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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions_on_Hamas-led_PA_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_on_Hamas-led_PA_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Sanctions on Hamas-led PA governments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_on_Hamas-led_PA_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2007_–_January_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2007_–_January_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 June 2007 – January 2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2007_–_January_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January_2008_breach_of_the_Gaza-Egypt_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_2008_breach_of_the_Gaza-Egypt_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 January 2008 breach of the Gaza-Egypt border </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_2008_breach_of_the_Gaza-Egypt_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2008_attempt_at_easing_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2008_attempt_at_easing_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 June 2008 attempt at easing restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2008_attempt_at_easing_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008–2009_Gaza_war_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008–2009_Gaza_war_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 2008–2009 Gaza war and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008–2009_Gaza_war_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-February_2009_Hamas-UNRWA_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#February_2009_Hamas-UNRWA_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 February 2009 Hamas-UNRWA incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February_2009_Hamas-UNRWA_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010–2011_freedom_flotillas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010–2011_freedom_flotillas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 2010–2011 freedom flotillas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010–2011_freedom_flotillas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-June_2010_easing_of_the_blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2010_easing_of_the_blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 June 2010 easing of the blockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2010_easing_of_the_blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_response_to_easing_of_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response_to_easing_of_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 International response to easing of restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_response_to_easing_of_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_blockade_policy_by_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_blockade_policy_by_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 New blockade policy by Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_blockade_policy_by_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lieberman_Proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lieberman_Proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 Lieberman Proposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lieberman_Proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_impact_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_impact_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.4 Humanitarian impact assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_impact_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_easing_(2011–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_easing_(2011–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Further easing (2011–2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_easing_(2011–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_2023_Israeli_blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_2023_Israeli_blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 October 2023 Israeli blockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_2023_Israeli_blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.1 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10.2 Famine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Border crossings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Military impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Socioeconomic impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Socioeconomic_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Socioeconomic impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_turning_Gaza_into_an_"open-air_prison"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_turning_Gaza_into_an_"open-air_prison""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Role in turning Gaza into an "open-air prison" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_turning_Gaza_into_an_"open-air_prison"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Economic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_of_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_of_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Movement of people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_of_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Land blockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goods_blocked" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goods_blocked"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Goods blocked </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goods_blocked-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunnels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunnels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Tunnels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunnels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buffer_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buffer_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2.1 Buffer zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buffer_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_land_blockade_on_Gaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_land_blockade_on_Gaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Effects of land blockade on Gaza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_land_blockade_on_Gaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Naval blockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_the_fishing_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_the_fishing_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Effect on the fishing industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_the_fishing_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Energy restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_of_Gazan_air_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_of_Gazan_air_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Control of Gazan air space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_of_Gazan_air_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitation_of_basic_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitation_of_basic_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Limitation of basic goods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitation_of_basic_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limitation_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitation_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.1 Limitation system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitation_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality_of_the_blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality_of_the_blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legality of the blockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality_of_the_blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palestinian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Palestinian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Fatah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 The United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Humanitarian organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-governmental_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-governmental_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Non-governmental organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-governmental_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 International relief </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9" title="حصار قطاع غزة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار قطاع غزة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99zza_zola%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_blokadas%C4%B1" title="Qəzza zolağının blokadası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qəzza zolağının blokadası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok%C3%A1da_P%C3%A1sma_Gazy" title="Blokáda Pásma Gazy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blokáda Pásma Gazy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokade_af_Gazastriben" title="Blokade af Gazastriben – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blokade af Gazastriben" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza-Blockade" title="Gaza-Blockade – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaza-Blockade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9B%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αποκλεισμός της Λωρίδας της Γάζας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποκλεισμός της Λωρίδας της Γάζας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloqueo_de_la_Franja_de_Gaza" title="Bloqueo de la Franja de Gaza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bloqueo de la Franja de Gaza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokado_de_Gaza_Sektoro" title="Blokado de Gaza Sektoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blokado de Gaza Sektoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87" title="محاصره نوار غزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره نوار غزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocus_de_la_bande_de_Gaza_de_2007" title="Blocus de la bande de Gaza de 2007 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blocus de la bande de Gaza de 2007" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokade_Jalur_Gaza" title="Blokade Jalur Gaza – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Blokade Jalur Gaza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocco_della_Striscia_di_Gaza" title="Blocco della Striscia di Gaza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blocco della Striscia di Gaza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a 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Strefy Gazy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blokada Strefy Gazy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloqueio_%C3%A0_Faixa_de_Gaza" title="Bloqueio à Faixa de Gaza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bloqueio à Faixa de Gaza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocada_F%C3%A2%C8%99iei_Gaza" title="Blocada Fâșiei Gaza – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Blocada Fâșiei Gaza" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Блокада сектора Газа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блокада сектора Газа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazan_saarto" title="Gazan saarto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gazan saarto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockaden_av_Gaza" title="Blockaden av Gaza – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blockaden av Gaza" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2005–present land, sea and air blockade by Israel and Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the intensified blockade since 2023, see <a href="/wiki/Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)</a>.</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli_occupations_navbox" title="Template:Israeli occupations navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israeli_occupations_navbox" title="Template talk:Israeli occupations navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli_occupations_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli occupations navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israeli-occupied_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ongoing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Golan_Heights" title="Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights">Golan Heights occupation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Palestinian Territory">Occupied Palestinian Territory</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">West Bank occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank_areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord" title="West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Enclaves within the West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_displacement_in_East_Jerusalem" title="Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem">Displacement in East Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip occupation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaza Strip blockade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Sinai_Peninsula" title="Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Jordan_Valley" title="Annexation of the Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank">West Bank annexation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaza–Israel_conflict" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Gaza–Israel conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Gaza–Israel conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Gaza–Israel conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaza–Israel_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrikes_on_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip">Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israeli war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas war crimes</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Rafah_massacre" title="1956 Rafah massacre">1956 Rafah massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_massacre" title="Khan Yunis massacre">Khan Yunis massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Gaza cross-border raid">Gaza cross-border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict">Summer Rains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun">Autumn Clouds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_shelling_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun">2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_breach_of_the_Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border">Gaza–Egypt border breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter">Hot Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008–2009 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2010_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_clashes" title="March 2010 Israel–Gaza clashes">March 2010 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">2010 Palestinian militancy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">Southern Israel cross-border attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes">March 2012 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Gaza_War" title="2012 Gaza War">2012 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shuja%27iyya_(2014)" title="Battle of Shuja'iyya (2014)">Shuja'iyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_war_beach_bombing_incidents" title="2014 Gaza war beach bombing incidents">Beach bombing incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deif_family_killings" title="Deif family killings">Deif family killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">2018–2019 border protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">November 2018 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">May 2019 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">November 2019 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes">2022 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes">May 2023 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaza_Strip_Access_Restrictions.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gaza_Strip_Access_Restrictions.pdf/page1-300px-Gaza_Strip_Access_Restrictions.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gaza_Strip_Access_Restrictions.pdf/page1-450px-Gaza_Strip_Access_Restrictions.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gaza_Strip_Access_Restrictions.pdf/page1-600px-Gaza_Strip_Access_Restrictions.