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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Southern Albanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autonomy,_Kanun_and_Gjakmarrja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomy,_Kanun_and_Gjakmarrja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Autonomy, Kanun and Gjakmarrja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomy,_Kanun_and_Gjakmarrja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Besa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Besa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Besa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Besa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Late Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Independent Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_historical_tribes_and_tribal_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_historical_tribes_and_tribal_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of historical tribes and tribal regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_historical_tribes_and_tribal_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of historical tribes and tribal regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_historical_tribes_and_tribal_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malësia_e_Madhe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malësia_e_Madhe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Malësia e Madhe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malësia_e_Madhe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pulat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brda-Zeta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brda-Zeta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Brda-Zeta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brda-Zeta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania_Veneta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania_Veneta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Albania Veneta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania_Veneta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herzegovina_-_Ragusan_Hinterland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herzegovina_-_Ragusan_Hinterland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Herzegovina - Ragusan Hinterland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herzegovina_-_Ragusan_Hinterland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dukagjin_Highlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dukagjin_Highlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Dukagjin Highlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dukagjin_Highlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gjakova_Highlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gjakova_Highlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Gjakova Highlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gjakova_Highlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Puka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mirdita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirdita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Mirdita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirdita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shkodra_Lowlands_-_Zadrima_-_Lezha_Highlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shkodra_Lowlands_-_Zadrima_-_Lezha_Highlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Shkodra Lowlands - Zadrima - Lezha Highlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shkodra_Lowlands_-_Zadrima_-_Lezha_Highlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mat_-_Kruja_Highlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mat_-_Kruja_Highlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Mat - Kruja Highlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mat_-_Kruja_Highlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Drin_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Drin_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Upper Drin Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Drin_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharr_Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharr_Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Sharr Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharr_Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myzeqe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myzeqe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span>Myzeqe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myzeqe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labëri_and_Epirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labëri_and_Epirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15</span> <span>Labëri and Epirus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labëri_and_Epirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.16</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:#cef2e0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian tribes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Albanian highland tribesmen"><img alt="Albanian highland tribesmen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Albania_Purger_13954.jpg/250px-Albania_Purger_13954.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Albania_Purger_13954.jpg/500px-Albania_Purger_13954.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="382" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cef2e0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Tribes and regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%ABsia" title="Malësia">Malësia e Madhe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoti_(tribe)" title="Hoti (tribe)">Hoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruda_(tribe)" title="Gruda (tribe)">Gruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelmendi">Kelmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkreli_(tribe)" title="Shkreli (tribe)">Shkreli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rrjolli" title="Rrjolli">Rrjolli</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastrati_(tribe)" title="Kastrati (tribe)">Kastrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triepshi_(tribe)" title="Triepshi (tribe)">Trieshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koja_e_Ku%C3%A7it" title="Koja e Kuçit">Koja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsheni" title="Marsheni">Marsheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzi#History" title="Tuzi">Tuzi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gruemiri" title="Gruemiri">Gruemiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C3%A7i_(tribe)" title="Reçi (tribe)">Reçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohja_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohja (region)">Lohja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepuroshi" title="Lepuroshi">Lepuroshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boga Tribe">Boga</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Dukagjin_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukagjin highlands">Dukagjin highlands</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobi_(tribe)" title="Bobi (tribe)">Bobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shala_(tribe)" title="Shala (tribe)">Shala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshi_(tribe)" title="Shoshi (tribe)">Shoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shllaku" title="Shllaku">Shllaku</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dushmani_(tribe)" title="Dushmani (tribe)">Dushmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplana_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplana (tribe)">Toplana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavriqi" title="Mavriqi">Mavriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazreku" title="Mazreku">Mazreku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekali" title="Prekali">Prekali</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Pult" title="Pult">Pult</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiri_(tribe)" title="Kiri (tribe)">Kiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plani_(tribe)" title="Plani (tribe)">Plani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhani" title="Xhani">Xhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suma_(tribe)" title="Suma (tribe)">Suma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Gjakova" title="Highlands of Gjakova">Highlands of Gjakova</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasniqi" title="Krasniqi">Krasniqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikaj" title="Nikaj">Nikaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ABrturi" title="Mërturi">Mërturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gashi_(tribe)" title="Gashi (tribe)">Gashi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bytyqi" title="Bytyqi">Bytyçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morina_(tribe)" title="Morina (tribe)">Morina</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Puka-Mirdita</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berisha_(tribe)" title="Berisha (tribe)">Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdita" title="Mirdita">Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puk%C3%AB#Anthropology" title="Pukë">Puka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malzi" title="Malzi">Malziu</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%A7i" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaçi">Thaçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qerreti_(tribe)" title="Qerreti (tribe)">Qerreti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabashi" title="Kabashi">Kabashi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selita_(tribe)" title="Selita (tribe)">Selita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Upper <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lum%C3%AB_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumë (region)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%AB" title="Lurë">Lura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arr%C3%ABni" title="Arrëni">Arrëni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%ABr_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibër valley">Dibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopa_(tribe)" title="Sopa (tribe)">Sopa</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Zadrimë - <a href="/wiki/Lezha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezha">Lezha</a> highlands</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zadrima" title="Zadrima">Zadrima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesi" title="Renesi">Renesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_(tribe)" title="Vela (tribe)">Vela</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulg%C3%ABri" title="Bulgëri">Bulgëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryezezi" title="Kryezezi">Kryezezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manatia" title="Manatia">Manatia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mati_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mati (region)">Mati</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruja">Kruja</a> highlands</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Progoni">Progani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonima_family" title="Jonima family">Gjonima</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Myzeqe" title="Myzeqe">Myzeqe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myzeqe#Population" title="Myzeqe">Lalë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaka_family" title="Muzaka family">Muzaka</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Albania_Veneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania Veneta">Albania Veneta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamalioti" title="Pamalioti">Pamalioti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahine" title="Mahine">Mahine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kryethi" title="Kryethi">Kryethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakarriqi" title="Kakarriqi">Kakarriqi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Brda_(Montenegro)" title="Brda (Montenegro)">Brda</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zeta_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeta plain">Zeta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukumiri" title="Bukumiri">Bukumiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratono%C5%BEi%C4%87i" title="Bratonožići">Bratonishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytadosi" title="Bytadosi">Bytadosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C4%8Di" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuči">Kuçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macure" title="Macure">Macure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malon%C5%A1i%C4%87i" title="Malonšići">Malonšići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataguzi_(tribe)" title="Mataguzi (tribe)">Mataguzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugo%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugoša">Mugoša</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piperi_(tribe)" title="Piperi (tribe)">Pipri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelopavli%C4%87i" title="Bjelopavlići">Palabardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogami" title="Rogami">Rogami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasojevi%C4%87i" title="Vasojevići">Vasaj</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Montenegro" title="Old Montenegro">Old Montenegro</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goljemadi" title="Goljemadi">Goljemadi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> - <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusan</a> hinterland</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmazi" title="Burmazi">Burmazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataruge" title="Mataruge">Mataruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panje" title="Španje">Španji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri%C4%8Di" title="Kriči">Kriči</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bua_(tribe)" title="Bua (tribe)">Bua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurvelesh_(region)" title="Kurvelesh (region)">Kurveleshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Losha" title="Peter Losha">Losha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakasioi" title="Malakasioi">Malakasioi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazreku_(Epirus)" title="Mazreku (Epirus)">Mazaraki</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spata_family" title="Spata family">Spata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenevisi_family" title="Zenevisi family">Zenevisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souliotes</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cef2e0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Law code</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun (Albanian customary law)</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cef2e0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zjarri_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zjarri (Albanian