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<li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virginia_retrocession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virginia_retrocession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Virginia retrocession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Virginia_retrocession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Virginia retrocession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Virginia_retrocession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Recession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Repercussions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Constitutionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_Maryland_retrocession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_Maryland_retrocession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proposed Maryland retrocession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_Maryland_retrocession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed Maryland retrocession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_Maryland_retrocession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alternative proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Political support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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href="/wiki/File:Dcmapanimated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dcmapanimated.gif/220px-Dcmapanimated.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dcmapanimated.gif/330px-Dcmapanimated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dcmapanimated.gif/440px-Dcmapanimated.gif 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Territorial evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>District of Columbia retrocession</b> is the act of returning some or all of the land that had been ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> for the purpose of creating its <a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">federal district</a> for the new <a href="/wiki/National_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital">national capital</a>, which was moved from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> to what was then called the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">City of Washington</a> in 1800. The land was originally ceded to the federal government by <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in 1790. After moving through various stages of federal and state approval, the Virginia portion was returned in March 1847. </p><p>The District of Columbia's creation was the result of the District clause of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a>, but it has remained controversial and is opposed by some residents and those outside the District ever since.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (September 2024)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1790 <a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the District originally consisted of 100 square miles (259 km<sup>2</sup>; 25,900 ha) of land, which was ceded to it by Maryland and Virginia, and it straddled the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>. The 1801 Organic Act placed the areas under the control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and removed the right of residents to vote in federal elections. The portion west of the Potomac River, ceded by Virginia, included two parts comprising 31 square miles (80 km<sup>2</sup>; 8,029 ha): the city of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, at the extreme southern shore, and the rural and short-lived Alexandria County, D.C. </p><p>After decades of debate about <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">the disenfranchisement that came with district citizenship</a>, and tensions related to perceived negligence by the U.S. Congress, this portion of the district was returned to Virginia in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining district assumed its current boundaries and area of 68.34 square miles (177.00 km<sup>2</sup>; 17,699.98 ha) east of the Potomac.<sup id="cite_ref-hsw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent proposals to return all or part of the remaining portion of the District of Columbia to Maryland have been cited as one way to provide full <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">voting representation</a> in Congress and return <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_home_rule" title="District of Columbia home rule">local control</a> of the district to its residents.<sup id="cite_ref-debates_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_movement" title="District of Columbia statehood movement">D.C. statehood advocates</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have noted that ceding Washington, D.C. to Maryland may not have the support of the government in Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_District_of_Columbia,_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_District_of_Columbia%2C_1835.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_District_of_Columbia%2C_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_District_of_Columbia%2C_1835.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_District_of_Columbia%2C_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_the_District_of_Columbia%2C_1835.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_District_of_Columbia%2C_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> in 1835, prior to the retrocession of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_County,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria County, Virginia">Alexandria County</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1801" title="District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801">Organic Act of 1801</a> organized the District of Columbia and placed the federal territory under the exclusive control of Congress. The District was organized into two counties: <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_D.C." title="Washington County, D.C.">Washington County</a> on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_County#Alexandria_County,_District_of_Columbia_(D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria County">Alexandria County</a> on the west side. The incorporation of the City of Alexandria was retained in Alexandria County, and the incorporation of the town of Georgetown was retained in Washington County, while the City of Washington was newly incorporated in Washington County.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 1801 Act, citizens located in the District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia, thus ending their representation in Congress, their ability to weigh in on Constitutional amendments, and their unlimited <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ever since, residents of the District and the surrounding states have sought ways to remedy these issues, with the most common being retrocession, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_Admission_Act" title="Washington, D.C., Admission Act">statehood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">constitutional amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While representation is often cited as a grievance of District residents, limited self-rule has often played a large or larger part in retrocession movements. In 1801, members of the levy courts that governed Washington County and Alexandria County were all chosen by the president, as was the mayor of the City of Washington from 1802 to 1820. Other officers, such as marshals and attorneys, were also appointed by the president. When the District was unified into one government in 1871, the people again lost the right to elect their leaders and, from 1871 until 1975, the government was led by a governor, commissioners, or a mayor-commissioner appointed by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost immediately after the Organic Act of 1801, Congress took up proposals for the return of the territory to the states. An 1803 bill introduced by <a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bacon (Massachusetts politician)">John Bacon</a> of Massachusetts was defeated 66–26; an 1804 bill from <a href="/wiki/John_Dawson_(1762%E2%80%931814)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dawson (1762–1814)">John Dawson</a> of Virginia was rejected by a large majority without debate; an 1806 bill introduced by <a href="/wiki/John_Smilie" title="John Smilie">John Smilie</a> of Pennsylvania was never brought up for a vote; and the same fate occurred to an 1820 bill introduced by <a href="/wiki/William_Darlington" title="William Darlington">William Darlington</a> of Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of Congress proposed retrocession because they found <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">disenfranchisement</a> of the District's residents to be unacceptable. Members of Congress debated whether the District could be immediately returned without the consent of the residents and the legislatures of Maryland and Virginia. Some representatives rejected the idea of retrocession entirely and concluded that the Congress lacked the constitutional authority to return the territory. When debate began to be intertwined with calls to move the capital elsewhere, after the burning of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, calls for retrocession began to subside.<sup id="cite_ref-debates_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1822, the citizens of the District again began to desire a different political situation. A committee appointed by Washington City called on Congress to either make the area a <a href="/wiki/U.S._territory" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. territory">territory</a> or to retrocede it to the original states. That same year bills were introduced that would return Georgetown to Maryland and Alexandria to Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-debates_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, the District government was reorganized with citizens allowed to elect their own mayor and city council members, but all laws were subject to <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Home_Rule_Act#Laws_blocked_by_Congress" title="District of Columbia Home Rule Act">Congressional review</a>, which has been used in limited, but notable ways. Congress also still exercises its unique power over the District in other ways, such as limiting the height of D.C.'s buildings, preventing the District from calling its mayor a governor, preventing it from imposing a commuter tax, and determining who sits on its local courts, whose judges are all appointed by the president. The District is further limited by federally formed bodies like the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Planning_Commission" title="National Capital Planning Commission">National Capital Planning Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_of_Fine_Arts" title="United States Commission of Fine Arts">Commission of Fine Arts (CFA)</a>, which exercise considerable power in the District with only minority local representation, in the case of NCPC, or with no local representation, such as for the CFA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virginia_retrocession">Virginia retrocession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Virginia retrocession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were Federal bills to reunite the southern portion of the District with Virginia as early as 1803, but it was only in the late 1830s that these garnered local support. People from Alexandria actively protested the 1803 effort.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early efforts, supported by the Democratic-Republicans, focused on the lack of home rule and were often combined with retrocession of some or all of the area north of the Potomac as well. The sentiment for retrocession started to grow in the 1830s culminating in the retrocession of Alexandria County in 1847.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first local effort for retrocession started in 1818, when the Grand Jury for the County of Alexandria voted for retrocession and to appoint a committee to that end.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar efforts in Georgetown and dissatisfaction elsewhere led to some modest changes, most notably that residents of the City of Washington were allowed to elect their own mayor, but in Alexandria that did little to quell discontent and after an 1822 debate in the local papers, the Grand Jury again voted for retrocession and a committee to promote it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1824, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Francis_Mason" title="Thomson Francis Mason">Thomson Francis Mason</a>, future mayor of Alexandria and grandson of <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a>, called an informal town meeting at which retrocession was discussed and a resolution passed to create a petition. But a competing group, led by merchant Phineas Janney, held a meeting shortly thereafter and agreed to draw up a petition against retrocession.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A petition with 500 names supporting retrocession was submitted to Congress, as was a letter protesting it, but Congress declined to act on it and the matter died.<sup id="cite_ref-debates_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1832, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Doddridge_(Virginia_politician)" title="Philip Doddridge (Virginia politician)">Philip Doddridge</a>, chairman of the Committee on the District of Columbia, attempting to codify District law and address grievances of residents, asked the Alexandria Town Council if they would like retrocession to Virginia, a delegate to Congress, or a local District legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vote was held on January 24, 1832, with 437 voting for no change, 402 voting for retrocession, and 1 each for a delegate or legislature. Notably, those from outside Alexandria City voted overwhelmingly for retrocession and the town council of Alexandria opposed all three proposals, but if one were forced on them, they claimed to prefer retrocession.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1835, the Common Council of Alexandria appointed a committee to deal with the town's interests before Congress. They presented an eleven-page memorandum to the District Committee urging retrocession, but it was not taken up.