Nevertheless, Greek politics remained heavily dynastic, as it has always been. Family names such as Zaimis, Rallis and Trikoupis occurred repeatedly as prime ministers. </p><p>Although parties were centered around the individual leaders, often bearing their names, two broad political tendencies existed: the liberals, led first by <a href="/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis" title="Charilaos Trikoupis">Charilaos Trikoupis</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, and the conservatives, led initially by <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Deligiannis" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoros Deligiannis">Theodoros Deligiannis</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Thrasivoulos_Zaimis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasivoulos Zaimis">Thrasivoulos Zaimis</a>. Trikoupis and Deligiannis dominated Greek politics in the later 19th century, alternating in office. Trikoupis favoured co-operation with Great Britain in foreign affairs, the creation of infrastructure and an indigenous industry, raising protective tariffs and progressive social legislation, while the more populist Deligiannis depended on the promotion of Greek nationalism and the <i><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></i>. </p><p>Greece remained a very poor country throughout the 19th century. The country lacked raw materials, infrastructure and capital. Agriculture was mostly at the subsistence level, and the only important export commodities were <a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">currants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. Some Greeks grew rich as merchants and shipowners, and <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> became a major port, but little of this wealth found its way to the Greek peasantry. Greece remained hopelessly in debt to London finance houses. </p><p>By the 1890s, Greece was virtually bankrupt. Poverty was rife in the rural areas and the islands, and was eased only by large-scale emigration to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. There was little education in the rural areas. Nevertheless, there was progress in building communications and infrastructure, and fine public buildings were erected in Athens. The capital staged the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">revival of the Olympic Games</a> in 1896, which proved a great success. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hellenic_Parliament_by_N._Orlof_(1930)_on_November_3,_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Hellenic_Parliament_by_N._Orlof_%281930%29_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg/220px-The_Hellenic_Parliament_by_N._Orlof_%281930%29_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Hellenic_Parliament_by_N._Orlof_%281930%29_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg/330px-The_Hellenic_Parliament_by_N._Orlof_%281930%29_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/The_Hellenic_Parliament_by_N._Orlof_%281930%29_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg/440px-The_Hellenic_Parliament_by_N._Orlof_%281930%29_on_November_3%2C_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3375" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> in the 1880s, with PM <a href="/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis" title="Charilaos Trikoupis">Charilaos Trikoupis</a> standing at the podium.</figcaption></figure> <p>The parliamentary process developed greatly in Greece during the reign of George I. Initially, the royal prerogative in choosing his prime minister remained and contributed to governmental instability, until the introduction of the <i>dedilomeni</i> principle of <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">parliamentary confidence</a> in 1875 by the reformist <a href="/wiki/Charilaos_Trikoupis" title="Charilaos Trikoupis">Charilaos Trikoupis</a>. Clientelism and frequent electoral upheavals however remained the norm in Greek politics, and frustrated the country's development. </p><p>Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending (to create necessary infrastructure such as the <a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a>) overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of <a href="/wiki/National_bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="National bankruptcy">public insolvency</a> in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's creditors. </p><p>Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a>. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Demotic</a>. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>. Government documents and newspapers were consequently published in <i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i> (purified) Greek, a form that few ordinary Greeks could read. Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language, but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts, to the extent that when the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was translated into Demotic in 1901, riots erupted in Athens and the government fell (the <i>Evangeliaka</i>). This issue would continue to plague Greek politics until the 1970s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece_1903.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Map_of_Greece_1903.png/220px-Map_of_Greece_1903.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Map_of_Greece_1903.png/330px-Map_of_Greece_1903.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Map_of_Greece_1903.png/440px-Map_of_Greece_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Principality of Samos</a> in 1903, before the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Especially in Crete, the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)">Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)</a> raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russian and the Ottomans in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor and too concerned about British intervention to enter the war officially. Nevertheless, in 1881, <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and small parts of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> were ceded to Greece as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>. </p><p>Greeks in Crete continued to stage regular revolts, and in 1897, the Greek government under Theodoros Deligiannis, bowing to popular pressure, declared war on the Ottomans. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a>, the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated by the Ottomans. Through the intervention of the Great Powers however, Greece lost only a little territory along the border to Turkey, while Crete was established as an autonomous state under <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince George of Greece">Prince George of Greece</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goudi_coup_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Goudi_coup_poster.jpg/220px-Goudi_coup_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Goudi_coup_poster.jpg/330px-Goudi_coup_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Goudi_coup_poster.jpg/440px-Goudi_coup_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Popular lithograph celebrating the success of the <a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi pronunciamiento</a> of 1909 as a national rebirth.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nationalist sentiment among Greeks in the Ottoman Empire continued to grow, and by the 1890s there were constant disturbances in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>. Here, the Greeks were in competition not only with the Ottomans, but also with the Bulgarians, in an armed propaganda struggle for the hearts and minds of the ethnically mixed local population, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Greek_Struggle_for_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Struggle for Macedonia">Macedonian Struggle</a>". </p><p>In July 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Taking advantage of the Ottoman internal turmoil, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire. On Crete, the local population, led by a young politician named <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, declared <i><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></i>, Union with Greece, provoking another crisis. The fact that the Greek government, led by <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallis" title="Dimitrios Rallis">Dimitrios Rallis</a>, proved unable to likewise take advantage of the situation and bring Crete into the fold, rankled many Greeks, especially young military officers. These formed a secret society, the "<a href="/wiki/Military_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Military League">Military League</a>", with the purpose of emulating their Ottoman colleagues to seek governmental reforms. </p><p>The resulting <a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a> on 15 August 1909 marked a watershed in modern Greek history: as the military conspirators were inexperienced in politics, they asked Venizelos, who had impeccable liberal credentials, to come to Greece as their political adviser. Venizelos quickly established himself as a powerful political figure, and his allies won the August 1910 elections. Venizelos became prime minister in October 1910, ushering a period of 25 years where his personality would dominate Greek politics. </p><p>Venizelos initiated a major reform program, including a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">new and more liberal constitution</a> and reforms in the spheres of public administration, education and economy. French and British military missions were invited for the army and navy respectively, and arms purchases were made. In the meantime, the Ottoman Empire's weaknesses were revealed by the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> in Libya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_Wars">Balkan Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Balkan Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece in the Balkan Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahanas1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lahanas1913.jpg/220px-Lahanas1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lahanas1913.jpg/330px-Lahanas1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lahanas1913.jpg/440px-Lahanas1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Greek lithograph of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Through the spring of 1912, a series of bilateral agreements between the Christian Balkan states (Greece, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>) formed the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>, which in October 1912 declared war on the Ottoman Empire. In the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, the Ottomans were defeated on all fronts, and the four allies rushed to grab as much territory as they could. The Greeks occupied <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> just ahead of the Bulgarians, and also took much of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London (1913)</a> ended the war, but no one was left satisfied, and soon, the four allies fell out over the partition of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>. In June 1913, Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>, but was beaten back. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest (1913)</a>, which concluded the Second Balkan War, left Greece with southern Epirus, the southern half of Macedonia (known as <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a>), Crete and the Aegean islands, except for the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, which had been occupied by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> since 1911. These gains nearly doubled Greece's area and population. </p><p>In March 1913, an anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Schinas" title="Alexandros Schinas">Alexandros Schinas</a>, assassinated King George in Thessaloniki, and his son came to the throne as Constantine I. Constantine was the first Greek king born in Greece and the first to be Greek Orthodox by birth. His very name had been chosen in the spirit of romantic Greek nationalism (the <i><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></i>), evoking the Byzantine emperors of that name. In addition, as the Commander-in-chief of the Greek Army during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, his popularity was enormous, rivalled only by that of Venizelos, his prime minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I_and_subsequent_crises,_1914-1922"><span id="World_War_I_and_subsequent_crises.2C_1914-1922"></span>World War I and subsequent crises, 1914-1922</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War I and subsequent crises, 1914-1922"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece during World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor Campaign">Asia Minor Campaign</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in 1914, the King and his prime minister Venizelos both preferred to maintain a neutral stance, in spite of Greece's treaty of alliance with Serbia, which had been attacked by Austria-Hungary as the first belligerent action of the conflict. But when the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> asked for Greek help in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanelles campaign">Dardanelles campaign</a> of 1915, offering <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in exchange, their diverging views became apparent: Constantine had been educated in <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, was married to <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Prussia" title="Sophia of Prussia">Sophia of Prussia</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Kaiser Wilhelm</a>, and was convinced of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>' victory. Venizelos, on the other hand, was an ardent <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">anglophile</a>, and believed in an Allied victory. </p><p>Since Greece, a maritime country, could not oppose the mighty British navy, and citing the need for a respite after two wars, King Constantine favored continued neutrality, while Venizelos actively sought Greek entry in the war on the Allied side. Venizelos resigned, but won the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_May_1915" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, May 1915">Greek elections of 1915</a> and again formed the government. When Bulgaria entered the war as a German ally in October 1915, Venizelos invited <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> forces into Greece (the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian front (World War I)">Salonika front</a>), for which he was again dismissed by Constantine. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venizelos_WWI_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venizelos_WWI_1918.jpg/220px-Venizelos_WWI_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venizelos_WWI_1918.jpg/330px-Venizelos_WWI_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venizelos_WWI_1918.jpg/440px-Venizelos_WWI_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Venizelos reviews a section of the Greek army on the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian front (World War I)">Macedonian front</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, 1917. He is accompanied by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Koundouriotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlos Koundouriotis">Pavlos Koundouriotis</a> (left) and General <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sarrail" title="Maurice Sarrail">Maurice Sarrail</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1916, after several incidents in which both sides in the war had encroached upon the still theoretically neutral Greek territory, Venizelist officers rose up in Allied-controlled Thessaloniki and Venizelos established a separate government there known as the result of a so-called <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement of National Defence">Movement of National Defence</a>. Constantine was now ruling only in what was Greece before the Balkan Wars ("Old Greece"), and his government was subject to repeated humiliations from the Allies. In November 1916 the French occupied <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, bombarded Athens and forced the Greek fleet to surrender. The royalist troops fired at them, leading to a battle between French and Greek royalist troops. There were also riots against supporters of Venizelos in Athens (the <i><a href="/wiki/Noemvriana" title="Noemvriana">Noemvriana</a></i>). </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 1917, the Tsar's support for his cousin Constantine was eliminated, and he was forced to leave the country, without actually abdicating, in June 1917. His second son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander of Greece (king)">Alexander</a> became King, while the remaining royal family and the most prominent royalists followed him into exile. Venizelos now led a superficially united Greece into the war on the Allied side, but underneath the surface, the division of Greek society into <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelists</a> and anti-Venizelists, the so-called <a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a>, became more entrenched. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Turkish_War_(1919–1922)"><span id="Greco-Turkish_War_.281919.E2.80.931922.29"></span>Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg/170px-Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg/255px-Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg/340px-Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1721" /></a><figcaption>The Greek Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a> in the Balkans and western Asia Minor, according to a 1919 map submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the end of the war in November 1918, the moribund Ottoman Empire was ready to be carved up among the victors, and Greece now expected the Allies to deliver on their promises. In no small measure through the diplomatic efforts of Venizelos, Greece secured <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Neuilly">Treaty of Neuilly</a> in November 1919 and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a> and a zone around <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (already under Greek administration as the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">Occupation of Smyrna</a> since May 1919) in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> of August 1920. The future of Constantinople was left to be determined. But at the same time, a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> rose in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> (later Kemal Atatürk), who set up a rival government in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and was engaged in fighting the Greek army. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greco_Turkish_War_1919-1922.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Greco_Turkish_War_1919-1922.svg/220px-Greco_Turkish_War_1919-1922.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Greco_Turkish_War_1919-1922.svg/330px-Greco_Turkish_War_1919-1922.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Greco_Turkish_War_1919-1922.svg/440px-Greco_Turkish_War_1919-1922.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Map of the military developments during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>At this point, the fulfillment of the <i>Megali Idea</i> seemed near. Yet so deep was the rift in Greek society that on his return to Greece, an assassination attempt was made on Venizelos by two royalist former officers. Even more surprisingly, Venizelos' <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Greece)" title="Liberal Party (Greece)">Liberal Party</a> lost the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1920">Greek elections of November 1920</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_plebiscite,_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek plebiscite, 1920">Greek plebescite of 1920</a>, the Greek people voted for the return of King Constantine from exile after the sudden death of King Alexander. </p><p>The United Opposition, which had campaigned on the slogan of an end to the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor Campaign">Asia Minor Campaign</a> in Anatolia, instead intensified it. But the royalist restoration had dire consequences: many veteran Venizelist officers were dismissed or left the army, while Italy and France found the return of the hated Constantine a useful pretext for switching their support to Kemal. Finally, in August 1922, the Turkish army shattered the Greek front, and took Smyrna in an operation that led to the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of Smyrna">Great Fire of Smyrna</a>. </p><p>The Greek army evacuated not only Anatolia, but also Eastern Thrace and the islands of <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a> in accordance with the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> was agreed between the two countries, with over 1.5 million Christians and almost half a million Muslims being uprooted. This catastrophe marked the end of the <i>Megali Idea</i>, and left Greece financially exhausted, demoralized, and having to house and feed a proportionately huge number of <a href="/wiki/Greek_refugees" title="Greek refugees">Greek refugees</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_and_Monarchy_(1922–1940)"><span id="Republic_and_Monarchy_.281922.E2.80.931940.29"></span>Republic and Monarchy (1922–1940)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Republic and Monarchy (1922–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/300px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/450px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/600px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Greek territorial changes between 1821 and 1947, showing territories awarded to Greece in 1919 and those lost in 1923.</figcaption></figure> <p>The catastrophe deepened the political crisis, with the returning army rising up under Venizelist officers and forcing King Constantine to abdicate again, in September 1922, in favour of his firstborn son, <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Greece" title="George II of Greece">George II</a>. The "Revolutionary Committee" headed by Colonels <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Gonatas" title="Stylianos Gonatas">Stylianos Gonatas</a> (soon to become prime minister) and <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Plastiras" title="Nikolaos Plastiras">Nikolaos Plastiras</a> engaged in a witch-hunt against the royalists, culminating in the "<a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Six" title="Trial of the Six">Trial of the Six</a>". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1923" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1923">Greek election of 1923</a> was held to form a National Assembly with powers to draft a new constitution. Following a failed royalist <a href="/wiki/Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis_coup_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis coup attempt">Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis coup attempt</a>, the monarchist parties abstained, leading to a landslide for the Liberals and their allies. King George II was asked to leave the country, and on 25 March 1924, <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou" title="Alexandros Papanastasiou">Alexandros Papanastasiou</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a>, ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_plebiscite,_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek plebiscite, 1924">Greek plebiscite of 1924</a> a month later. </p><p>However, the new Republic was built on unstable foundations. The National Schism lived on, as the monarchists, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a>, did not acknowledge the Venizelist-sponsored Republican regime. The army, which had power and provided many of the leading proponents of both sides, became a factor to be reckoned with, prone to intervene in politics. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg/220px-Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg/330px-Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg/440px-Demonstration_for_the_declaration_of_the_Greek_Republic_-_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>Crowds celebrating in Athens the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Republic</a>, 1924, with placards of republican leaders <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Papanastasiou" title="Alexandros Papanastasiou">Papanastasiou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Hatzikyriakos" title="Alexandros Hatzikyriakos">Hatzikyriakos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kondylis" title="Georgios Kondylis">Kondylis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Greece was diplomatically isolated and vulnerable, as the <a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a> of 1923 showed, and the economic foundations of the state were in ruins after a decade of war and the sudden increase of the country's population by a quarter. The refugees, however, also brought a new air into Greece. They were impoverished now, but before 1922 many had been entrepreneurs and well-educated. Staunch supporters of Venizelos and the Republic, many would radicalize and play a leading role in the nascent <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a>. </p><p>In June 1925, General <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoros Pangalos (general)">Theodoros Pangalos</a> launched a coup and ruled as a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> for a year until a counter-coup by another General, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kondylis" title="Georgios Kondylis">Georgios Kondylis</a>, unseated him and restored the Republic. In the meantime, Pangalos managed to embroil Greece in a short-lived war with Bulgaria precipitated by the <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Petrich" title="Incident at Petrich">Incident at Petrich</a> and make unacceptable concessions in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and its hinterland to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in an effort to gain its support for his revanchist policies against Turkey. </p><p>In 1928, Venizelos returned from exile. After a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1928">Greek election of 1928</a>, he formed a government. This was the only cabinet of the Second Republic to run its full four-year term, and the work it left behind was considerable. Alongside domestic reforms, Venizelos restored Greece's frayed international relations, even initiating a Greco-Turkish reconciliation with a visit to Ankara and the signing of a Friendship Agreement in 1930. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> hit Greece, an already poor country dependent on agricultural exports, particularly hard. Matters were made worse by the closing off of emigration to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the traditional safety valve of rural poverty. High unemployment and consequent social unrest resulted, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a> made rapid advances. Venizelos was forced to default on Greece's national debt in 1932, and he fell from office after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1932">Greek elections of 1932</a>. He was succeeded by a monarchist coalition government led by <a href="/wiki/Panagis_Tsaldaris" title="Panagis Tsaldaris">Panagis Tsaldaris</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Greece)" title="People's Party (Greece)">People's Party</a>. </p><p>Two failed Venizelist military coups followed in 1933 and 1935 in an effort to preserve the Republic, but they had the opposite effect. On 10 October 1935, a few months after he suppressed the <a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kondylis" title="Georgios Kondylis">Georgios Kondylis</a>, the former Venizelist stalwart, abolished the Republic in another coup, and declared the monarchy restored. The rigged <a href="/wiki/Greek_plebiscite,_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek plebiscite, 1935">Greek plebiscite of 1935</a> confirmed the regime change (with an unsurprising 97.88% of votes), and King George II returned. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png/220px-Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png/330px-Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png/440px-Metaxas-regime-greek-fascism.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>The conservative regime of <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a> (<a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a>) adopted many of the ideas and symbolism of Italian Fascism. Here members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Organisation_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="National Organisation of Youth">National Organisation of Youth</a> give the <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a> to Metaxas.</figcaption></figure> <p>King George II immediately dismissed Kondylis and appointed professor <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Demertzis" title="Konstantinos Demertzis">Konstantinos Demertzis</a> as interim prime minister. Venizelos meanwhile, in exile, urged an end to the conflict over the monarchy in view of the threat to Greece from the rise of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a>. His successors as Liberal leader, <a href="/wiki/Themistoklis_Sophoulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Themistoklis Sophoulis">Themistoklis Sophoulis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Georgios Papandreou</a>, agreed, and the restoration of the monarchy was accepted. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1936">Greek elections of 1936</a> resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communists</a> holding the balance. As no government could be formed, Demertzis continued on. At the same time, a series of deaths left the Greek political scene in disarray: Kondylis died in February, Venizelos in March, Demertzis in April and Tsaldaris in May. The road was now clear for Ioannis Metaxas, who had succeeded Demertzis as interim prime minister. </p><p>Metaxas, a retired royalist general, believed that an authoritarian government was necessary to prevent social conflict and quell the rising power of the Communists. On 4 August 1936, with the King's support, he suspended parliament and established the <a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a>. The Communists were suppressed and the Liberal leaders went into internal exile. Patterning itself after <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s Fascist Italy,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Metaxas' regime promoted various concepts such as the "Third Hellenic Civilization", the <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Organisation_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="National Organisation of Youth">National Organisation of Youth</a>, and introduced measures to gain popular support, such as the Greek <a href="/wiki/Social_Insurance_Institute" title="Social Insurance Institute">Social Insurance Institute</a> (IKA), still the biggest social security institution in Greece. </p><p>Despite these efforts, the regime lacked a broad popular base or a mass movement supporting it. The Greek people were generally apathetic, without actively opposing Metaxas. Metaxas also improved the country's defenses in preparation for the forthcoming European war, constructing, among other defensive measures, the "<a href="/wiki/Metaxas_Line" title="Metaxas Line">Metaxas Line</a>". Despite his aping of Fascism, and the strong economic ties with resurgent <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, Metaxas followed a policy of neutrality, given Greece's traditionally strong ties to Britain, reinforced by King George II's personal anglophilia. In April 1939, the Italian threat suddenly loomed closer when Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">annexed Albania</a>, whereupon Britain publicly guaranteed Greece's borders. Thus, when <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in September 1939, Greece remained neutral. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Military history of Greece during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axis_Occupation_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Occupation of Greece">Axis Occupation of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Greece" title="Hyperinflation in Greece">Hyperinflation in Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple_Occupation_of_Greece.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Triple_Occupation_of_Greece.png/220px-Triple_Occupation_of_Greece.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Triple_Occupation_of_Greece.png/330px-Triple_Occupation_of_Greece.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Triple_Occupation_of_Greece.png/440px-Triple_Occupation_of_Greece.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>The three occupation zones. The Italian zone was taken over by the Germans in September 1943. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d09313; color:black;"> </span> Italian</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e4001f; color:white;"> </span> German</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#32c714; color:black;"> </span> Bulgaria</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg/220px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg/330px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg/440px-%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%91%CE%9C-%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%91%CE%A3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3552" /></a><figcaption>Guerillas of <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">ELAS</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite this declared neutrality, Greece became a target for Mussolini's expansionist policies. Provocations against Greece included the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_cruiser_Elli_(1912)" title="Greek cruiser Elli (1912)">Greek cruiser <i>Elli</i></a> on 15 August 1940. Italian troops crossed the border on 28 October 1940, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War</a>, but were stopped by a determined Greek defence that ultimately drove them back into <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. </p><p>Metaxas died suddenly in January 1941. His death raised hopes for a liberalization of his regime and the restoration of parliamentary rule, but King George quashed these hopes when he retained the regime's machinery in place. In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was reluctantly forced to divert German troops to rescue Mussolini from defeat, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">attacked Greece</a> through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and Bulgaria on 6 April 1941. Despite British assistance, the Germans overran most of the country by the end of May. The King and the government escaped to Crete, where they stayed until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a>. They then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Greek_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek government in exile">Greek government in exile</a> was established. </p><p>Greece was divided into German, Italian and Bulgarian zones and in Athens, a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet regime">puppet regime</a> was established. The members were either <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalists">nationalists</a> with fascist leanings. The three <a href="/wiki/Quisling" title="Quisling">quisling</a> prime ministers were <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Tsolakoglou" title="Georgios Tsolakoglou">Georgios Tsolakoglou</a>, the general who had signed the armistice with the Wehrmacht, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Logothetopoulos" title="Konstantinos Logothetopoulos">Konstantinos Logothetopoulos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Rallis" title="Ioannis Rallis">Ioannis Rallis</a>, who took office when the German defeat was inevitable and aimed primarily at combating the left-wing Resistance movement. To this end, he created the <a href="/wiki/Collaborationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationist">collaborationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A,_Athen,_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>The symbolic start of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis occupation of Greece during World War II">Occupation</a>: German soldiers raising the <a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">German War Flag</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a>. It would be taken down in one of the first acts of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Greece suffered terrible privations during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as the Germans appropriated most of the country's agricultural production and prevented its fishing fleets from operating. As a result, and because a British blockade initially hindered foreign relief efforts, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Great Greek Famine</a> resulted. Hundreds of thousands of Greeks perished, especially in the winter of 1941–1942. The <a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">drachma</a> suffered one of the five worst <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflations</a> in recorded history. In the mountains of the Greek mainland, in the meantime, several <a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek resistance movements</a> sprang up, and by mid-1943, the Axis forces controlled only the main towns and the connecting roads, while a "Free Greece" was set up in the mountains. In September 1943, the Italian occupation zones of Greece were invaded by German forces following Mussolini's deposition and Italy's decision to join Greece as an Allied nation in the war. </p><p>The largest resistance group, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">National Liberation Front</a> (EAM), was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a>, as was the Greek People's Liberation Army (<a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">ELAS</a>), led by Aris Velouchiotis, and a civil war soon broke out between it and non-Communist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Greek_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Greek League">National Republican Greek League</a> (EDES) in those areas liberated from the Germans. The exiled government in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> was only intermittently in touch with the resistance movement and exercised virtually no influence in the occupied country. Part of this was due to the unpopularity of King George II in Greece itself, but despite efforts by Greek politicians, British support ensured his retention at the head of the Cairo government. </p><p>As the German defeat drew nearer, the various Greek political factions convened in Lebanon in May 1944 under British auspices and formed a government of national unity under <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou_(senior)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Papandreou (senior)">George Papandreou</a>, in which EAM was represented by six ministers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Greek civil war</a></div> <p>German forces withdrew on 12 October 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the government in exile returned to Athens. After the German withdrawal, the EAM-ELAS guerrilla army effectively controlled most of Greece, but its leaders were reluctant to take control of the country, as they knew that Soviet premier <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> had <a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">agreed</a> that Greece would be in the British sphere of influence after the war. Tensions between the British-backed Papandreou and the EAM, especially over the issue of disarmament of the various armed groups, led to the resignation of the latter's ministers from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days later, on 3 December 1944, a large-scale pro-EAM demonstration in Athens ended in violence and ushered an intense, house-to-house struggle with British and monarchist forces (the <i><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></i>). After three weeks, the Communists were defeated: the <a href="/wiki/Varkiza_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkiza agreement">Varkiza agreement</a> ended the conflict and disarmed ELAS, and an unstable coalition government was formed. The anti-EAM backlash grew into a full-scale <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Greece)" title="White Terror (Greece)">"White Terror"</a>, which exacerbated tensions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gde.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gde.svg/220px-Gde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gde.svg/330px-Gde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gde.svg/440px-Gde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Organization and military bases of the "<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Army_of_Greece" title="Democratic Army of Greece">Democratic Army</a>", as well as entry routes to Greece.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Communists boycotted the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1946">March 1946 elections</a>, and on the same day, fighting broke out again. By the end of 1946, the Communist <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Army_of_Greece" title="Democratic Army of Greece">Democratic Army of Greece</a> had been formed, pitted against the governmental National Army, which was backed first by Britain and after 1947 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>Communist successes in 1947–1948 enabled them to move freely over much of mainland Greece, but with extensive reorganization, the deportation of rural populations and American material support, the National Army was slowly able to regain control over most of the countryside. In 1949, the insurgents suffered a major blow, as Yugoslavia closed its borders following the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">split</a> between Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Finally, in August 1949, the National Army under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Papagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Papagos">Alexander Papagos</a> launched an offensive that forced the remaining insurgents to surrender or flee across the northern border into the territory of Greece's northern Communist neighbors. </p><p>The civil war resulted in 100,000 killed and caused catastrophic economic disruption. In addition, at least 25,000 Greeks and an unspecified number of <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonian Slavs</a> were either voluntarily or forcibly evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> countries, while 700,000 became displaced persons inside the country. Many more emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and other countries. </p><p>The postwar settlement ended Greece's territorial expansion, which had begun in 1832. The 1947 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Treaty of Paris</a> required Italy to hand over the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> islands to Greece. These were the last majority-Greek-speaking areas to be united with the Greek state, apart from Cyprus which was a British possession until it became independent in 1960. Greece's ethnic homogeneity was increased by the postwar expulsion of 25,000 Albanians from Epirus (see <a href="/wiki/Chameria_Issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Chameria Issue">Cham Albanians</a>). The only significant remaining minorities are the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim minority (Greece)">Muslims in Western Thrace</a> (about 100,000) and a small <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language (Greece)">Slavic-speaking</a> minority in the north. Greek nationalists continued to claim southern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (which they called <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a>), home of a significant Greek population (about 3%-12% in the whole of Albania<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the Turkish-held islands of <a href="/wiki/Imvros" class="mw-redirect" title="Imvros">Imvros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenedos" title="Tenedos">Tenedos</a>, where there were smaller Greek minorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_Greece_(1950–1973)"><span id="Postwar_Greece_.281950.E2.80.931973.29"></span>Postwar Greece (1950–1973)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Postwar Greece (1950–1973)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the civil war, Greece sought to join the Western democracies and became a member of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> in 1952. </p><p>Since the Civil war (1946–49) but even more after that, the parties in the parliament were divided in three political concentrations. The political formation Right-Centre-Left, given the exacerbation of political animosity that had preceded dividing the country in the 40s, tended to turn the concurrence of parties into ideological positions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece._Workmen_grade_the_street_in_front_of_new_housing_constructed_with_the_help_of_Marshall_Plan_funds_in_Greece_-_NARA_-_541700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greece._Workmen_grade_the_street_in_front_of_new_housing_constructed_with_the_help_of_Marshall_Plan_funds_in_Greece_-_NARA_-_541700.jpg/220px-Greece._Workmen_grade_the_street_in_front_of_new_housing_constructed_with_the_help_of_Marshall_Plan_funds_in_Greece_-_NARA_-_541700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greece._Workmen_grade_the_street_in_front_of_new_housing_constructed_with_the_help_of_Marshall_Plan_funds_in_Greece_-_NARA_-_541700.jpg/330px-Greece._Workmen_grade_the_street_in_front_of_new_housing_constructed_with_the_help_of_Marshall_Plan_funds_in_Greece_-_NARA_-_541700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greece._Workmen_grade_the_street_in_front_of_new_housing_constructed_with_the_help_of_Marshall_Plan_funds_in_Greece_-_NARA_-_541700.jpg/440px-Greece._Workmen_grade_the_street_in_front_of_new_housing_constructed_with_the_help_of_Marshall_Plan_funds_in_Greece_-_NARA_-_541700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Workmen grade the street in front of new housing constructed with the help of <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> funds in Greece.