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if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly","location":"/ChauKelly","scheme":"https","host":"unf.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/ChauKelly","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-983558b2-3ce8-4e76-976c-2f58578b1c10"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-983558b2-3ce8-4e76-976c-2f58578b1c10"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Chau Kelly" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/12584/4208/7538614/s200_chau.kelly.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Chau Kelly</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://unf.academia.edu/">University of North Florida</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://unf.academia.edu/Departments/History/Documents">History</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Chau" data-follow-user-id="12584" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="12584"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">134</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">57</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/ChauKelly/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">My scholarship interests are varied and veer toward the interdisciplinary. I study the history of science and medicine with a current focus on Africa. I am interested in how external stimuli affect human health, as such these forces include factors such as the disease environment, but also increasingly less clear forces, such as stress and trauma have physical responses. My interest in medicine is further developed by incorporating gender studies, environmental history, and cultural studies.<br /><br />My current book project, Death by Misadventure: Colonial Interventions, Techno-Chemicals, and Development-ism in Tanzania, 1929-1943, examines how colonial development attempted to alter African health and disease, agricultural, and settlement patterns through schemes that targeted vulnerable communities. The colonial state deployed inchoate scientific and medical concepts about the relationship between agriculture and human health, the book uses this lens to study how the processes affected African people at the household and community level. The study focuses on three colonial projects in southern Tanzania that each represent an escalation in the degree of intervention and the invasive characteristics of imperial rule. Each case study presents detailed information about how colonial officials planned, implemented, and addressed the consequences of their failures. As a study in failure, the book exhumes how colonial development programs fell short of their objectives and relied upon expedient, ad-hoc experimental methods. The first case study examines how efforts to improve agricultural productivity through “plant-more crops” campaigns on African-staffed demonstration plots were compared with “control” villages that received limited assistance. The agricultural campaign introduces the wide-scale use of arsenic as a convenient, broad-spectrum poison with multiple applications, including misuse and murder. The second case study delves into the poisoning at Malangali School in 1934, about which I have a published article in The Journal of African History. For the book, the poisoning at Malangali is the fulcrum for understanding how the inchoate colonial interventionist regime constructed its agenda to improve African health through nutritional supplements. The response to the failure of this agenda and the death of the school children demonstrates how communities negotiated the violence of colonial rule and how historical silences coalesce around tragedy. The final case study examines an increasingly mature development-minded state through the forced villagization of over a dozen small hamlets into one idealized settlement that was at once a leper colony, sleeping sickness concentration, and famine remediation program on the edge of a large game reserve in southern Tanzania. By focusing on development as an applied scientific and medical system, this study shifts the focus away from economic changes to how development programs and interventions ignore community needs.<br /><br />I have recently completed an article about smallpox in southern Tanganyika during the 1940s-50s. The article examines a series of smallpox outbreaks in the Tanganyika Territory to expose how existing scientific research into smallpox subtypes and their infections failed to yield effective disease control programs with lethal results. One outbreak in 1950, when compared with earlier epidemics reveals important contours in understanding the differences between variola major, minor, and the more recently discovered variola intermedius (v. Tanganyika). This study reconstructs, through archival evidence, a smallpox epidemic in 1950, claiming that this was a heretofore unknown outbreak of variola intermedius. Even with effective vaccines in place, the public health failures reveal the fragility of vaccine interventions when broken trust, accusations, and poor resource management forestall effective mitigation efforts. By examining the virological literature in this context, the specific contours of a complex disease prove suggestive for understanding a macro-categorical disease that most colonial officials and laypersons called smallpox.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://kuleuven.academia.edu/NoelBSalazar"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Noel B. 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class="profile--tab_heading_container">Published Articles by Chau Kelly</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35274907"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35274907/Cattle_Dip_and_Shark_Liver_Oil_in_a_Techno_Chemical_Colonial_State_The_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanganyika_1934_for_published_version_see_journal_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cattle Dip and Shark Liver Oil in a Techno-Chemical Colonial State: The Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanganyika 1934 [for published version see journal]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55135600/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35274907/Cattle_Dip_and_Shark_Liver_Oil_in_a_Techno_Chemical_Colonial_State_The_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanganyika_1934_for_published_version_see_journal_">Cattle Dip and Shark Liver Oil in a Techno-Chemical Colonial State: The Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanganyika 1934 [for published version see journal]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of African History</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f040001a017bc539d06116dcd77c40cb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55135600,"asset_id":35274907,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55135600/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action 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Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[{"id":55135600,"title":"","file_type":"docx","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55135600/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Malangali.notracking.resubmit.docx","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55135600/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Cattle_Dip_and_Shark_Liver_Oil_in_a_Tech.docx","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55135600/Malangali.notracking.resubmit.docx?1738369681=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCattle_Dip_and_Shark_Liver_Oil_in_a_Tech.docx\u0026Expires=1740580682\u0026Signature=OmWoha-gOsjayel3Rq19FJ3zZLHuJx61F0JHcERaCuE-SrSvYvUWgncvorw9i-8URzWfZzBGk3K12KM6oRsGKqmLSiFN8hc~-gz1dd~HFpVxVjXRljhyE6ofU8nmoYv9nc7UL6Cv95r1YNf3V2zUpHOfebIG45MG6h8nkbJh1qZW7YhwubPKa7MkcjutjKX7Ow40iK8LwVRoLLX1CNxS~gDBe46Ypcgj3kAq5Cop5BEkaXhLKy7bRfEkad8MeXaz0O4rHKDBn-sAyvGRlSTg8FyajQo7420CDZbzMY-OwnixbWoo8eRD~sQLS-9r-EMNqOdNBJ3eSrbSmUEgVDZWpA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26630780"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/26630780/_A_Pleasant_and_Tidy_Arrangement_Housing_Development_and_Economies_of_Segregation_in_Mtwara_Tanganyika_1949_1954"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of "A Pleasant and Tidy Arrangement:" Housing Development and Economies of Segregation in Mtwara, Tanganyika, 1949-1954" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/26630780/_A_Pleasant_and_Tidy_Arrangement_Housing_Development_and_Economies_of_Segregation_in_Mtwara_Tanganyika_1949_1954">"A Pleasant and Tidy Arrangement:" Housing Development and Economies of Segregation in Mtwara, Tanganyika, 1949-1954</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Urban History</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In 1949, the colonial government of Tanganyika began clearing land for a model urban landscape in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1949, the colonial government of Tanganyika began clearing land for a model urban landscape in a remote district. This city was built as one facet of the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme, a development debacle that cost the British taxpayer thirty-six million pounds and yielded few benefits. The most significant outcome of the Scheme was the development of the port city of Mtwara, which held some promise as a model colonial space. As such, the urban development of Mtwara reveals how colonial officials used urban planning alter a region’s economic productivity from a pre-industrial system to one directly linked to state power. Town planning was a strategic device to marginalize existing African communities and reconfigure power dynamics in an African landscape. This article examines how segregation was performed late in the colonial project, how social economies were reconfigured, and how housing development was rooted in entrenched views about rights and citizenship.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26630780"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26630780"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26630780; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26630780]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26630780,"title":"\"A Pleasant and Tidy Arrangement:\" Housing Development and Economies of Segregation in Mtwara, Tanganyika, 1949-1954","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26630780/_A_Pleasant_and_Tidy_Arrangement_Housing_Development_and_Economies_of_Segregation_in_Mtwara_Tanganyika_1949_1954","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="25061374"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/25061374/Commodifying_Water_in_Coastal_Tanzania_Natural_Resource_Management_and_Social_Relations_1926_1937"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Commodifying Water in Coastal Tanzania: Natural Resource Management and Social Relations, 1926-1937" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/45484343/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/25061374/Commodifying_Water_in_Coastal_Tanzania_Natural_Resource_Management_and_Social_Relations_1926_1937">Commodifying Water in Coastal Tanzania: Natural Resource Management and Social Relations, 1926-1937</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Based on a close read of colonial archives from Dar es Salaam, this article examines how the comm...