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the proposition of abolishing slavery in the District was brought to the Senate in 1836, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">William C. Preston</a> of South Carolina introduced a bill to retrocede the entire District to Maryland and Virginia, to "relieve Congress of the burden of repeated petitions on the subject".<sup id="cite_ref-preston_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preston-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But both the abolition effort and retrocession failed to receive a vote that year. In 1837, when Washington City began to agitate for a territorial government for the District, which would necessitate one set of laws for both counties, the subject of retrocession was again debated in Alexandria and Georgetown.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840, retrocession received renewed attention, and concrete steps were taken that would eventually end with retrocession six years later. That year, the banks of the District of Columbia went to Congress to seek rechartering, but the simple measure got wrapped up in national politics and a debate about banks in general. When the recharter bill failed and the banks were forced to cease operations in July, Alexandria called a town meeting at which they unanimously chose to begin pursuing retrocession.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Robert J. Walker</a> (D-MS) introduced a bill seeking to ascertain the desire of residents outside the limits of the City of Washington with regard to retrocession, but the bill failed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1840, the people of Alexandria presented a memorial for retrocession to Congress with around 700 signatures in favor and only 12 opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 28, 1840, the Alexandria Common Council approved a vote on the issue, and on October 12, the vote was overwhelmingly for retrocession (666–211). In contrast to the 1832 vote, the vote in the county outside of the town (now Arlington), however, was overwhelmingly against (53–5).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, the effort temporarily stalled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1844, four years later, <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(South_Carolina_politician)" title="John Campbell (South Carolina politician)">John Campbell</a> of South Carolina introduced a resolution to retrocede the entire District to Maryland and Virginia, to prevent abolitionists from ending slavery in the District, but it was never taken up and he died a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1846, three years after the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Canal_(Virginia)" title="Alexandria Canal (Virginia)">Alexandria Canal</a> opened, Alexandria Common Council member <a href="/wiki/Lewis_McKenzie" title="Lewis McKenzie">Lewis McKenzie</a>, motivated by the large corporation taxes that had to be paid to fund the canal, restarted the retrocession movement when he introduced a motion that the mayor resend the results of the 1840 pro-retrocession vote to Congress and the Virginia legislature. It was approved unanimously on January 8, 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two weeks later, Virginia replied asking that two representatives be sent to Richmond to discuss the matter, and the council chose lawyer Francis L. Smith and Common Council member Robert Brockett.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 2, 1846, the Virginia General Assembly suspended their rules to pass unanimously an act accepting the retrocession of Alexandria County if Congress approved.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate over retrocession then moved to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, where the Town Committee met with the District Committee of the House to ask for both retrocession and relief from their Canal debt, with the Committee expressing support of relief if retrocession were carried out. Town leaders then expected a bill that would provide for both, causing many to believe that the issues were tied together and that to vote for retrocession would be to vote for Congress to take on Alexandria's debt. Later the House decided to decouple the issues and to get it passed had to abandon relief altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 16, 1846, the House adopted a resolution to study the retrocession of the District to Maryland and Virginia, and on February 22 adopted a bill for the south portion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, the bill was debated in the House of Representatives. There was some concern about the constitutionality of retrocession, and about claims the law was being supported by eastern Virginia leaders to gain them further advantage over the west. Amendments allowing free black residents to vote on retrocession and making the vote District-wide failed, but an amendment preventing Congress from paying any of Alexandria's debt was approved. The bill as proposed would have retained for the district all the land on the south side that was needed for the <a href="/wiki/Long_Bridge_(Potomac_River)" title="Long Bridge (Potomac River)">Long Bridge</a> abutment, but this clause was removed during debate as it was deemed improper.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill passed by a vote of 95–66.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> vote on the bill, those against retrocession gathered more than 150 opponents to it, relying on those who had expected retrocession to come with relief from payments for the canal<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those who would not be allowed to vote under the House bill. The Washington City Board of Aldermen and Common council also expressed opposition to retrocession of Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate passed the retrocession bill on July 2 by a vote of 32–14, with a mix of Southerners and Northerners on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was signed into law by <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> on July 9, 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk chose commissioners as called for in the law on August 18, most notable among them was <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke Custis</a>. Custis had originally opposed retrocession, but once Virginia agreed to provide relief, Custis supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The referendum on retrocession was held on September 1–2, 1846. Prior to the referendum a series of public debates were held in August at locations such as the court house and <a href="/wiki/Ballston,_Virginia" title="Ballston, Virginia">Ball's Crossroads</a>, and the night before the vote supporters of retrocession held a rally.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first vote in favor of retrocession was cast by the mayor, William Veitch, and it was never close. The residents of the Alexandria County voted in favor of retrocession, 763 to 222;<sup id="cite_ref-retro_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retro-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the residents of the county outside of Alexandria City voted against retrocession 106 to 29. President Polk certified the referendum and issued a proclamation of transfer on September 7, 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the results were announced on the evening of the 2nd, a large crowd gathered and marched through town singing songs and celebrating.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the presidential proclamation, Virginia gained title to Alexandria County, but had not extended its jurisdiction to it. Locals, however, began changing their names to note their location in Virginia, and on September 9 <i>The Alexandria Gazette</i>, a newspaper in Alexandria, changed its masthead to include the Virginia seal and declare itself printed in "Alexandria, Virginia".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a>, however, did not immediately accept the retrocession offer. Virginia legislators were concerned that the people of Alexandria County had not been properly included in the retrocession proceedings. After months of debate, the Virginia legislature voted to formally accept the retrocession legislation on March 13, 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-debates_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A celebration and local holiday in honor of retrocession was then held on March 20.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement for retrocession was largely driven by a failure of Congress to manage the area as residents wanted them to and by a belief among merchants that retrocession would be good for business. A number of factors aided the movement to return the area to Virginia: </p> <ul><li>Alexandria had gone into economic decline because of neglect by Congress. Alexandria needed infrastructure improvements in order to compete with other ports in the area such as <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown, District of Columbia">Georgetown</a>, which was further inland and on the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hsw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of Congress from other areas of Virginia used their power to prohibit funding for projects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Canal_(Virginia)" title="Alexandria Canal (Virginia)">Alexandria Canal</a>, which would have increased competition with their home districts. Returning Alexandria to Virginia allowed residents to seek financing for projects without interference from Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-debates_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1791 amendment to the Residence Act specifically prohibited the "erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the river Potomac."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institutions of the federal government, including the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, were therefore located in Washington, on the east side of the Potomac River. This made Alexandria less important to the functioning of the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-debates_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At the time, Alexandria was a major market in the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave trade</a>. Rumors circulated that <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a> in Congress were attempting to end slavery in the nation's capital, which could have affected the area's slave-based economy.<sup id="cite_ref-hsw_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If Alexandria were returned to the Commonwealth of Virginia, the move would add two additional representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hsw_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Memorial_of_the_Citizens_of_the_Country_Part_of_Alexandria_County_to_the_Virginia_House_of_Assembly" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Memorial of the Citizens of the Country Part of Alexandria County to the Virginia House of Assembly">Memorial of the Citizens of the Country Part of Alexandria County to the Virginia House of Assembly</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The free black population, which Congress did not allow to vote, was strongly opposed to retrocession because they would be subjected to Virginia's far less friendly laws limiting their movement and property rights, and requiring them to carry papers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As blacks could not vote with their ballots, those who could did so with their feet: the number of free blacks in Alexandria plunged by a third, from 1,962 in 1840 to 1,409 in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One argument against retrocession was that the federal government did, in fact, use Alexandria variously as a <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myer" title="Fort Myer">military outpost</a>, a signal corps site, and a <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_National_Cemetery_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria National Cemetery (Alexandria, Virginia)">cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> as the national military headquarters would not be built until 1941.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confirming the fears of pro-slavery Alexandrians, the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> outlawed the slave trade in the District, although not slavery itself.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recession">Recession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were several attempts to have retrocession repealed or otherwise undone, but none of them succeeded. At the beginning of <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> in 1861, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in his first <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address called for the original borders to be restored over security concerns, but this idea was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-permanent_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-permanent-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a> introduced legislation to repeal retrocession on the grounds that the Civil War proved the necessity of it for defense of the Capital.<sup id="cite_ref-undo_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873 and again in 1890 some residents of Alexandria petitioned congress to repeal retrocession, either because of the state tax burden or a belief that it was unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-undo_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1902, U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/James_McMillan_(politician)" title="James McMillan (politician)">James McMillan</a>, chair of the District Committee introduced a resolution to force the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> to bring a lawsuit that would determine the constitutionality of retrocession as he saw restoring Washington, D.C. to its original size as critical to the U.S. But when McMillan died later that year, the resolution died with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidden_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidden-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign that drew the most attention began in 1909, powered by support of President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>. Business leaders in Alexandria passed around a petition asking for the county to be restored to the District. President Taft and members of Congress supported it, citing the need for the District to expand to accommodate the growing government.