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the beginning of the 1950s, the forces of the centre (<a href="/wiki/EPEK" class="mw-redirect" title="EPEK">EPEK</a>) succeeded in gaining the power and under the leadership of the aged general N. Plastiras they governed for about half a four-year term. These were a series of governments having limited maneuverability and inadequate influence in the political arena. This government, as well as those that followed, was constantly under the American auspices. The defeat of EPEK in the elections of 1952, apart from increasing the repressive measures that concerned the defeated of the Civil war, also marked the end of the general political position that it represented, namely political consensus and social reconciliation. </p><p>The Left, which had been ostracized from the political life of the country, found a way of expression through the constitution of <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Left" title="United Democratic Left">EDA</a> (United Democratic Left) in 1951, which turned out to be a significant pole, yet steadily excluded from the decision making centres. After the disbandment of the centre as an autonomous political institution, EDA practically expanded its electoral influence to a significant part of the EAM-based Centre-Left. </p><p>The 1960s are part of the period 1953–72, during which Greek economy developed rapidly and was structured within the scope of European and worldwide economic developments. One of the main characteristics of that period was the major political event of the country's accession in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, in an attempt to create a <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">common market</a>. The relevant treaty was contracted in 1962. </p><p>The developmental strategy adopted by the country was embodied in centrally organized five-year plans; yet their orientation was indistinct. The average annual emigration, which absorbed the excess workforce and contributed to extremely high growth rates, exceeded the annual natural increase in population. The influx of large amounts of foreign private capital was being facilitated and consumption was expanded. These, associated with the rise of tourism, the expansion of shipping activity and with the migrant remittances, had a positive effect on the country's <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a>. </p><p>The peak of development was registered principally in manufacturing, mainly in the textile, chemical and metallurgical industries, the growth rate of which reached 11% during 1965–70. The other large area where obvious economic and social consequences occurred was that of construction. The policy of αντιπαροχή (<i>antiparochi</i>, "property-swap"), a Greek invention which entailed the concession of construction land to developers in return for a share in the resulting multi-storey apartment buildings, favoured the creation of a class of small-medium contractors on the one hand and settled the housing system and property status on the other. However, it was also responsible for the demolition of much of the country's traditional and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical architecture</a>, and the transformation of Greek cities, and especially Athens, into a "form-less, border-less and placeless urban landscape".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During that decade, <a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">youth culture</a> came to the fore in society as a distinct social power with autonomous presence (creation of a new culture in music, fashion etc.) and young people displayed dynamism in the assertion of their social rights. The independence granted to Cyprus, which was mined from the very beginning, constituted the main focus of young activist mobilizations, along with struggles aiming at reforms in education, which were provisionally realized to a certain extent through the educational reform of 1964. The country reckoned on and was influenced by Europe—usually behind time—and by the current trends like never before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_military_junta_of_1967–1974"><span id="Greek_military_junta_of_1967.E2.80.931974"></span>Greek military junta of 1967–1974</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Greek military junta of 1967–1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Greek military junta of 1967–1974</a></div> <p>The country descended into a prolonged political crisis, and elections were scheduled for late April 1967. On 21 April 1967 a group of right-wing colonels led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">George Papadopoulos</a> seized power in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> establishing the <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Regime of the Colonels</a>. Civil liberties were suppressed, special military courts were established, and political parties were dissolved. </p><p>Several thousand suspected communists and political opponents were imprisoned or exiled to remote Greek islands. Alleged US support for the junta is claimed to be the cause of rising <a href="/wiki/Anti-americanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-americanism">anti-americanism</a> in Greece during and following the junta's harsh rule. The junta's early years also saw a marked upturn in the economy, with increased foreign investment and large-scale infrastructure works. The junta was widely condemned abroad, but inside the country, discontent began to increase only after 1970, when the economy slowed down. </p><p>Even the armed forces, the regime's foundation, were not immune: In May 1973, a planned coup by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Hellenic Navy</a> was narrowly suppressed, but led to the mutiny of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Charrette" title="USS Charrette"><i>Velos</i></a>, whose officers sought political asylum in Italy. In response, junta leader Papadopoulos attempted to steer the regime towards a <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">controlled democratization</a>, abolishing the monarchy and declaring himself President of the Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_and_democracy_(1973–2009)"><span id="Transition_and_democracy_.281973.E2.80.932009.29"></span>Transition and democracy (1973–2009)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transition and democracy (1973–2009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a></div> <p>On 25 November 1973, following the bloody suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic_uprising" title="Athens Polytechnic uprising">Athens Polytechnic uprising</a> on 17 November, the hardliner Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitrios Ioannides">Dimitrios Ioannides</a> overthrew Papadopoulos and tried to continue the dictatorship despite the popular unrest the uprising had triggered. Ioannides' attempt in July 1974 to overthrow Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">President of Cyprus</a>, brought Greece to the brink of war with Turkey, which <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">invaded Cyprus</a> and occupied part of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senior Greek military officers then withdrew their support from the junta, which collapsed. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Karamanlis">Constantine Karamanlis</a> returned from exile in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to establish a government of national unity until elections could be held. Karamanlis worked to defuse the risk of war with Turkey and also legalised the Communist Party, which had been illegal since 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His newly organized party, <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> (ND), won the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1974">elections</a> held in November 1974 by a wide margin, and he became prime minister. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Greek_republic_referendum,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek republic referendum, 1974">1974 referendum</a> which resulted in the abolition of the monarchy, a new constitution was approved by parliament on 19 June 1975. Parliament elected <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Tsatsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Tsatsos">Constantine Tsatsos</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President of the Republic</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1977">parliamentary elections</a> of 1977, New Democracy again won a majority of seats. In May 1980, Prime Minister Karamanlis was elected to succeed Tsatsos as president. <a href="/wiki/George_Rallis" class="mw-redirect" title="George Rallis">George Rallis</a> succeeded Karamanlis as prime minister. </p><p>On 1 January 1981, Greece became the tenth member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1981" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1981">parliamentary elections</a> held on 18 October 1981, Greece elected its first socialist government when the <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic Socialist Movement">Panhellenic Socialist Movement</a> (PASOK), led by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a>, won 172 of 300 seats. On 29 March 1985, after Prime Minister Papandreou declined to support President Karamanlis for a second term, Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Christos_Sartzetakis" title="Christos Sartzetakis">Christos Sartzetakis</a> was elected president by the Greek parliament. </p><p>Greece had two rounds of parliamentary elections in 1989; both produced weak coalition governments with limited mandates. Party leaders withdrew their support in February 1990, and elections were held on 8 April. New Democracy, led by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Mitsotakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Mitsotakis">Constantine Mitsotakis</a>, won 150 seats in that <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1990">election</a> and subsequently gained two others. However, a split between Mitsotakis and his first foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Antonis_Samaras" title="Antonis Samaras">Antonis Samaras</a>, in 1992, led to Samaras' dismissal and the eventual collapse of the ND government. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1993">new elections</a> in September 1993, Papandreou returned to power. </p><p>On 17 January 1996, following a protracted illness, Papandreou resigned and was replaced as prime minister by former Minister of Trade and Industry <a href="/wiki/Costas_Simitis" title="Costas Simitis">Costas Simitis</a>. Within days, the new prime minister had to handle a major Greek-Turkish crisis over the <a href="/wiki/Imia/Kardak" class="mw-redirect" title="Imia/Kardak">Imia/Kardak</a> islands. Simitis subsequently won re-election in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1996">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 2000">2000 elections</a>. In 2004, Simitis retired and <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou_(junior)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Papandreou (junior)">George Papandreou</a> succeeded him as PASOK leader.