paganism)">Zjarri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vat%C3%ABr" title="Vatër">Vatër</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muran%C3%AB" title="Muranë">Muranë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_(mythology)" title="Ora (mythology)">Ora</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fatia" title="Fatia">Fatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrja" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrja">Gjakmarrja</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality#Albanians" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_salt#Albania" title="Bread and salt">Bukë, Kripë e Zemër</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cef2e0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrak" title="Bajrak">Bajrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachaks" title="Kachaks">Kachak movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_Movement_in_1990" title="Reconciliation Movement in 1990">Reconciliation Movement in 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cef2e0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dheu_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dheu (Albanian paganism)">Dheu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qielli_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qielli (Albanian paganism)">Qielli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielli_(Albanian_paganism)" title="Dielli (Albanian paganism)">Dielli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%ABna_(Albanian_paganism)" title="Hëna (Albanian paganism)">Hëna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prende" title="Prende">Prende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zjarri_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zjarri (Albanian paganism)">Zjarri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vat%C3%ABr" title="Vatër">Vatër</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitore" title="Vitore">Vitore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drangue" title="Drangue">Drangue</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Kulshedra" title="Kulshedra">Kulshedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_(mythology)" title="Ora (mythology)">Ora</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fatia" title="Fatia">Fatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zana_(mythology)" title="Zana (mythology)">Zana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajtim" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajtim">Gjamë/Vajtim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muran%C3%AB" title="Muranë">Muranë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry" title="Albanian epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">Lahutë</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ifteli" title="Çifteli">Çifteli</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fyell_brezi" title="Fyell brezi">Fyelli</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2ng%C3%AB_Kreshnik%C3%ABsh" title="Kângë Kreshnikësh">Kângë Kreshnikësh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2ng%C3%AB_majekrahi" title="Kângë majekrahi">Kângë majekrahi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian dances">Dances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_war_dances" title="Albanian war dances">war dances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_houses_in_the_Balkans" title="Tower houses in the Balkans">Kulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Clothing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a>.<b>·</b><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orape" title="Çorape">Çorape</a>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Traditional tattooing</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albanian_tribes_sidebar" title="Template:Albanian tribes sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albanian_tribes_sidebar" title="Template talk:Albanian tribes sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albanian_tribes_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albanian tribes sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Albanian tribes</b> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">fiset shqiptare</i>) form a historical mode of social organization (<i><b>farefisní</b></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> characterized by a common <a href="/wiki/Cultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultur">culture</a>, often common patrilineal kinship ties and shared <a href="/wiki/Social_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ties">social ties</a>. The <i><b>fis</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite form</a>: <i>fisi</i>; commonly translated as "tribe", also as "clan" or "kin" community) stands at the center of Albanian organization based on <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> relations, a concept that can be found among southern Albanians also with the term <i><b>farë</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite form</a>: <i>fara</i>). </p><p>Inherited from ancient <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> social structures, Albanian tribal society emerged in the early Middle Ages as the dominant form of social organization among Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018102_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018102-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillar1996316_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillar1996316-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> came to both antagonize it, and slowly integrate aspects of it in Albanian feudal society, as most noble families themselves came from these <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> and depended on their support. This process stopped after the Ottoman conquest of Albania and the Balkans in the late 15th century and was followed by a process of strengthening of the tribe (<i>fis</i>) as a means of organization against Ottoman centralization particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mountain_Range_(Albania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mountain Range (Albania)">mountains of northern Albania</a> and adjacent areas of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. </p><p>It also remained in a less developed system in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">southern Albania</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where large feudal estates and later trade and urban centres began to develop at the expense of tribal organization. One of the most particular elements of the Albanian tribal structure is its dependence on the <i><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a></i>, a code of <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> oral <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most tribes engaged in warfare against external forces like the Ottoman Empire. Some also engaged in limited inter-tribal struggle for the control of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the early years of the 20th century, Albanian tribal society remained largely intact until the rise to power of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">communist regime</a> in 1944, and is considered to be the only example of a tribal social system with tribal chiefs and councils, <a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrja" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrja">blood feuds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">oral customary laws</a> to survive in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> until the middle of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20121_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20121-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011118_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fundamental terms that define Albanian tribal structure are shared by all regions. Some terms may be used interchangeably with the same semantic content and other terms have a different content depending on the region. No uniform or standard classification exists as societal structure showed variance even within the same general area. The term <i>fis</i> is the central concept of Albanian tribal structure. The <i>fis</i> is a community whose members are linked to each other as kin through the same patrilineal ancestry and live in the same territory. It has been translated in English as <i>tribe</i> or <i>clan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacker200259_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacker200259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <i>fis</i> refers both to the kinship ties that bind the community and the territorialization of that community in a region exclusively used in a communal manner by the members of the <i>fis</i>. In contrast, <i>bashkësi</i> (literally, <i>association</i>) refers to a community of the same ancestry that has not been established territorially in a given area that is its traditional home region. </p><p>It is further divided into <i>fis i madh</i> and <i>fis i vogël</i>. <i>Fis i madh</i> refers to all members of the kin community that live in its traditional territory, while <i>fis i vogël</i> refers to the immediate family members and their cousins (<i>kushëri</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty201189_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty201189-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, it is sometimes used synonymously with <i>vëllazëri</i> or <i>vllazni</i> in Geg Albanian. This term refers to all families that trace their origin to the same patrilineal ancestor. Related families (<i>familje</i>) are referred to as of one <i>bark</i>/pl. <i>barqe</i> (literally, <i>belly</i>). As some tribes grew in number, a part of them settled in new territory and formed a new fis that may or may not have held the same name as the parental group. The concept of <i>farefisni</i> refers to the bonds between all communities that stem from the same <i>fis</i>. <i>Farë</i> literally means <i>seed</i>. Among southern Albanians, it is sometimes used as a synonym for <i>fis</i>, which in turn is used in the meaning of <i>fis i vogël</i>. </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Bajrak" title="Bajrak">bajrak</a></i> refers to an Ottoman military institution of the 17th century. In international bibliography of the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was often mistakenly equated with the <i>fis</i> as both would sometimes cover the same geographical area. The result of this mistake was the portrayal of <i>bajrak</i> administrative divisions and other regions as <i>fis</i> in early anthropological accounts of Albania, although there were bajraks in which only a small part or none at all constituted a <i>fis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacker200260_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacker200260-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png/250px-Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png/330px-Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png/500px-Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png 2x" data-file-width="5248" data-file-height="5275" /></a><figcaption>Map of the major Albanian tribal regions in northern Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro in the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Malësors lived in three geographical regions within northern Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%ABsia_e_Madhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Malësia e Madhe">Malësia e Madhe</a> (great highlands) contained five large tribes, four of which (<a href="/wiki/Hoti_(tribe)" title="Hoti (tribe)">Hoti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelmendi_(tribe)" title="Kelmendi (tribe)">Kelmendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shkreli_(tribe)" title="Shkreli (tribe)">Shkreli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastrati_(tribe)" title="Kastrati (tribe)">Kastrati</a>) having a Catholic majority and Muslim minority and with <a href="/wiki/Gruda_(tribe)" title="Gruda (tribe)">Gruda</a> evenly split between both religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Malësia e Madhe there were seven small additional tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During times of war and mobilisation of troops, the bajraktar (chieftain) of Hoti was recognised by the Ottoman government as leader of all forces of the Malësia e Madhe tribes, having collectively some 6,200 rifles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dukagjin_Highlands" title="Dukagjin Highlands">Malësia e Vogël</a> (small highlands) contained seven Catholic tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Shala_(tribe)" title="Shala (tribe)">Shala</a> with four bajaraktars, <a href="/wiki/Shoshi_(tribe)" title="Shoshi (tribe)">Shoshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toplana_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplana (tribe)">Toplana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikaj" title="Nikaj">Nikaj</a> containing some 1,250 households with a collective strength of 2,500 men that could be mobilised for war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shoshi had a distinction in the region of possessing a legendary rock associated with <a href="/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjini" title="Lekë Dukagjini">Lekë Dukagjini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mirdita" title="Mirdita">Mirdita</a> region was also a large powerful devoutly Catholic tribe with 2,500 households and five bajraktars that could mobilize 5,000 irregular troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general assembly of the Mirdita often met in <a href="/wiki/Orosh" title="Orosh">Orosh</a> to deliberate on important issues relating to the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of hereditary prince of the tribe with the title <i>Prenk Pasha</i> (Prince Lord) was held by the Gjonmarkaj family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from this princely family, the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> Abbot held some influence among the Mirdita tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government estimated the military strength of Malësors in <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Scutari" title="Sanjak of Scutari">İşkodra sanjak</a> as numbering over 30,000 tribesmen and Ottoman officials were of the view that the highlanders could defeat Montenegro on their own with limited state assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200633_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200633-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Western Kosovo, the Gjakovë highlands contained eight tribes that were mainly Muslim; in the <a href="/wiki/Luma_(region)" title="Luma (region)">Luma</a> area near <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> there were five tribes, mostly Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important tribal groupings further south include the highlanders of the <a href="/wiki/Dibra" title="Dibra">Dibra</a> region known as the "Tigers of Dibra".