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1909, <a href="/wiki/Everis_A._Hayes" title="Everis A. Hayes">Everis A. Hayes</a> of California introduced a bill in Congress that would return Alexandria County - less the towns of Alexandria and Falls Church - to the District of Columbia, but it was reported adversely by committee despite President Taft's stated desire that the District be expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-undo_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undo-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, Senator Thomas Carter launched an effort to roll back what he called the "Crime of '46". In 1913, Taft expressed a desire to challenge the 1846 retrocession in court, but as he was by then a <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a>, it died with the end of his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he left office, Taft wrote in a 1915 article in National Geographic, that he had approached the Virginia delegation to Congress about recession, but learned that because the area had become so prosperous, Virginia would never willingly part with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidden_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidden-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repercussions">Repercussions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Repercussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1850, after retrocession was completed, Virginia asked the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> to return to it $120,000 (equivalent to $4,390,000 in 2023) that it had given it to aid in the erection of <a href="/wiki/Public_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Public buildings">public buildings</a>. With some objection, Congress complied.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutionality">Constitutionality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Constitutionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitutionality of the retrocession has been called into question. The <a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">contract clause</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article One of the United States Constitution</a> prohibits states from breaching contracts to which they are themselves a party. By annexing Alexandria in 1846, Virginia arguably breached its contractual obligation to "forever cede and relinquish" the territory for use as the permanent seat of the United States government.<sup id="cite_ref-permanent_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-permanent-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> also believed the retrocession to be unconstitutional and tried to have the land given back to the District.<sup id="cite_ref-retro_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retro-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> never issued a firm opinion on whether the retrocession of the Virginia portion of the District of Columbia was constitutional. In the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Phillips_v._Payne" title="Phillips v. Payne">Phillips v. Payne</a></i> (1875), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> held that Virginia had <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> jurisdiction over the area returned by Congress in 1846, and dismissed the tax case brought by the plaintiff on the grounds that a citizen lacked standing. The court, however, did not rule on the core constitutional matter of the retrocession. Writing the majority opinion, Justice <a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Noah Haynes Swayne</a> stated only that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The plaintiff in error is <a href="/wiki/Estopped" class="mw-redirect" title="Estopped">estopped</a> from raising the point which he seeks to have decided. He cannot, under the circumstances, vicariously raise a question, nor force upon the parties to the compact an issue which neither of them desires to make.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Noah Haynes Swayne<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Circuit_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia">United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia</a> had previously ruled that retrocession was constitutional in the 1849 case <i>Sheehy vs. the Bank of the Potomac</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_Maryland_retrocession">Proposed Maryland retrocession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proposed Maryland retrocession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_home_rule" title="District of Columbia home rule">District of Columbia home rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia voting rights</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DC_satellite_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DC_satellite_image.jpg/220px-DC_satellite_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DC_satellite_image.jpg/330px-DC_satellite_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DC_satellite_image.jpg/440px-DC_satellite_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of the current boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in relation to the states of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> (green) and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (pink)</figcaption></figure> <p>Federal bills that would reunite the northern portion of the district, in part or in whole, with Maryland date back to 1803, but in contrast to the southern portion, local residents almost always voted against it when given the choice.<sup id="cite_ref-debates_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debates-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1826, in an informal referendum on the retrocession of Georgetown, retrocession won by one vote, but due to low <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> it was decided that it was not supported by the general populace.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">William C. Preston</a> of South Carolina introduced a bill to retrocede the entire District to Maryland and Virginia, to "relieve Congress of the burden of repeated petitions on the subject" of slavery in the District.<sup id="cite_ref-preston_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preston-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1839 some members of Congress proposed retrocession of the portion of the district west of <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_(Potomac_River_tributary)" title="Rock Creek (Potomac River tributary)">Rock Creek</a> to Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proposals going back to the 1840s would handle retrocession north of the Potomac similarly to how it was done south of it, with jurisdiction over this area returned to Maryland following approval of Congress, the Maryland legislature and local voters; the difference being that it would carve out a small rump district of land immediately surrounding the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court building</a> which, in a 2008 bill, would become known as the "National Capital Service Area."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea to retrocede all but the federal lands to Maryland dates back to at least 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, some members of Congress such as U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Dan_Lungren" title="Dan Lungren">Dan Lungren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have proposed returning most parts of the city to Maryland in order to grant the residents of the District of Columbia voting representation and control over their local affairs. These attempts, mostly supported by Republicans, have failed: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/810">H.R. 810</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/house-bill/381">H.R. 381</a>, both sponsored by U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Regula" title="Ralph Regula">Ralph Regula</a> (R-OH); and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/1858">H.R. 1858</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/1015">H.R. 1015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/3732">H.R. 3732</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2681">H.R. 2681</a>, all sponsored by U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Louie_Gohmert" title="Louie Gohmert">Louie Gohmert</a> (R-TX). The proposals received little support from congressional Democrats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems">Problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One problem with retrocession is that the state of Maryland may not want to take the district back.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opinion of former Rep. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Davis_(Virginia_politician)" title="Tom Davis (Virginia politician)">Tom Davis</a> of Virginia, discussing the matter in 1998, retroceding the district to Maryland without that state's consent may require a constitutional amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-davis_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_proposal">Alternative proposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative proposal to retrocession was the District of Columbia Voting Rights Restoration Act of 2004 (H.R. 3709), which would have treated the residents of the district as residents of Maryland for the purposes of congressional representation. Maryland's congressional delegation would then have been apportioned accordingly to include the population of the district.<sup id="cite_ref-hr3709_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hr3709-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in favor of such a plan argued that the Congress already has the necessary authority to pass such legislation without the constitutional concerns of other proposed remedies. From the foundation of the district in 1790 until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1801" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Act of 1801">Organic Act of 1801</a>, citizens living in D.C. continued to vote for members of Congress in Maryland or Virginia; legal scholars therefore propose that the Congress has the power to restore those voting rights while maintaining the integrity of the federal district.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed legislation, however, never made it out of committee.<sup id="cite_ref-hr3709_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hr3709-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_support">Political support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most residents of Maryland and the District of Columbia do not support retrocession. A 1994 study showed that only 25% of suburban residents polled endorsed retrocession to Maryland, and that number dropped to 19% among district residents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Opposition by district residents was confirmed in a 2000 George Washington University study when only 21% of those polled supported the option of retrocession.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A 2016 poll by <a href="/wiki/Public_Policy_Polling" title="Public Policy Polling">Public Policy Polling</a> of 879 Maryland residents showed that only 28% supported annexing the District of Columbia while 44% were opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1993 statehood failure through the failure of the 2009 House Voting Rights Act, neither statehood nor retrocession was a legislative priority by either party as supporters of D.C. voting rights pursued a partial legislative solution giving D.C. one House member.<sup id="cite_ref-newcolumbia_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newcolumbia-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snowplow_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snowplow-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 2014, efforts again began to grant D.C. statehood. That effort led to the <a href="/wiki/2016_Washington,_D.C._statehood_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Washington, D.C. statehood referendum">2016 Washington, D.C. statehood referendum</a> and culminated in Bill H.R. 1, which included a nonbinding expression of support for statehood, passed 234 to 193 in March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then on June 26, 2020, the House voted 232–180 to admit the state of Washington, Douglass Commonwealth, composed of most of the territory of the District of Columbia. It was the first time a statehood bill for the district passed either chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_(until_1871)" title="District of Columbia (until 1871)">District of Columbia (until 1871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_federal_voting_rights" title="District of Columbia federal voting rights">District of Columbia federal voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_home_rule" title="District of Columbia home rule">District of Columbia home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_movement" title="District of Columbia statehood movement">District of Columbia statehood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the District of Columbia">History of the District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Outline of Washington, D.C.">Outline of Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Timeline of Washington, D.C.">Timeline of Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Residence.html">"Primary Documents in American History"</a>. <i>Web Guides</i>. Library of Congress. January 27, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905041913/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Residence.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+Guides&rft.atitle=Primary+Documents+in+American+History&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fprogram%2Fbib%2Fourdocs%2FResidence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910142827/http://www.dchistory.org/publications/dc-history-faq/">"Washington, D.C. History F.A.Q."