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4950" data-file-height="7085" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, with Israeli/Egyptian-controlled borders and limited fishing zone. </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257615823">.mw-parser-output .gaza-blockade{width:18.0em}.mw-parser-output .gaza-blockade .sidebar-title{padding-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .gaza-blockade .sidebar-heading{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0.55em}.mw-parser-output .gaza-blockade .sidebar-content{padding-bottom:0.6em}.mw-parser-output .gaza-blockade .sidebar-above{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .gaza-blockade .sidebar-navbar{border-top:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks gaza-blockade"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_imports" title="Gaza imports">Goods allowed or banned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_smuggling_tunnels" title="Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels">Smuggling tunnels</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crossings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafah_Border_Crossing" title="Rafah Border Crossing">Rafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_barrier" title="Gaza–Israel barrier">Gaza–Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erez_Crossing" title="Erez Crossing">Erez</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Karni_crossing" title="Karni crossing">Karni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerem_Shalom_border_crossing" title="Kerem Shalom border crossing">Kerem Shalom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 2004 - 2009</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphi_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphi Route">Philadelphi Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932007_economic_sanctions_against_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="2006–2007 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Fatah–Hamas battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_breach_of_the_Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border">Egypt–Gaza border breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Palestina" title="Viva Palestina">Viva Palestina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_3" title="Lifeline 3">Lifeline 3</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 2010</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Freedom_Flotilla" title="Gaza Freedom Flotilla">Freedom Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_of_the_Gaza_flotilla" title="List of participants of the Gaza flotilla">Participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the Gaza flotilla raid">Ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MV_Mavi_Marmara" title="MV Mavi Marmara">Mavi Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_journey_of_MV_Rachel_Corrie" title="Gaza journey of MV Rachel Corrie">Rachel Corrie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Raid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Reactions to the Gaza flotilla raid">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_assessments_of_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid">Legal assessments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkel_Commission" title="Turkel Commission">Turkel Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other convoys: <a href="/wiki/Viva_Palestina#Further_convoys_(late_2010)" title="Viva Palestina">Lifeline 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Hope" title="Road to Hope">Road to Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Boat_to_Gaza" title="Jewish Boat to Gaza">Jewish Boat to Gaza</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 2011 - present</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_II" title="Freedom Flotilla II">Freedom Flotilla II</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_of_Freedom_Flotilla_II" title="List of participants of Freedom Flotilla II">participants</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_III" title="Freedom Flotilla III">Freedom Flotilla III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Boat_to_Gaza" title="Women's Boat to Gaza">Women's Boat to Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip">Israeli "total blockade"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Gaza_freedom_flotilla" title="2024 Gaza freedom flotilla">2024 Gaza freedom flotilla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Groups involved</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_anti-Hamas_groups_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip">ISIS-linked groups</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaza_blockade" title="Template:Gaza blockade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaza_blockade" title="Template talk:Gaza blockade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaza_blockade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaza blockade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The restrictions on movement and goods in Gaza imposed by <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> date to the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> took over in 2007, Israel significantly intensified existing movement restrictions and imposed a complete <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> on the movement of goods and people in and out of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> In the same year, Egypt closed the Rafah crossing point.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The blockade's current stated aim is to prevent the smuggling of weapons into Gaza; previously stated motivations have included exerting economic pressure on Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> Human rights groups have called the blockade illegal and a form of <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a>, as it restricts the flow of essential goods, contributes to economic hardship, and limits Gazans' freedom of movement.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The blockade and its effects have led to the territory being called an "open-air prison".<a href="#cite_note-open-air_prison-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-6">[6]</a> Exit and entry into Gaza by sea or air is prohibited. There are only three crossings in and out of Gaza, two of them <a href="/wiki/Erez_Crossing" title="Erez Crossing">controlled by Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafah_Border_Crossing" title="Rafah Border Crossing">one by Egypt</a>. Israel heavily regulates Palestinians' movement through Erez, with applications considered only for a small number of laborers (less than 5% of the number considered in 2000) and for limited medical and humanitarian reasons.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Israel's military cooperation with Egypt and its control of the population registry (through which it controls who can obtain the necessary travel documents) gives it influence over movement through Rafah.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Imports are heavily restricted, with "dual use" items permitted only as part of donor projects. This includes construction material and computer equipment. Exports are also heavily restricted, with the main impediment to economic development in Gaza being Israel's ban on virtually all exports from the Strip.<a href="#cite_note-dedevelopment-9">[9]</a> Israel blockaded the Gaza Strip at various levels of intensity in 2005–2006. Israeli-imposed closures date to 1991.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 2007, after Hamas <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">seized control of the Gaza Strip</a>, Israel imposed an indefinite blockade of Gaza that remains in place, on the grounds that <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> forces had fled the Strip and were no longer able to provide security on the Palestinian side.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-15">[15]</a> Israel has said the blockade is necessary to protect itself from <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian political violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian rocket attacks">rocket attacks</a>, and to prevent <a href="/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">dual use goods</a> from entering Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-Ynet_Cabinet-16">[16]</a> Israel has been accused of violating or failing to fulfill specific obligations it has under various ceasefire agreements<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> to alleviate or lift the blockade.