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plant</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Flowering_plant" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a 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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Flowering Plants" redirects here. For the book by G. Ledyard Stebbins, see <a href="/wiki/Flowering_Plants:_Evolution_Above_the_Species_Level" title="Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level">Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p><b>Flowering plants</b> are <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> that bear <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, and form the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <b>Angiospermae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term 'angiosperm' is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words ἀγγεῖον / <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">angeion</i></span> ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">sperma</i></span> ('seed'), meaning that the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> are enclosed within a fruit. The group was formerly called <b>Magnoliophyta</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1980_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1980-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Flowering plant<br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Early Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Valanginian" title="Valanginian">Valanginian</a>)-Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:175.32307692308px; width:44.676923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:172.68307692308px; width:47.316923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:173.68307692308px; width:45.316923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranunculus_repens_1_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/128px-Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/192px-Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/256px-Ranunculus_repens_1_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3379" data-file-height="2681"></a></span></div><div>Terrestrial: <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">buttercup</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg/126px-Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg/189px-Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg/252px-Nymphaea_alba_flower-and-leaves-DSC_3326w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="2393"></a></span></div><div>Aquatic: <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water lily</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg/127px-Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg/191px-Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg/254px-Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></a></span></div><div>Wind-pollinated: <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg/127px-Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg/191px-Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg/254px-Apple_blossom._Eastern_Siberia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"></a></span></div><div>Insect-pollinated: <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">apple</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quercus_robur_4_RF_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg/191px-Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg/254px-Quercus_robur_4_RF_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="891"></a></span></div><div>Tree: <a href="/wiki/Quercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus">oak</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg/127px-Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg/191px-Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg/254px-Orchis_simia_Saarland_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></a></span></div><div>Forb: <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchid</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div>Diversity of angiosperms</div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Angiosperms" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant">Spermatophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Groups (APG IV)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Core_angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Core angiosperms">Core angiosperms</a> </p> <ul><li>Clades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Anthophyta <small>Cronquist</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1960_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1960-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Angiospermae <small><a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindl.</a></small></li> <li>Magnoliophyta <small><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Cronquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur J. Cronquist">Cronquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takht." class="mw-redirect" title="Takht.">Takht.</a> & <a href="/wiki/W.Zimm." class="mw-redirect" title="W.Zimm.">W.Zimm.</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Magnolicae <small>Takht.</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>Angiosperms are by far the most diverse group of <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a> with 64 <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>, 416 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, approximately 13,000 known <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> and 300,000 known <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include all <a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forbs</a> (flowering plants without a <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">woody</a> <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a> and grass-like plants, a vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Broad-leaved_tree" title="Broad-leaved tree">broad-leaved trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a>. Angiosperms are distinguished from the other major <a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant">seed plant</a> clade, the <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>, by having <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Vessel_element" title="Vessel element">vessel elements</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Tracheids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheids">tracheids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from the common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, over 300 million years ago. In the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, angiosperms <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_Terrestrial_Revolution" title="Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution">diversified explosively</a>, becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> feed. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> provide half of the world's <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple</a> <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> intake, and all three plants are <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide important industrial <a href="/wiki/Plant_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant product">plant products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and supply numerous ingredients for <a href="/wiki/Beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage">beverages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar production">sugar production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a>. Flowering plants are also commonly grown for <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">decorative purposes</a>, with certain flowers playing significant cultural roles in many societies. </p><p>Out of the "Big Five" <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a> in Earth's history, only the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a> had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a> affects all <a href="/wiki/Kingdoms_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdoms of life">kingdoms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Complex_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex life">complex life</a> on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild (<i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>), or failing that, <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">ex situ</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">seed banks</a> or artificial habitats like <a href="/wiki/Botanic_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanic garden">botanic gardens</a>. Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> due to human actions such as <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, introduction of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, unsustainable <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_clearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Land clearing">land clearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overharvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overharvesting">overharvesting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">medicinal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a>. Further, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> is <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">starting to impact plants</a> and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Distinguishing_features"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Distinguishing features</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Diversity"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Diversity</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ecological_diversity"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ecological diversity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Taxonomic_diversity"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomic diversity</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Evolution"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Evolution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#History_of_classification"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">History of classification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Phylogeny"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Phylogeny</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#External"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">External</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Internal"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Internal</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Fossil_history"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fossil history</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Reproduction"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reproduction</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Flowers"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Flowers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Fertilisation_and_embryogenesis"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fertilisation and embryogenesis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Fruit_and_seed"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fruit and seed</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sexual_selection"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sexual selection</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Adaptive_function_of_flowers"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Adaptive function of flowers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Practical_uses"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Practical uses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Cultural_uses"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural uses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Conservation"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Conservation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Articles,_books_and_chapters"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles, books and chapters</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Websites"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Websites</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Distinguishing_features">Distinguishing features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distinguishing features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. They differ from other <a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">seed plants</a> in several ways. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Feature</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive organ">reproductive organs</a> of flowering plants, not found in any other <a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daffodil_flower_in_section,_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Daffodil_flower_in_section%2C_labelled.svg/220px-Daffodil_flower_in_section%2C_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="388"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Daffodil_flower_in_section%2C_labelled.svg/220px-Daffodil_flower_in_section%2C_labelled.