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200635–36_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200635–36-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the many religiously mixed Catholic-Muslim tribes and one Muslim-Orthodox clan, Ottoman officials noted that tribal loyalties superseded religious affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Catholic households there were instances of Christians who possessed four wives, marrying the first spouse in a church and the other three in the presence of an imam, while among Muslim households the Islamic tradition of circumcision was ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Albanian">Northern Albanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Northern Albanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_old_man_of_Shoshi.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="plak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_old_man_of_Shoshi.gif/118px-The_old_man_of_Shoshi.gif" decoding="async" width="118" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/The_old_man_of_Shoshi.gif/177px-The_old_man_of_Shoshi.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/The_old_man_of_Shoshi.gif 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_old_bayraktar_of_Nikaj.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="bajraktar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_old_bayraktar_of_Nikaj.gif/96px-The_old_bayraktar_of_Nikaj.gif" decoding="async" width="96" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/The_old_bayraktar_of_Nikaj.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The old man of <a href="/wiki/Shoshi_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshi (region)">Shoshi</a> (left), the old bajraktar of <a href="/wiki/Nikaj" title="Nikaj">Nikaj</a> (right), by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Durham" title="Edith Durham">Edith Durham</a>, early 20th century.</div></div></div></div> <p>Among <a href="/wiki/Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg">Gheg</a> Malësors of the highlands, the <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fis</i></span></i> is headed by the oldest male (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">kryeplak</i></span></i>) and forms the basic unit of tribal society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928b63_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham1928b63-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governing councils consist of elders (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">pleqt</i></span></i>, singular: <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">plak</i></span></i>). The idea of law administration is so closely related to "old age", that "to arbitrate" (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">me pleknue</i></span></i>) and (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">plekní</i></span></i>) means both "seniority" and "arbitration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928b63_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham1928b63-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>fis</i> is divided into a group of several closely related houses (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">mehala</i></span></i>) and a main house (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">shpi</i></span></i>). The head of <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">mehala</i></span></i> is the <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">krye</i></span></i> (lit. "head", pl. <span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">krenë</i></span> or <span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">krenët</i></span>), while the head of the house is the <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">zoti i shpis</i></span></i> ("the lord of the house"). A house may be composed of two or three other houses with property in common under one <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">zot</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a22_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a22-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head-shaves_in_Kastrati_and_Skreli.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Head-shaves_in_Kastrati_and_Skreli.gif/250px-Head-shaves_in_Kastrati_and_Skreli.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Head-shaves_in_Kastrati_and_Skreli.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Traditional head-shaves in <a href="/wiki/Kastrati_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastrati tribe">Kastrati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shkreli_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkreli tribe">Shkreli</a> by Edith Durham, early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>A political and territorial unit consisting of several <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a> was the <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq"><a href="/wiki/Bajrak" title="Bajrak">bajrak</a></i></span></i> (standard or banner).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of a <span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">bajrak</i></span>, whose position was hereditary, was referred to as <i>bajraktar</i> (standard bearer).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several bajraks composed a tribe, which was led by a man from a notable family, while major issues were decided by the tribe assembly whose members of the tribe were male.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJelavich198381_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavich198381-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans implemented the <i>bayraktar</i> system within northern Albanian tribes, and granted some privileges to the <i>bayraktars</i> (banner chieftains) in exchange for their obligation to mobilize local fighters to support military actions of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011119–120_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011119–120-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630,_34,_119_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630,_34,_119-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those privileges entitled Albanian tribesmen to pay no taxes and to be excluded from military conscription in return for commitment to military service as irregular troops; however few served in that capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630,_34,_119_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630,_34,_119-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malisors viewed Ottoman officials as a threat to their tribal way of living and left it to their bajraktars to deal with the Ottoman political system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_period" title="Late Ottoman period">Late Ottoman period</a> noted that Malisors preferred that their children learn the use of a weapon and refused to send them to government schools that taught Turkish, which was viewed as a form of state control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120–122_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120–122-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Albanian Malisors were illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Albanian">Southern Albanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southern Albanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_of_Lambro_the_Suliote_and_the_old_Balouk-Bashee_of_Dervitzina_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Portraits_of_Lambro_the_Suliote_and_the_old_Balouk-Bashee_of_Dervitzina_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg/220px-Portraits_of_Lambro_the_Suliote_and_the_old_Balouk-Bashee_of_Dervitzina_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Portraits_of_Lambro_the_Suliote_and_the_old_Balouk-Bashee_of_Dervitzina_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg/330px-Portraits_of_Lambro_the_Suliote_and_the_old_Balouk-Bashee_of_Dervitzina_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Portraits_of_Lambro_the_Suliote_and_the_old_Balouk-Bashee_of_Dervitzina_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg/440px-Portraits_of_Lambro_the_Suliote_and_the_old_Balouk-Bashee_of_Dervitzina_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><i>Portraits of Lambro the Suliote, and the old Balouk-Bashee of Dervitziana</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell" title="Charles Robert Cockerell">Charles Robert Cockerell</a>, published in 1820.</figcaption></figure> <p>In southern Albania, the social system is based on the house (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">shpi</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">shtëpi</i></span></i>) and the <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fis</i></span></i>, which consists of a patrilineal kinship group and an <a href="/wiki/Exogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Exogamous">exogamous</a> unit composed of members with some property in common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20124_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20124-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patrilineal kinship ties are defined by the concept of "blood" (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">gjak</i></span></i>) including moral and physical characteristics that are shared by all the members of a <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fis</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20124_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20124-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fis</i></span></i> generally consists of three or four generations sharing a common ancestor, while the tribe, <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fara</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">gjeri</i></span></i>, is much smaller than a northern Albanian <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fis</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaser2012298_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaser2012298-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of a <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fara</i></span></i> have a common ancestor who is the eponymos founder of the village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018145_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018145-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political organization is communal; every neighbourhood sends a representing elder (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">plak</i></span></i>) to the governing council of the village (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">pleqësi</i></span></i>), who elect the head of the village (<i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">kryeplak</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20128_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20128-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Albanian term <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">farë</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite form</a>: <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fara</i></span></i>) means "seed" and "progeny". In northern Albania it had no legal use, whereas in southern Albania, <i>fara</i> was used legally instead of the term <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fis</i></span></i> of the northerners until the beginning of the 19th century, to mean a politically autonomous tribe and a 'brotherhood' (<a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg Alb.</a> <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">vëllazni</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Alb.</a> <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">vëllazëri</i></span></i>; or Alb. <i>bark</i>, "belly"). Attestations of these forms of social organization among southern Albanians are reported by <a href="/wiki/William_Martin_Leake" title="William Martin Leake">Leake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pouqueville" title="François Pouqueville">Pouqueville</a> when describing the traditional organization of <a href="/wiki/Souli" title="Souli">Suli</a> (between 1660 and 1803), <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, and of southern Albania in general (until the beginning of the 19th century). Pouqueville in particular reported that each village (Alb. <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">katun</i></span></i>) and each town was some kind of autonomous republic composed of <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">farë</i></span></i> brotherhoods. In other accounts he mentioned the 'great <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">farë</i></span>'</i> tribes, each having their <a href="/wiki/Polemarch" title="Polemarch">polemarchs</a>. These chiefs had <a href="/wiki/Boluk-bashi" title="Boluk-bashi">boluk-bashis</a> (platoon commanders),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentini195693_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentini195693-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analogus to the northern <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">fis</i></span></i>, the <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">bajraktarë</i></span></i> and the <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">krenë</i></span></i> (chieftains) of the <i><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">vëllazni</i></span></i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentini1956142_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentini1956142-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Albanian_palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/View_of_Albanian_palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg/220px-View_of_Albanian_palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/View_of_Albanian_palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg/330px-View_of_Albanian_palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/View_of_Albanian_palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg/440px-View_of_Albanian_palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_-_Hughes_Thomas_Smart_-_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><i>View of Albanian Palikars in Pursuit of an Enemy</i> by Charles Robert Cockerell, published in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the northern Albanian tribes, the lineage groups of southern Albanians did not inhabit a closed region, but constituted ethnographic islands located on mountains surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a> environment. One of the centres of these lineage societies was based in <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a> in the central mountains of southern Albania. A second centre was based in <a href="/wiki/Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara</a> in southwest Albania. A third centre was based in the <a href="/wiki/Souli" title="Souli">Suli region</a>, located far south in the middle of a Greek population. The tendency to build segmentary lineage organizations of these mountain communities increased with the degree of their isolation, causing the loss of the tribal organization of the Albanian highlanders in southern Albania and northern Greece since the 15th century, during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> dominion. Afterwards, these lineage segments increasingly became the basic political, economic, religious, and predatory units of social organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaser2012298_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaser2012298-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pouqueville" title="François Pouqueville">Pouqueville</a> these forms of social organizations disappeared with the dominion of the Ottoman Albanian ruler <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Yanina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Yanina">Ali Pasha</a>, and definitely ended in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentini1956102,_103_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentini1956102,_103-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Pashalik of Yanina</a>, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> for Muslims and <a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon</a> for Christians, Ali Pasha enforced his own laws, allowing only in rare cases the usage of local <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian tribal customary laws</a>. After annexing <a href="/wiki/Souli" title="Souli">Suli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara</a> into his semi-independent state in 1798, he tried to organize the judiciary in every city and province according to the principle of social equality, enforcing his laws for the entire population, Muslims and Christians. To limit <a href="/wiki/Blood_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood feud">blood feud</a> killings, Ali Pasha replaced blood feuds (Alb. <i><a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrje">gjakmarrje</a></i>) with other punishments such as blood payment or expulsion or the death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-Elezi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elezi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali Pasha also reached an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Kurvelesh_(region)" title="Kurvelesh (region)">Kurveleshi population</a> not to trespass their territories, which at that time were larger than the area they inhabit today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continualy since the 18th century, blood feuds and their consequences in <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a> have been limited principally by the councils of elders.