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Based on a close read of colonial archives from Dar es Salaam, this article examines how the commodification and regulation of water led to friction between residents and colonial officials in Mikindani, Tanzania shortly after Britain’s acquisition of the territory. Questions of failed development and technology transfer are juxtaposed against African desires for new relationships with material goods to examine how regulatory projects falter for lack of environmental knowledge, investment, and social awareness. Starting with a basic analysis of coastal practices surrounding water, the article delves into the colonial administrative debates over water delivery systems, fee schedules, and surveys as a means to show how colonial assumptions created obstacles for African consumers who wanted to benefit from this modern package of goods.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ce7af9be421c62169b718426c5ee761f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45484343,"asset_id":25061374,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45484343/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="25061374"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25061374"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25061374; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6938422"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6938422/Asha_binti_Awadhs_Awqaf_Muslim_Endurance_Despite_Colonial_Law_in_Mikindani_Tanzania"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Asha binti Awadh's Awqaf: Muslim Endurance Despite Colonial Law in Mikindani, Tanzania" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33640900/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6938422/Asha_binti_Awadhs_Awqaf_Muslim_Endurance_Despite_Colonial_Law_in_Mikindani_Tanzania">Asha binti Awadh's Awqaf: Muslim Endurance Despite Colonial Law in Mikindani, Tanzania</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of African Historical Studies</span><span>, May 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The present study examines a conflict between an elderly waqf trustee and the colonial state in t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The present study examines a conflict between an elderly waqf trustee and the colonial state in the township of Mikindani, Tanganyika during the 1930s. In a series of moves aimed to regularize the layout of the township, colonial officials encountered a trustee who refused to cooperate with their requests to alter the mosques, rest house, and other properties under her protection. As a female trustee, Asha binti Awadh provided an opportunity to examine how waqf laws changed under colonial rule and why so few women held waqf. She managed multiple public awqaf at a time when there were no other known female mutawalli.The differences between family and public endowments form part of the analysis because the only other known female trustees in East Africa were the sisters Khole binti Hamoud and Jokha binti Hamoud of Zanzibar. By taking a comparative approach, this case study situates waqf charitable practices in a broader context in both African and Muslim cultural practices in a territory that lacked a Wakf Commission, and where many Muslim laws were subsumed under imperial legal codes and precedents.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c8e01ee0b9533a614bb081799329ec6e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33640900,"asset_id":6938422,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33640900/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6938422"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6938422"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6938422; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Book Reviews" id="Book Reviews"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Book Reviews by Chau Kelly</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="20989639"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/20989639/Kelly_Chau_Johnsen_Giles_Vernick_Tamara_and_James_L_A_Webb_Jr_eds_Global_Health_in_Africa_Historical_Perspectives_on_Disease_Control_Athens_Ohio_University_Press_2013_246pp_Journal_of_Retracing_Africa_Vol_2_Issue_1_2016_89_91_http_encompass_eku_edu_jora_vol2_iss1_12"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Kelly, Chau Johnsen. "Giles-Vernick, Tamara and James L. A. Webb Jr., eds. Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013. 246pp.." Journal of Retracing Africa: Vol. 2, Issue 1 (2016): 89-91. http://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol2/iss1/12" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41659830/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20989639/Kelly_Chau_Johnsen_Giles_Vernick_Tamara_and_James_L_A_Webb_Jr_eds_Global_Health_in_Africa_Historical_Perspectives_on_Disease_Control_Athens_Ohio_University_Press_2013_246pp_Journal_of_Retracing_Africa_Vol_2_Issue_1_2016_89_91_http_encompass_eku_edu_jora_vol2_iss1_12">Kelly, Chau Johnsen. "Giles-Vernick, Tamara and James L. A. Webb Jr., eds. Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013. 246pp.." Journal of Retracing Africa: Vol. 2, Issue 1 (2016): 89-91. http://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol2/iss1/12</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e31684aa88a7d6fedf159a6570b77d17" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41659830,"asset_id":20989639,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41659830/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="20989639"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20989639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20989639; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20989639]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20989639]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20989639; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='20989639']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e31684aa88a7d6fedf159a6570b77d17" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=20989639]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":20989639,"title":"Kelly, Chau Johnsen. \"Giles-Vernick, Tamara and James L. A. Webb Jr., eds. Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Talks" id="Talks"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Talks by Chau Kelly</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6766025"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6766025/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_and_Crisis_1950_1954"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development and Crisis, 1950-1954" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6766025/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_and_Crisis_1950_1954">Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development and Crisis, 1950-1954</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This presentation analyzes how the development of a port city altered the landscape and created c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This presentation analyzes how the development of a port city altered the landscape and created conditions for urban decay.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6766025"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6766025"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6766025; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6766025]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6766025]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6766025; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6766025']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6766025]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6766025,"title":"Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development and Crisis, 1950-1954","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6766025/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_and_Crisis_1950_1954","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6714260"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6714260/China_in_Africa_as_part_of_the_Great_Decisions_2013_Program_Foreign_Policy_Assoc_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of China in Africa as part of the Great Decisions 2013 Program (Foreign Policy Assoc.)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6714260/China_in_Africa_as_part_of_the_Great_Decisions_2013_Program_Foreign_Policy_Assoc_">China in Africa as part of the Great Decisions 2013 Program (Foreign Policy Assoc.)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This presentation provides a historical and current view of China's engagement with a number of A...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This presentation provides a historical and current view of China's engagement with a number of African countries. China's involvement in African affairs, as a trade and political ally have caused considerable alarm as European and North American interests appear to be eclipsed by China's rise. These anxieties expose Africa's importance as a resource-rich region and how competition from a seemingly "new" power undermines Euro-American dominance in global trade and politics. The objective is to situate China's interests in Africa against a global perspective and explore what China might be doing that makes it appealing to African leaders.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6714260"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6714260"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6714260; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6714260]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6714260]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6714260; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6714260']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6714260]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6714260,"title":"China in Africa as part of the Great Decisions 2013 Program (Foreign Policy Assoc.)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6714260/China_in_Africa_as_part_of_the_Great_Decisions_2013_Program_Foreign_Policy_Assoc_","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1675241"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1675241/Consuming_Development_in_Coastal_Tanganyika_Water_Commodification_and_the_Indian_Ocean_Littoral_in_Mikindani"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Consuming Development in Coastal Tanganyika: Water, Commodification, and the Indian Ocean Littoral in Mikindani" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1675241/Consuming_Development_in_Coastal_Tanganyika_Water_Commodification_and_the_Indian_Ocean_Littoral_in_Mikindani">Consuming Development in Coastal Tanganyika: Water, Commodification, and the Indian Ocean Littoral in Mikindani</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated"> This paper is a study of how a generation of Africans and South Asians experienced the transitio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper is a study of how a generation of Africans and South Asians experienced the transition from communal water rights to its commodification under the aegis of colonial rule. Far from a colonial backwater, Mikindani’s inhabitants engaged with the commodification process in unexpected ways, through contestation and adaptation. By questioning how townspeople from Mikindani managed this shifting material culture we uncover a panoply of South Asian intermediaries whose anomalous position in an African space provided unique opportunities for their own economic and social expression.