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Daffodil_flower_in_section%2C_labelled.svg/330px-Daffodil_flower_in_section%2C_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Daffodil_flower_in_section%2C_labelled.svg/440px-Daffodil_flower_in_section%2C_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)" title="Narcissus (plant)">Narcissus</a></i> flower in section. <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a> are replaced here by a fused tube, the corona, and tepals.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reduced <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte#Seed_plants" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> in male, seven cells with eight nuclei in female (except for basal angiosperms)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The gametophytes are smaller than those of gymnosperms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smaller size of the <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> reduces the time between pollination and <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>, which in gymnosperms is up to a year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angiosperm_embryo_sac_with_female_gametophyte.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Angiosperm_embryo_sac_with_female_gametophyte.JPG/220px-Angiosperm_embryo_sac_with_female_gametophyte.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="605"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Angiosperm_embryo_sac_with_female_gametophyte.JPG/220px-Angiosperm_embryo_sac_with_female_gametophyte.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Angiosperm_embryo_sac_with_female_gametophyte.JPG/330px-Angiosperm_embryo_sac_with_female_gametophyte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Angiosperm_embryo_sac_with_female_gametophyte.JPG/440px-Angiosperm_embryo_sac_with_female_gametophyte.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Embryo_sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryo sac">Embryo sac</a> is a reduced female <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a>.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></td> <td>Endosperm forms after fertilization but before the <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> divides. It provides food for the developing <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a>, and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Closed <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a> enclosing the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a>.</td> <td>Once the ovules are fertilised, the carpels, often with surrounding tissues, develop into fruits. Gymnosperms have unenclosed seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alternating_peas_in_peapod_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alternating_peas_in_peapod_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alternating_peas_in_peapod_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1923"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alternating_peas_in_peapod_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alternating_peas_in_peapod_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alternating_peas_in_peapod_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alternating_peas_in_peapod_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alternating_peas_in_peapod_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Alternating_peas_in_peapod_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Peas (seeds, from ovules) inside pod (fruit, from fertilised carpel).</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Vessel_element" title="Vessel element">vessel elements</a></td> <td>Open vessel elements are stacked end to end to form continuous tubes, whereas gymnosperm xylem is made of tapered <a href="/wiki/Tracheids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheids">tracheids</a> connected by small <a href="/wiki/Pit_(botany)" title="Pit (botany)">pits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbaceous_Dicot_Stem_Xylem_Vessels_Cucurbita_(35463815631).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Herbaceous_Dicot_Stem_Xylem_Vessels_Cucurbita_%2835463815631%29.jpg/220px-Herbaceous_Dicot_Stem_Xylem_Vessels_Cucurbita_%2835463815631%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Herbaceous_Dicot_Stem_Xylem_Vessels_Cucurbita_%2835463815631%29.jpg/220px-Herbaceous_Dicot_Stem_Xylem_Vessels_Cucurbita_%2835463815631%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Herbaceous_Dicot_Stem_Xylem_Vessels_Cucurbita_%2835463815631%29.jpg/330px-Herbaceous_Dicot_Stem_Xylem_Vessels_Cucurbita_%2835463815631%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Herbaceous_Dicot_Stem_Xylem_Vessels_Cucurbita_%2835463815631%29.jpg/440px-Herbaceous_Dicot_Stem_Xylem_Vessels_Cucurbita_%2835463815631%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a> vessels (long tubes).</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diversity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_diversity">Ecological diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecological diversity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Largest and smallest</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MountainAshWithCars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eucalyptus regnans, a tree almost 100 m tall"><noscript><img alt="Eucalyptus regnans, a tree almost 100 m tall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MountainAshWithCars.jpg/169px-MountainAshWithCars.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 169px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MountainAshWithCars.jpg/169px-MountainAshWithCars.jpg" data-alt="Eucalyptus regnans, a tree almost 100 m tall" data-width="169" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MountainAshWithCars.jpg/253px-MountainAshWithCars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MountainAshWithCars.jpg/337px-MountainAshWithCars.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_regnans" title="Eucalyptus regnans">Eucalyptus regnans</a></i>,<br>a tree almost 100 m tall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wolffia arrhiza, a rootless floating freshwater plant under 2 mm across"><noscript><img alt="Wolffia arrhiza, a rootless floating freshwater plant under 2 mm across" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg/225px-WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg/225px-WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg" data-alt="Wolffia arrhiza, a rootless floating freshwater plant under 2 mm across" data-width="225" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg/338px-WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg/450px-WolffiaArrhiza2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Wolffia_arrhiza" title="Wolffia arrhiza">Wolffia arrhiza</a></i>, a rootless floating freshwater plant under 2 mm across</div> </li> </ul> <p>The largest angiosperms are <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i> gum trees of Australia, and <i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_faguetiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorea faguetiana">Shorea faguetiana</a></i>, dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smallest are <i><a href="/wiki/Wolffia" title="Wolffia">Wolffia</a></i> duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Photosynthetic and parasitic</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunlight_on_a_gunnera_leaf,_%27Quarry_Garden%27,_Belsay_estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1384733.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gunnera captures sunlight for photosynthesis over the large surfaces of its leaves, which are supported by strong veins."><noscript><img alt="Gunnera captures sunlight for photosynthesis over the large surfaces of its leaves, which are supported by strong veins." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sunlight_on_a_gunnera_leaf%2C_%27Quarry_Garden%27%2C_Belsay_estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1384733.jpg/225px-Sunlight_on_a_gunnera_leaf%2C_%27Quarry_Garden%27%2C_Belsay_estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1384733.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sunlight_on_a_gunnera_leaf%2C_%27Quarry_Garden%27%2C_Belsay_estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1384733.jpg/225px-Sunlight_on_a_gunnera_leaf%2C_%27Quarry_Garden%27%2C_Belsay_estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1384733.jpg" data-alt="Gunnera captures sunlight for photosynthesis over the large surfaces of its leaves, which are supported by strong veins." data-width="225" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sunlight_on_a_gunnera_leaf%2C_%27Quarry_Garden%27%2C_Belsay_estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1384733.jpg/338px-Sunlight_on_a_gunnera_leaf%2C_%27Quarry_Garden%27%2C_Belsay_estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1384733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sunlight_on_a_gunnera_leaf%2C_%27Quarry_Garden%27%2C_Belsay_estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1384733.jpg/450px-Sunlight_on_a_gunnera_leaf%2C_%27Quarry_Garden%27%2C_Belsay_estate_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1384733.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Gunnera" title="Gunnera">Gunnera</a></i> captures sunlight for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> over the large surfaces of its leaves, which are supported by strong veins.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orobanche_purpurea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orobanche purpurea, a parasitic broomrape with no leaves, obtains all its food from other plants."><noscript><img alt="Orobanche purpurea, a parasitic broomrape with no leaves, obtains all its food from other plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Orobanche_purpurea.jpg/150px-Orobanche_purpurea.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2278" data-file-height="3417"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Orobanche_purpurea.jpg/150px-Orobanche_purpurea.jpg" data-alt="Orobanche purpurea, a parasitic broomrape with no leaves, obtains all its food from other plants." data-width="150" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Orobanche_purpurea.jpg/225px-Orobanche_purpurea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Orobanche_purpurea.jpg/300px-Orobanche_purpurea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Orobanche" title="Orobanche">Orobanche purpurea</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a> broomrape with no leaves, obtains all its food from other plants.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophs</a>, deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a>. The remainder are <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a>, whether <a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophy" title="Myco-heterotrophy">on fungi</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a> for part or all of their life-cycle,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">on other plants</a>, either wholly like the broomrapes, <i><a href="/wiki/Orobanche" title="Orobanche">Orobanche</a></i>, or partially like the witchweeds, <i><a href="/wiki/Striga" title="Striga">Striga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Hot, cold, wet, dry, fresh, salt</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegiea_gigantea_Saguaro_cactus_plant_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carnegiea gigantea, the saguaro cactus, grows in hot dry deserts in Mexico and the southern United States."><noscript><img alt="Carnegiea gigantea, the saguaro cactus, grows in hot dry deserts in Mexico and the southern United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carnegiea_gigantea_Saguaro_cactus_plant_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Carnegiea_gigantea_Saguaro_cactus_plant_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2677"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carnegiea_gigantea_Saguaro_cactus_plant_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Carnegiea_gigantea_Saguaro_cactus_plant_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Carnegiea gigantea, the saguaro cactus, grows in hot dry deserts in Mexico and the southern United States." data-width="225" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carnegiea_gigantea_Saguaro_cactus_plant_%28cropped%29.jpg/338px-Carnegiea_gigantea_Saguaro_cactus_plant_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Carnegiea_gigantea_Saguaro_cactus_plant_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Carnegiea_gigantea_Saguaro_cactus_plant_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Carnegiea_gigantea" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegiea gigantea">Carnegiea gigantea</a></i>, the saguaro cactus, grows in hot dry <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> in Mexico and the southern United States.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dryas_octopetala_(Colorado,_USA).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dryas octopetala, the mountain avens, lives in cold arctic and montane habitats in the far north of America and Eurasia."