<sup id="cite_ref-Elezi_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elezi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mountain region of <a href="/wiki/Kurvelesh_(region)" title="Kurvelesh (region)">Kurveleshi</a> represents the last example of a tribal system among southern Albanians,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047,_8_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047,_8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was regulated by the Code of Zuli (<a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)"><i>Kanuni i Papa Zhulit/Zulit</i> or <i>Kanuni i Idriz Sulit</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047,_8_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047,_8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kurvelesh the names of the villages were built as collective pluralia to designate the tribal settlements. For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/Lazarat" title="Lazarat">Lazarat</a></i> is a toponym that refers to the 'descendants of Lazar'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197348_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197348-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomy,_Kanun_and_Gjakmarrja"><span id="Autonomy.2C_Kanun_and_Gjakmarrja"></span>Autonomy, Kanun and Gjakmarrja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Autonomy, Kanun and Gjakmarrja"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skreli_Tribesmen_(W_Le_Queux).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Skreli_Tribesmen_%28W_Le_Queux%29.jpg/220px-Skreli_Tribesmen_%28W_Le_Queux%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Skreli_Tribesmen_%28W_Le_Queux%29.jpg/330px-Skreli_Tribesmen_%28W_Le_Queux%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Skreli_Tribesmen_%28W_Le_Queux%29.jpg/440px-Skreli_Tribesmen_%28W_Le_Queux%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shkreli_(tribe)" title="Shkreli (tribe)">Shkreli</a> tribesmen. Photo taken by <a href="/wiki/William_Le_Queux" title="William Le Queux">William Le Queux</a> before 1906.</figcaption></figure> <p>The northern Albanian tribes are fiercely proud of the fact that they have never been completely conquered by external powers, in particular by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. This fact is considered as orthodox on a heritage and historical level by the tribes. In the 18th century the Ottomans instituted the system of <a href="/wiki/Bajrak" title="Bajrak">bajrak</a> military organization in northern Albania and Kosovo. From the Ottoman perspective, the institution of the bajrak had multiple benefits. Although it recognized a semi-autonomous status in communities like Hoti, it could also be used to stabilize the borderlands; in their new capacity, these communities would defend the borders of the empire as their own territory. Furthermore, in times of rebellion the Ottomans could use the office of head bajraktar to divide and conquer the tribes by handing out privileges to a select few. On the other hand, autonomy of the borderlands was a source of conflict as the tribes tried to increase their autonomy and minimize involvement of the Ottoman state. Through a series of conflicts and renegotiation a state of balance was found between Ottoman centralization and tribal autonomy. Hence, the Ottoman era is marked by both continual conflict and the formalization of socio-economic status within Ottoman administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011119–120_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011119–120-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the tribes of northern Albania believe that their history is based on the notions of resistance and isolationism.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars connect this belief with the concept of "negotiated peripherality"; throughout history the territory that northern Albanian tribes occupy has been contested and is peripheral. Northern Albanian tribes often exploited their position and negotiated their peripherality in profitable ways, which also affected their national program; its significance and challenges are different from those in southern Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such peripheral territories are zones of the dynamic creation of culture, where it is possible to manipulate regional and national histories to the advantage of certain individuals and groups.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theth_-_LockInTower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Theth_-_LockInTower.jpg/170px-Theth_-_LockInTower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Theth_-_LockInTower.jpg/255px-Theth_-_LockInTower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Theth_-_LockInTower.jpg/340px-Theth_-_LockInTower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tower_houses_in_the_Balkans" title="Tower houses in the Balkans">fortified tower</a> (<i>kullë</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Theth" title="Theth">Theth</a> used as a safe haven for men involved in blood feuds.</figcaption></figure> <p>Malisor society used tribal law and participated in the custom of bloodfeuding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006121_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman control mainly existed in the few urban centres and valleys of northern Albania but was minimal or almost non-existent in the mountains, where Malisors lived an autonomous existence according to <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">kanun</a> (tribal law) of Lek Dukagjini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629–30,_113_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629–30,_113-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Western Kosovo</a> was also an area where Ottoman rule among highlanders was minimal to non-existent and government officials would ally themselves with local power holders to exert any form of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Kosovo was dominated by the Albanian tribal system where Kosovar Malisors settled disputes among themselves through mountain law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a period without stable state control, it was the tribe who tried its members. The usual punishments were <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> or disarmament. The house of the exiled member of the tribe would be burned. Disarmament was regarded as the most embarrassing verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Law of Lek Dukagjini (kanun) was named after a medieval prince <a href="/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjini" title="Lekë Dukagjini">Lekë Dukagjini</a> from the fifteenth century who ruled in northern Albania and codified the customary laws of the highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanian tribes from the Dibra region governed themselves according to the Law of Skanderbeg (kanun), named after a fifteenth century warrior who fought the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disputes would be solved through tribal law within the framework of vendetta or blood feuding; the activity was widespread among the Malisors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In situations of murder, tribal law stipulated the principle of <i>koka për kokë</i> (a head for a head) where relatives of the victim are obliged to seek <i><a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrja" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrja">gjakmarrja</a></i> (blood vengeance).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nineteen percent of male deaths in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fkodra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="İşkodra Vilayet">İşkodra vilayet</a> and 600 fatalities per year in Western Kosovo were from murders caused by vendetta and blood feuding during the late Ottoman period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629–30_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629–30-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Besa">Besa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Besa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shala_men.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Shala_men.gif/250px-Shala_men.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Shala_men.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Shala_(tribe)" title="Shala (tribe)">Shala men</a>, photo taken by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Durham" title="Edith Durham">Edith Durham</a> before 1909.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a> is a word in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> meaning "pledge of honor", "to keep the promise".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych20061,_9_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych20061,_9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besa is an important institution within the tribal society of the Albanian Malisors, and is one of the moral principles of the <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartucci201782_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartucci201782-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albanian tribes swore oaths to jointly fight against the government and in this respect the besa served to uphold tribal autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The besa was used to regulate tribal affairs both between and within tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman government used the besa as a way to co-opt Albanian tribes into supporting state policies or to seal agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Ottoman period, the besa would be cited in government reports of Albanian unrest, especially in the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The besa formed a central place within Albanian society in order to generate military and political power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119–120_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119–120-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besas held Albanians together, united them and would wane when the will to enforce them dissipated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In times of revolt against the Ottomans, the besa functioned as a link among different groups and tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besa is an important part of personal and familial standing and is often used as an example of "<a href="/wiki/Albanianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanianism">Albanianism</a>". Someone who breaks his besa may even be banished from his community.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Ottoman_period">Late Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Late Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_Purger_13954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Albania_Purger_13954.jpg/250px-Albania_Purger_13954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Albania_Purger_13954.jpg/330px-Albania_Purger_13954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Albania_Purger_13954.jpg/500px-Albania_Purger_13954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Albanian Malisors in an early 20th postcard.