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1675241"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1675241"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1675241; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1675241]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1675241]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1675241; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='1675241']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=1675241]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":1675241,"title":"Consuming Development in Coastal Tanganyika: Water, Commodification, and the Indian Ocean Littoral in Mikindani","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1675241/Consuming_Development_in_Coastal_Tanganyika_Water_Commodification_and_the_Indian_Ocean_Littoral_in_Mikindani","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Conference Presentations" id="Conference Presentations"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Conference Presentations by Chau Kelly</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8753968"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/8753968/Commodifying_Water_in_Coastal_Tanzania_Poverty_Social_Relations_and_Natural_Resources_1930_1937"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Commodifying Water in Coastal Tanzania: Poverty, Social Relations, and Natural Resources, 1930-1937" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/8753968/Commodifying_Water_in_Coastal_Tanzania_Poverty_Social_Relations_and_Natural_Resources_1930_1937">Commodifying Water in Coastal Tanzania: Poverty, Social Relations, and Natural Resources, 1930-1937</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Fresh water in coastal Tanzania was long regarded as a communally held resource, shared by all an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Fresh water in coastal Tanzania was long regarded as a communally held resource, shared by all and exclusive to none. Cultural adaptations to extreme fluctuations in water volume led the Makonde people to develop a social consciousness about the role water played in their community. This paper examines how one African community challenged the commodification and regulation of this most vital resource. Moreover, it questions how poverty altered social relationships with a natural resource once it became regulated and controlled. During the 1930s, Donald Worster’s "faceless and impersonal" power of the state began to assert itself upon a small town on the edge of the British Empire. Officials employed the imperial rhetoric of public health and social order to secure, delimit, and tax the water supply. This case study asserts that the transition to a fee-based natural resource led to intense uncertainty as Africans struggled to understand how a social good became monetized. Unwilling to wait for generational adaptation and expanded desire for clean water, which promised improved health, officials criminalized Africans who refused to pay. Open wells disappeared behind fences, replaced by piped water that forced Africans to buy a natural product that until 1937 was free to everyone.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="8753968"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8753968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8753968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8753968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8753968]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8753968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='8753968']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=8753968]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":8753968,"title":"Commodifying Water in Coastal Tanzania: Poverty, Social Relations, and Natural Resources, 1930-1937","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8753968/Commodifying_Water_in_Coastal_Tanzania_Poverty_Social_Relations_and_Natural_Resources_1930_1937","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8419140"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/8419140/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_Protest_and_Environmental_Change_in_Tanzania_1950_1954"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development, Protest, and Environmental Change in Tanzania, 1950-1954" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/8419140/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_Protest_and_Environmental_Change_in_Tanzania_1950_1954">Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development, Protest, and Environmental Change in Tanzania, 1950-1954</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Colonial architecture and urban planning were parts of complex processes that rendered foreign la...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Colonial architecture and urban planning were parts of complex processes that rendered foreign lands legible, intended to create an imperial consistency between various far-flung portions of the empire. Common motifs flattened the differences between tropical provincial cities. British India’s administrative blocks resembled others in provincial cities in parts of British East Africa and South Africa. Colonial cities developed and shared distinctive features to render difficult environments into recognizable forms through regularized roads, open spaces to provide breezes, and racially segregated living arrangements to delimit disease and discomfiting social interactions across racial boundaries. Mtwara town emerged through such planning, under the direction of H.L. Ford and his team of architects based in Nairobi and London. Drawing upon the work of William Glover, my paper positions Mtwara into a wider “colonial spatial imagining” to explore how colonial authorities constructed urban space as expressions of their social and material biases. Ford’s plans showed specific power dynamics since African housing, markets, and leisure spaces were situated in less desirable areas of the landscape. Much of the funding for African housing quarters was expected to come from the 1940 Colonial Development and Welfare Act. Literally constrained to a lower elevation in the township, the African quarter’s proximity to commercial and industrial zones exposed the households to noxious odors and sounds. This location also exposed its inhabitants to a variety of environmental hazards associated with poor drainage. Moreover, house quality, location, and density of housing bespoke colonial assumptions about the occupants’ status and gave physical expression to administrative notions that Africans required less in comfort and hygiene. By placing urban development at the intersection of environment, public health, and colonial rule, my work pulls Mtwara out of its association with ill-fated Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme to examine its history as a key facet in the mechanisms of imperialism and legibility.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="8419140"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8419140"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8419140; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8419140]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8419140]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8419140; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='8419140']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=8419140]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":8419140,"title":"Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development, Protest, and Environmental Change in Tanzania, 1950-1954","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8419140/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_Protest_and_Environmental_Change_in_Tanzania_1950_1954","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4698487"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4698487/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4698487/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans">Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Alexander Gibb & Partners’ lead architect H.L. Ford designed Mtwara as a model colonial city; one...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Alexander Gibb & Partners’ lead architect H.L. Ford designed Mtwara as a model colonial city; one that might provide a blueprint for future urban development in Africa, in general, and British Africa, in particular. Although Mtwara’s foundation was one facet of the ill-fated Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme, the town and harbor emerged from the sisal tracts as the Scheme at Nachingwea showed signs of foundering. This paper seeks to understand how African workers and villagers engaged with colonial officials to reformulate an artificially imposed urbanization process. It aims to explicate how African workers and villagers challenged the colonial state to include local needs in building an idealized city. From forced relocation of villagers at Mto Mtwara to the labor lines associated with the sisal plantations and port construction, southern Tanganyikans participated in a lively discourse about urbanization. Much to the surprise of the planners, Africans had their own ideas of what they wanted in a city. They resisted colonial efforts to displace villagers without some form of compensation and pushed the developers and township authorities to consider community welfare. Eventually, workers demanded better living quarters, and spaces for leisure activities; Mtwara was destined to become more than a labor camp.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4698487"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4698487"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4698487; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4698487]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4698487]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4698487; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4698487']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4698487]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4698487,"title":"Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4698487/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26657182"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/26657182/Cattle_Dip_Shark_Oil_and_the_Cult_of_Science_Acute_Arsenic_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanzania_1934"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cattle Dip, Shark Oil, and the Cult of Science: Acute Arsenic Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanzania 1934" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/26657182/Cattle_Dip_Shark_Oil_and_the_Cult_of_Science_Acute_Arsenic_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanzania_1934">Cattle Dip, Shark Oil, and the Cult of Science: Acute Arsenic Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanzania 1934</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">At 12:30 pm on October 25th 1934, the pupils at Malangali School, in Iringa District, Tanzania, r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">At 12:30 pm on October 25th 1934, the pupils at Malangali School, in Iringa District, Tanzania, received teaspoon doses of shark oil, a newly prescribed course of nutritional supplements. Several children began to show signs of nausea, yet the staff continued to administer the medicine until all 58 children received their portion. Annoyed by their protestations and retching, the school matron, Mrs. Wallington, took a dose of the medicine to test it and prove the children wrong in their antics. Mrs. Wallington turned to caring for those who became ill, but she eventually collapsed, in acute pain.<br /><br />The first schoolgirl died at 3:45 pm that same day, within 72 hours another 32 girls succumbed; officials anticipated more deaths. A battery of tests indicated that school officials gave the girls arsenic suspended in soap—cattle dip was mistaken for shark oil. This paper examines how a the confusion over veterinary and human remedies led to suffering and conflict.