><noscript><img alt="Dryas octopetala, the mountain avens, lives in cold arctic and montane habitats in the far north of America and Eurasia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dryas_octopetala_%28Colorado%2C_USA%29.jpg/225px-Dryas_octopetala_%28Colorado%2C_USA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dryas_octopetala_%28Colorado%2C_USA%29.jpg/225px-Dryas_octopetala_%28Colorado%2C_USA%29.jpg" data-alt="Dryas octopetala, the mountain avens, lives in cold arctic and montane habitats in the far north of America and Eurasia." data-width="225" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dryas_octopetala_%28Colorado%2C_USA%29.jpg/338px-Dryas_octopetala_%28Colorado%2C_USA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dryas_octopetala_%28Colorado%2C_USA%29.jpg/450px-Dryas_octopetala_%28Colorado%2C_USA%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Dryas_octopetala" title="Dryas octopetala">Dryas octopetala</a></i>, the mountain avens, lives in cold arctic and montane habitats in the far north of America and Eurasia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelumbo_nucifera_Gaertn._(47502598342).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nelumbo nucifera, the sacred lotus, grows in warm freshwater across tropical and subtropical Asia."><noscript><img alt="Nelumbo nucifera, the sacred lotus, grows in warm freshwater across tropical and subtropical Asia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nelumbo_nucifera_Gaertn._%2847502598342%29.jpg/225px-Nelumbo_nucifera_Gaertn._%2847502598342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nelumbo_nucifera_Gaertn._%2847502598342%29.jpg/225px-Nelumbo_nucifera_Gaertn._%2847502598342%29.jpg" data-alt="Nelumbo nucifera, the sacred lotus, grows in warm freshwater across tropical and subtropical Asia." data-width="225" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nelumbo_nucifera_Gaertn._%2847502598342%29.jpg/338px-Nelumbo_nucifera_Gaertn._%2847502598342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nelumbo_nucifera_Gaertn._%2847502598342%29.jpg/450px-Nelumbo_nucifera_Gaertn._%2847502598342%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Nelumbo nucifera</a></i>, the sacred lotus, grows in warm freshwater across tropical and subtropical Asia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zostera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zostera seagrass grows on the seabed in sheltered coastal waters."><noscript><img alt="Zostera seagrass grows on the seabed in sheltered coastal waters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zostera.jpg/225px-Zostera.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="1335"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zostera.jpg/225px-Zostera.jpg" data-alt="Zostera seagrass grows on the seabed in sheltered coastal waters." data-width="225" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zostera.jpg/338px-Zostera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Zostera.jpg/450px-Zostera.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Zostera" title="Zostera">Zostera</a></i> seagrass grows on the seabed in sheltered coastal waters.</div> </li> </ul> <p>In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coniferous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous forest">coniferous forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a> grow in marine environments, spreading with <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Acid, alkaline</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drosera_anglica_ne2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drosera anglica, a sundew, lives in nutrient-poor acid bogs, deriving nutrients from trapped insects.[22]"><noscript><img alt="Drosera anglica, a sundew, lives in nutrient-poor acid bogs, deriving nutrients from trapped insects.[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Drosera_anglica_ne2.jpg/225px-Drosera_anglica_ne2.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Drosera_anglica_ne2.jpg/225px-Drosera_anglica_ne2.jpg" data-alt="Drosera anglica, a sundew, lives in nutrient-poor acid bogs, deriving nutrients from trapped insects.[22]" data-width="225" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Drosera_anglica_ne2.jpg/338px-Drosera_anglica_ne2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Drosera_anglica_ne2.jpg/450px-Drosera_anglica_ne2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Drosera_anglica" title="Drosera anglica">Drosera anglica</a></i>, a sundew, lives in nutrient-poor acid <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">deriving nutrients from trapped insects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karlsson-1992_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karlsson-1992-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentiana_verna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gentiana verna, the spring gentian, flourishes in dry limestone habitats.[23]"><noscript><img alt="Gentiana verna, the spring gentian, flourishes in dry limestone habitats.[23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gentiana_verna.jpg/225px-Gentiana_verna.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gentiana_verna.jpg/225px-Gentiana_verna.jpg" data-alt="Gentiana verna, the spring gentian, flourishes in dry limestone habitats.[23]" data-width="225" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gentiana_verna.jpg/338px-Gentiana_verna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gentiana_verna.jpg/450px-Gentiana_verna.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Gentiana_verna" title="Gentiana verna">Gentiana verna</a></i>, the spring gentian, flourishes in dry limestone habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-Pardoe-1995_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardoe-1995-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The <a href="/wiki/Sundew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundew">sundews</a>, many of which live in nutrient-poor acid <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous plants</a>, able to derive nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> from the bodies of trapped insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Karlsson-1992_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karlsson-1992-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other flowers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gentiana_verna" title="Gentiana verna">Gentiana verna</a></i>, the spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, which give rise to often dry <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone_pavement" title="Limestone pavement">limestone pavement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pardoe-1995_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardoe-1995-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Herbaceous, woody, climbing</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GT_Herb_Robert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geranium robertianum, herb-Robert, is an annual or biennial herb of Europe and North America."><noscript><img alt="Geranium robertianum, herb-Robert, is an annual or biennial herb of Europe and North America." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GT_Herb_Robert.jpg/169px-GT_Herb_Robert.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 169px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GT_Herb_Robert.jpg/169px-GT_Herb_Robert.jpg" data-alt="Geranium robertianum, herb-Robert, is an annual or biennial herb of Europe and North America." data-width="169" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GT_Herb_Robert.jpg/253px-GT_Herb_Robert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GT_Herb_Robert.jpg/337px-GT_Herb_Robert.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Geranium_robertianum" title="Geranium robertianum">Geranium robertianum</a></i>, herb-Robert, is an annual or <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial</a> herb of Europe and North America.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betula_pendula_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Betula pendula, the silver birch, is a perennial deciduous tree of Eurasia."><noscript><img alt="Betula pendula, the silver birch, is a perennial deciduous tree of Eurasia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/168px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="3444"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 168px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/168px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg" data-alt="Betula pendula, the silver birch, is a perennial deciduous tree of Eurasia." data-width="168" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/253px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/336px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">Betula pendula</a></i>, the silver birch, is a perennial <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> tree of Eurasia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lianas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lianas Austrosteenisia, Parsonsia, and Sarcopetalum climbing trees in Australia"><noscript><img alt="Lianas Austrosteenisia, Parsonsia, and Sarcopetalum climbing trees in Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/169px-Lianas.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 169px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/169px-Lianas.jpg" data-alt="Lianas Austrosteenisia, Parsonsia, and Sarcopetalum climbing trees in Australia" data-width="169" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/253px-Lianas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lianas.jpg/337px-Lianas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Austrosteenisia" title="Austrosteenisia">Austrosteenisia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parsonsia" title="Parsonsia">Parsonsia</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sarcopetalum" title="Sarcopetalum">Sarcopetalum</a></i> climbing trees in Australia</div> </li> </ul> <p>As for their <a href="/wiki/Growth_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth habit">growth habit</a>, the flowering plants range from small, soft <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plants</a>, often living as <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biennials" class="mw-redirect" title="Biennials">biennials</a> that set seed and die after one growing season,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to large <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> woody <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by <a href="/wiki/Climbing_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing plant">climbing</a> on other plants in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">lianas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomic_diversity">Taxonomic diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taxonomic diversity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compares to around 12,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 11,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">pteridophytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">APG system</a> seeks to determine the number of <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, mostly by <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetics</a>. In the 2009 <a href="/wiki/APG_III" class="mw-redirect" title="APG III">APG III</a> there were 415 families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2016 <a href="/wiki/APG_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="APG IV">APG IV</a> added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, for a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families. The 25 most species-rich of 443 families,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>The 25 largest angiosperm families </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Group</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></th> <th>English name</th> <th>No. of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">spp.