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> "Crossings were repeatedly shut and buffer zones were reinstated. Imports declined, exports were blocked, and fewer Gazans were given exit permits to Israel and the West Bank."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-nathanthrall-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Human rights groups, international community representatives, and legal professionals have decried the blockade as a form of <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> in contravention of international law, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a>. Rights groups have held Israel mainly responsible as the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupying power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW111-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!-29">[29]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> Israeli imposed closure on the movement of goods and people to and from Gaza dates back to 1991 when Israel cancelled the general exit permit for Palestinians in the occupied territories. This policy was initially temporary, but developed into a permanent administrative measure in March 1993 after heightened levels of violence by Palestinians inside Israel. Since then, the closure has become an institutionalized system in Gaza (and the West Bank), and has varied in intensity but never been completely lifted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016346-30">[30]</a> As the closure was coming into place, academics and diplomats were already describing it as a form of collective punishment,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> a trend that continues in more recent times.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> For example, between 1993 and 1996, total closure was imposed on the Gaza Strip for a cumulative 342 days. During periods of total closure, Israel enforced a complete ban on any movement of people or goods between Gaza and Israel, the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and foreign markets. The economic impact of these closures during 1996 alone was estimated by the World Bank as amounting to losses of almost 40% of Gaza's GNP. <a href="#cite_note-Sara_M._Roy-36">[36]</a> In 1994, Israel built the <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_barrier" title="Gaza–Israel barrier">Gaza–Israel barrier</a> as a security measure, despite this, Israeli security establishment has described the closure as having limited value against extremist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Sara_M._Roy-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Since then, there are four border crossings between Israel and the Gaza Strip through the barrier: the <a href="/wiki/Kerem_Shalom" title="Kerem Shalom">Kerem Shalom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karni_crossing" title="Karni crossing">Karni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erez_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Erez crossing">Erez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sufa,_Israel" title="Sufa, Israel">Sufa</a> crossings. All goods bound for Gaza as well as exports passing through Israel must use one of these crossings, and undergo security inspection before being permitted to enter or leave Gaza. In 2005, Israel <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">withdrew its settlers and forces</a> from the Gaza Strip, redeploying its military along the border. Following Hamas' <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">electoral victory</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">military confrontation</a> with opposing party <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> which led to Hamas taking control over all of Gaza in 2007, Israel further tightened restrictions in an attempt to exert economic pressure on Hamas. With this new tightening of restrictions, all trade was ceased and the entrance of goods was limited to a "humanitarian minimum", allowing only those good which are "essential to the survival of the civilian population".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Israeli security officials have described the ban on exports as "a political decision to separate Gaza from the West Bank" further describing it as a matter of "political-security" and a form of "economic warfare".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Additionally, starting in 2009, Egypt built an underground <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_barrier" title="Egypt–Gaza barrier">Egypt–Gaza barrier</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="Egypt–Gaza border">Egypt–Gaza border</a>. The stated aim was to block smuggling tunnels. The <a href="/wiki/Rafah_Border_Crossing" title="Rafah Border Crossing">Rafah Border Crossing</a> is the only lawful crossing point between Egypt and Gaza, and was manned by PA security forces and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Border_Assistance_Mission_Rafah" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah">European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> All humanitarian and other supplies passing through Israel or Egypt must pass through these crossings after security inspection. Until 2013, there were hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_smuggling_tunnels" title="Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels">smuggling tunnels</a> dug under the Egypt-Gaza border to smuggle goods, including fuel, into Gaza to bypass the blockade. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005–2006_blockades">2005–2006 blockades</h3></div> On 12 September 2005, the final day of the Israeli withdrawal, international politicians such as France's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Philippe Douste-Blazy</a> and Jordan's Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Marwan_Muasher" title="Marwan Muasher">Marwan Muasher</a> warned of Gaza being turned into an open-air prison.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Associated_Press_2005-44">[44]</a> Four days later, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> stated to the UN General Assembly: "It is incumbent upon Israel to turn this unilateral withdrawal into a positive step in a real way. We must quickly resolve all outstanding major issues, including the Rafah border crossing with Egypt, the airport and the seaport, as well as the establishment of a direct link between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Without this, Gaza will remain a huge prison."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Following the disengagement, human rights groups alleged that Israel frequently blockaded Gaza in order to apply pressure on the population "in response to political developments or attacks by armed groups in Gaza on Israeli civilians or soldiers".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The special envoy of the Quartet <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfensohn" title="James Wolfensohn">James Wolfensohn</a> noted that "Gaza had been effectively sealed off from the outside world since the Israeli disengagement [August–September 2005], and the humanitarian and economic consequences for the Palestinian population were profound. There were already food shortages. Palestinian workers and traders to Israel were unable to cross the border".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010422–423-47">[47]</a> On 15 January 2006, the Karni crossing – the sole point for exports of goods from Gaza – was closed completely for all kinds of exports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010433-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-un-49">[49]</a> The greenhouse project suffered a huge blow, as the harvest of high-value crops, meant to be exported for Europe via Israel, was essentially lost (with a small part of the harvest donated to local institutions).