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26657182"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26657182"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26657182; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26657182]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26657182]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26657182; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26657182']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26657182]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26657182,"title":"Cattle Dip, Shark Oil, and the Cult of Science: Acute Arsenic Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanzania 1934","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26657182/Cattle_Dip_Shark_Oil_and_the_Cult_of_Science_Acute_Arsenic_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanzania_1934","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3391666"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/3391666/Farm_and_Fly_Village_Concentration_Against_Human_Sleeping_Sickness_in_East_Africa_1930_1943"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Farm and Fly: Village Concentration Against Human Sleeping Sickness in East Africa, 1930-1943" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/3391666/Farm_and_Fly_Village_Concentration_Against_Human_Sleeping_Sickness_in_East_Africa_1930_1943">Farm and Fly: Village Concentration Against Human Sleeping Sickness in East Africa, 1930-1943</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">"In 1941 the colonial state in Tanganyika territory set out to concentrate 846 persons, from four...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">"In 1941 the colonial state in Tanganyika territory set out to concentrate 846 persons, from fourteen scattered villages into one location at a site called Madaba, which was already home to a leper colony with 765 villagers. A small detachment of colonial officials was assigned to reconfigure the settlement patterns for communities that preferred to live in small hamlets.  <br /> <br />This paper asks how imagined disease environments created openings for increased intervention into African communal life by examining the administrative logic behind two village concentrations in southern Tanganyika. These projects were meant to control, not eradicate problematic disease environs. The first was a loosely structured agricultural scheme near Masasi; and the second, a formal village concentration created near a Game Reserve at Madaba. While coercive, these villagization schemes were underpinned with problems associated with the abbreviated tenures of colonial officials and the regime’s economic struggles. Concentrations expose official fears about these remote outposts. As an environmentally rooted disease with horrifying characteristics, the parasitic trypanosomes that caused sleeping sickness triggered anxiety in officials who served in far-flung districts. Tanganyika’s southern province evidenced such dreadful diseases, which appeared to sicken local communities and threatened the administration in myriad alarming ways. <br /> <br />These were liminal spaces, on the fringes of a colonial order and a conceptual border between settled and wild. Madaba’s proximity to a large game reserve would eventually determine its fate, unable to wrest complete control over the land from the animals and diseases, the administration sought the remedy that promised to cost the least, which was closer settlement. At turns the state constructed Africans as either victims or perpetrators of environmental phenomena. To that end, we can see how a conceptual bias contributed to marginalization through intentional isolation."</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3391666"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3391666"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3391666; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3391666]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3391666]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3391666; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3391666']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3391666]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3391666,"title":"Farm and Fly: Village Concentration Against Human Sleeping Sickness in East Africa, 1930-1943","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3391666/Farm_and_Fly_Village_Concentration_Against_Human_Sleeping_Sickness_in_East_Africa_1930_1943","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="5788686"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/5788686/Crying_Out_in_His_Name_Redemptive_Justice_in_South_Africas_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crying Out in His Name: Redemptive Justice in South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/5788686/Crying_Out_in_His_Name_Redemptive_Justice_in_South_Africas_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission">Crying Out in His Name: Redemptive Justice in South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">My paper seeks to understand how the testimonial structure of the Truth and Reconciliation Commis...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">My paper seeks to understand how the testimonial structure of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ratified the power of the church as a political force in post-Apartheid South Africa. Religious power in political circles is well known within South Africa’s history, particularly the power of the Dutch Reformed Church in prescribing and supporting the key tenets of Apartheid. Equally renowned for resistance to the racialized state were the English-speaking churches, where religion and politics found expression as early as 1904. The pressures of Apartheid segregation, however, also compelled a different sort of activism, which led many of South Africa’s churches to take up direct action through official programs of protest. The church, or perhaps, the enormous umbrella organization of the South African Council of Churches (SACC) became an extra-official political body. The SACC formed as a peculiar type of opposition party, one that sheltered dissidents, many of whom were ordained and lay clergy. Without wholly rejecting the post-Enlightenment notions of the importance of the individual, the citizen, the TRC and South African government encouraged religious redemption as the means to political and social reconciliation. The church became the instrument for healing, triumphing over older, stronger claims for social and economic reforms.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="5788686"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5788686"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5788686; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5788686]").text(description); 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</script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="1481519" id="publishedarticles"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35274907"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35274907/Cattle_Dip_and_Shark_Liver_Oil_in_a_Techno_Chemical_Colonial_State_The_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanganyika_1934_for_published_version_see_journal_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cattle Dip and Shark Liver Oil in a Techno-Chemical Colonial State: The Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanganyika 1934 [for published version see journal]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55135600/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35274907/Cattle_Dip_and_Shark_Liver_Oil_in_a_Techno_Chemical_Colonial_State_The_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanganyika_1934_for_published_version_see_journal_">Cattle Dip and Shark Liver Oil in a Techno-Chemical Colonial State: The Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanganyika 1934 [for published version see journal]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of African History</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f040001a017bc539d06116dcd77c40cb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55135600,"asset_id":35274907,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55135600/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35274907"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35274907"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35274907; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26630780"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/26630780/_A_Pleasant_and_Tidy_Arrangement_Housing_Development_and_Economies_of_Segregation_in_Mtwara_Tanganyika_1949_1954"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of "A Pleasant and Tidy Arrangement:" Housing Development and Economies of Segregation in Mtwara, Tanganyika, 1949-1954" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/26630780/_A_Pleasant_and_Tidy_Arrangement_Housing_Development_and_Economies_of_Segregation_in_Mtwara_Tanganyika_1949_1954">"A Pleasant and Tidy Arrangement:" Housing Development and Economies of Segregation in Mtwara, Tanganyika, 1949-1954</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Urban History</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In 1949, the colonial government of Tanganyika began clearing land for a model urban landscape in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1949, the colonial government of Tanganyika began clearing land for a model urban landscape in a remote district. This city was built as one facet of the Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme, a development debacle that cost the British taxpayer thirty-six million pounds and yielded few benefits. The most significant outcome of the Scheme was the development of the port city of Mtwara, which held some promise as a model colonial space. As such, the urban development of Mtwara reveals how colonial officials used urban planning alter a region’s economic productivity from a pre-industrial system to one directly linked to state power. Town planning was a strategic device to marginalize existing African communities and reconfigure power dynamics in an African landscape. This article examines how segregation was performed late in the colonial project, how social economies were reconfigured, and how housing development was rooted in entrenched views about rights and citizenship.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26630780"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26630780"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26630780; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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Questions of failed development and technology transfer are juxtaposed against African desires for new relationships with material goods to examine how regulatory projects falter for lack of environmental knowledge, investment, and social awareness. Starting with a basic analysis of coastal practices surrounding water, the article delves into the colonial administrative debates over water delivery systems, fee schedules, and surveys as a means to show how colonial assumptions created obstacles for African consumers who wanted to benefit from this modern package of goods.