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> or Compositae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellis_perennis" title="Bellis perennis">daisy</a></td> <td>22,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monocot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchid</a></td> <td>21,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> or Leguminosae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a></td> <td>19,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">madder</a></td> <td>13,150 <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monocot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> or Gramineae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a></td> <td>10,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a> or Labiatae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a></td> <td>7,175 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spurge" class="mw-redirect" title="Spurge">spurge</a></td> <td>5,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melastoma" title="Melastoma">melastome</a></td> <td>5,005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myrtus" title="Myrtus">myrtle</a></td> <td>4,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dogbane" title="Dogbane">dogbane</a></td> <td>4,555 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monocot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedge">sedge</a></td> <td>4,350 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malva" title="Malva">mallow</a></td> <td>4,225 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monocot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arum" title="Arum">arum</a></td> <td>4,025 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erica_(plant)" title="Erica (plant)">heath</a></td> <td>3,995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gesneria" title="Gesneria">gesneriad</a></td> <td>3,870 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a> or Umbelliferae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a></td> <td>3,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> or Cruciferae</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a></td> <td>3,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnoliid dicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piper_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper (genus)">pepper</a></td> <td>3,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monocot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromelia" title="Bromelia">bromeliad</a></td> <td>3,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(plant)" title="Acanthus (plant)">acanthus</a></td> <td>3,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a></td> <td>2,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">borage</a></td> <td>2,740 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">nettle</a></td> <td>2,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eudicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buttercup" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttercup">buttercup</a></td> <td>2,525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnoliid dicot</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurus" title="Laurus">laurel</a></td> <td>2,500 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg/170px-Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2968"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg/170px-Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg/255px-Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg/340px-Ehret-Methodus_Plantarum_Sexualis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>From 1736, an illustration of Linnaean classification</figcaption></figure> <p>The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">angeíon</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀγγεῖον">ἀγγεῖον</a></span> 'bottle, vessel') and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">spérma</i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:σπέρμα">σπέρμα</a></span> 'seed'), was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_(botanist)" title="Paul Hermann (botanist)">Paul Hermann</a> in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle19119_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle19119-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)">Robert Brown</a>, when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buggs-2021_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buggs-2021-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1851, with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedrich_Benedikt_Hofmeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Friedrich Benedikt Hofmeister">Wilhelm Hofmeister</a>'s work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.<sup id="cite_ref-Buggs-2021_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buggs-2021-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">APG system</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2009_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> treats the flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass Magnoliidae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaseReveal2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> (APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the <a href="/wiki/APG_II_system" title="APG II system">APG II system</a> in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2003_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2003-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III system</a> in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2009_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV system</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phylogeny" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External">External</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 2019, a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogeny</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/20px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="2499"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/20px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png" data-width="20" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/30px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png/40px-WWB-0265-127-Polytrichum_formosum.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tracheophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophyte">Tracheophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/50px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="548"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 73px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/50px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg" data-width="50" data-height="73" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/75px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg/100px-Lycopodium_clavatum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-219_%28extracted%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ferns_of_Great_Britain,_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses,_pepperworts,_and_horsetails_(Pl._12)_(8516512808).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg/40px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="2528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg/40px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg" data-width="40" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg/60px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg/80px-The_ferns_of_Great_Britain%2C_and_their_allies_the_club-mosses%2C_pepperworts%2C_and_horsetails_%28Pl._12%29_%288516512808%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg/50px-Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 81px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg/50px-Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg" data-width="50" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg/75px-Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg/100px-Pinus_montesumae_tab22_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">conifers and allies </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Angiosperms</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/50px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="749"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/50px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg" data-width="50" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/75px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg/100px-160_Ranunculus_repens.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><b>flowering plants</b> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">seed plants </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">vascular plants </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">land plants </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal">Internal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The main groups of living angiosperms are:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="0" style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b> Angiosperms </b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid red;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amborella_trichopoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/70px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 53px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/70px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg" data-width="70" data-height="53" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/105px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/140px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> 1 sp. <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> shrub </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg/70px-2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 47px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg/70px-2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg" data-width="70" data-height="47" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg/105px-2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg/140px-2007_nymphaea_lotus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> c. 80 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water lilies</a> & allies </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:2px solid red;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg/70px-Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="394"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 53px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg/70px-Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg" data-width="70" data-height="53" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg/105px-Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg/140px-Schisandra_rubriflora.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> c. 100 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> woody plants </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid green;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg/70px-Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 53px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg/70px-Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg" data-width="70" data-height="53" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg/105px-Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg/140px-Magnolia_obovata_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> c. 10,000 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Merosity" title="Merosity">3-part</a> flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg/70px-Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 52px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg/70px-Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg" data-width="70" data-height="52" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg/105px-Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg/140px-Sarcandra_glabra2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> 77 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woody, apetalous </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/45px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/45px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg" data-width="45" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/68px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/90px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> c. 70,000 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3-part flowers, 1 <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledon</a>, 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/70px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="51" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 51px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/70px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg" data-width="70" data-height="51" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/105px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/140px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> c. 6 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:2px solid green;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg/70px-Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 70px;height: 47px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg/70px-Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg" data-width="70" data-height="47" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg/105px-Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg/140px-Senecio_angulatus_003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> c. 175,000 spp.