</a> <i>Historical Society of Washington, D.C</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dchistory.org/publications/dc-history-faq/">the original</a> on September 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Society+of+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.atitle=Washington%2C+D.C.+History+F.A.Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dchistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fdc-history-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hsw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hsw_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsw_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsw_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsw_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100918042009/http://www.historydc.org/aboutdc.aspx">"Frequently Asked Questions About Washington, D.C."</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Historical Society of Washington, D.C.">Historical Society of Washington, D.C.</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historydc.org/aboutdc.aspx">the original</a> on September 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Historical+Society+of+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historydc.org%2Faboutdc.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debates-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debates_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debates_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debates_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debates_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debates_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debates_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debates_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debates_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Richards, Mark David (Spring–Summer 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219203534/http://www.dcvote.org/sites/default/files/documents/articles/mdrretrocession.pdf">"The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia, 1801–2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington History">Washington History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Historical Society of Washington, D.C.">Historical Society of Washington, D.C.</a>: <span class="nowrap">54–</span>82. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+History&rft.atitle=The+Debates+over+the+Retrocession+of+the+District+of+Columbia%2C+1801%E2%80%932004&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Mark+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcvotearchive.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Farticles%2Fmdrretrocession.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/blog/how-about-retroceding-washington-dc-maryland">"How About Retroceding Washington, D.C. to Maryland? | Cato at Liberty Blog"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+About+Retroceding+Washington%2C+D.C.+to+Maryland%3F+%7C+Cato+at+Liberty+Blog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fblog%2Fhow-about-retroceding-washington-dc-maryland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrewWilliam_Bensing_WebbJohn_Wooldridge1892" class="citation book cs1">Crew, Harvey W.; William Bensing Webb; John Wooldridge (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q81AAAAIAAJ"><i>Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C.</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>: United Brethren Publishing House. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-217-96242-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-217-96242-4"><bdi>0-217-96242-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centennial+History+of+the+City+of+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.place=Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=United+Brethren+Publishing+House&rft.date=1892&rft.isbn=0-217-96242-4&rft.aulast=Crew&rft.aufirst=Harvey+W.&rft.au=William+Bensing+Webb&rft.au=John+Wooldridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Q81AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=002/llsl002.db&recNum=140">"Statutes at Large, 6th Congress, 2nd Session"</a>. <i>A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006004809/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=002%2Fllsl002.db&recNum=140">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Century+of+Lawmaking+for+a+New+Nation%3A+U.S.+Congressional+Documents+and+Debates%2C+1774+-+1875&rft.atitle=Statutes+at+Large%2C+6th+Congress%2C+2nd+Session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllsl%26fileName%3D002%2Fllsl002.db%26recNum%3D140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725102618/http://www.abanet.org/poladv/letters/electionlaw/060914testimony_dcvoting.pdf">"Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>. September 14, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abanet.org/poladv/letters/electionlaw/060914testimony_dcvoting.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+the+subject+of+The+District+of+Columbia+Fair+and+Equal+Voting+Rights+Act&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abanet.org%2Fpoladv%2Fletters%2Felectionlaw%2F060914testimony_dcvoting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAschMusgrove2021" class="citation web cs1">Asch, Chris Myers; Musgrove, George Derek (May 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/05/dc-statehood-retrocession-maryland/618788/">"Don't Fall for the D.C. Retrocession 'Okey-Doke'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Fall+for+the+D.C.+Retrocession+%27Okey-Doke%27&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft.aulast=Asch&rft.aufirst=Chris+Myers&rft.au=Musgrove%2C+George+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2021%2F05%2Fdc-statehood-retrocession-maryland%2F618788%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dccouncil.gov/dc-home-rule/">"D.C. Home Rule • Council of the District of Columbia"</a>. <i>Council of the District of Columbia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.atitle=D.C.+Home+Rule+%E2%80%A2+Council+of+the+District+of+Columbia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdccouncil.gov%2Fdc-home-rule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-01-23/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1840&sort=date&rows=20&words=RETROCESSION&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=19&state=Virginia&date2=1963&proxtext=Retrocession&y=13&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4">"Retrocession"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. January 23, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723074053/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-01-23/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1840&sort=date&rows=20&words=RETROCESSION&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=19&state=Virginia&date2=1963&proxtext=Retrocession&y=13&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Retrocession&rft.date=1846-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1846-01-23%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F%23date1%3D1840%26sort%3Ddate%26rows%3D20%26words%3DRETROCESSION%26searchType%3Dbasic%26sequence%3D0%26index%3D19%26state%3DVirginia%26date2%3D1963%26proxtext%3DRetrocession%26y%3D13%26x%3D13%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Reply of the Committee of Five to the Honorable Phillip Doddridge". <i>Phenix Gazette</i>. January 24, 1832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phenix+Gazette&rft.atitle=Reply+of+the+Committee+of+Five+to+the+Honorable+Phillip+Doddridge&rft.date=1832-01-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Retrocession of Alexandria". <i>Richmond Enquirer</i>. December 22, 1818.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Enquirer&rft.atitle=Retrocession+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1818-12-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"To the citizens of the County of Alexandria". <i>Alexandria Gazette and Daily Advertiser</i>. March 7, 1822.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette+and+Daily+Advertiser&rft.atitle=To+the+citizens+of+the+County+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1822-03-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Town Meeting". <i>The Alexandria Herald</i>. March 15, 1824.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Alexandria+Herald&rft.atitle=Town+Meeting&rft.date=1824-03-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"House of Representatives". <i>Alexandria Gazette and Advertiser</i>. April 29, 1824.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette+and+Advertiser&rft.atitle=House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1824-04-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"In Senate". <i>The Constitutional Whig</i>. April 27, 1824.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Constitutional+Whig&rft.atitle=In+Senate&rft.date=1824-04-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Alexandria". <i>Alexandria Gazette and Advertiser</i>. March 27, 1824.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette+and+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Alexandria&rft.date=1824-03-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"In Council January 19, 1832". <i>The Phenix Gazette</i>. January 21, 1832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phenix+Gazette&rft.atitle=In+Council+January+19%2C+1832&rft.date=1832-01-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Phenix Gazette</i>. February 8, 1832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phenix+Gazette&rft.date=1832-02-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Results of the Vote Yesterday". <i>Phenix Gazette</i>. January 25, 1832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phenix+Gazette&rft.atitle=Results+of+the+Vote+Yesterday&rft.date=1832-01-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dcstatehoodyeswecan.org/j/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98:timeline-dcs-quest-to-regain-its-democratic-rights&catid=46:statehood&Itemid=56">"Timeline - 220 Years of the District of Columbia's Efforts to Restore Self-Government"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+-+220+Years+of+the+District+of+Columbia%27s+Efforts+to+Restore+Self-Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdcstatehoodyeswecan.org%2Fj%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D98%3Atimeline-dcs-quest-to-regain-its-democratic-rights%26catid%3D46%3Astatehood%26Itemid%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preston-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-preston_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preston_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Twenty-Fourth Congress 1st Session". <i>Richmond Enquirer</i>. April 15, 1836.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Enquirer&rft.atitle=Twenty-Fourth+Congress+1st+Session&rft.date=1836-04-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Retrocession". <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. October 17, 1837.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Retrocession&rft.date=1837-10-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Town Meeting". <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. July 9, 1840.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Town+Meeting&rft.date=1840-07-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Retrocession of Georgetown and Alexandria". <i>The Madisonian</i>. July 18, 1840.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Madisonian&rft.atitle=Retrocession+of+Georgetown+and+Alexandria&rft.date=1840-07-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. August 13, 1840.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.date=1840-08-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"In Council, Sept. 28, 1840". <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. September 30, 1840.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=In+Council%2C+Sept.+28%2C+1840&rft.date=1840-09-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Subject of Retrocession". <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. October 14, 1840.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Subject+of+Retrocession&rft.date=1840-10-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span> A later report on July 5, 1841 gave the result in town as 537-155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1844" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxWqoDUbjpsC&dq=%22john+Campbell%22+retrocession+1844&pg=PA7"><i>Speech ... on the Right of Petition: delivered in the House of Representatives, etc</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speech+...+on+the+Right+of+Petition%3A+delivered+in+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+etc&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxWqoDUbjpsC%26dq%3D%2522john%2BCampbell%2522%2Bretrocession%2B1844%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"In Council January 8, 1846". <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. January 12, 1846.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=In+Council+January+8%2C+1846&rft.date=1846-01-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82003410/1846-01-26/ed-1/seq-3">"The subject of retrocession..."</a> <i>The Daily Union</i>. January 26, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723213641/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82003410/1846-01-26/ed-1/seq-3/">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Union&rft.atitle=The+subject+of+retrocession...&rft.date=1846-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn82003410%2F1846-01-26%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Re-annexation of Alexandria to Virginia". <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. February 6, 1846. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/533094185">533094185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Re-annexation+of+Alexandria+to+Virginia&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1846-02-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Retrocession and Relief". <i>The Alexandria Gazette</i>. July 20, 1846.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Retrocession+and+Relief&rft.date=1846-07-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-02-18/ed-1/seq-2/">"Retrocession of the Dis. of Col"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. February 18, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727235017/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-02-18/ed-1/seq-2/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Retrocession+of+the+Dis.