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ce7af9be421c62169b718426c5ee761f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":45484343,"asset_id":25061374,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45484343/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="25061374"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25061374"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25061374; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6938422"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6938422/Asha_binti_Awadhs_Awqaf_Muslim_Endurance_Despite_Colonial_Law_in_Mikindani_Tanzania"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Asha binti Awadh's Awqaf: Muslim Endurance Despite Colonial Law in Mikindani, Tanzania" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33640900/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6938422/Asha_binti_Awadhs_Awqaf_Muslim_Endurance_Despite_Colonial_Law_in_Mikindani_Tanzania">Asha binti Awadh's Awqaf: Muslim Endurance Despite Colonial Law in Mikindani, Tanzania</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of African Historical Studies</span><span>, May 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The present study examines a conflict between an elderly waqf trustee and the colonial state in t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The present study examines a conflict between an elderly waqf trustee and the colonial state in the township of Mikindani, Tanganyika during the 1930s. In a series of moves aimed to regularize the layout of the township, colonial officials encountered a trustee who refused to cooperate with their requests to alter the mosques, rest house, and other properties under her protection. As a female trustee, Asha binti Awadh provided an opportunity to examine how waqf laws changed under colonial rule and why so few women held waqf. She managed multiple public awqaf at a time when there were no other known female mutawalli.The differences between family and public endowments form part of the analysis because the only other known female trustees in East Africa were the sisters Khole binti Hamoud and Jokha binti Hamoud of Zanzibar. By taking a comparative approach, this case study situates waqf charitable practices in a broader context in both African and Muslim cultural practices in a territory that lacked a Wakf Commission, and where many Muslim laws were subsumed under imperial legal codes and precedents.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c8e01ee0b9533a614bb081799329ec6e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33640900,"asset_id":6938422,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33640900/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6938422"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6938422"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6938422; 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"Giles-Vernick, Tamara and James L. A. Webb Jr., eds. Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013. 246pp.." Journal of Retracing Africa: Vol. 2, Issue 1 (2016): 89-91. http://encompass.eku.edu/jora/vol2/iss1/12" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41659830/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20989639/Kelly_Chau_Johnsen_Giles_Vernick_Tamara_and_James_L_A_Webb_Jr_eds_Global_Health_in_Africa_Historical_Perspectives_on_Disease_Control_Athens_Ohio_University_Press_2013_246pp_Journal_of_Retracing_Africa_Vol_2_Issue_1_2016_89_91_http_encompass_eku_edu_jora_vol2_iss1_12">Kelly, Chau Johnsen. "Giles-Vernick, Tamara and James L. A. Webb Jr., eds. Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013. 246pp.." 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6766025]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6766025,"title":"Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development and Crisis, 1950-1954","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6766025/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_and_Crisis_1950_1954","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6714260"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6714260/China_in_Africa_as_part_of_the_Great_Decisions_2013_Program_Foreign_Policy_Assoc_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of China in Africa as part of the Great Decisions 2013 Program (Foreign Policy Assoc.)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6714260/China_in_Africa_as_part_of_the_Great_Decisions_2013_Program_Foreign_Policy_Assoc_">China in Africa as part of the Great Decisions 2013 Program (Foreign Policy Assoc.)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This presentation provides a historical and current view of China's engagement with a number of A...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This presentation provides a historical and current view of China's engagement with a number of African countries. China's involvement in African affairs, as a trade and political ally have caused considerable alarm as European and North American interests appear to be eclipsed by China's rise. These anxieties expose Africa's importance as a resource-rich region and how competition from a seemingly "new" power undermines Euro-American dominance in global trade and politics. The objective is to situate China's interests in Africa against a global perspective and explore what China might be doing that makes it appealing to African leaders.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6714260"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6714260"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6714260; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6714260]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6714260]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6714260; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6714260']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6714260]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6714260,"title":"China in Africa as part of the Great Decisions 2013 Program (Foreign Policy Assoc.)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6714260/China_in_Africa_as_part_of_the_Great_Decisions_2013_Program_Foreign_Policy_Assoc_","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1675241"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1675241/Consuming_Development_in_Coastal_Tanganyika_Water_Commodification_and_the_Indian_Ocean_Littoral_in_Mikindani"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Consuming Development in Coastal Tanganyika: Water, Commodification, and the Indian Ocean Littoral in Mikindani" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1675241/Consuming_Development_in_Coastal_Tanganyika_Water_Commodification_and_the_Indian_Ocean_Littoral_in_Mikindani">Consuming Development in Coastal Tanganyika: Water, Commodification, and the Indian Ocean Littoral in Mikindani</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated"> This paper is a study of how a generation of Africans and South Asians experienced the transitio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper is a study of how a generation of Africans and South Asians experienced the transition from communal water rights to its commodification under the aegis of colonial rule. Far from a colonial backwater, Mikindani’s inhabitants engaged with the commodification process in unexpected ways, through contestation and adaptation. By questioning how townspeople from Mikindani managed this shifting material culture we uncover a panoply of South Asian intermediaries whose anomalous position in an African space provided unique opportunities for their own economic and social expression.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1675241"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1675241"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1675241; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1675241]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1675241]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1675241; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='1675241']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=1675241]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":1675241,"title":"Consuming Development in Coastal Tanganyika: Water, Commodification, and the Indian Ocean Littoral in Mikindani","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1675241/Consuming_Development_in_Coastal_Tanganyika_Water_Commodification_and_the_Indian_Ocean_Littoral_in_Mikindani","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="1481481" id="conferencepresentations"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8753968"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/8753968/Commodifying_Water_in_Coastal_Tanzania_Poverty_Social_Relations_and_Natural_Resources_1930_1937"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Commodifying Water in Coastal Tanzania: Poverty, Social Relations, and Natural Resources, 1930-1937" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/8753968/Commodifying_Water_in_Coastal_Tanzania_Poverty_Social_Relations_and_Natural_Resources_1930_1937">Commodifying Water in Coastal Tanzania: Poverty, Social Relations, and Natural Resources, 1930-1937</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Fresh water in coastal Tanzania was long regarded as a communally held resource, shared by all an...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Fresh water in coastal Tanzania was long regarded as a communally held resource, shared by all and exclusive to none. Cultural adaptations to extreme fluctuations in water volume led the Makonde people to develop a social consciousness about the role water played in their community. This paper examines how one African community challenged the commodification and regulation of this most vital resource. Moreover, it questions how poverty altered social relationships with a natural resource once it became regulated and controlled. During the 1930s, Donald Worster’s "faceless and impersonal" power of the state began to assert itself upon a small town on the edge of the British Empire. Officials employed the imperial rhetoric of public health and social order to secure, delimit, and tax the water supply. This case study asserts that the transition to a fee-based natural resource led to intense uncertainty as Africans struggled to understand how a social good became monetized. Unwilling to wait for generational adaptation and expanded desire for clean water, which promised improved health, officials criminalized Africans who refused to pay. Open wells disappeared behind fences, replaced by piped water that forced Africans to buy a natural product that until 1937 was free to everyone.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="8753968"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8753968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8753968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8753968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8753968]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8753968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='8753968']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=8753968]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":8753968,"title":"Commodifying Water in Coastal Tanzania: Poverty, Social Relations, and Natural Resources, 1930-1937","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8753968/Commodifying_Water_in_Coastal_Tanzania_Poverty_Social_Relations_and_Natural_Resources_1930_1937","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="8419140"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/8419140/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_Protest_and_Environmental_Change_in_Tanzania_1950_1954"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development, Protest, and Environmental Change in Tanzania, 1950-1954" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/8419140/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_Protest_and_Environmental_Change_in_Tanzania_1950_1954">Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development, Protest, and Environmental Change in Tanzania, 1950-1954</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Colonial architecture and urban planning were parts of complex processes that rendered foreign la...