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2004_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative;margin-top:0.742em;height:42.4em;width:0em"> <div style="position:absolute;top:6.48em;color:black;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;top:27.68em;color:black;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Core_angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Core angiosperms">Core angiosperms</a></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%; border:solid 1px #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#F0F2F5">Detailed <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">Cladogram</a> of the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> (APG) IV classification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Angiosperms</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a> <small>Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a> <small>Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a> <small>Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Mesangiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesangiosperms">Mesangiosperms</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a> <small>Mart. 1835</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a> <small>Cronquist 1957</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a> <small>von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a> <small>Link 1835</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a> <small>Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a> <small>Takhtajan 1997</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a> <small>Brown 1835</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a> <small>Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a> <small>Perleb 1826</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> <small>Link 1829</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a> <small>Bromhead 1840</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> <small>Small 1903</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a> <small>Grisebach 1854</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a> <small>de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a> <small>Link 1829</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a> <small>Takhtajan ex Cronquist 1981</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a> <small>Takhtajan ex Reveal 1996</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Core_eudicots" class="mw-redirect" title="Core eudicots">Core eudicots</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a> <small>Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a> <small>de Candolle ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a> <small>von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Fabids </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a> <small>Link 1829</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a> <small>Link 1829</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a> <small>von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a> <small>Bromhead 1838</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a> <small>von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a> <small>Engler 1892</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(eurosids I) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Malvids </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a> <small>Takhtajan ex Reveal 1993</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a> <small>Bromhead 1838</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(eurosids II) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a> <small>Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a> <small>Link 1829</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a> <small>von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Lamiids </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a> <small>Van Tieghem 1900</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a> <small>Takhtajan 1997</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a> <small>Mart. 1835</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a> <small>Doweld 2001</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a> <small>Bromhead 1838</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(euasterids I) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Campanulids </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a> <small>Senft 1856</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a> <small>Mart. 1835</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a> <small>Link 1829</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a> <small>Dumortier 1829</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a> <small>Nakai 1930</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a> <small>Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a> <small>de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(euasterids II) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2024, Alexandre R. Zuntini and colleagues constructed a tree of some 6,000 flowering plant genera, representing some 60% of the existing genera, on the basis of analysis of 353 nuclear genes in each specimen. Much of the existing phylogeny is confirmed; the <a href="/wiki/Rosidae" title="Rosidae">rosid</a> phylogeny is revised.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuntini-2024_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuntini-2024-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tree_of_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_2024.jpg/660px-Tree_of_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="666" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1293"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 660px;height: 666px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tree_of_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_2024.jpg/660px-Tree_of_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_2024.jpg" data-width="660" data-height="666" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tree_of_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_2024.jpg/990px-Tree_of_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Tree_of_Angiosperm_Phylogeny_2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Tree of Angiosperm Phylogeny 2024</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_history">Fossil history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fossil history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_history_of_flowering_plants" title="Fossil history of flowering plants">Fossil history of flowering plants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagaria_cilentana_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Sagaria_cilentana_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> created many flowering plants, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sagaria" title="Sagaria">Sagaria</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fossilised <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> suggest that land plants (<a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophytes</a>) have existed for at least 475 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, angiosperms <a href="/wiki/Abominable_mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abominable mystery">appear suddenly</a> and in great diversity in the fossil record in the Early Cretaceous (~130 mya).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claimed records of flowering plants prior to this are not widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecular evidence suggests that the ancestors of angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms during the late <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, about 365 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin time of the crown group of flowering plants remains contentious.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the Late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have dominated environments formerly occupied by <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>. Large canopy-forming trees replaced <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> as the dominant trees close to the end of the Cretaceous, 66 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radiation of herbaceous angiosperms occurred much later.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reproduction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flowers">Flowers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flowers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Plant reproductive morphology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg/440px-Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="506" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="575"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 506px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg/440px-Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg.png" data-width="440" data-height="506" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg/660px-Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg/880px-Angiosperm_life_cycle_diagram-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Angiosperm <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">reproductive parts</a> and life cycle</figcaption></figure> <p>The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Its function is to ensure <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a> and development of <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may arise terminally on a shoot or from the <a href="/wiki/Axil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axil">axil</a> of a leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flower-bearing part of the plant is usually sharply distinguished from the leaf-bearing part, and forms a branch-system called an <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flowers produce two kinds of reproductive cells. <a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspores</a>, which divide to become <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen grains</a>, are the male cells; they are borne in the <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salisbury-1970_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salisbury-1970-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female cells, <a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">megaspores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megagametogenesis" title="Megagametogenesis">divide to become the egg cell</a>. They are contained in the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a> and enclosed in the <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a>; one or more carpels form the <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salisbury-1970_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salisbury-1970-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flower may consist only of these parts, as in <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">wind-pollinated</a> plants like the <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>, where each flower comprises only a few <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> or two carpels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfourRendle191110-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">insect-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ornithophily" title="Ornithophily">bird-pollinated</a> plants, other structures protect the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">sporophylls</a> and attract pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepals</a> in flowers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a></i> where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other). The outer series (calyx of sepals) is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, especially the bud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_CraeneP.20107_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_CraeneP.20107-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED._Mauseth2016225_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Mauseth2016225-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner series (corolla of petals) is, in general, white or brightly colored, is more delicate in structure, and attracts pollinators by colour, <a href="/wiki/Floral_scent" title="Floral scent">scent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_CraeneP.20108_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_CraeneP.20108-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED._Mauseth2016226_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED._Mauseth2016226-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most flowers are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite#Plants" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditic</a>, producing both pollen and ovules in the same flower, but some use other devices to reduce self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have carpels and stamens of differing lengths, so animal <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> cannot easily transfer pollen between them. Homomorphic flowers may use a biochemical <a href="/wiki/Self-incompatibility_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-incompatibility in plants">self-incompatibility</a> to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains. <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">Dioecious</a> plants such as <a href="/wiki/Holly" title="Holly">holly</a> have male and female flowers on separate plants.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">Monoecious</a> plants have separate male and female flowers on the same plant; these are often wind-pollinated,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but include some insect-pollinated plants such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">Cucurbita</a></i> squashes.