+of+Col.&rft.date=1846-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1846-02-18%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Retrocession of Alexandria". <i>The Daily Union</i>. May 9, 1846.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Union&rft.atitle=Retrocession+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1846-05-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Congress". <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. May 9, 1846.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Congress&rft.date=1846-05-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-06-17/ed-1/seq-2/">"Petition to the Senate"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. June 17, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114207/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-06-17/ed-1/seq-2/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Petition+to+the+Senate&rft.date=1846-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1846-06-17%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024735/1846-06-05/ed-1/seq-4/">"Annexation!"</a>. <i>Richmond Enquirer</i>. June 5, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114225/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024735/1846-06-05/ed-1/seq-4/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Enquirer&rft.atitle=Annexation%21&rft.date=1846-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn84024735%2F1846-06-05%2Fed-1%2Fseq-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82003410/1846-07-02/ed-1/seq-2/">"Retrocession of Alexandria"</a>. <i>The Daily Union</i>. July 2, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114209/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82003410/1846-07-02/ed-1/seq-2/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Union&rft.atitle=Retrocession+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1846-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn82003410%2F1846-07-02%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-07-10/ed-1/seq-3/">"Letter from Washington"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. July 10, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114208/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-07-10/ed-1/seq-3/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Washington&rft.date=1846-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1846-07-10%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Richards, Mark David (Spring–Summer 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219203534/http://www.dcvote.org/sites/default/files/documents/articles/mdrretrocession.pdf">"The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia, 1801–2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington History">Washington History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Historical Society of Washington, D.C.">Historical Society of Washington, D.C.</a>: 66. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+History&rft.atitle=The+Debates+over+the+Retrocession+of+the+District+of+Columbia%2C+1801%E2%80%932004&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Mark+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcvotearchive.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Farticles%2Fmdrretrocession.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-08-14/ed-1/seq-3">"Grand Rally"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. August 14, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114207/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-08-14/ed-1/seq-3">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Grand+Rally&rft.date=1846-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1846-08-14%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-08-08/ed-1/seq-3/">"Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.) 1834-1974, August 08, 1846, Image 3 « Chronicling America « Library of Congress"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. August 8, 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114214/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-08-08/ed-1/seq-3/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Alexandria+gazette.+%26%2391%3Bvolume%26%2393%3B+%28Alexandria%2C+D.C.%29+1834-1974%2C+August+08%2C+1846%2C+Image+3+%C2%AB+Chronicling+America+%C2%AB+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1946-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1846-08-08%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retro-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-retro_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retro_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Recession Illegal: Lawyers Agree With Taft on Return of Alexandria". <i>The Washington Post</i>. July 25, 1909. p. 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/144886582">144886582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Recession+Illegal%3A+Lawyers+Agree+With+Taft+on+Return+of+Alexandria&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1909-07-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Retrocession of Alexandria". <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. September 10, 1846. p. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/533108245">533108245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Retrocession+of+Alexandria&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1846-09-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-09-04/ed-1/seq-3/">"Second Day of Retrocession"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. September 4, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114209/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-09-04/ed-1/seq-3/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Second+Day+of+Retrocession&rft.date=1846-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1846-09-04%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-09-15/ed-1/seq-2">"United Brotherhood of Temperance"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. September 12, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114221/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-09-15/ed-1/seq-2">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=United+Brotherhood+of+Temperance&rft.date=1846-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1846-09-15%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-09-14/ed-1/seq-2">"Alexandria, VA"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. September 14, 1846. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114226/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1846-09-14/ed-1/seq-2">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.date=1846-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1846-09-14%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1847-03-20/ed-1/seq-3/">"Retrocession of Alexandria"</a>. <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>. March 20, 1847. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114233/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1847-03-20/ed-1/seq-3/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Retrocession+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1847-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1847-03-20%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=337"><i>A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875</i></a>. Library of Congress. pp. <span class="nowrap">214–</span>215. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210091847/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001%2Fllsl001.db&recNum=337">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Lawmaking+for+a+New+Nation%3A+U.S.+Congressional+Documents+and+Debates%2C+1774%E2%80%931875&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllsl%26fileName%3D001%2Fllsl001.db%26recNum%3D337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeley1864" class="citation book cs1">Greeley, Horace (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlIMAAAAYAAJ"><i>The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: G. & C.W. Sherwood. pp. <span class="nowrap">142–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-1439-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-1439-X"><bdi>0-8371-1439-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Conflict%3A+A+History+of+the+Great+Rebellion+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=G.+%26+C.W.+Sherwood&rft.date=1864&rft.isbn=0-8371-1439-X&rft.aulast=Greeley&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlIMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiaplaces.org/boundaries/retrocession.html">"Cession and Retrocession of the District of Columbia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cession+and+Retrocession+of+the+District+of+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginiaplaces.org%2Fboundaries%2Fretrocession.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casselman, Amos B. (1909). "The Virginia Portion of the District of Columbia". <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.</i>, Vol. 12 (1909), pp. 115-141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogel2007">Vogel (2007)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Compromise1850.html">"Compromise of 1850"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. September 21, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903103833/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Compromise1850.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compromise+of+1850&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fprogram%2Fbib%2Fourdocs%2FCompromise1850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-permanent-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-permanent_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-permanent_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoldan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zoldan, Evan (2011). "The Permanent Seat of Government: An Unintended Consequence of Heightened Scrutiny Under the Contract Clause". <i>N.Y.U. Journal of Legislation & Public Policy</i>. <b>14</b>: 163. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1657125">1657125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.Y.U.+Journal+of+Legislation+%26+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Permanent+Seat+of+Government%3A+An+Unintended+Consequence+of+Heightened+Scrutiny+Under+the+Contract+Clause&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1657125%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Zoldan&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-undo-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-undo_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-undo_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-undo_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller" class="citation web cs1">Schiller, Nikolas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikolasschiller.com/blog/index.php/archives/category/dc-history/retrocession-dc-history/page/2/">"S280"</a>. <i>The Daily Render</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Render&rft.atitle=S280&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Nikolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikolasschiller.com%2Fblog%2Findex.php%2Farchives%2Fcategory%2Fdc-history%2Fretrocession-dc-history%2Fpage%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hidden-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hidden_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hidden_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2011" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Michael Lee (September 23, 2011). <i>The Hidden History of Alexandria, DC</i>. 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November 17, 1849<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=Local+Items&rft.date=1849-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85025007%2F1849-11-17%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Georgetown". <i>Phenix Gazette</i>. March 3, 1826.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phenix+Gazette&rft.atitle=Georgetown&rft.date=1826-03-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Retrocession". <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. January 28, 1839. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/532845825">532845825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Retrocession&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1839-01-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-1858">"District of Columbia-Maryland Reunion Act (110th Congress, H.R. 1858)"</a>. GovTrack. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081105005850/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h110-1858">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+of+Columbia-Maryland+Reunion+Act+%28110th+Congress%2C+H.R.+1858%29&rft.pub=GovTrack&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbill.xpd%3Fbill%3Dh110-1858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Slavery Question-—Resistance contemplated by the South-—Proposed Retrocession of the District of Columbia, &c". <i>The Baltimore Sun</i>. December 27, 1848. p. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/533230149">533230149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=The+Slavery+Question-%E2%80%94Resistance+contemplated+by+the+South-%E2%80%94Proposed+Retrocession+of+the+District+of+Columbia%2C+%26c.&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1848-12-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPershing2010" class="citation news cs1">Pershing, Ben (July 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/14/AR2010071405339.html">"House panel backs bill that would place statues of Douglass, L'Enfant in Capitol"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184538/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/14/AR2010071405339.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=House+panel+backs+bill+that+would+place+statues+of+Douglass%2C+L%27Enfant+in+Capitol&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Pershing&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F07%2F14%2FAR2010071405339.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990224051356/http://discuss.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/zforum/levey/bob0303b.htm">"Q&A with Rep. Tom Davis"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. March 3, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discuss.