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Colonial architecture and urban planning were parts of complex processes that rendered foreign lands legible, intended to create an imperial consistency between various far-flung portions of the empire. Common motifs flattened the differences between tropical provincial cities. British India’s administrative blocks resembled others in provincial cities in parts of British East Africa and South Africa. Colonial cities developed and shared distinctive features to render difficult environments into recognizable forms through regularized roads, open spaces to provide breezes, and racially segregated living arrangements to delimit disease and discomfiting social interactions across racial boundaries. Mtwara town emerged through such planning, under the direction of H.L. Ford and his team of architects based in Nairobi and London. Drawing upon the work of William Glover, my paper positions Mtwara into a wider “colonial spatial imagining” to explore how colonial authorities constructed urban space as expressions of their social and material biases. Ford’s plans showed specific power dynamics since African housing, markets, and leisure spaces were situated in less desirable areas of the landscape. Much of the funding for African housing quarters was expected to come from the 1940 Colonial Development and Welfare Act. Literally constrained to a lower elevation in the township, the African quarter’s proximity to commercial and industrial zones exposed the households to noxious odors and sounds. This location also exposed its inhabitants to a variety of environmental hazards associated with poor drainage. Moreover, house quality, location, and density of housing bespoke colonial assumptions about the occupants’ status and gave physical expression to administrative notions that Africans required less in comfort and hygiene. By placing urban development at the intersection of environment, public health, and colonial rule, my work pulls Mtwara out of its association with ill-fated Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme to examine its history as a key facet in the mechanisms of imperialism and legibility.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="8419140"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8419140"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8419140; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8419140]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8419140]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8419140; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='8419140']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=8419140]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":8419140,"title":"Mtwara, from Sisal to Port City: Urban Development, Protest, and Environmental Change in Tanzania, 1950-1954","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8419140/Mtwara_from_Sisal_to_Port_City_Urban_Development_Protest_and_Environmental_Change_in_Tanzania_1950_1954","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4698487"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4698487/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4698487/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans">Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Alexander Gibb & Partners’ lead architect H.L. Ford designed Mtwara as a model colonial city; one...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Alexander Gibb & Partners’ lead architect H.L. Ford designed Mtwara as a model colonial city; one that might provide a blueprint for future urban development in Africa, in general, and British Africa, in particular. Although Mtwara’s foundation was one facet of the ill-fated Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme, the town and harbor emerged from the sisal tracts as the Scheme at Nachingwea showed signs of foundering. This paper seeks to understand how African workers and villagers engaged with colonial officials to reformulate an artificially imposed urbanization process. It aims to explicate how African workers and villagers challenged the colonial state to include local needs in building an idealized city. From forced relocation of villagers at Mto Mtwara to the labor lines associated with the sisal plantations and port construction, southern Tanganyikans participated in a lively discourse about urbanization. Much to the surprise of the planners, Africans had their own ideas of what they wanted in a city. They resisted colonial efforts to displace villagers without some form of compensation and pushed the developers and township authorities to consider community welfare. Eventually, workers demanded better living quarters, and spaces for leisure activities; Mtwara was destined to become more than a labor camp.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4698487"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4698487"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4698487; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4698487]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4698487]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4698487; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4698487']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4698487]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4698487,"title":"Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4698487/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="26657182"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/26657182/Cattle_Dip_Shark_Oil_and_the_Cult_of_Science_Acute_Arsenic_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanzania_1934"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cattle Dip, Shark Oil, and the Cult of Science: Acute Arsenic Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanzania 1934" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/26657182/Cattle_Dip_Shark_Oil_and_the_Cult_of_Science_Acute_Arsenic_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanzania_1934">Cattle Dip, Shark Oil, and the Cult of Science: Acute Arsenic Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanzania 1934</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">At 12:30 pm on October 25th 1934, the pupils at Malangali School, in Iringa District, Tanzania, r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">At 12:30 pm on October 25th 1934, the pupils at Malangali School, in Iringa District, Tanzania, received teaspoon doses of shark oil, a newly prescribed course of nutritional supplements. Several children began to show signs of nausea, yet the staff continued to administer the medicine until all 58 children received their portion. Annoyed by their protestations and retching, the school matron, Mrs. Wallington, took a dose of the medicine to test it and prove the children wrong in their antics. Mrs. Wallington turned to caring for those who became ill, but she eventually collapsed, in acute pain.<br /><br />The first schoolgirl died at 3:45 pm that same day, within 72 hours another 32 girls succumbed; officials anticipated more deaths. A battery of tests indicated that school officials gave the girls arsenic suspended in soap—cattle dip was mistaken for shark oil. This paper examines how a the confusion over veterinary and human remedies led to suffering and conflict.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26657182"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26657182"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26657182; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26657182]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26657182]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26657182; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='26657182']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=26657182]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":26657182,"title":"Cattle Dip, Shark Oil, and the Cult of Science: Acute Arsenic Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanzania 1934","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26657182/Cattle_Dip_Shark_Oil_and_the_Cult_of_Science_Acute_Arsenic_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanzania_1934","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="3391666"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/3391666/Farm_and_Fly_Village_Concentration_Against_Human_Sleeping_Sickness_in_East_Africa_1930_1943"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Farm and Fly: Village Concentration Against Human Sleeping Sickness in East Africa, 1930-1943" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/3391666/Farm_and_Fly_Village_Concentration_Against_Human_Sleeping_Sickness_in_East_Africa_1930_1943">Farm and Fly: Village Concentration Against Human Sleeping Sickness in East Africa, 1930-1943</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">"In 1941 the colonial state in Tanganyika territory set out to concentrate 846 persons, from four...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">"In 1941 the colonial state in Tanganyika territory set out to concentrate 846 persons, from fourteen scattered villages into one location at a site called Madaba, which was already home to a leper colony with 765 villagers. A small detachment of colonial officials was assigned to reconfigure the settlement patterns for communities that preferred to live in small hamlets.  <br /> <br />This paper asks how imagined disease environments created openings for increased intervention into African communal life by examining the administrative logic behind two village concentrations in southern Tanganyika. These projects were meant to control, not eradicate problematic disease environs. The first was a loosely structured agricultural scheme near Masasi; and the second, a formal village concentration created near a Game Reserve at Madaba. While coercive, these villagization schemes were underpinned with problems associated with the abbreviated tenures of colonial officials and the regime’s economic struggles. Concentrations expose official fears about these remote outposts. As an environmentally rooted disease with horrifying characteristics, the parasitic trypanosomes that caused sleeping sickness triggered anxiety in officials who served in far-flung districts. Tanganyika’s southern province evidenced such dreadful diseases, which appeared to sicken local communities and threatened the administration in myriad alarming ways. <br /> <br />These were liminal spaces, on the fringes of a colonial order and a conceptual border between settled and wild. Madaba’s proximity to a large game reserve would eventually determine its fate, unable to wrest complete control over the land from the animals and diseases, the administration sought the remedy that promised to cost the least, which was closer settlement. At turns the state constructed Africans as either victims or perpetrators of environmental phenomena. To that end, we can see how a conceptual bias contributed to marginalization through intentional isolation."