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilisation_and_embryogenesis">Fertilisation and embryogenesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fertilisation and embryogenesis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">Fertilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant embryogenesis">Plant embryogenesis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a> requires two sperm cells to fertilise cells in the ovule. A <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> grain sticks to the stigma at the top of the pistil, germinates, and grows a long <a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tube</a>. A haploid generative cell travels down the tube behind the tube nucleus. The generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two haploid (<i>n</i>) sperm cells. The pollen tube grows from the stigma, down the style and into the ovary. When it reaches the micropyle of the ovule, it digests its way into one of the synergids, releasing its contents including the sperm cells. The synergid that the cells were released into degenerates; one sperm makes its way to fertilise the egg cell, producing a diploid (2<i>n</i>) zygote. The second sperm cell fuses with both central cell nuclei, producing a triploid (3<i>n</i>) cell. The zygote develops into an embryo; the triploid cell develops into the endosperm, the embryo's food supply. The ovary develops into a fruit. and each ovule into a seed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit_and_seed">Fruit and seed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fruit and seed" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg/220px-Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg/220px-Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg/330px-Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg/440px-Aesculus_hippocastanum_fruit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Aesculus_hippocastanum" title="Aesculus hippocastanum">horse chestnut</a> tree, showing the large seed inside the fruit, which is <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehiscing or splitting open</a>. </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a></div> <p>As the embryo and endosperm develop, the wall of the embryo sac enlarges and combines with the <a href="/wiki/Nucellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucellus">nucellus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a> to form the <i>seed coat</i>. The ovary wall develops to form the fruit or <a href="/wiki/Pericarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericarp">pericarp</a>, whose form is closely associated with type of seed dispersal system.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other parts of the flower often contribute to forming the fruit. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">hypanthium</a> forms the edible flesh, surrounding the ovaries which form the tough cases around the seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">Apomixis</a>, setting seed without fertilization, is found naturally in about 2.2% of angiosperm genera.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some angiosperms, including many <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> varieties, are able to produce fruits through a type of apomixis called <a href="/wiki/Nucellar_embryony" title="Nucellar embryony">nucellar embryony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_selection">Sexual selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sexual selection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants" title="Sexual selection in flowering plants">Sexual selection in flowering plants</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> is described as <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex. Sexual selection is a common concept in animal <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> but, with <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, it is often overlooked because many plants are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodites</a>. Flowering plants show many characteristics that are often sexually selected for. For example, flower symmetry, nectar production, floral structure, and inflorescences are just a few of the many secondary sex characteristics acted upon by sexual selection. Sexual dimorphisms and reproductive organs can also be affected by sexual selection in flowering plants.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptive_function_of_flowers">Adaptive function of flowers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adaptive function of flowers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Charles Darwin in his 1878 book The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the initial paragraph of chapter XII noted "The first and most important of the conclusions which may be drawn from the observations given in this volume, is that generally cross-fertilisation is beneficial and self-fertilisation often injurious, at least with the plants on which I experimented." <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a> emerged in plant evolution as an adaptation for the promotion of cross-<a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilisation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a>), a process that allows the masking of deleterious <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of progeny. The masking effect is known as <a href="/wiki/Complementation_(genetics)" title="Complementation (genetics)">genetic complementation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein-1985_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-1985-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This beneficial effect of cross-fertilisation on progeny is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vigour" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vigour">hybrid vigor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosis</a>. Once flowers became established in a lineage as an evolutionary adaptation to promote cross-fertilization, subsequent switching to inbreeding usually becomes disadvantageous, in large part because it allows expression of the previously masked deleterious recessive mutations, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also, <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a> in flowering plants provides a direct mechanism for <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repairing DNA</a> through genetic recombination in reproductive tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Hörandl-2024_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H%C3%B6randl-2024-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> appears to be required for maintaining long-term <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomic</a> integrity and only infrequent combinations of extrinsic and intrinsic factors permit shifts to asexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Hörandl-2024_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H%C3%B6randl-2024-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the two fundamental aspects of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, cross-fertilization (outcrossing) and meiosis appear to be maintained respectively by the advantages of genetic complementation and recombinational repair.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein-1985_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-1985-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_plants" title="Human uses of plants">Human uses of plants</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_uses">Practical uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Practical uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg/220px-Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg/220px-Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg/330px-Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg/440px-Rice_Harvest_2020_-_50248478521.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Harvesting <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> in Arkansas, 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg/220px-Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg/220px-Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg/330px-Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg/440px-Daal_after_Tadka_Pulse_Soup_India.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Food from plants: a dish of <i><a href="/wiki/Dal_tadka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal tadka">Dal tadka</a></i>, Indian lentil soup</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, which provide virtually all plant-based food and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> feed. Much of this food derives from a small number of flowering plant families.<sup id="cite_ref-Dilcher-2016_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dilcher-2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, half of the world's <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> intake is supplied by just three plants – <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Major food-providing families<sup id="cite_ref-Dilcher-2016_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dilcher-2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Family</th> <th>English</th> <th>Example foods from that family </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></td> <td>Grasses, cereals</td> <td>Most feedstocks, inc. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></td> <td>Legumes, pea family</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">Peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a>; for animal feed, <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></td> <td>Nightshade family</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aubergine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubergine">aubergines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></td> <td>Gourd family</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">Squashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></td> <td>Cabbage family</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">Cabbage</a> and its varieties, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Brussels_sprout" title="Brussels sprout">Brussels sprout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">oilseed rape</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></td> <td>Parsley family</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">Parsnip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></td> <td>Rue family<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruits</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></td> <td>Rose family<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Flowering plants provide a diverse range of materials in the form of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, fibers such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">medicines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">digoxin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, and decorative and landscaping plants. <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">hot chocolate</a> are beverages from flowering plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Dilcher-2016_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dilcher-2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_uses">Cultural uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cultural uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingfisher-iris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingfisher-iris.jpg/170px-Kingfisher-iris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingfisher-iris.jpg/170px-Kingfisher-iris.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kingfisher-iris.jpg/255px-Kingfisher-iris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Kingfisher-iris.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a>: <i>Kingfisher and iris</i> <i>kachō-e</i> woodblock print by Ohara Koson (late 19th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Both real and <a href="/wiki/Fictional_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional plants">fictitious plants</a> play a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_plants" title="List of fictional plants">roles in literature and film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flowers are the subjects of many poems by poets such as <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Huaniaohua</i></span>) is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese painting</a> that celebrates the beauty of flowering plants.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flowers have been <a href="/wiki/Language_of_flowers" title="Language of flowers">used in literature to convey meaning</a> by authors including <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flowers are used in a variety of art forms which arrange cut or living plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">ikebana</a>, and flower arranging. <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">Ornamental plants</a> have sometimes changed the course of history, as in <a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">tulipomania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many countries and regions have <a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">floral emblems</a>; a survey of 70 of these found that the most popular flowering plant family for such emblems is Orchidaceae at 15.7% (11 emblems), followed by Fabaceae at 10% (7 emblems), and Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, and Rosaceae all at 5.7% (4 emblems each).