<a href="#cite_note-un-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-june-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-51">[51]</a> Moreover, closing of Karni cut off the so-far resilient textile and furniture industries in Gaza from their source of income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430-52">[52]</a> Starting February 2006, the Karni crossing was sporadically open for exports, but the amount of goods allowed to be exported was minuscule compared to the amount of goods imported<a href="#cite_note-daily-53">[53]</a> (which, in turn, barely supported Gaza's needs).<a href="#cite_note-march-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-daily-53">[53]</a> Between 1 January and 11 May, more than 12,700 tonnes of produce were harvested in Gaza's greenhouses, almost all of it destined for export; out of it, only 1,600 tonnes (less than 13%) were actually exported.<a href="#cite_note-june-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions_on_Hamas-led_PA_governments">Sanctions on Hamas-led PA governments</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">election</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Palestinian Legislative Council</a> took place on 25 January 2006, and was decisively won by <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>. The election took place during a full blockade of Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430–434-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-un-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-unfebruary-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-daily-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[note 1]</a> After the PLC was sworn in on 18 February 2006,<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> in addition to its blockade of the Gaza Strip, Israel imposed other sanctions on the PA, including <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Taxation in the State of Palestine">withholding the PA's tax revenue</a> (collected by Israel on the PA's behalf), and imposing travel restrictions on Hamas PLC members. Israel's position is that Hamas is a terrorist organisation that has vowed to destroy Israel, and is responsible for the death of hundreds of its citizens, and neither wanted to have any direct relations with the other. On 20 February, Hamas leader <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> was nominated to form a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_government_of_March_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian government of March 2006">new PA government</a>, which was sworn in on 29 March. Besides Israel's position in relation to a Hamas-led PA government, following the election, the <a href="/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">Quartet on the Middle East</a> had stated that continued aid to and dialogue with the PA under a Hamas government was conditional on Hamas agreeing to three conditions: recognition of Israel, the disavowal of violent actions, and acceptance of previous agreements between Israel and the PA, including the Oslo Accords. Haniyeh refused to accept these conditions, and the Quartet stopped all dialogue with the PA and especially any member of the Hamas government, ceased providing aid to the PA and imposed <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_economic_sanctions_against_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–07 economic sanctions against the Palestinian National Authority">sanctions against the PA under Hamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Though initially opposed by the United States, a Quartet member, the US government agreed in April 2006 to discontinue $400 million of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> to the PA. Instead the US redirected $100 million to the United Nations and other non-Palestinian groups, but no aid money was given directly to the government of <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> As noted by <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfensohn" title="James Wolfensohn">Wolfensohn</a> (and also in an <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> paper), withholding of the PA's own tax revenue – an action taken by Israel alone, not by the Quartet – was more damaging than the ceasing of international aid to the PA. These taxes, collected in Palestine (both in the West Bank and Gaza) by Israeli authorities, were supposed to be transferred to the PA's budget. By releasing or withholding these revenues, Israel was able, in the words of the International Crisis Group, to "virtually turn the Palestinian economy on and off".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010432–433-61">[60]</a> Israel withheld these transfers from the PA until June 2007.<a href="#cite_note-unctad-2015-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-alhaq_seizure_of_tax-63">[62]</a> Withholding the tax revenue by Israel meant that the PA lacked money to pay its employees, including the police, further destabilizing the situation in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In March 2007, Fatah agreed to join Hamas in a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Unity_Government_of_March_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Unity Government of March 2007">PA unity government</a>, also headed by Haniyeh. Shortly after, in June, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Battle of Gaza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-65">[64]</a> seizing PA government institutions in the Strip and replacing Fatah and other PA officials with Hamas members.<a href="#cite_note-intern_fight_p14-15-66">[65]</a> Following the takeover, in the West Bank, President Mahmoud Abbas officially dissolved the Haniyeh-led PA government, suspended parts of the Basic Law, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority_Governments_of_June%E2%80%93July_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Authority Governments of June–July 2007">created a new PA government by decree</a>, without approval of the PLC. This government was recognized by the international community, and international relations and aid to the PA government in the West Bank resumed, the economic sanctions were lifted, and Israel resumed the transfer of tax revenue to it. In the autumn of 2007, Israel designated the Gaza Strip, under Hamas control, as a hostile entity, and instituted a series of sanctions which encompassed power reductions, stringent import restrictions, and border closures.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-6">[6]</a> In January 2008, in response to ongoing rocket attacks on its southern communities, Israel expanded its sanctions, fully sealing its border with the Gaza Strip and temporarily halting fuel imports.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-6">[6]</a> Later in January, following nearly a week of the heightened Israeli blockade, Hamas militants dismantled sections of the barrier along the Gaza Strip-Egypt border, which was closed from Hamas's takeover in mid-2007 until 2011, creating openings that, as per estimations, allowed hundreds of thousands of Gazans to cross into Egypt to procure food, fuel, and other goods unattainable due to the blockade. Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a> temporarily allowed the border breach to mitigate civilian suffering in Gaza, prior to initiating efforts to reestablish the border.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaza_Strip_map2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gaza_Strip_map2.svg/220px-Gaza_Strip_map2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gaza_Strip_map2.svg/330px-Gaza_Strip_map2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gaza_Strip_map2.svg/440px-Gaza_Strip_map2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>The Gaza Strip</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_2000s">Early 2000s</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="Second intifada">Second intifada</a>, Israel blockaded the Palestinian territories, including the Gaza Strip, several times.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> In Gaza, the blockade caused unemployment to skyrocket to 85%. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Aid" title="Christian Aid">Christian Aid</a> reported that malnourishment among children doubled in one year due to the blockade.<a href="#cite_note-bmj-69">[68]</a> Clinics run by <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Council_of_Churches" title="Middle East Council of Churches">Middle East Council of Churches</a> also reported treating increasing numbers of underweight and malnourished children.