</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="3391666"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3391666"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3391666; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3391666]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3391666]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3391666; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='3391666']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=3391666]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":3391666,"title":"Farm and Fly: Village Concentration Against Human Sleeping Sickness in East Africa, 1930-1943","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3391666/Farm_and_Fly_Village_Concentration_Against_Human_Sleeping_Sickness_in_East_Africa_1930_1943","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="5788686"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/5788686/Crying_Out_in_His_Name_Redemptive_Justice_in_South_Africas_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Crying Out in His Name: Redemptive Justice in South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/5788686/Crying_Out_in_His_Name_Redemptive_Justice_in_South_Africas_Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission">Crying Out in His Name: Redemptive Justice in South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">My paper seeks to understand how the testimonial structure of the Truth and Reconciliation Commis...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">My paper seeks to understand how the testimonial structure of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ratified the power of the church as a political force in post-Apartheid South Africa. Religious power in political circles is well known within South Africa’s history, particularly the power of the Dutch Reformed Church in prescribing and supporting the key tenets of Apartheid. Equally renowned for resistance to the racialized state were the English-speaking churches, where religion and politics found expression as early as 1904. The pressures of Apartheid segregation, however, also compelled a different sort of activism, which led many of South Africa’s churches to take up direct action through official programs of protest. The church, or perhaps, the enormous umbrella organization of the South African Council of Churches (SACC) became an extra-official political body. The SACC formed as a peculiar type of opposition party, one that sheltered dissidents, many of whom were ordained and lay clergy. Without wholly rejecting the post-Enlightenment notions of the importance of the individual, the citizen, the TRC and South African government encouraged religious redemption as the means to political and social reconciliation. The church became the instrument for healing, triumphing over older, stronger claims for social and economic reforms.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="5788686"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5788686"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5788686; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5788686]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5788686]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5788686; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='5788686']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="1659979"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1659979/Lady_Twinings_Burden_Child_Health_Hygiene_and_Nutrition_in_Tanganyika_1949_1965"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lady Twining's Burden: Child Health, Hygiene, and Nutrition in Tanganyika, 1949-1965" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/1659979/Lady_Twinings_Burden_Child_Health_Hygiene_and_Nutrition_in_Tanganyika_1949_1965">Lady Twining's Burden: Child Health, Hygiene, and Nutrition in Tanganyika, 1949-1965</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="1659979"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1659979"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1659979; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=1659979]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":1659979,"title":"Lady Twining's Burden: Child Health, Hygiene, and Nutrition in Tanganyika, 1949-1965","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1659979/Lady_Twinings_Burden_Child_Health_Hygiene_and_Nutrition_in_Tanganyika_1949_1965","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="12032582" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83969995"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/83969995/Cattle_Dip_and_Shark_Liver_Oil_in_a_Techno_Chemical_Colonial_State_The_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanganyika_1934"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cattle Dip and Shark Liver Oil in a Techno-Chemical Colonial State: The Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanganyika, 1934" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/83969995/Cattle_Dip_and_Shark_Liver_Oil_in_a_Techno_Chemical_Colonial_State_The_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanganyika_1934">Cattle Dip and Shark Liver Oil in a Techno-Chemical Colonial State: The Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanganyika, 1934</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of African History</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In October 1934, a group of schoolgirls at Malangali School in Iringa Province, Tanganyika receiv...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In October 1934, a group of schoolgirls at Malangali School in Iringa Province, Tanganyika received doses of what the school headmistress thought was shark liver oil. Many girls began to spit and vomit the medicine, while others attempted to leave the school grounds to return home. Within three hours, several pupils had died and within three days, another 32 girls succumbed to the toxic draught. This article examines this little known and poorly understood tragedy through the lens of the scientific and social experimentation that occurred at Malangali School. As one of two government- run schools that enrolled girls, Malangali provided the colonial state with an opportunity to conduct a variety of experiments upon a captive audience. This article argues that the ‘discovery of colonial malnutrition’ in the interwar period not only depoliticized hunger but its emphasis on techno-chemical approaches to social and material problems led to tragedy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="83969995"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="83969995"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83969995; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83969995]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83969995]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83969995; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='83969995']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=83969995]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":83969995,"title":"Cattle Dip and Shark Liver Oil in a Techno-Chemical Colonial State: The Poisoning at Malangali School, Tanganyika, 1934","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83969995/Cattle_Dip_and_Shark_Liver_Oil_in_a_Techno_Chemical_Colonial_State_The_Poisoning_at_Malangali_School_Tanganyika_1934","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67240568"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67240568/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67240568/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans">Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Alexander Gibb & Partners’ lead architect H.L. Ford designed Mtwara as a model colonial city; one...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Alexander Gibb & Partners’ lead architect H.L. Ford designed Mtwara as a model colonial city; one that might provide a blueprint for future urban development in Africa, in general, and British Africa, in particular. Although Mtwara’s foundation was one facet of the ill-fated Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme, the town and harbor emerged from the sisal tracts as the Scheme at Nachingwea showed signs of foundering. This paper seeks to understand how African workers and villagers engaged with colonial officials to reformulate an artificially imposed urbanization process. It aims to explicate how African workers and villagers challenged the colonial state to include local needs in building an idealized city. From forced relocation of villagers at Mto Mtwara to the labor lines associated with the sisal plantations and port construction, southern Tanganyikans participated in a lively discourse about urbanization. Much to the surprise of the planners, Africans had their own ideas of what they wa...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67240568"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67240568"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67240568; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67240568]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67240568]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67240568; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67240568']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=67240568]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":67240568,"title":"Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67240568/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67240567"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67240567/Asha_binti_Awadhs_Awqaf_Muslim_endurance_despite_colonial_law_in_Mikindani_Tanganyika"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Asha binti Awadh's 'Awqaf': Muslim endurance despite colonial law in Mikindani, Tanganyika" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67240567/Asha_binti_Awadhs_Awqaf_Muslim_endurance_despite_colonial_law_in_Mikindani_Tanganyika">Asha binti Awadh's 'Awqaf': Muslim endurance despite colonial law in Mikindani, Tanganyika</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of African Historical Studies</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">&quot;there can be no branch of the law in which Muslim peoples who are subject to the jurisdicti...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">&quot;there can be no branch of the law in which Muslim peoples who are subject to the jurisdiction of the British courts, or courts trained in English traditions, have been made to suffer so many frustrations-by the judicial infusion of alien ideas, by misinterpretation or basic ignorance of the Islamic doctrines, and even by what can only be termed a rigidity of mind which ill-accords with this illustrious traditionas the law of waqf.