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 2004">March 2004 elections</a>, PASOK was defeated by New Democracy, led by <a href="/wiki/Kostas_Karamanlis" title="Kostas Karamanlis">Kostas Karamanlis</a>, the nephew of the former president. The government called <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 2007">early elections</a> in September 2007 (normally, elections would have been held in March 2008), and New Democracy again was the majority party in the Parliament. As a result of that defeat, PASOK undertook a <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement_leadership_election,_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic Socialist Movement leadership election, 2007">party election</a> for a new leader. In that contest, George Papandreou was reelected as the head of the socialist party in Greece. In the 2009 elections however, PASOK became the majority party in the Parliament and George Papandreou became Prime Minister of Greece. After PASOK lost its majority in the Parliament, ND and PASOK joined the smaller <a href="/wiki/Popular_Orthodox_Rally" title="Popular Orthodox Rally">Popular Orthodox Rally</a> in a grand coalition, pledging their parliamentary support for a government of national unity headed by former European Central Bank vice-president <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Papademos" title="Lucas Papademos">Lucas Papademos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_Government_and_Economic_Crisis_(2009–)"><span id="Greek_Government_and_Economic_Crisis_.282009.E2.80.93.29"></span>Greek Government and Economic Crisis (2009–)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Greek Government and Economic Crisis (2009–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government-Debt_Crisis_(2009–2018)"><span id="Government-Debt_Crisis_.282009.E2.80.932018.29"></span>Government-Debt Crisis (2009–2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government-Debt Crisis (2009–2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek government-debt crisis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From late 2009, fears of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign debt crisis">sovereign debt crisis</a> developed among investors concerning Greece's ability to meet its debt obligations due to strong increase in <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a> levels.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a crisis of confidence, indicated by a widening of <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bond</a> <a href="/wiki/Yield_spread" title="Yield spread">yield spreads</a> and risk insurance on <a href="/wiki/Credit_default_swap" title="Credit default swap">credit default swaps</a> compared to other countries, most importantly Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downgrading of Greek government debt to <a href="/wiki/High-yield_debt" title="High-yield debt">junk bonds</a> created alarm in financial markets. </p><p>On 2 May 2010, the Eurozone countries and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> agreed on a <span class="nowrap">€110 billion</span> loan for Greece, conditional on the implementation of harsh austerity measures. In October 2011, Eurozone leaders also agreed on a proposal to write off 50% of Greek debt owed to private creditors, increasing the EFSF to about €1 trillion and requiring European banks to achieve 9% capitalisation to reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Financial_contagion" title="Financial contagion">contagion</a> to other countries. These austerity measures proved to be extremely unpopular with the public in Greece, precipitating demonstrations and civil unrest. </p><p>There are widespread fears that a Greek default on its debt would have global repercussions, endangering the economies of many other countries in the European Union, threatening the stability of the European currency, the euro, and possibly plunging the world into another recession. It has been speculated that the crisis may force Greece to abandon the euro and return to the drachma. In April 2014, Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold €3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95%. According to the IMF, Greece will have real GDP growth of 0.6% in 2014 after five years of decline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalition_government">Coalition government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coalition government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antonis_Samaras" title="Antonis Samaras">Antonis Samaras</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_May_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, May 2012">May 2012 legislative election</a> where the <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> party became the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Antonis_Samaras" title="Antonis Samaras">Samaras</a>, leader of ND, was asked by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">Greek President</a> <a href="/wiki/Karolos_Papoulias" title="Karolos Papoulias">Karolos Papoulias</a> to try to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after a day of hard negotiations with the other parties in Parliament, Samaras officially announced he was giving up the mandate to form a government. The task passed to <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Alexis Tsipras</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Radical_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition of the Radical Left">SYRIZA</a> (the second-largest party) who was also unable to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic Socialist Movement">PASOK</a> also failed to negotiate a successful agreement to form a government, emergency talks with the President ended with a new election being called while <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Pikrammenos" title="Panagiotis Pikrammenos">Panagiotis Pikrammenos</a> was appointed as prime minister in a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a>. </p><p>Voters once again took to the polls in the widely watched <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_June_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, June 2012">June 2012 election</a>. New Democracy came out on top in a stronger position with 129 seats, compared to 108 in the May election. On 20 June 2012, Samaras successfully formed a coalition with PASOK (now led by former finance minister <a href="/wiki/Evangelos_Venizelos" title="Evangelos Venizelos">Evangelos Venizelos</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Greece)" title="Democratic Left (Greece)">DIMAR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new government would have a majority of 58, with SYRIZA, Independent Greeks (ANEL), Golden Dawn (XA) and the Communist Party (KKE) comprising the opposition. PASOK and DIMAR chose to take a limited role in Samaras' Cabinet, being represented by party officials and independent technocrats instead of MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SYRIZA_victory">SYRIZA victory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: SYRIZA victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexis_Tsipras_Syriza.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alexis_Tsipras_Syriza.JPG/220px-Alexis_Tsipras_Syriza.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alexis_Tsipras_Syriza.JPG/330px-Alexis_Tsipras_Syriza.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Alexis_Tsipras_Syriza.JPG/440px-Alexis_Tsipras_Syriza.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Alexis Tsipras</figcaption></figure> <p>In wake of the austerity measures adopted by the Samaras government, Greeks voted the anti-austerity, left-wing <a href="/wiki/SYRIZA" class="mw-redirect" title="SYRIZA">SYRIZA</a> into office in the <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">January 2015 legislative election</a>. Samaras accepted defeat and said that his party had done much to restore the country's finances.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SYRIZA government lost its majority in August 2015, when some of its MPs withdrew their support in favor of the governing coalition. SYRIZA won the <a href="/wiki/September_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="September 2015 Greek legislative election">September elections</a>, but failed to get an outright majority.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later they formed a coalition with <a href="/wiki/Independent_Greeks" title="Independent Greeks">Independent Greeks</a>, a right-wing party. </p><p>The party suffered heavy defeats at the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019 European Parliament election</a>, and prime minister and SYRIZA leader, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Tsipras" title="Alexis Tsipras">Alexis Tsipras</a> resigned to organize a snap election. It resulted in a majority for New Democracy, and the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a> as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Democracy_back_in_power_(2019–)"><span id="New_Democracy_back_in_power_.282019.E2.80.93.29"></span>New Democracy back in power (2019–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Democracy back in power (2019–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 July 2019, Kyriakos Mitsotakis was sworn in as the new prime minister of Greece. He formed a centre-right government after the landslide <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">election</a> victory of his New Democracy party.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, Greece's parliament elected a non-partisan candidate, <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a>, as the first female <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President of Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, conservative New Democracy party won the <a href="/wiki/June_2023_Greek_legislative_election" title="June 2023 Greek legislative election">legislative election</a>, meaning another four-year term as prime minister for Kyriakos Mitsotakis.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/48px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/64px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_Greek_history" title="Timeline of modern Greek history">Timeline of modern Greek history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic history of Greece and the Greek world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roderick Beaton, <i>Greece: Biography of a Modern Nation</i> (Allen Lane, 2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCavendish,_Marshall2009" class="citation book cs1">Cavendish, Marshall (2009). <i>World and Its Peoples</i>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7902-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7902-4"><bdi>978-0-7614-7902-4</bdi></a>. <q>The klephts were descendants of Greeks who fled into the mountains to avoid the Turks in the fifteenth century and who remained active as brigands into the nineteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pages=1478&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7902-4&rft.au=Cavendish%2C+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+modern+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John S. Koliopoulos, <i>Brigands with a Cause: Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece, 1821–1912</i>, Clarendon Press Oxford (1987), p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Bower, and Gordon Bolitho. <i>Otho I, King of Greece: A Biography</i> (1939).