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conservation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/200px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="511"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/200px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG" data-width="200" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/300px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG/400px-Viola_calcarata20052002fleur2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Viola_calcarata" title="Viola calcarata">Viola calcarata</a></i>, a species highly vulnerable to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> has driven a range of species extinct and <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">is threatening even more today</a>. Multiple organizations such as <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a> suggest that around 40% of plant species are threatened with extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Lughadha-2020_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lughadha-2020-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority are threatened by <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a>, but activities such as logging of wild timber trees and collection of medicinal plants, or the introduction of non-native <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, also play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-BGCI-2023_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGCI-2023-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br> Relatively few plant diversity assessments currently consider <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lughadha-2020_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lughadha-2020-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet it is <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">starting to impact plants</a> as well. About 3% of flowering plants are very likely to be driven extinct within a century at 2 °C (3.6 °F) of global warming, and 10% at 3.2 °C (5.8 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In worst-case scenarios, half of all tree species may be driven extinct by climate change over that timeframe.<sup id="cite_ref-Lughadha-2020_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lughadha-2020-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Conservation in this context is the attempt to prevent extinction, whether <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> by protecting plants and their habitats in the wild, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_situ_conservation" title="Ex situ conservation">ex situ</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">seed banks</a> or as living plants.<sup id="cite_ref-BGCI-2023_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGCI-2023-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 3000 <a href="/wiki/Botanic_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanic gardens">botanic gardens</a> around the world maintain living plants, including over 40% of the species known to be threatened, as an "insurance policy against extinction in the wild."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Global_Strategy_for_Plant_Conservation" title="Global Strategy for Plant Conservation">Global Strategy for Plant Conservation</a> asserts that "without plants, there is no life".<sup id="cite_ref-CBD-2023_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBD-2023-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It aims to "halt the continuing loss of plant diversity" throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-CBD-2023_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBD-2023-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPG2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPG2016_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPG2016">APG 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECronquist1960-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECronquist1960_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCronquist1960">Cronquist 1960</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReveal2011" class="citation web cs1">Reveal, James L. (2011) [or later]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827073817/https://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileM.html">"Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium – M"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileM.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indices+Nominum+Supragenericorum+Plantarum+Vascularium+%E2%80%93+M&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Reveal&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantsystematics.org%2Freveal%2Fpbio%2Ffam%2FallspgfileM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakhtajan1964_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakhtajan1964">Takhtajan 1964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley1830" class="citation book cs1">Lindley, J. 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Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 15–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-30746-2_2">10.1007/978-3-030-30746-2_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30745-5"><bdi>978-3-030-30745-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Sixth+Mass+Extinction+Crisis%27+and+Its+Impact+on+Flowering+Plants&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Chemotaxonomy&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Sustainable+Development+and+Biodiversity&rft.pages=15-42&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-30746-2_2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-30745-5&rft.aulast=Shivanna&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat et al. (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter02.pdf">Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/"><i>Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 2023. pp. 197–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009325844.004">10.1017/9781009325844.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4"><bdi>978-1-009-32584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+and+Freshwater+Ecosystems+and+Their+Services&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2022+%E2%80%93+Impacts%2C+Adaptation+and+Vulnerability&rft.pages=197-378&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009325844.004&rft.isbn=978-1-009-32584-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/festival-of-plants-2020/fop-day3-conservation/plant-conservation-around-the-world/">"Plant Conservation Around the World"</a>. <i>Cambridge University Botanic Garden</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+on+Biological+Diversity&rft.atitle=Updated+Global+Strategy+for+Plant+Conservation+2011%E2%80%932020&rft.date=2023-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbd.int%2Fgspc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles,_books_and_chapters"><span id="Articles.2C_books_and_chapters"></span>Articles, books and chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Articles, books and chapters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfourRendle1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bayley_Balfour" title="Isaac Bayley Balfour">Balfour, Isaac Bayley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Barton_Rendle" title="Alfred Barton Rendle">Rendle, Alfred Barton</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Angiosperms" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angiosperms&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=9-14&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Bayley&rft.au=Rendle%2C+Alfred+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">APG</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x">"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">APG</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>161</b> (2): 105–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10654%2F18083">10654/18083</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-121&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10654%2F18083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rft.au=APG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPG2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">APG</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385">"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a></i>. <b>181</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fboj.12385">10.1111/boj.12385</a></span>.</cite><span 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"The Taxa of the Higher Plants above the Rank of Order". <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon_(journal)" title="Taxon (journal)">Taxon</a></i>. <b>13</b> (5): 160–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1216134">10.2307/1216134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1216134">1216134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=The+Taxa+of+the+Higher+Plants+above+the+Rank+of+Order&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=160-164&rft.date=1964-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1216134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1216134%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Takhtajan&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakhtajan1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Takhtajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Takhtajan">Takhtajan, A.</a> (July–September 1980). "Outline of the Classification of Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta)". <i>Botanical Review</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 225–359. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980BotRv..46..225T">1980BotRv..46..225T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02861558">10.1007/bf02861558</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4353970">4353970</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30764910">30764910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Review&rft.atitle=Outline+of+the+Classification+of+Flowering+Plants+%28Magnoliophyta%29&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-359&rft.date=1980-07%2F1980-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02861558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30764910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4353970%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980BotRv..46..225T&rft.aulast=Takhtajan&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200517">"Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>5</b> (4956): 4956. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCo...5.4956Z">2014NatCo...5.4956Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms5956">10.1038/ncomms5956</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200517">4200517</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25249442">25249442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Resolution+of+deep+angiosperm+phylogeny+using+conserved+nuclear+genes+and+estimates+of+early+divergence+times&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4956&rft.pages=4956&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4200517%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25249442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms5956&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCo...5.4956Z&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Liping&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Qiang&rft.au=Sun%2C+Renran&rft.au=Kong%2C+Hongzhi&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ning&rft.au=Ma%2C+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4200517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Websites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Cole, Theodor C.H.; Hilger, Harmut H.; Stevens, Peter F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.fu-berlin.de/sysbot/poster/poster1.pdf">"Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Poster+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Flowering+Plant+Systematics&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Theodor+C.H.&rft.au=Hilger%2C+Harmut+H.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Peter+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologie.fu-berlin.de%2Fsysbot%2Fposter%2Fposter1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802080838/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio">"The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval"</a>. 14 December 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/angio">the original</a> on 2 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Families+of+Flowering+Plants%3A+Descriptions%2C+Illustrations%2C+Identification%2C+and+Information+Retrieval&rft.series=14+December+2000&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Dallwitz%2C+M.