<a href="#cite_note-bmj-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_2007_–_January_2008">June 2007 – January 2008</h3></div> In June 2007, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> took control of the Gaza Strip in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Battle of Gaza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-65">[64]</a> and removed Fatah officials. Following the Hamas takeover, the sanctions put in place after Hamas's 2006 electoral victory were dramatically tightened. Truck transits, which had been 12,000 per month in 2005, were reduced to 2,000 by November of that year, when in a further measure, in the context of Hamas rocket fire and Israeli attacks, food supplies were halved, fuel imports slashed and foreign currency restricted by the latter.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-70">[69]</a> Following the Hamas takeover in Gaza, Egypt and Israel largely sealed their border crossings with Gaza, on the grounds that Fatah had fled and the PA was no longer providing security on the Palestinian side.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-15">[15]</a> In July 2007, Israeli officials stated they had been planning to open the Rafah border crossing to allow stranded Palestinians to return, but claimed that this plan had been cancelled after Hamas threatened to fire on the refugees.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> A Jerusalem Post article mentioned Hamas' complaints that since June 2008 the PA no longer granted passports to Gazans, thereby "preventing tens of thousands of Palestinians from being able to travel abroad".<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Egypt, fearing a spill-over of Hamas-style militancy into its territory, kept its border with Gaza largely sealed.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian230108-73">[72]</a> Israel sealed the border completely on 17 January in response to <a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_and_mortar_attacks_in_Israel_in_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rocket and mortar attacks in Israel in 2008">rocket attacks on southern Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_militant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian militant">Palestinian militant</a> attacks on crossing points between Israel and Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-truck_bomb-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-sanctions_legal-75">[74]</a> The Egyptian government feared also that Iran wanted to establish a base in its territory as well as in Gaza through its proxy Hezbollah following the <a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_2008_breach_of_the_Gaza-Egypt_border">January 2008 breach of the Gaza-Egypt border</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_breach_of_the_Gaza-Egypt_border" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 breach of the Gaza-Egypt border">2008 breach of the Gaza-Egypt border</a></div> On 22 January 2008, Gazans clashed with Egyptian police in front of the border, demanding that the <a href="/wiki/Rafah_Border_Crossing" title="Rafah Border Crossing">Rafah Border Crossing</a> be opened. The clashes included live fire, and there were injuries on both sides. Fifty women managed to cross, and Egyptian police responded with a water cannon assault. Additional Egyptian security forces arrived, and managed to restore calm and prevent further crossing.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The breach of the Gaza–Egypt border began on 23 January 2008, after gunmen in the Gaza Strip set off an explosion near the Rafah Border Crossing, destroying part of the former <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Gaza_Strip_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Gaza Strip barrier">Israeli Gaza Strip barrier</a>. The United Nations estimated that as many as half of the population of the Gaza Strip crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-BBC25-79">[78]</a> Israel said that militants had exploited the breach in the border wall to send armed men into the Sinai to infiltrate Israel across the <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Israel#Border_with_Egypt" title="Borders of Israel">Sinai-Israel border</a>. Egyptian troops at first permitted the crossing<a href="#cite_note-Guardian230108-73">[72]</a> but did not allow Palestinians to travel further than <a href="/wiki/El_Arish" class="mw-redirect" title="El Arish">El Arish</a>. On 25 January, Egyptian forces blocked almost all <a href="/wiki/Illegal_entry" title="Illegal entry">illegal entry</a> points to stem the flow of Gazans pouring in, and Egyptian riot police erected barbed wire and chain-link fences along the border. Palestinians used a bulldozer to knock down the fence and once again flooded in. Egyptian border police began stopping Palestinians from crossing and sealed the road from Rafah to El Arish. On 28 January, Egyptian security forces and Hamas militants strung barbed wire across one of the breaches, sealing it off. The Egyptians began repairing one of the two remaining breaches on 29 January, and closed the border with the Gaza Strip on 3 February 2008. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_2008_attempt_at_easing_restrictions">June 2008 attempt at easing restrictions</h3></div> Under a <a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">ceasefire agreement</a> between Israel and Hamas in June 2008, Israel agreed to lift its blockade of Gaza Strip. At Egypt's request, Israel did not always respond to Palestinian ceasefire violations by closing the border.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Israel accused Hamas of transporting weapons into Gaza via tunnels to Egypt, failing to stop rocket attacks, and noted that Hamas would not continue negotiating the release of Israeli <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilad_Shalit" title="Gilad Shalit">Gilad Shalit</a>, who had been held by Hamas since 2006.<a href="#cite_note-nytdec28-81">[80]</a> Hamas' decision alienated it from the government of Egypt, which had linked the opening of the Gaza-Egypt border crossing to Shalit's release.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In the early stage of the ceasefire, Israeli officials had stated that they found "a certain sense of progress" on Shalit's release.<a href="#cite_note-implement-83">[82]</a> The UN recorded seven <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) violations of the ceasefire between 20 and 26 June, and three violations by Palestinian groups not affiliated with Hamas between 23 and 26 June.<a href="#cite_note-Reutersviolations-84">[83]</a> On 18 December, the <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades</a>, the military wing of Hamas, reported 185 Israeli violations during the lull period.<a href="#cite_note-qassam_violations_report-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Terrorism_Information_Center" title="Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center">Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center</a> reported a total of 223 rockets and 139 mortar shells fired from Gaza during the lull, including 20 rockets and 18 mortar shells before 4 November.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> It noted that "Hamas was careful to maintain the ceasefire" until 4 November, when the ceasefire was "seriously eroded."<a href="#cite_note-IICC-87">[86]</a> Rocket fire decreased by 98 percent in the four-and-a-half months between 18 June and 4 November, compared to the four-and-a-half-months preceding the ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-rockmort-88">[87]</a> Hamas denied responsibility for the rocket fire during the lull. Human Rights Watch reported that Hamas security forces demonstrated an ability to curb rocket fire while some people detained for rocket fire were released without explanation.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-truce-89">[88]</a> In August 2008, the first <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a>-organized attempts to breach Israel's maritime closure of the Gaza Strip occurred when two vessels, containing activists from the <a href="/wiki/Free_Gaza_Movement" title="Free Gaza Movement">Free Gaza Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Solidarity_Movement" title="International Solidarity Movement">International Solidarity Movement</a>, sailed from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> towards Gaza, carrying hearing aids and balloons. The boats reached Gaza on 23 August 2008 after the Israeli government allowed the boats free passage.