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlando Figes, <i>The Crimean War</i>(2010) pp 32–40, 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandan_Badem2010" class="citation book cs1">Candan Badem (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXoYJikZ7ygC&pg=PA183"><i>"The" Ottoman Crimean War: (1853 - 1856)</i></a>. BRILL. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004182059" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004182059"><bdi>978-9004182059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The%22+Ottoman+Crimean+War%3A+%281853+-+1856%29&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004182059&rft.au=Candan+Badem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXoYJikZ7ygC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+modern+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2016" class="citation web cs1">Team, G. C. T. (12 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekcitytimes.com/2016/10/12/german-forces/">"October 12, 1944, German Forces Withdraw From Athens"</a>. <i>Greek City Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+City+Times&rft.atitle=October+12%2C+1944%2C+German+Forces+Withdraw+From+Athens&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=G.+C.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekcitytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F12%2Fgerman-forces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+modern+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/30/athens-1944-britains-dirty-secret">"Athens 1944: Britain's dirty secret"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 30 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Athens+1944%3A+Britain%27s+dirty+secret&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fnov%2F30%2Fathens-1944-britains-dirty-secret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+modern+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/albania/">"Albania"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 30 August 2022 – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Falbania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+modern+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yannis Aesopos, Yorgos Simeoforidis, "The contemporary Greek city", in <i>The Contemporary (Greek) City</i>, ed. Yannis Aesopos and Yorgos Simeoforidis (Athens: Metapolis Press, 2001), 32–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clogg, Richard. <i>A Concise History of Greece</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324100403/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/european-union_157/eu-members_2186/chronology_2590.html">"EU members - Chronology - Ministère des Affaires étrangères"</a>. 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Ricks, eds., <i>The Making of Modern Greece</i> (2009)</li> <li>Brewer, David. <i>The Flame of Freedom: The Greek War of Independence, 1821–1833</i> (2001)</li> <li>Brewer, David. <i>Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence</i> (2010).</li> <li>Close, D. H. <i>Greece since 1945</i> (2002).</li> <li>Colovas, Anthone C. <i>A Quick History of Modern Greece</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Quick-History-Modern-Greece/dp/1604410795/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallant,_Thomas_W." class="mw-redirect" title="Gallant, Thomas W.">Gallant, Thomas W.</a> <i>Modern Greece</i> (Brief Histories) (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallant,_Thomas_W." class="mw-redirect" title="Gallant, Thomas W.">Gallant, Thomas W.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Edinburgh_History_of_the_Greeks" title="The Edinburgh History of the Greeks">The Edinburgh History of the Greeks</a>, 1768 to 1913</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Edinburgh-History-Greeks-1768-1913/dp/0748636064/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hall, Richard C. ed. <i>War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia</i> (2014)</li> <li>Herzfeld, Michael. <i>Ours Once More: Folklore, Ideology and the Making of Modern Greece</i> (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Ours-Once-More-Folklore-Ideology/dp/0918618320/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Kalyvas, Stathis. <i>Modern Greece: What Everyone Needs to Know</i> (Oxford University Press, 2015)</li> <li>Keridis, Dimitris. <i>Historical Dictionary of Modern Greece</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Modern-Greece-Dictionaries/dp/081085998X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Koliopoulos, John S., and Thanos M. Veremis. <i>Modern Greece: A History since 1821</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Greece-History-since-Europe/dp/140518681X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Miller, James E. <i>The United States and the Making of Modern Greece: History and Power, 1950-1974</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/United-States-Making-Modern-Greece/dp/0807832472/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Pirounakis, N. G. <i>The Greek Economy: Past, Present and Future</i> (1997)</li> <li>Woodhouse, C. M. <i>Modern Greece: A Short History</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Greece-History-M-Woodhouse/dp/0571197949/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_modern_Greece&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_modern_Greece" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of modern Greece">History of modern Greece</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Boletsi, M. "The futurity of things past: Thinking Greece beyond crisis." <i>Inaugural Speech as Marilena Laskaridis Chair of Modern Greek Studies, Amsterdam, Netherlands</i> 21 (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328085132/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9475/f627487c489fd8450d2fee6216e46ef6f3c4.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Tziovas, Dimitris. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greece_topics" title="Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greece_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Greece" title="Outline of Greece">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Greece-related_articles" title="Index of Greece-related articles">Alphabetical index of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-1100 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1100 BC-330 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople#Foundation_of_Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Middle Ages</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–1453)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern<br />and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(post-1453)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Greece" title="Category:Borders of Greece">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">co-capital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Greece">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agathonisi" title="Agathonisi">Agathonisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalki">Chalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipsoi" title="Leipsoi">Leipsoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symi" title="Symi">Symi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_Greece" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of Greece">Canyons and gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Greece" title="List of caves in Greece">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greece" title="Geology of Greece">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Greece" title="List of mountains in Greece">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Greece" title="Category:Peninsulas of Greece">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Greece" title="Category:Plains of Greece">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Greece" title="List of volcanoes in Greece">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Greece" title="Category:Coasts of Greece">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Greece" title="List of lakes of Greece">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greece" title="List of rivers of Greece">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Environment" title="Geography of Greece">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Greece" title="Category:Natural disasters in Greece">Natural disasters</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">earthquakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Greece" title="List of ecoregions in Greece">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Greece" title="Category:Forests of Greece">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Greece" title="List of mammals of Greece">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Greece" title="List of birds of Greece">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Greece" title="Category:Protected areas of Greece">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional amendments (<a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_1986" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2001" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2008" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2008">2008</a>, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1827" title="Greek Constitution of 1827">1827</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">1844</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">1911</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Special_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Special Court">Supreme Special Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece" title="Cabinet of Greece">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maximos_Mansion" title="Maximos Mansion">Maximos Mansion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_(Greece)" title="Conference of Presidents (Greece)">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Speaker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Committees_(Greece)" title="Parliamentary Committees (Greece)">Parliamentary Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament">Presidium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece" title="List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Greece">Judicial system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greece" title="Crime in Greece">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Greece" title="Life imprisonment in Greece">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece" title="Terrorism in Greece">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:Greece and the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language_naming_dispute" title="Macedonian language naming dispute">Language naming dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_NATO" title="Category:Greece and NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Greece and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Greece" title="Category:Military alliances involving Greece">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">Military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Greece)" title="National Guard (Greece)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Athens)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Greece">Healthcare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Greece" title="List of hospitals in Greece">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Greece" title="Obesity in Greece">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Greece" title="Smoking in Greece">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Greece" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Greece">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greece">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Greece" title="Category:Political