&quot;1-J.N.D. AndersonMosques reflect the cultural landscape of coastal Tanganyika, yet the legal structures that sustained them have attracted only sporadic attention over the years. This article examines a conflict between an elderly waqf trustee and the colonial state in the township of Mikindani, Tanzanyika during the 1930s. Most scholarly work on Islam in East Africa focuses on larger, economically important Swahili towns; Mombasa and Zanzibar dominate the historical literature. Moreover, these towns became significant colonial spaces where Europeans established clear economic and administrative institutions. In contrast with these more formal Swahili settlements, Mikindani occupied a liminal position as a Swahili country-town, near a borderlands region within a poorly managed colonial state.2 Overland, Mikindani is roughly 552 km south of Dar es Salaam and forty- kilometers north of the Ruvuma River, in a shallow crescent-shaped inlet on the Indian Ocean.3 Mikindani&#39;s historical past was far richer than its condition under European rule.4 The town exhibited contradictory qualities depending upon perspective, its complex social composition, stone houses, and variety of mosques and temples suggested a cosmopolitan space.5 Yet, Mikindani declined in social and economic importance as German and British colonial rule shifted economic activities away from small coastal ports.6 By the 1930s, Mikindani existed on the spatial fringes of the colonial order, a district office with a minimal staff.7 Colonial officials claimed the town was &quot;still a very insignificant place,&quot; I argue that this attitude helped to insulate Mikindani&#39;s religious endowments from larger shocks delivered by colonial efforts to reconfigure cultural practices to suit imperial economic needs.8To develop this argument, I will analyze a conflict between an elderly waqf trustee and the colonial state in the township of Mikindani during the 1930s. Asha binti Awadh refused to cooperate when approached by the district officer (DO) and land officer, who wanted to alter the buildings and land under her protection.9 Her indifference to their appeals exposed the presence of a waqf in Mikindani, but more significantly a female mutawalli (trustee) over a decade after the last known female mutawalli in East Africa.10 The British Empire&#39;s complaint against Bibi Asha binti Awadh&#39;s awqaf opened several avenues of inquiry to understand why a waqf in Mikindani endured longer than the far wealthier waqf held by Bibi Khole and Bibi Jokha binti Hamoud of Zanzibar.11 Two critical questions emerged in discovering Bibi Asha&#39;s refusal to cooperate with the colonial state: why did some forms of waqf manage to endure while others faded away? And what role (if any) did women play as benefactors, trustees, and heirs? This case study provides an opportunity to ascertain how an important religious institution endured in Mikindani, for decades despite colonial manipulations. It further shows how new interpretations of inheritance rights affected waqf trustees as colonial laws interfered with African and Muslim practices. Challenges to awqaf rights and disposal by the colonial state revealed how the rhetoric about African rights to land fell away as administrative needs for offices, roads, and other structures took precedence.Waqf and Colonial TraditionsSeveral different problems require further explanation before examining the wider implications of Bibi Asha&#39;s resistance to the colonial state. In addition to an analysis of how Africans and colonial officials approached legal conflicts during the 1930s, we must rise to J. …</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67240567"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67240567"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67240567; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67240567]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67240567]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67240567; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67240567']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=67240567]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":67240567,"title":"Asha binti Awadh's 'Awqaf': Muslim endurance despite colonial law in Mikindani, Tanganyika","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67240567/Asha_binti_Awadhs_Awqaf_Muslim_endurance_despite_colonial_law_in_Mikindani_Tanganyika","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67240566"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/67240566/Giles_Vernick_Tamara_and_James_L_A_Webb_Jr_eds_Global_Health_in_Africa_Historical_Perspectives_on_Disease_Control_Athens_Ohio_University_Press_2013_246pp"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Giles-Vernick, Tamara and James L. A. Webb Jr., eds. Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013. 246pp" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78131642/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/67240566/Giles_Vernick_Tamara_and_James_L_A_Webb_Jr_eds_Global_Health_in_Africa_Historical_Perspectives_on_Disease_Control_Athens_Ohio_University_Press_2013_246pp">Giles-Vernick, Tamara and James L. A. Webb Jr., eds. Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013. 246pp</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7bed291143ee879d2b21a8633732853a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":78131642,"asset_id":67240566,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78131642/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67240566"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67240566"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67240566; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67240566]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67240566]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67240566; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='67240566']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7bed291143ee879d2b21a8633732853a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=67240566]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":67240566,"title":"Giles-Vernick, Tamara and James L. A. Webb Jr., eds. Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="67240565"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67240565/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities_Mikindani_and_Mtwara_Consuming_Development_in_southeastern_Tanganyika_1910_1960"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Tale of Two Cities, Mikindani and Mtwara: Consuming Development in southeastern Tanganyika, 1910-1960" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/67240565/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities_Mikindani_and_Mtwara_Consuming_Development_in_southeastern_Tanganyika_1910_1960">A Tale of Two Cities, Mikindani and Mtwara: Consuming Development in southeastern Tanganyika, 1910-1960</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67240565"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67240565"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67240565; 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(1) Fresh water in coastal Tanzania was long regarded as a communally held resource, shared by all and exclusive to none. Cultural adaptations to extreme fluctuations in fresh water led the Makonde people, who comprised the largest population at Mikindani, to develop social and cultural practices that kept villages safe from flooding. In the coastal township of Mikindani this practice led residents to rely upon natural springs and wells far from the town&#39;s center, away from the coastline, along the base of the escarpment. In 1931, Mikindani was a small trading port and British administrative outpost with approximately 2000 African inhabitants and 280 &quot;Asiatics,&quot; which included South Asians and &quot;Arabs,&quot; who were most likely Swahili traders. (2) According to colonial officials, the town&#39;s &quot;Arabs&quot; [Swahili] were o...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6182e2be1e7c571ba91e1dcace41fb0c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":78131437,"asset_id":67240323,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78131437/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="67240323"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67240323"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67240323; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="57907871"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/57907871/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/57907871/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans">Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Alexander Gibb &amp; Partners’ lead architect H.L. Ford designed Mtwara as a model colonial city;...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Alexander Gibb &amp; Partners’ lead architect H.L. Ford designed Mtwara as a model colonial city; one that might provide a blueprint for future urban development in Africa, in general, and British Africa, in particular. Although Mtwara’s foundation was one facet of the ill-fated Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme, the town and harbor emerged from the sisal tracts as the Scheme at Nachingwea showed signs of foundering. This paper seeks to understand how African workers and villagers engaged with colonial officials to reformulate an artificially imposed urbanization process. It aims to explicate how African workers and villagers challenged the colonial state to include local needs in building an idealized city. From forced relocation of villagers at Mto Mtwara to the labor lines associated with the sisal plantations and port construction, southern Tanganyikans participated in a lively discourse about urbanization. Much to the surprise of the planners, Africans had their own ideas of what they wanted in a city. They resisted colonial efforts to displace villagers without some form of compensation and pushed the developers and township authorities to consider community welfare. Eventually, workers demanded better living quarters, and spaces for leisure activities; Mtwara was destined to become more than a labor camp.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="57907871"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57907871"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57907871; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57907871]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57907871]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57907871; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='57907871']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=57907871]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":57907871,"title":"Mtwara: Planned for an Empire, Reshaped by Tanganyikans","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57907871/Mtwara_Planned_for_an_Empire_Reshaped_by_Tanganyikans","owner_id":12584,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":12584,"first_name":"Chau","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Kelly","page_name":"ChauKelly","domain_name":"unf","created_at":"2008-10-29T02:32:37.554-07:00","display_name":"Chau Kelly","url":"https://unf.academia.edu/ChauKelly"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="57907845"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/57907845/Asha_binti_Awadhs_Awqaf_Muslim_endurance_despite_colonial_law_in_Mikindani_Tanganyika"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Asha binti Awadh's 'Awqaf': Muslim endurance despite colonial law in Mikindani, Tanganyika" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/57907845/Asha_binti_Awadhs_Awqaf_Muslim_endurance_despite_colonial_law_in_Mikindani_Tanganyika">Asha binti Awadh's 'Awqaf': Muslim endurance despite colonial law in Mikindani, Tanganyika</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of African Historical Studies</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The present study examines a conflict between an elderly waqf trustee and the colonial state in t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The present study examines a conflict between an elderly waqf trustee and the colonial state in the township of Mikindani, Tanganyika during the 1930s. In a series of moves aimed to regularize the layout of the township, colonial officials encountered a trustee who refused to cooperate with their requests to alter the mosques, rest house, and other properties under her protection. As a female trustee, Asha binti Awadh provided an opportunity to examine how waqf laws changed under colonial rule and why so few women held waqf. She managed multiple public awqaf at a time when there were no other known female mutawalli.The differences between family and public endowments form part of the analysis because the only other known female trustees in East Africa were the sisters Khole binti Hamoud and Jokha binti Hamoud of Zanzibar. 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