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Four more voyages occurred from October until December 2008, as passengers were transported another boat called the "Dignity", a 66-foot yacht owned by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Gaza_Movement" title="Free Gaza Movement">Free Gaza Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Docks-91">[90]</a> The Dignity was rammed three times while it was sailing in international waters by the Israeli Navy and significant damage was incurred.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> On 28 October 2008, the Dignity, carrying 26 activists and medical supplies, docked in a strip harbor without interference. Israel had initially decided to stop the vessel, but the decision was made to let it through just before it reached Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-Docks-91">[90]</a> The Dignity sailed to Gaza four times before it was attacked on 30 December 2008 in international waters, as it sailed towards Gaza to deliver medicine and medical help.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In August 2008, it was reported that Israel despite the ceasefire was still allowing in very few goods.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> A WikiLeaks cable from the US embassy in Tel Aviv dated 3 November 2008 revealed that Israel still maintained the economy of the Gaza strip "on the brink of collapse" without "pushing it over the edge". The cable said that "Israeli officials have confirmed to Embassy officials on multiple occasions that they intend to keep the Gazan economy functioning at the lowest level possible consistent with avoiding a humanitarian crisis."<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008–2009_Gaza_war_and_aftermath">2008–2009 Gaza war and aftermath</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gazasmoke.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gazasmoke.JPG/220px-Gazasmoke.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gazasmoke.JPG/330px-Gazasmoke.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gazasmoke.JPG/440px-Gazasmoke.JPG 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>An explosion caused by an <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> airstrike in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza War (2008–09)">Gaza War</a></figcaption></figure> In January 2009, after the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza War (2008–09)">Gaza War</a>, Israel said it would allow in some humanitarian aid, but will continue its economic blockade in order to weaken the power of Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In June 2009, on the second anniversary of the blockade, 38 United Nations and non-governmental humanitarian organisations issued a joint press release calling for "free and uninhibited access for all humanitarian assistance in accordance with the international agreements and in accordance with universally recognised international human rights and humanitarian law standards".<a href="#cite_note-UNRWA-2009-06-17-97">[96]</a> As of July 2009, Israel said it is making the humanitarian relief efforts in Gaza one of its top priorities.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The amount of goods Israel allows into Gaza is one quarter of the pre- blockade flow.<a href="#cite_note-UNRWA-2009-06-17-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Regev" title="Mark Regev">Mark Regev</a>, spokesman for Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> stated "We want to make sure that reconstruction for the people of Gaza is not reconstruction for the Hamas regime." U.S. State Department spokesman Robert Wood said on 25 February that "Aid should never be used as a political weapon. We'll try to push to get into Gaza as many supplies as possible."<a href="#cite_note-Archived-99">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafah_Crossing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rafah_Crossing.jpg/220px-Rafah_Crossing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rafah_Crossing.jpg/330px-Rafah_Crossing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Rafah_Crossing.jpg/440px-Rafah_Crossing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Rafah border crossing – British aid convoy entering Gaza Strip from Egypt in 2009</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Olmert</a> cabinet had decided in March 2009 that food and medical supplies to Gaza would be allowed through unfettered. This was met with resistance by Israel's Defense Ministry, which controls the border crossings.<a href="#cite_note-Prusher-100">[99]</a> An Israeli military spokesperson said that each item was decided on an individual basis and that food was being let through daily. According to NGO Gisha, the amount of food entering Gaza is as of May 2009, about 25% of the pre-June 2007 figures. A UN study has found that Gazan families are eating fewer meals a day and mainly relying on <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a> such as rice and flour because protein foods are expensive or unavailable. Chicken eggs have doubled in price due to the destruction of chicken coops during the Gaza War.<a href="#cite_note-Prusher-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_2009_Hamas-UNRWA_incident">February 2009 Hamas-UNRWA incident</h3></div> On 3 February, 3,500 blankets and over 400 food parcels were confiscated by Hamas police personnel from an <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a> distribution center. On the following day, the UN <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Relief_Coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Relief Coordinator">Emergency Relief Coordinator</a> demanded that the aid be returned immediately.<a href="#cite_note-ocha_report_2_5-101">[100]</a> In a separate incident on 5 February, Hamas seized 200 tons of food from UNRWA aid supplies. The following day, UNRWA suspended its activities in Gaza. Hamas issued a statement stating that the incident was a misunderstanding between the drivers of the trucks and had been resolved through direct contact with the UNRWA.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On 9 February, UNRWA lifted the suspension on the movement of its humanitarian supplies into Gaza, after the Hamas authorities returned all of the aid supplies confiscated.<a href="#cite_note-ocha_report_2_9-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010–2011_freedom_flotillas">2010–2011 freedom flotillas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_II" title="Freedom Flotilla II">Freedom Flotilla II</a></div> <dl><dt>May 2010 Gaza flotilla raid</dt></dl> On 31 May 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Israeli Navy</a> seized an aid convoy of six ships known as the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla".<a href="#cite_note-ibhsguardqa53-104">[103]</a> aiming to break through the blockade, carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials. The flotilla had declined an Israeli request to change course to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ashdod" title="Port of Ashdod">port of Ashdod</a>, where the Israeli government had said it would inspect the aid and deliver (or let humanitarian organizations deliver) Israeli-approved items to Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weaponry_Used_by_Passengers_Aboard_the_Mavi_Marmara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weaponry_Used_by_Passengers_Aboard_the_Mavi_Marmara.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weaponry_Used_by_Passengers_Aboard_the_Mavi_Marmara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weaponry_Used_by_Passengers_Aboard_the_Mavi_Marmara.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weaponry_Used_by_Passengers_Aboard_the_Mavi_Marmara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weaponry_Used_by_Passengers_Aboard_the_Mavi_Marmara.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weaponry_Used_by_Passengers_Aboard_the_Mavi_Marmara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Pictured here: Knives, wrenches, and wooden clubs used to attack the soldiers during the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid</figcaption></figure> Israeli <a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a> naval commandos boarded the ships from speedboats and helicopters launched from three missile ships, while the flotilla was still in international waters.