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologie.uni-hamburg.de%2Fb-online%2Fdelta%2Fangio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/282">"<i>Flowering plant</i>"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EFlowering+plant%3C%2Fi%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230000000000%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.eol.org%2Fpages%2F282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/21px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/21px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/42px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Flowering plant</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Angiosperms" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Angiosperms">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" class="extiw" title="b:Magnoliophyta">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" class="extiw" title="species:Magnoliophyta">Taxa</a></b> from Wikispecies</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&oldid=1258467717">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&oldid=1258467717</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Conan Wolff" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1732054838"> <span>Last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:20</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedeksadiges" title="Bedeksadiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedeksadiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD" title="ክንንብ ዘር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክንንብ ዘር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="फूल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फूल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كاسيات البذور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاسيات البذور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27avo_ipot%C3%BDva" title="Ka'avo ipotýva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'avo ipotýva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%80-%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7%C9%99kli_bitkil%C9%99r" title="Çiçəkli bitkilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çiçəkli bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entikan_masekar" title="Entikan masekar – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Entikan masekar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khui-hoe_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кветкавыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кветкавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кветкавыя расьліны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кветкавыя расьліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="फूलदार पौधा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फूलदार पौधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinanom_na_namumurak" title="Tinanom na namumurak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinanom na namumurak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Покритосеменни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Покритосеменни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsama" title="Bedecktsama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bedecktsama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvjetnica" title="Cvjetnica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cvjetnica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermes" title="Angiospermes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angiospermes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9" title="Krytosemenné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krytosemenné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhigyn_blodeuol" title="Planhigyn blodeuol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planhigyn blodeuol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A6kfr%C3%B8ede_planter" title="Dækfrøede planter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dækfrøede planter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsamer" title="Bedecktsamer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bedecktsamer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3k%C5%A1yty_semjenjak" title="Pókšyty semjenjak – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pókšyty semjenjak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katteseemnetaimed" title="Katteseemnetaimed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katteseemnetaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αγγειόσπερμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγειόσπερμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermoj" title="Angiospermoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angiospermoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landare_loredun" title="Landare loredun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landare loredun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گیاهان گل‌دار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاهان گل‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiospermas" title="Anxiospermas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anxiospermas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8D%EC%94%A8%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="속씨식물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="속씨식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="सपुष्पक पौधा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सपुष्पक पौधा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosymjenjak" title="Krytosymjenjak – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Krytosymjenjak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Kritosjemenjače – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kritosjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermi" title="Angiospermi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Angiospermi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula_nga_agsabsabong" title="Mula nga agsabsabong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mula nga agsabsabong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan berbunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulfr%C3%A6vingar" title="Dulfrævingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dulfrævingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי פרחים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי פרחים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96_%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гүлді өсімдіктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гүлді өсімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjyosp%C3%A8m" title="Anjyospèm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anjyospèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwek%C3%AAn_kul%C3%AElkdar" title="Riwekên kulîlkdar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riwekên kulîlkdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жабык уруктуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жабык уруктуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segs%C4%93k%C4%BCi" title="Segsēkļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Segsēkļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9ieplanzen" title="Bléieplanzen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bléieplanzen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolij%C5%ABnai" title="Magnolijūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnolijūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C3%A8kz%C3%A4%C3%B6jige" title="Bedèkzäöjige – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bedèkzäöjige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantas_florinte" title="Plantas florinte – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Plantas florinte" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rvaterm%C5%91k" title="Zárvatermők – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zárvatermők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Скриеносеменици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скриеносеменици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="സപുഷ്പി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സപുഷ്പി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tumbuhan berbunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цэцэгт ургамал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цэцэгт ургамал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teconxinachtli" title="Teconxinachtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teconxinachtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bedektzadigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloosenplaanten" title="Bloosenplaanten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bloosenplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomsterplanter" title="Blomsterplanter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blomsterplanter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekkfr%C3%B8plantar" title="Dekkfrøplantar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dekkfrøplantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A7%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqiltoota_Daraaraa" title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulli_o%CA%BBsimliklar" title="Gulli oʻsimliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gulli oʻsimliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8F%DA%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%92" title="پُھل دار بوٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پُھل دار بوٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C" title="ګل لرونکی بوټی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګل لرونکی بوټی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todecktsadige" title="Todecktsadige – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Todecktsadige" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrytonasienne" title="Okrytonasienne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okrytonasienne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatasqa_muruyuq" title="Qatasqa muruyuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qatasqa muruyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цветковые растения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветковые растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flouerin_plant" title="Flouerin plant – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Flouerin plant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bim%C3%ABt_me_lule" title="Bimët me lule – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bimët me lule" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A" title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flowering plant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Krytosemenné rastliny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krytosemenné rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosemenke" title="Kritosemenke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kritosemenke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhirta_ubaxa" title="Dhirta ubaxa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhirta ubaxa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Скривеносеменице – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скривеносеменице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivenosjemenice" title="Skrivenosjemenice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skrivenosjemenice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_kembangan" title="Tutuwuhan kembangan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan kembangan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppisiemeniset" title="Koppisiemeniset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koppisiemeniset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomv%C3%A4xter" title="Blomväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blomväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang_namumulaklak" title="Halamang namumulaklak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang namumulaklak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பூக்கும் தாவரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூக்கும் தாவரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timesdurifsan" title="Timesdurifsan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timesdurifsan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%99%D1%87%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆవృతబీజాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవృతబీజాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="พืชดอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืชดอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBakau_matala" title="ʻakau matala – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻakau matala" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular" title="Kapalı tohumlular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapalı tohumlular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Покритонасінні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Покритонасінні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%92" title="پھولدار پودے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھولدار پودے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katesemni%C5%BEed" title="Katesemnižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Katesemnižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_hoa" title="Thực vật có hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật có hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzoadign" title="Bedektzoadign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bedektzoadign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namumukad_nga_tanaman" title="Namumukad nga tanaman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Namumukad nga tanaman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9F" title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%97id%C4%97n%C4%93_augal%C4%81" title="Žėidėnē augalā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žėidėnē augalā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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