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/zforum/levey/bob0303b.htm">the original</a> on February 24, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Q%26A+with+Rep.+Tom+Davis&rft.date=1998-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscuss.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fzforum%2Flevey%2Fbob0303b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1996" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Edward M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1luXzUQ5nCAC"><i>Public opinion and the political future of the Nation's Capital</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">86–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-623-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-623-4"><bdi>978-0-87840-623-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+opinion+and+the+political+future+of+the+Nation%27s+Capital&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-623-4&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1luXzUQ5nCAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hr3709-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hr3709_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hr3709_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h108-3709">"District of Columbia Voting Rights Restoration Act of 2004 (108th Congress, H.R. 3709)"</a>. GovTrack. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201233228/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h108-3709">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+of+Columbia+Voting+Rights+Restoration+Act+of+2004+%28108th+Congress%2C+H.R.+3709%29&rft.pub=GovTrack&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbill.xpd%3Fbill%3Dh108-3709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrabacher2004" class="citation web cs1">Rohrabacher, Dana (June 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20081129034542/https%3A//www.dcvote.org/pdfs/drohrabacher062304.pdf">"Testimony before the Committee on Government Reform"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. DC Vote. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcvote.org/pdfs/drohrabacher062304.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+before+the+Committee+on+Government+Reform&rft.pub=DC+Vote&rft.date=2004-06-23&rft.aulast=Rohrabacher&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcvote.org%2Fpdfs%2Fdrohrabacher062304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dcvote.org/sites/default/files/documents/articles/zigas_left_with_few_rights_0.pdf">"Left with Few Rights: Unequal Democracy and the District of Columbia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 187. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114239/https://www.dcvote.org/sites/default/files/documents/articles/zigas_left_with_few_rights_0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Footnote 73: District residents' dislike was confirmed in a 2000 George Washington University study when only 21% of those polled supported the option of retrocession: Richards, Public Perspective, 14.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Left+with+Few+Rights%3A+Unequal+Democracy+and+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.pages=187&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcvote.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Farticles%2Fzigas_left_with_few_rights_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiambrone2016" class="citation news cs1">Giambrone, Andrew (April 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/city-desk/blog/13070772/poll-marylanders-dont-want-to-annex-d-c">"Poll: Marylanders Don't Want To Annex D.C."</a> <i>Washington City Paper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630221328/http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/city-desk/blog/13070772/poll-marylanders-dont-want-to-annex-d-c">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Marylanders+Don%27t+Want+To+Annex+D.C.&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft.aulast=Giambrone&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoncitypaper.com%2Fnews%2Fcity-desk%2Fblog%2F13070772%2Fpoll-marylanders-dont-want-to-annex-d-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newcolumbia-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newcolumbia_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/congress-takes-up-bill-to-make-dc-the-51st-state/2014/09/15/189a499a-3cd3-11e4-9587-5dafd96295f0_story.html">"Congress takes up bill to make D.C. the 51st state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140916222423/http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/congress-takes-up-bill-to-make-dc-the-51st-state/2014/09/15/189a499a-3cd3-11e4-9587-5dafd96295f0_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Congress+takes+up+bill+to+make+D.C.+the+51st+state&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fdc-politics%2Fcongress-takes-up-bill-to-make-dc-the-51st-state%2F2014%2F09%2F15%2F189a499a-3cd3-11e4-9587-5dafd96295f0_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snowplow-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snowplow_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartney" class="citation news cs1">McCartney, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/critics-of-dc-statehood-cite-specious-objections-such-as-grave-snowplow-threat/2014/09/17/c258ff62-3e9a-11e4-b0ea-8141703bbf6f_story.html">"Critics of D.C. statehood cite specious objections, such as Grave Snowplow Threat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102173223/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/critics-of-dc-statehood-cite-specious-objections-such-as-grave-snowplow-threat/2014/09/17/c258ff62-3e9a-11e4-b0ea-8141703bbf6f_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Critics+of+D.C.+statehood+cite+specious+objections%2C+such+as+Grave+Snowplow+Threat.&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fcritics-of-dc-statehood-cite-specious-objections-such-as-grave-snowplow-threat%2F2014%2F09%2F17%2Fc258ff62-3e9a-11e4-b0ea-8141703bbf6f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-house-finally-voted-to-support-dc-statehood-its-a-needed-step/2019/03/12/f171771c-4434-11e9-8aab-95b8d80a1e4f_story.html">"The House finally voted to support D.C. statehood. It's a needed step"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. March 12, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424145349/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-house-finally-voted-to-support-dc-statehood-its-a-needed-step/2019/03/12/f171771c-4434-11e9-8aab-95b8d80a1e4f_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+House+finally+voted+to+support+D.C.+statehood.+It%27s+a+needed+step.&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fthe-house-finally-voted-to-support-dc-statehood-its-a-needed-step%2F2019%2F03%2F12%2Ff171771c-4434-11e9-8aab-95b8d80a1e4f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortnoy2020" class="citation news cs1">Portnoy, Jenna (June 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-statehood-vote/2020/06/25/c2ac1670-b6ee-11ea-a8da-693df3d7674a_story.html">"D.C. statehood approved by U.S. House for first time in history"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808060642/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-statehood-vote/2020/06/25/c2ac1670-b6ee-11ea-a8da-693df3d7674a_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=D.C.+statehood+approved+by+U.S.+House+for+first+time+in+history&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft.aulast=Portnoy&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fdc-politics%2Fdc-statehood-vote%2F2020%2F06%2F25%2Fc2ac1670-b6ee-11ea-a8da-693df3d7674a_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Alfred (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pentagonthefirst00wash"><i>The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years</i></a></span>. Office of the Secretary of Defense / Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-037979-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-037979-2"><bdi>0-16-037979-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon%3A+The+First+Fifty+Years&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense+%2F+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-16-037979-2&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpentagonthefirst00wash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2007" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Steve (2007). <i>The Pentagon – A History: The Untold Story of the Wartime Race to Build the Pentagon and to Restore it Sixty Years Later</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7325-9"><bdi>978-0-8129-7325-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon+%E2%80%93+A+History%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Wartime+Race+to+Build+the+Pentagon+and+to+Restore+it+Sixty+Years+Later&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7325-9&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistrict+of+Columbia+retrocession" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_retrocession&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityhoodfordc.org">Cityhood for DC: A Project of the Committee for the Capital City (pro-retrocession)</a> (gone)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narpac.org/ITXGU06A.HTM">Task Force on District of Columbia Governance: contains arguments in favor of retrocession</a> (gone)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Public_Schools" title="District of Columbia Public Schools">Public Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Transportation in Washington, D.C.">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">D.C. Superior Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Washington, D.C.">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Architecture of Washington, D.C.">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Culture of Washington, D.C.">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Crime in Washington, D.C.">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Demographics of Washington, D.C.">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Washington_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Washington Metropolitan Area">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia#Education" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of museums in Washington, D.C.">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Music of Washington, D.C.">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Washington,_D.C." title="List of people from Washington, D.C.">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Sports in Washington, D.C.">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">History of Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Timeline of Washington, D.C.">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Inventory_of_Historic_Sites" title="District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites">Inventory of Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Washington,_D.C." title="List of mayors of Washington, D.C.">List of District executives</a> (since 1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1801" title="District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801">Organic Act of 1801</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Retrocession of 1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day#United_States" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day, 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1871" title="District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871">Organic Act of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C." title="COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li>The former District and its subdivisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_(until_1871)" title="District of Columbia (until 1871)">District of Columbia (until 1871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia#Alexandria_County,_D.C." title="Arlington County, Virginia">Alexandria County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)">Georgetown</a></li> <li>City of Washington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_D.C." title="Washington County, D.C.">Washington County</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/32px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/48px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/64px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Washington,_D.C." title="Portal:Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C. portal</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Maryland510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maryland" title="Template:Maryland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maryland" title="Template talk:Maryland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maryland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maryland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Maryland510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Maryland" title="Outline of Maryland">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Maryland-related_articles" title="Index of Maryland-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Maryland" title="List of municipalities in Maryland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maryland" title="Government of Maryland">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_congressional_districts" title="Maryland's congressional districts">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maryland_congressional_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maryland congressional districts">Congressional maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Maryland" title="Category:Mass media in Maryland">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Maryland" title="List of newspapers in Maryland">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Maryland" title="List of radio stations in Maryland">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Maryland" title="List of television stations in Maryland">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Maryland" title="List of people from Maryland">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maryland_state_symbols" title="List of Maryland state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Maryland" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Maryland">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Maryland" title="Abortion