scandals in Greece">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe#Greece" title="Racism in Europe">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Category:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Greece" title="Category:Fascism in Greece">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Greece" title="Category:Republicanism in Greece">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Social Movements">New Social Movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Greece" title="Category:Environmentalism in Greece">Environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Greece" title="Category:Pacifism in Greece">Pacifism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laocracy" title="Laocracy">Laocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism_in_Greece" title="Category:Trotskyism in Greece">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipalities and communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">Administrative regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">Decentralized administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Greece" title="List of airports in Greece">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greece" title="List of companies of Greece">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_power_companies_in_Greece" title="List of electric power companies in Greece">electric power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Grexit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Greece">nuclear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiki_agora" title="Laiki agora">Laiki agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_pensions_in_Greece" title="Public pensions in Greece">Public pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Greece" title="History of rail transport in Greece">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Greece">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Marine" title="Greek Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">names of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">the Greeks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Concept of kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">Mariner's cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">Perizoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Vraka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown" title="Greektown">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Hospitality</a></li> <li>Carols (<a href="/wiki/Kalanta_Christougenon" title="Kalanta Christougenon">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_New_Year" title="Kalanta of the New Year">New Year's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_Theophany" title="Kalanta of the Theophany">Theophany's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas" title="Mangas">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountza" title="Mountza">Mountza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Hellenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_smashing" title="Plate smashing">Plate smashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotic_songs" title="Souliotic songs">Souliotic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">Worry beads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greece" title="List of castles in Greece">Castles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">19th century</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Religious art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breads (<a href="/wiki/Daktyla" title="Daktyla">Daktyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kritsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritsini">Kritsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagana_(bread)" title="Lagana (bread)">Lagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paximadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paximadi">Paximadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsoureki" title="Tsoureki">Tsoureki</a>)</li> <li>Desserts (<a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">Koulourakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourabiedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourabiedes">Kourabiedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Loukoumades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">Melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteli">Pasteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_sweets" title="Spoon sweets">Spoon sweets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilopita" title="Vasilopita">Vasilopita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_dishes" title="List of Greek dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li>Drinks (<a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakomelo" title="Rakomelo">Rakomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Cheeses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthotyros" title="Anthotyros">Anthotyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviera" title="Graviera">Graviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasseri" title="Kasseri">Kasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalotyri" title="Kefalotyri">Kefalotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis" title="Ladotyri Mytilinis">Ladotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manouri" title="Manouri">Manouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovone" title="Metsovone">Metsovone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">Mizithra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">Amygdalopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougatsa" title="Bougatsa">Bougatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">Galaktoboureko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karydopita" title="Karydopita">Karydopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">Tiropita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li>Pasta (<a href="/wiki/Gogges" title="Gogges">Gogges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flomaria" title="Flomaria">Flomaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_restaurant" title="Greek restaurant">Restaurants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kafenio" title="Kafenio">Kafenio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a>)</li> <li>Sauces (<a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirokafteri" title="Tirokafteri">Tirokafteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li>Varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Heptanesean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian cuisine (Greek)">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agiorgitiko" title="Agiorgitiko">Agiorgitiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidini" title="Aidini">Aidini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiri" title="Athiri">Athiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsifali" title="Kotsifali">Kotsifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnio" title="Limnio">Limnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavrodafni" title="Mavrodafni">Mavrodafni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandilaria" title="Mandilaria">Mandilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagousia" title="Malagousia">Malagousia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschofilero" title="Moschofilero">Moschofilero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robola" title="Robola">Robola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilana" title="Vilana">Vilana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinomavro" title="Xinomavro">Xinomavro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages" title="Languages of Greece">Minority languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Words for love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece" title="Internet in Greece">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_Georgis" title="Ai Georgis">Ai Georgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaliastos" title="Angaliastos">Angaliastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballos" title="Ballos">Ballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisounis" title="Fisounis">Fisounis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geranos">Geranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeli" title="Kangeli">Kangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastorianos" title="Kastorianos">Kastorianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerkiraikos" title="Kerkiraikos">Kerkiraikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koftos" title="Koftos">Koftos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leventikos" title="Leventikos">Leventikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniatikos" title="Maniatikos">Maniatikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovitikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsovitikos">Metsovitikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ntames" title="Ntames">Ntames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamakia" title="Palamakia">Palamakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partalos" title="Partalos">Partalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentozali" title="Pentozali">Pentozali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proskinitos" title="Proskinitos">Proskinitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhichios" title="Pyrrhichios">Pyrrhichios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rougatsiarikos" title="Rougatsiarikos">Rougatsiarikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trata_(dance)" title="Trata (dance)">Trata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonikos" title="Tsakonikos">Tsakonikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsamikos">Tsamikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zervos" title="Zervos">Zervos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ntekhno" title="Éntekhno">Éntekhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Epirus">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Heptanese">Heptanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Music of Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Music of the Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks#Music" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thessaly" title="Music of Thessaly">Thessalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thracian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Ionian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skyladiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyladiko">Skyladiko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontian_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian lyra">Pontic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotala" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotala">Crotala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigono" title="Trigono">Trigono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilia" title="Zilia">Zilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Punk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a> and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" title="National colours of Greece">national colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags" title="List of Greek flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Greece" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Greece">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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