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a>, Prenk Bib Doda, hereditary chieftain of Mirdita initiated a rebellion in mid-April 1877 against government control and the Ottoman Empire sent troops to put it down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200640_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200640-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montenegro attempted to gain support among the Malisors even though it lacked religious or ethnic links with the Albanian tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200653_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200653-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Eastern Crisis and subsequent border negotiations in April 1880, Italy suggested that the Ottoman Empire give Montenegro the Tuz district, containing mainly Catholic Gruda and Hoti populations, which would have split between them both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Hoti this would have caused tensions and instability because of their traditionally having precedence over the other four tribes during peace and war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribes affected by the negotiations swore a besa (pledge) to resist any reduction of their lands and sent telegrams to surrounding regions asking for military assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late Ottoman period Ghegs often lacked education and integration within the Ottoman system, even though they had autonomy and military capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those factors gave the area of Gegënia an importance within the empire that differed from Toskëria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still many Ottoman officers thought that Ghegs, in particular the highlanders, were a liability instead of an asset. They were commonly referred to as a "wild" (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">vahşi</i>) and backward people living poverty and ignorance for 500 years, and hostile to civilisation and progress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629,_120,_138_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629,_120,_138-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas of Albania were Malisors lived, the empire only posted Ottoman officers who had prior experience in other tribal regions of the state like <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> that could bridge cultural divides with Gheg tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006113_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006113-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>, Ottoman officials were posted to Albanian populated lands. Some Albanians strongly disproved of blood feuding, seeing it as inhumane and uncivilised, and an unnecessary waste of life that created social disruption, lawlessness and economic dislocation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629,_118–121,_138,_209_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629,_118–121,_138,_209-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To resolve this problem, Ottoman officials formed Blood Feud Reconciliation Commissions (musalaha-ı dem komisyonları) that produced results with limited success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Ottoman period, due to the influence of Catholic Franciscan priests, some reduction of blood feuding among Albanian highlanders was achieved. For instance, guilt was restricted to the offender or their household and one tribe accepted the razing of the offender's home as compensation for the offense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman officials viewed the violence committed by Malisors in the 1880s-1890s as a tribal problem not related to nationalism or religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006121_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006121-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also noted that Albanian tribesmen who identified with Islam did so in name only and lacked knowledge of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006122_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006122-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_2534.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Durham_2534.jpg/220px-Durham_2534.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Durham_2534.jpg/330px-Durham_2534.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Durham_2534.jpg/440px-Durham_2534.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>Men of the <a href="/wiki/Shkreli_(tribe)" title="Shkreli (tribe)">Shkreli tribe</a> at the feast of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> at Bzheta in Shkreli territory, 1908.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> in 1908 the new Young Turk government established the Commissions for Reconciliation of Blood Feuds that focused on regions such as İpek (Pejë) and Prizren.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006161_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006161-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commissions sentenced Albanians who had participated in blood feud killing. The Council of Ministers allowed the Commission to continue their work in the provinces until May 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006161_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006161-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Young Turk Revolution and subsequent restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Ottoman constitution</a>, the Hoti, Shala, Shoshi, and Kastati tribes made a besa (pledge) to support it and stop <a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrja" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrja">blood feuding</a> with other tribes until November 6, 1908. However, Albanian tribes that showed enthusiasm had little knowledge of what the constitution would do for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006160_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006160-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Albanian revolt of 1910, Malisors such as the Shala tribe fought against Ottoman troops that were sent to quell the uprising and disarm the population by collecting guns and replacing the Law of Lek with state courts and laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malisors planned further resistance and Albanian tribes living near the border fled into Montenegro while negotiating terms with the Ottomans for their return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman military commander <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Shevket</a> concluded that the Bajraktars had become Albanian nationalists and posed a danger to the empire compared to previous uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006179_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006179-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian revolt of 1911">Albanian revolt of 1911</a> was begun during March by Catholic Albanian tribesmen after they returned from exile in Montenegro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman government sent 8,000 troops to quell the uprising and ordered that tribal chieftains stand trial for leading the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the revolt, <a href="/wiki/Terenzio_Tocci" title="Terenzio Tocci">Terenzio Tocci</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Italo-Albanian</a> lawyer gathered the Mirditë chieftains on 26/27 April 1911 in Orosh and proclaimed the independence of Albania, raised the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">flag of Albania</a> and declared a provisional government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Ottoman troops entered the area to put down the rebellion, Tocci fled the empire abandoning his activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 June 1911 Albanian Malisors and other revolutionaries gathered in Montenegro and drafted the <a href="/wiki/Gre%C3%A7%C3%AB_Memorandum" title="Greçë Memorandum">Greçë Memorandum</a> demanding Albanian sociopolitical and linguistic rights with signatories from the Hoti, Gruda, Shkreli, Kelmendi and Kastrati tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later negotiations with the Ottomans, an amnesty was granted to the tribesmen with promises by the government to: build roads and schools in tribal areas, pay wages of teachers, limit military service to the Istanbul and Shkodër areas, grant the right to carry weapons in the countryside but not in urban areas, appoint bajraktar relatives to certain administrative positions and compensate the Malisors returning from Montenegro with money and food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final agreement was signed in <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a> by both the Ottomans and Malisors during August 1912. The highlanders had managed to thwart the centralist tendencies of the Young Turk government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Albania">Independent Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Independent Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last tribal system of Europe in northern Albania stayed intact until 1944 when <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Albanian communists</a> seized power, ruling the country for half a century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time the tribal system was almost eradicated by the communists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of communism in the early 1990s, northern Albania underwent demographic changes in tribal areas, sometimes becoming depopulated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201511_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201511-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the population seeking a better life, moved either abroad or to Albanian cities such as Tiranë, Durrës or Shkodër; populations historically stemming from the tribes have become scattered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201511_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201511-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locals that remained in northern Albanian areas have maintained an awareness of their tribal identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201511_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201511-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_historical_tribes_and_tribal_regions">List of historical tribes and tribal regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of historical tribes and tribal regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of historical Albanian tribes and tribal regions. Some of the tribes are considered <i>extinct</i> because no collective memory of descent has survived (i.e. Mataruga, Rogami etc.) while others became slavicised very early on and the majority of the descendants no longer consider themselves Albanian (i.e. Kuči, Mahine etc.). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overview_of_Albanian_tribes,_Franz_Seiner,_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Overview_of_Albanian_tribes%2C_Franz_Seiner%2C_1918.jpg/250px-Overview_of_Albanian_tribes%2C_Franz_Seiner%2C_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Overview_of_Albanian_tribes%2C_Franz_Seiner%2C_1918.jpg/330px-Overview_of_Albanian_tribes%2C_Franz_Seiner%2C_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Overview_of_Albanian_tribes%2C_Franz_Seiner%2C_1918.jpg/500px-Overview_of_Albanian_tribes%2C_Franz_Seiner%2C_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>Map of bajraks and tribes by Franz Seiner, 1918.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15th-16th_century_Albanian_tribes_in_the_territory_of_modern_day_Montenegro.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/15th-16th_century_Albanian_tribes_in_the_territory_of_modern_day_Montenegro.png/250px-15th-16th_century_Albanian_tribes_in_the_territory_of_modern_day_Montenegro.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/15th-16th_century_Albanian_tribes_in_the_territory_of_modern_day_Montenegro.png/330px-15th-16th_century_Albanian_tribes_in_the_territory_of_modern_day_Montenegro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/15th-16th_century_Albanian_tribes_in_the_territory_of_modern_day_Montenegro.png/500px-15th-16th_century_Albanian_tribes_in_the_territory_of_modern_day_Montenegro.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>15th-16th century Albanian tribes in the territory of modern-day Montenegro</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malësia_e_Madhe"><span id="Mal.C3.ABsia_e_Madhe"></span><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%ABsia" title="Malësia">Malësia e Madhe</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Malësia e Madhe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%ABsia" title="Malësia">Malësia e Madhe</a></i>, in the Northern Albanian Alps between Albania and Montenegro, historically has been the land of ten bigger and three smaller tribal regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201515–98_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201515–98-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of them, Suma and Tuzi, came together to form Gruda in the 15th to 16th century. The people of this area are commonly called "highlanders" (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">malësorë</i>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelmendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelmendi">Kelmendi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201515–35_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201515–35-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boga Tribe">Boga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruda_(tribe)" title="Gruda (tribe)">Gruda</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201536–46_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201536–46-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (entirely in Montenegro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoti_(tribe)" title="Hoti (tribe)">Hoti</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201547–57_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201547–57-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (partially in Montenegro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastrati_(tribe)" title="Kastrati (tribe)">Kastrati</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201568–78_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201568–78-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkreli_(tribe)" title="Shkreli (tribe)">Shkreli</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201581–88_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201581–88-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triepshi_(tribe)" title="Triepshi (tribe)">Triesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201558–66_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201558–66-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (entirely in Montenegro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koja_e_Ku%C3%A7it" title="Koja e Kuçit">Koja</a> (entirely in Montenegro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohja_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohja (region)">Lohja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzi#History" title="Tuzi">Tuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruemiri" title="Gruemiri">Gruemiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rrjolli" title="Rrjolli">Rrjolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C3%A7i_(tribe)" title="Reçi (tribe)">Reçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsheni" title="Marsheni">Marsheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepuroshi" title="Lepuroshi">Lepuroshi</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulat"><a href="/wiki/Pult" title="Pult">Pulat</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pulat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plani_(tribe)" title="Plani (tribe)">Plani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhani" title="Xhani">Xhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiri_(tribe)" title="Kiri (tribe)">Kiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suma_(tribe)" title="Suma (tribe)">Suma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drishti_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drishti (tribe) (page does not exist)">Drishti</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brda-Zeta"><a href="/wiki/Brda_(Montenegro)" title="Brda (Montenegro)">Brda</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zeta_Plain" title="Zeta Plain">Zeta</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Brda-Zeta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bytadosi" title="Bytadosi">Bytadosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratono%C5%BEi%C4%87i" title="Bratonožići">Bratonishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukumiri" title="Bukumiri">Bukumiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C4%8Di_(tribe)" title="Kuči (tribe)">Kuçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macure" title="Macure">Macure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malon%C5%A1i%C4%87i" title="Malonšići">Malonšići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataguzi_(tribe)" title="Mataguzi (tribe)">Mataguzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugo%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugoša">Mugoša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperi_(tribe)" title="Piperi (tribe)">Piperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelopavli%C4%87i" title="Bjelopavlići">Palabardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogami" title="Rogami">Rogami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasojevi%C4%87i" title="Vasojevići">Vasaj</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania_Veneta"><a href="/wiki/Albania_Veneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania Veneta">Albania Veneta</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Albania Veneta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamalioti" title="Pamalioti">Pamalioti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahine" title="Mahine">Mahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryethi" title="Kryethi">Kryethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakarriqi" title="Kakarriqi">Kakarriqi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herzegovina_-_Ragusan_Hinterland"><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> - <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusan</a> Hinterland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Herzegovina - Ragusan Hinterland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmazi" title="Burmazi">Burmazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataruge" title="Mataruge">Mataruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panje" title="Španje">Shpani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri%C3%A7i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriçi">Kriçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%C4%91ani" title="Riđani">Riđani</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dukagjin_Highlands"><a href="/wiki/Dukagjin_Highlands" title="Dukagjin Highlands">Dukagjin Highlands</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dukagjin Highlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dukagjin_Highlands" title="Dukagjin Highlands">Dukagjin Highlands</a> includes the following tribes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015115–148_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015115–148-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobi_(tribe)" title="Bobi (tribe)">Bobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shala_(tribe)" title="Shala (tribe)">Shala</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015115–127_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015115–127-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshi_(tribe)" title="Shoshi (tribe)">Shoshi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015128–131_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015128–131-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shllaku" title="Shllaku">Shllaku</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015132–137_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015132–137-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavriqi" title="Mavriqi">Mavriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazreku" title="Mazreku">Mazreku</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015138_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015138-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushmani_(tribe)" title="Dushmani (tribe)">Dushmani</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015138–142_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015138–142-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplana_(region)" title="Toplana (region)">Toplana</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015143–148_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015143–148-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekali" title="Prekali">Prekali</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gjakova_Highlands"><a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Gjakova" title="Highlands of Gjakova">Gjakova Highlands</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gjakova Highlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are six tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Gjakova" title="Highlands of Gjakova">Gjakova Highlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Malësia e Gjakovës</i>) also known as <i>Malësia e Vogël</i> ("Lesser Malësia"):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015149–174_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015149–174-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikaj" title="Nikaj">Nikaj</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015149–156_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015149–156-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (commonly grouped as <a href="/wiki/Nikaj-M%C3%ABrtur_region" title="Nikaj-Mërtur region">Nikaj-Mërtur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ABrturi" title="Mërturi">Mërturi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015157–159_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015157–159-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (commonly grouped as Nikaj-Mërtur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasniqi" title="Krasniqi">Krasniqi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015160–165_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015160–165-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gashi_(tribe)" title="Gashi (tribe)">Gashi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015166–169_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015166–169-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytyqi" title="Bytyqi">Bytyçi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015170–174_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015170–174-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morina_(tribe)" title="Morina (tribe)">Morina</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puka"><a href="/wiki/Puk%C3%AB" title="Pukë">Puka</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Puka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "seven tribes of Puka" (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">shtatë bajrakët e Pukës</i>), inhabit the Puka region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015175–196_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015175–196-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durham said of them: "Puka group ... sometimes reckoned a large tribe of seven bairaks. Sometimes as a group of tribes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a27_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a27-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qerreti_(tribe)" title="Qerreti (tribe)">Qerreti</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015175–177_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015175–177-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puk%C3%AB" title="Pukë">Puka</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015178–180_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015178–180-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabashi" title="Kabashi">Kabashi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015181–182_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015181–182-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berisha_(tribe)" title="Berisha (tribe)">Berisha</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015183–185_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015183–185-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Berisha-Merturi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a27_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a27-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%A7i_(tribe)" title="Thaçi (tribe)">Thaçi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015186–192_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015186–192-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_i_Zi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali i Zi (tribe)">Mali i Zi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015193–196_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015193–196-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mirdita"><a href="/wiki/Mirdita" title="Mirdita">Mirdita</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mirdita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skana (page does not exist)">Skana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibrri" title="Dibrri">Dibrri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fani_(tribe)" title="Fani (tribe)">Fani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushneni" title="Kushneni">Kushneni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshi_(tribe)" title="Oroshi (tribe)">Oroshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa%C3%A7i" title="Spaçi">Spaçi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kthella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kthella (page does not exist)">Kthella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selita_(tribe)" title="Selita (tribe)">Selita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shkodra_Lowlands_-_Zadrima_-_Lezha_Highlands">Shkodra Lowlands - <a href="/wiki/Zadrima" title="Zadrima">Zadrima</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezha</a> Highlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shkodra Lowlands - Zadrima - Lezha Highlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushati_family" title="Bushati family">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulg%C3%ABri" title="Bulgëri">Bulgëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryezezi" title="Kryezezi">Kryezezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manatia" title="Manatia">Manatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_(tribe)" title="Vela (tribe)">Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesi" title="Renesi">Renesi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mat_-_Kruja_Highlands"><a href="/wiki/Mat_(region)" title="Mat (region)">Mat</a> - <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Kruja</a> Highlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mat - Kruja Highlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Kurbini</li> <li>Ranza</li> <li>Benda</li> <li>Bushkashi</li> <li>Doçi</li> <li>Kadiu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonima_family" title="Jonima family">Jonima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progoni_family" title="Progoni family">Progoni</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Drin_Basin">Upper Drin Basin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Upper Drin Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_(region)" title="Has (region)">Hasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lum%C3%AB_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumë (region)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%AB" title="Lurë">Lura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arr%C3%ABni" title="Arrëni">Arrëni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%ABr_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibër valley">Dibra</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015223_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015223-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharr_Mountains"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Sharr Mountains</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sharr Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopa_(tribe)" title="Sopa (tribe)">Sopa</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myzeqe"><a href="/wiki/Myzeqe" title="Myzeqe">Myzeqe</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Myzeqe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myzeqe#Population" title="Myzeqe">Lalë</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labëri_and_Epirus"><span id="Lab.C3.ABri_and_Epirus"></span><a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Labëri and Epirus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beqaj_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beqaj (tribe) (page does not exist)">Beqaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bua_(tribe)" title="Bua (tribe)">Bua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%A7ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Boçari">Boçari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dang%C3%ABlli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dangëlli (page does not exist)">Dangëlli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhrako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhrako (page does not exist)">Dhrako</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xhavella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xhavella (page does not exist)">Xhavella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaskarelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaskarelli (page does not exist)">Kaskarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakasioi" title="Malakasioi">Malakasioi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazaraki">Mazaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nika_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nika (tribe) (page does not exist)">Nika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Me%C3%A7ohysaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meçohysaj (page does not exist)">Meçohysaj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantazi_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantazi (tribe) (page does not exist)">Pantazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenevisi_family" title="Zenevisi family">Zenevisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spata_family" title="Spata family">Spata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Losha" title="Peter Losha">Losha</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>Suma (part of <a href="/wiki/Gruda_(tribe)" title="Gruda (tribe)">Gruda</a> since the 15th-16th century)</li> <li>Nucullaj (now part of <a href="/wiki/Koja_e_Ku%C3%A7it" title="Koja e Kuçit">Koja</a>)</li> <li>Gorvokaj (now part of <a href="/wiki/Koja_e_Ku%C3%A7it" title="Koja e Kuçit">Koja</a>)</li> <li>Lazori (as of 1485 part of <a href="/wiki/Ku%C4%8Di" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuči">Kuçi</a>)</li> <li>Kopliku</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorpsi_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorpsi (surname)">Vorpsi (surname)</a> Tirana</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albanian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes">List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018102-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018102_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalaty2018">Galaty 2018</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalaty2002">Galaty 2002</a>, pp. 109–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillar1996316-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillar1996316_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillar1996">Villar 