in Maryland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Maryland" title="Agriculture in Maryland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Maryland" title="Climate change in Maryland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Maryland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Maryland" title="Crime in Maryland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland#Demographics" title="Maryland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Maryland" title="Category:Economy of Maryland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland#Education" title="Maryland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Maryland" title="Gun laws in Maryland">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Maryland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Maryland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Maryland">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Maryland" title="Sports in Maryland">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Maryland" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland" title="Eastern Shore of Maryland">Eastern Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Maryland" title="Southern Maryland">Southern Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_combined_statistical_area" title="Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area">Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_metropolitan_area" title="Baltimore metropolitan area">Baltimore metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Maryland" title="Western Maryland">Western Maryland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Maryland" title="List of municipalities in Maryland">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_Maryland" title="Aberdeen, Maryland">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowie,_Maryland" title="Bowie, Maryland">Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Maryland" title="Brunswick, Maryland">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Maryland" title="Cambridge, Maryland">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Park,_Maryland" title="College Park, Maryland">College Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Maryland" title="Cumberland, Maryland">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaithersburg,_Maryland" title="Gaithersburg, Maryland">Gaithersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt,_Maryland" title="Greenbelt, Maryland">Greenbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland" title="Hagerstown, Maryland">Hagerstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havre_de_Grace,_Maryland" title="Havre de Grace, Maryland">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Maryland" title="Laurel, Maryland">Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocomoke_City,_Maryland" title="Pocomoke City, Maryland">Pocomoke City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takoma_Park,_Maryland" title="Takoma Park, Maryland">Takoma Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster,_Maryland" title="Westminster, Maryland">Westminster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Maryland" title="List of municipalities in Maryland">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bel_Air,_Harford_County,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel Air, Harford County, Maryland">Bel Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Maryland" title="Denton, Maryland">Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Maryland" title="Easton, Maryland">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkton,_Maryland" title="Elkton, Maryland">Elkton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardtown,_Maryland" title="Leonardtown, Maryland">Leonardtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_City,_Maryland" title="Ocean City, Maryland">Ocean City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Deposit,_Maryland" title="Port Deposit, Maryland">Port Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Marlboro,_Maryland" title="Upper Marlboro, Maryland">Upper Marlboro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Maryland" title="List of census-designated places in Maryland">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbutus,_Maryland" title="Arbutus, Maryland">Arbutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Maryland" title="Arnold, Maryland">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Hill,_Maryland" title="Aspen Hill, Maryland">Aspen Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Highlands,_Maryland" title="Baltimore Highlands, Maryland">Baltimore Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Springs,_Maryland" title="Camp Springs, Maryland">Camp Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carney,_Maryland" title="Carney, Maryland">Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catonsville,_Maryland" title="Catonsville, Maryland">Catonsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chillum,_Maryland" title="Chillum, Maryland">Chillum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Maryland" title="Clinton, Maryland">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockeysville,_Maryland" title="Cockeysville, Maryland">Cockeysville-Hunt Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colesville,_Maryland" title="Colesville, Maryland">Colesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Maryland" title="Columbia, Maryland">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofton,_Maryland" title="Crofton, Maryland">Crofton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundalk,_Maryland" title="Dundalk, Maryland">Dundalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgewood,_Maryland" title="Edgewood, Maryland">Edgewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldersburg,_Maryland" title="Eldersburg, Maryland">Eldersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkridge,_Maryland" title="Elkridge, Maryland">Elkridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellicott_City,_Maryland" title="Ellicott City, Maryland">Ellicott City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex,_Maryland" title="Essex, Maryland">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairland,_Maryland" title="Fairland, Maryland">Fairland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferndale,_Maryland" title="Ferndale, Maryland">Ferndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington,_Maryland" title="Fort Washington, Maryland">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Maryland" title="Germantown, Maryland">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Burnie,_Maryland" title="Glen Burnie, Maryland">Glen Burnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Haven,_Maryland" title="Green Haven, Maryland">Green Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Heights,_Maryland" title="Hillcrest Heights, Maryland">Hillcrest Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landover,_Maryland" title="Landover, Maryland">Landover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Park,_Maryland" title="Langley Park, Maryland">Langley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne,_Maryland" title="Lansdowne, Maryland">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochearn,_Maryland" title="Lochearn, Maryland">Lochearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherville,_Maryland" title="Lutherville, Maryland">Lutherville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_River,_Maryland" title="Middle River, Maryland">Middle River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford_Mill,_Maryland" title="Milford Mill, Maryland">Milford Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Village,_Maryland" title="Montgomery Village, Maryland">Montgomery Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odenton,_Maryland" title="Odenton, Maryland">Odenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olney,_Maryland" title="Olney, Maryland">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owings_Mills,_Maryland" title="Owings Mills, Maryland">Owings Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxon_Hill,_Maryland" title="Oxon Hill, Maryland">Oxon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkville,_Maryland" title="Parkville, Maryland">Parkville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Maryland" title="Pasadena, Maryland">Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Hall,_Maryland" title="Perry Hall, Maryland">Perry Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikesville,_Maryland" title="Pikesville, Maryland">Pikesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac,_Maryland" title="Potomac, Maryland">Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randallstown,_Maryland" title="Randallstown, Maryland">Randallstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redland,_Maryland" title="Redland, Maryland">Redland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reisterstown,_Maryland" title="Reisterstown, Maryland">Reisterstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosedale,_Maryland" title="Rosedale, Maryland">Rosedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles,_Maryland" title="St. Charles, Maryland">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn,_Maryland" title="Severn, Maryland">Severn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severna_Park,_Maryland" title="Severna Park, Maryland">Severna Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gate,_Maryland" title="South Gate, Maryland">South Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suitland,_Maryland" title="Suitland, Maryland">Suitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timonium,_Maryland" title="Timonium, Maryland">Timonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towson,_Maryland" title="Towson, Maryland">Towson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Maryland" title="Urbana, Maryland">Urbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf,_Maryland" title="Waldorf, Maryland">Waldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton%E2%80%93Glenmont,_Maryland" title="Wheaton–Glenmont, Maryland">Wheaton-Glenmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Oak,_Maryland" title="White Oak, Maryland">White Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn,_Baltimore_County,_Maryland" title="Woodlawn, Baltimore County, Maryland">Woodlawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Maryland" title="List of counties in Maryland">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegany_County,_Maryland" title="Allegany County, Maryland">Allegany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County,_Maryland" title="Anne Arundel County, Maryland">Anne Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_County,_Maryland" title="Baltimore County, Maryland">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvert_County,_Maryland" title="Calvert County, Maryland">Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_County,_Maryland" title="Caroline County, Maryland">Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Maryland" title="Carroll County, Maryland">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_County,_Maryland" title="Cecil County, Maryland">Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_County,_Maryland" title="Charles County, Maryland">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorchester_County,_Maryland" title="Dorchester County, Maryland">Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland" title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_County,_Maryland" title="Garrett County, Maryland">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harford_County,_Maryland" title="Harford County, Maryland">Harford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Maryland" title="Howard County, Maryland">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Maryland" title="Kent County, Maryland">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Queen Anne's County, Maryland">Queen Anne's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_County,_Maryland" title="St. Mary's County, Maryland">St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County,_Maryland" title="Somerset County, Maryland">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_County,_Maryland" title="Talbot County, Maryland">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Maryland" title="Washington County, Maryland">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicomico_County,_Maryland" title="Wicomico County, Maryland">Wicomico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Maryland" title="Worcester County, Maryland">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maryland" title="Portal:Maryland">Maryland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Virginia548" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virginia" title="Template:Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virginia" title="Template talk:Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Virginia548" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Virginia-related_articles" title="Index of Virginia-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Virginia" title="Outline of Virginia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Virginia" title="Administrative divisions of Virginia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Virginia" title="Climate of Virginia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_congressional_districts" title="Virginia's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from Virginia">Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Virginia" title="Environment of Virginia">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_furniture" title="Virginia furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Virginia" title="Government of Virginia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_Virginia" title="List of historic houses in Virginia">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Virginia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia">Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Virginia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Virginia" title="Housing in Virginia">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Virginia" title="Law of Virginia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Virginia" title="Gun laws in Virginia">Gun laws in Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Virginia">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Virginia" title="Music of Virginia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Virginia" title="List of people from Virginia">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Virginia" title="List of rivers of Virginia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Virginia" title="Scouting in Virginia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_is_for_Lovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia is for Lovers">Slogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_teams_in_Virginia" title="Sports teams in Virginia">Sports teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Fair_of_Virginia" title="State Fair of Virginia">State Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks" title="List of Virginia state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_symbols" title="List of Virginia state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Virginia" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Virginia">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Virginia" title="Transportation in Virginia">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Virginia" title="Culture of Virginia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Virginia" title="Abortion in Virginia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Virginia" title="Crime in Virginia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Virginia" title="Demographics of Virginia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Virginia" title="Economy of Virginia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Virginia" title="Education in Virginia">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in Virginia">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li>Media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Virginia" title="List of newspapers in Virginia">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Virginia" title="List of radio stations in Virginia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Virginia" title="List of television stations in Virginia">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Virginia" title="Politics of Virginia">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Virginia" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic Coastal Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia" title="Eastern Shore of Virginia">Eastern Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Peninsula" title="Middle Peninsula">Middle Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Neck" title="Northern Neck">Northern Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia" title="Piedmont region of Virginia">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hampton_Roads" title="South Hampton Roads">South Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southside_(Virginia)" title="Southside (Virginia)">Southside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Virginia" title="Southwest Virginia">Southwest Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Virginia" title="Tri-Cities, Virginia">Tri-Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Virginia" title="Western Virginia">Western Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas" title="Virginia statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacksburg%E2%80%93Christiansburg_metropolitan_area" title="Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area">Blacksburg-Christiansburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefield_micropolitan_area" title="Bluefield micropolitan area">Bluefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsport%E2%80%93Bristol%E2%80%93Bristol,_Tennessee-Virginia_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, Tennessee-Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia_metropolitan_area" title="Charlottesville, Virginia metropolitan area">Charlottesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia_micropolitan_area" title="Danville, Virginia micropolitan area">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisonburg_metropolitan_area" title="Harrisonburg metropolitan area">Harrisonburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynchburg_metropolitan_area" title="Lynchburg metropolitan area">Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia_micropolitan_area" title="Martinsville, Virginia micropolitan area">Martinsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region" title="Greater Richmond Region">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_metropolitan_area" title="Roanoke metropolitan area">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton%E2%80%93Waynesboro_metropolitan_area" title="Staunton–Waynesboro metropolitan area">Staunton-Waynesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington-Arlington-Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_VA%E2%80%93WV_MSA" title="Winchester, VA–WV MSA">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_counties_in_Virginia" title="List of cities and counties in Virginia">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accomack_County,_Virginia" title="Accomack County, Virginia">Accomack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albemarle_County,_Virginia" title="Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleghany_County,_Virginia" title="Alleghany County, Virginia">Alleghany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_County,_Virginia" title="Amelia County, Virginia">Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_County,_Virginia" title="Amherst County, Virginia">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_County,_Virginia" title="Appomattox County, Virginia">Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_County,_Virginia" title="Augusta County, Virginia">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_County,_Virginia" title="Bath County, Virginia">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_County,_Virginia" title="Bedford County, Virginia">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bland_County,_Virginia" title="Bland County, Virginia">Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia" title="Botetourt County, Virginia">Botetourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_County,_Virginia" title="Brunswick County, Virginia">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Virginia" title="Buchanan County, Virginia">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_County,_Virginia" title="Buckingham County, Virginia">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_County,_Virginia" title="Campbell County, Virginia">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_County,_Virginia" title="Caroline County, Virginia">Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Virginia" title="Carroll County, Virginia">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia" title="Charles City County, Virginia">Charles City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Virginia" title="Charlotte County, Virginia">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_County,_Virginia" title="Chesterfield County, Virginia">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke_County,_Virginia" title="Clarke County, Virginia">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_County,_Virginia" title="Craig County, Virginia">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Virginia" title="Cumberland County, Virginia">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickenson_County,_Virginia" title="Dickenson County, Virginia">Dickenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia" title="Dinwiddie County, Virginia">Dinwiddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Virginia" title="Essex County, Virginia">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauquier_County,_Virginia" title="Fauquier County, Virginia">Fauquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_County,_Virginia" title="Floyd County, Virginia">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvanna_County,_Virginia" title="Fluvanna County, Virginia">Fluvanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Virginia" title="Franklin County, Virginia">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Virginia" title="Frederick County, Virginia">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_County,_Virginia" title="Giles County, Virginia">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_County,_Virginia" title="Gloucester County, Virginia">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goochland_County,_Virginia" title="Goochland County, Virginia">Goochland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_County,_Virginia" title="Grayson County, Virginia">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Virginia" title="Greene County, Virginia">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensville_County,_Virginia" title="Greensville County, Virginia">Greensville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_County,_Virginia" title="Halifax County, Virginia">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_County,_Virginia" title="Hanover County, Virginia">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Virginia" title="Henry County, Virginia">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_County,_Virginia" title="Highland County, Virginia">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County,_Virginia" title="Isle of Wight County, Virginia">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia" title="James City County, Virginia">James City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_Queen_County,_Virginia" title="King and Queen County, Virginia">King and Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_County,_Virginia" title="King George County, Virginia">King George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William_County,_Virginia" title="King William County, Virginia">King William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Virginia" title="Lancaster County, Virginia">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Virginia" title="Lee County, Virginia">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_County,_Virginia" title="Louisa County, Virginia">Louisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_County,_Virginia" title="Lunenburg County, Virginia">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Virginia" title="Madison County, Virginia">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathews_County,_Virginia" title="Mathews County, Virginia">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_County,_Virginia" title="Mecklenburg County, Virginia">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Virginia" title="Middlesex County, Virginia">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Virginia" title="Montgomery County, Virginia">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_County,_Virginia" title="Nelson County, Virginia">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kent_County,_Virginia" title="New Kent County, Virginia">New Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_Virginia" title="Northampton County, Virginia">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Virginia" title="Northumberland County, Virginia">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottoway_County,_Virginia" title="Nottoway County, Virginia">Nottoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Virginia" title="Orange County, Virginia">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_County,_Virginia" title="Page County, Virginia">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_County,_Virginia" title="Patrick County, Virginia">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Pittsylvania County, Virginia">Pittsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_County,_Virginia" title="Powhatan County, Virginia">Powhatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia" title="Prince Edward County, Virginia">Prince Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_County,_Virginia" title="Prince George County, Virginia">Prince George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Virginia" title="Pulaski County, Virginia">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_County,_Virginia" title="Rappahannock County, Virginia">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_County,_Virginia" title="Richmond County, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_County,_Virginia" title="Roanoke County, Virginia">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockbridge_County,_Virginia" title="Rockbridge County, Virginia">Rockbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockingham_County,_Virginia" title="Rockingham County, Virginia">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_County,_Virginia" title="Russell County, Virginia">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Virginia" title="Scott County, Virginia">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_County,_Virginia" title="Shenandoah County, Virginia">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_County,_Virginia" title="Smyth County, Virginia">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_County,_Virginia" title="Southampton County, Virginia">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Spotsylvania County, Virginia">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_County,_Virginia" title="Stafford County, Virginia">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surry_County,_Virginia" title="Surry County, Virginia">Surry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_County,_Virginia" title="Sussex County, Virginia">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazewell_County,_Virginia" title="Tazewell County, Virginia">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Virginia" title="Warren County, Virginia">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Virginia" title="Washington County, Virginia">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia" title="Westmoreland County, Virginia">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wise_County,_Virginia" title="Wise County, Virginia">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythe_County,_Virginia" title="Wythe County, Virginia">Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_County,_Virginia" title="York County, Virginia">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)#Virginia" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Virginia" title="Bristol, Virginia">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buena_Vista,_Virginia" title="Buena Vista, Virginia">Buena 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