1996</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20121-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20121_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Rapper2012">De Rapper 2012</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011118-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011118_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalaty2011">Galaty 2011</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacker200259-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacker200259_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBacker2002">Backer 2002</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty201189-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty201189_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalaty2011">Galaty 2011</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacker200260-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBacker200260_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBacker2002">Backer 2002</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200631–32_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200633-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200633_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200634–35_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200635–36-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200635–36_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630–31_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham1928b63-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928b63_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928b63_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurham1928b">Durham 1928b</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a22-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a22_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurham1928a">Durham 1928a</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavich198381-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJelavich198381_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJelavich1983">Jelavich 1983</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011119–120-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011119–120_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011119–120_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalaty2011">Galaty 2011</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630,_34,_119-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630,_34,_119_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630,_34,_119_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 30, 34, 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200630_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120–122-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120–122_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 120–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20124-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20124_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20124_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Rapper2012">De Rapper 2012</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaser2012298-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaser2012298_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaser2012298_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaser2012">Kaser 2012</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018145-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018145_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalaty2018">Galaty 2018</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20128-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20128_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Rapper2012">De Rapper 2012</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentini195693-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentini195693_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentini1956">Valentini 1956</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentini1956142-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentini1956142_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentini1956">Valentini 1956</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurawska-Muthesius2021" class="citation book cs1">Murawska-Muthesius, Katarzyna (2021). "Mountains and Palikars". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sY8kEAAAQBAJ"><i>Imaging and Mapping Eastern Europe: Sarmatia Europea to Post-Communist Bloc</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351034401" title="Special:BookSources/9781351034401"><bdi>9781351034401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mountains+and+Palikars&rft.btitle=Imaging+and+Mapping+Eastern+Europe%3A+Sarmatia+Europea+to+Post-Communist+Bloc&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781351034401&rft.aulast=Murawska-Muthesius&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsY8kEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentini1956102,_103-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentini1956102,_103_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentini1956">Valentini 1956</a>, pp. 102, 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elezi-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elezi_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elezi_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElezi2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elezi, Ismet (2006). "Zhvillimi historik i Kanunit të Labërisë". <i>Kanuni i Labërisë</i> (in Albanian). Tirana: Botimet Toena.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zhvillimi+historik+i+Kanunit+t%C3%AB+Lab%C3%ABris%C3%AB&rft.btitle=Kanuni+i+Lab%C3%ABris%C3%AB&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=Botimet+Toena&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Elezi&rft.aufirst=Ismet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangalakova2004">Mangalakova 2004</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond1958" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a> (1958). Nutt, D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3PkT5su57UC">"The Geography of Epirus"</a>. <i>The Classical Review</i>. <b>8</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">72–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X00163887">10.1017/S0009840X00163887</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163737998">163737998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+Epirus&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009840X00163887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163737998%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.+G.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3PkT5su57UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047,_8-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047,_8_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMangalakova20047,_8_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangalakova2004">Mangalakova 2004</a>, pp. 7, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197348-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197348_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesnickaja1973">Desnickaja 1973</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalaty2011">Galaty 2011</a>, pp. 119–120:... northern Albanians' belief about their own history, based on notions of isolationism and resistance</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalaty2011">Galaty 2011</a>, pp. 119–120:... "negotiated peripherality"... the idea that people living in peripheral regions exploit their... position in important, often profitable ways... The implications and challenges of their national program.... in the Albanian Alps .. are very different from those that obtain in the south</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalaty2011">Galaty 2011</a>, pp. 119–120: "Most scholars of frontier life ...to be zones of active cultural creation. .. individuals and groups are in unique position to actively create and manipulate regional and national histories to their own advantage, ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006121-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006121_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006121_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629–30,_113-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629–30,_113_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 29–30, 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APUWAQAAMAAJ"><i>Balkanika</i></a>. Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Balkanolos̆ki Institut. 2004. p. 252<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>...новчана глоба и изгон из племена (у северној Албанији редовно је паљена кућа изгоњеном члану племена). У Албанији се најсрамотнијом казном сматрало одузимање оружја.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkanika&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Srpska+Akademija+Nauka+i+Umetnosti%2C+Balkanolos%CC%86ki+Institut&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPUWAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629–30-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629–30_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych20061,_9-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych20061,_9_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 1, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartucci201782-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartucci201782_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartucci2017">Martucci 2017</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119–120-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006119–120_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006120_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200640-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200640_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200653-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200653_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200662_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629,_120,_138-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629,_120,_138_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 29, 120, 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006113-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006113_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629,_118–121,_138,_209-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200629,_118–121,_138,_209_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 29, 118–121, 138, 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006122-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006122_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006161-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006161_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006161_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006160-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006160_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006178_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006179-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006179_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186–187_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006186_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201511-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201511_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201511_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201511_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201515–98-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201515–98_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 15–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201515–35-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201515–35_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 15–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201536–46-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201536–46_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 36–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201547–57-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201547–57_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 47–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201568–78-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201568–78_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 68–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201581–88-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201581–88_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 81–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie201558–66-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie201558–66_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 58–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015115–148-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015115–148_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 115–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015115–127-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015115–127_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 115–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015128–131-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015128–131_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 128–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015132–137-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015132–137_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 132–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015138-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015138_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015138–142-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015138–142_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 138–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015143–148-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015143–148_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 143–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015149–174-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015149–174_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 149–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015149–156-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015149–156_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 149–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015157–159-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015157–159_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 157–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015160–165-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015160–165_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 160–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015166–169-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015166–169_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 166–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015170–174-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015170–174_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 170–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015175–196-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015175–196_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 175–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a27-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a27_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham1928a27_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurham1928a">Durham 1928a</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015175–177-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015175–177_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 175–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015178–180-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015178–180_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 178–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015181–182-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015181–182_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015183–185-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015183–185_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 183–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015186–192-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015186–192_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 186–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015193–196-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015193–196_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, pp. 193–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015223-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015223_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhrens2007" class="citation book cs1">Ahrens, Geert-Hinrich (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3fLRcHYSVAC"><i>Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia</i></a>. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8557-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8557-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+on+the+Edge%3A+Containment+of+Ethnic+Conflict+and+the+Minorities+Working+Group+of+the+Conferences+on+Yugoslavia&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8557-0&rft.aulast=Ahrens&rft.aufirst=Geert-Hinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3fLRcHYSVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacker2002" class="citation book cs1">Backer, Berit (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esiweb.org/pdf/kosovo_%20backer_behind_stone_walls.pdf"><i>Behind Stone Walls: Changing household organisation among the Albanians of Kosovo</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dukagjini Balkan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1508747946" title="Special:BookSources/1508747946"><bdi>1508747946</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+Stone+Walls%3A+Changing+household+organisation+among+the+Albanians+of+Kosovo&rft.pub=Dukagjini+Balkan+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1508747946&rft.aulast=Backer&rft.aufirst=Berit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esiweb.org%2Fpdf%2Fkosovo_%2520backer_behind_stone_walls.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBardhoshi2011" class="citation book cs1">Bardhoshi, Nebi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/56212496/Gurt_e_kufinit....pdf"><i>Gurtë e kufinit</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UET Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99956-39-22-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-99956-39-22-8"><bdi>978-99956-39-22-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gurt%C3%AB+e+kufinit&rft.pub=UET+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-99956-39-22-8&rft.aulast=Bardhoshi&rft.aufirst=Nebi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F56212496%2FGurt_e_kufinit....pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Rapper2012" class="citation book cs1">De Rapper, Gilles (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400413/document">"Blood and Seed, Trunk and Hearth: Kinship and Common Origin in southern Albania"</a>. In Hemming, Andreas; Kera, Gentiana; Pandelejmoni, Enriketa (eds.). <i>Albania: Family, Society and Culture in the 20th century</i>. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643501448" title="Special:BookSources/9783643501448"><bdi>9783643501448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blood+and+Seed%2C+Trunk+and+Hearth%3A+Kinship+and+Common+Origin+in+southern+Albania&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+Family%2C+Society+and+Culture+in+the+20th+century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783643501448&rft.aulast=De+Rapper&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00400413%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesnickaja1973" class="citation journal cs1">Desnickaja, A. V. (1973). "Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology". <i>Linguistics</i>. <b>11</b> (113): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fling.1973.11.113.41">10.1515/ling.1973.11.113.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144569294">144569294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics&rft.atitle=Language+Interferences+and+Historical+Dialectology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=113&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fling.1973.11.113.41&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144569294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Desnickaja&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurham1928a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Durham" title="Edith Durham">Durham, Edith</a> (1928a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BoOAQAAMAAJ"><i>High Albania</i></a>. LO Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7035-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7035-2"><bdi>978-0-8070-7035-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Albania&rft.pub=LO+Beacon+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-7035-2&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BoOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurham1928b" class="citation book cs1">Durham, Edith (1928b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ostdok.de/id/BV020418531/ft/bsb00104125?page=1"><i>Some tribal origins, laws and customs of the Balkans</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+tribal+origins%2C+laws+and+customs+of+the+Balkans&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fostdok.de%2Fid%2FBV020418531%2Fft%2Fbsb00104125%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsie2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7380-3&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaFlGXIg8uoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsie2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2IpDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857739322" title="Special:BookSources/9780857739322"><bdi>9780857739322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribes+of+Albania%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780857739322&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2IpDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnke1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Enke, Ferdinand (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NkMAQAAMAAJ&q=dukagjin+shala"><i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft: einschliesslich der ethnologischen Rechtsforschung</i></a> (in German). Vol. 58. Germany: Akademie für Deutsches Recht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+vergleichende+Rechtswissenschaft%3A+einschliesslich+der+ethnologischen+Rechtsforschung&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Akademie+f%C3%BCr+Deutsches+Recht&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Enke&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7NkMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddukagjin%2Bshala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalaty2002" class="citation book cs1">Galaty, Michael L. (2002). "Modeling the Formation and Evolution of an Illyrian Tribal System: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analogs". In William A. Parkinson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TR8DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Archaeology of Tribal Societies</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1789201713" title="Special:BookSources/1789201713"><bdi>1789201713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+Formation+and+Evolution+of+an+Illyrian+Tribal+System%3A+Ethnographic+and+Archaeological+Analogs&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Tribal+Societies&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1789201713&rft.aulast=Galaty&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TR8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalaty2011" class="citation book cs1">Galaty, Michael L. (2011). "Blood of Our Ancestors". In Helaine Silverman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HCM93pyDhMEC"><i>Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7305-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7305-4"><bdi>978-1-4419-7305-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blood+of+Our+Ancestors&rft.btitle=Contested+Cultural+Heritage%3A+Religion%2C+Nationalism%2C+Erasure%2C+and+Exclusion+in+a+Global+World&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-7305-4&rft.aulast=Galaty&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCM93pyDhMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalaty2018" class="citation book cs1">Galaty, Michael L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SEBiDwAAQBAJ"><i>Memory and Nation Building: From Ancient Times to the Islamic State</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759122628" title="Special:BookSources/9780759122628"><bdi>9780759122628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+and+Nation+Building%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Islamic+State&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780759122628&rft.aulast=Galaty&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEBiDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGawrych2006" class="citation book cs1">Gawrych, George (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC"><i>The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913</i></a>. London: IB Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112875" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112875"><bdi>9781845112875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crescent+and+the+Eagle%3A+Ottoman+rule%2C+Islam+and+the+Albanians%2C+1874%E2%80%931913&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845112875&rft.aulast=Gawrych&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPOtzk-unJgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela"><i>History of the Balkans</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27458-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27458-6"><bdi>978-0-521-27458-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27458-6&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbalkans0000jela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaser2012" class="citation book cs1">Kaser, Karl (2012). "Pastoral Economy and Family in the Dinaric and Pindus Mountains". In Karl Kaser (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zjmzQnrfFmQC"><i>Household and Family in the Balkans: Two Decades of Historical Family Research at University of Graz</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643504067" title="Special:BookSources/9783643504067"><bdi>9783643504067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pastoral+Economy+and+Family+in+the+Dinaric+and+Pindus+Mountains&rft.btitle=Household+and+Family+in+the+Balkans%3A+Two+Decades+of+Historical+Family+Research+at+University+of+Graz&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783643504067&rft.aulast=Kaser&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzjmzQnrfFmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMertus1999" class="citation book cs1">Mertus, Julie (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kosovo00juli"><i>Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21865-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21865-9"><bdi>978-0-520-21865-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+How+Myths+and+Truths+Started+a+War&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21865-9&rft.aulast=Mertus&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkosovo00juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMangalakova2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mangalakova, Tanya (2004). "The Kanun in Present-Day Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro". <i>International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations</i>. Sofia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Centre+for+Minority+Studies+and+Intercultural+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Kanun+in+Present-Day+Albania%2C+Kosovo%2C+and+Montenegro&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mangalakova&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartucci2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martucci, Donato (2017). "Le consuetudini giuridiche albanesi tra oralità e scrittura". <i>Palaver</i> (in Italian). <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1285%2Fi22804250v6i2p73">10.1285/i22804250v6i2p73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2280-4250">2280-4250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaver&rft.atitle=Le+consuetudini+giuridiche+albanesi+tra+oralit%C3%A0+e+scrittura&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1285%2Fi22804250v6i2p73&rft.issn=2280-4250&rft.aulast=Martucci&rft.aufirst=Donato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValentini1956" class="citation book cs1">Valentini, Giuseppe (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zl8oAQAAMAAJ"><i>Il diritto delle comunità nella tradizione giuridica albanese; generalità</i></a>. Vallecchi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+diritto+delle+comunit%C3%A0+nella+tradizione+giuridica+albanese%3B+generalit%C3%A0&rft.pub=Vallecchi&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Valentini&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZl8oAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVillar1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villar, Francisco (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5NbPAAACAAJ"><i>Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa</i></a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-1787-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-1787-1"><bdi>84-249-1787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+indoeuropeos+y+los+or%C3%ADgenes+de+Europa&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=84-249-1787-1&rft.aulast=Villar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5NbPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+tribes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles634" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a><br />(1190–1385)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a><br />(1385–1912)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a><br />(1912–present)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <small><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&oldid=1281525666">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanian_tribes&oldid=1281525666</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tribes_of_Albania" title="Category:Tribes of Albania">Tribes of Albania</a></li><li><a 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