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/MV_Mavi_Marmara" title="MV Mavi Marmara">MV Mavi Marmara</a>, the main ship of the convoy, passengers attacked and managed to capture three soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Convoy_raid-107">[106]</a> Israeli soldiers responded with rubber bullets and live ammunition from soldiers in helicopters and on the ship. Several of the activists were shot in the head by Israeli forces, some from behind and at close range.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Israel was accused of using disproportionate force. On other ships, soldiers were met with passive resistance which was easily suppressed with non-lethal techniques. Nine passengers were killed and dozens wounded. Nine soldiers were also injured, two of them seriously. All of the ships were seized and towed to <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>, while passengers were imprisoned in Israel and then deported to their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz-at_least-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times_Israel_Frees-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJfunerals-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-latimes-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-israel_attacks-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-114">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/MV_Rachel_Corrie" title="MV Rachel Corrie">MV Rachel Corrie</a>, a seventh ship that had been delayed, set sail from <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> on the same day of the flotilla's interception. Israeli naval vessels shadowed the Rachel Corrie, and after it ignored three warnings, Israeli commandos boarded the ship from speedboats, arrested the crew, and forced it to sail to Ashdod.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <dl><dt>Freedom Flotilla II</dt></dl> Following the Gaza flotilla raid, a coalition of 22 <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> assembled in July 2011 a flotilla of 10 vessels and 1,000 activists to breach the blockade. The vessels docked in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> in preparation for the journey to Gaza. However, the Greek government announced that it would not allow the vessels to leave for Gaza,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Hellenic Coast Guard</a> stopped three vessels attempting to evade the travel ban and leave port. On 7 July, most activists left for home, leaving only a few dozen to continue the initiative.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> On 16 July, the French yacht Dignite Al Karama was allowed to leave port after informing Greek authorities that its destination was <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt. Instead, the yacht headed directly for Gaza. The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Israeli Navy</a> stopped the Dignite Al Karama about 65 kilometers off Gaza. After the boat was warned and refused to turn back, it was surrounded by three Israeli naval vessels and boarded by <a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a> commandos, who took it over. The boat was then taken to Ashdod.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Ultimately, the Freedom Flotilla sailing did not take place. <dl><dt>Third Flotilla</dt></dl> On 4 November 2011, the Israeli Navy intercepted two vessels heading towards Gaza in a private initiative to break the blockade. Shayetet 13 commandos boarded the vessels from speedboats and took them over with no resistance. The vessels were then taken to Ashdod port.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_2010_easing_of_the_blockade">June 2010 easing of the blockade</h3></div> Facing mounting international calls to ease or lift their blockade in response to the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a>, Egypt and Israel lessened the restrictions starting in June 2010. Israel announced that it will allow all strictly civilian goods into Gaza while preventing weapons and what it designates as "dual-use" items from entering Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-google1-120">[119]</a> Egypt partly opened the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza, primarily for people, but not for supplies, to go through.<a href="#cite_note-egypttoday-121">[120]</a> The Israeli NGO Gisha Legal Center for Freedom of Movement reported in a July 2010 publication<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> that Israel continues to prevent normal functioning of the Gazan economy. Israel continues to severely restrict and/or prevent people from entering or exiting Gaza according to Gisha.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (UNOCHA) conducted an assessment of the humanitarian impact of the easing of the blockage in January and February 2011 and concluded that they did not result in a significant improvement in people's livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> The World Bank estimated in 2015 that the GDP losses caused by the blockade since 2007 was above 50%, and entailed large welfare losses. On 1 June 2010, the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza was partially opened. Egypt's foreign ministry has made it clear that the crossing will remain open mainly for people, not for aid, to go through.<a href="#cite_note-egypttoday-121">[120]</a> Several aid trucks began making it into Gaza during the following morning including some carrying power generators from the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Red_Crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Crescent">Red Crescent</a>, and hundreds of Gazans who had been staying in Egypt returned home, although little traffic, human or cargo, flowed from Gaza to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-mubarakopen-127">[126]</a> On 3 June, the manager of the Gaza side of the Rafah crossing, Salameh Barakeh, explained that the crossing is open for the free travel of patients, foreign passport holders, those with residency status in other countries, students and internationals.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The Arab Physicians Union officials submitted a request to Egyptian authorities on 3 June 2010 to send 400 tons of food, blankets, electric generators for hospitals and construction material from Egypt to Gaza, but their request was denied by Egyptian authorities without specific reason. Emad Gad, political analyst at Egyptian Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, believes the government should keep the Rafah border under control because opening it completely could allow weapons smuggling or illegal financial transactions.<a href="#cite_note-egypttoday-121">[120]</a> On 17 June 2010, Israel's Prime Minister's Office announced that Israel's security cabinet had agreed to relax Israel's blockade on the Gaza Strip, and issued an English-language press release, according to which a decision to ease the blockade had been made. The English text reads: "It was agreed to liberalize the system by which civilian goods enter Gaza [and] expand the inflow of materials for civilian projects that are under international supervision." However, no binding decision has been made during the cabinet meeting, and an announcement issued in Hebrew did not mention any such decision. The Prime Minister's office said that a meeting would be held soon, and expressed hope that a binding decision will be taken then.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_response_to_easing_of_restrictions">International response to easing of restrictions</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, who welcomed Israel's decision to ease the restrictions on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">Quartet on the Middle East</a>, said that the Quartet – the UN, US, EU, and Russia – would continue talks with Israel "to flesh out the principles". Suggesting that "items of ordinary daily life, including materials for the construction of homes, infrastructure and services as the UN have asked" should be allowed to enter Gaza, he stated that "the decision to allow foodstuffs and household items is a good start".<a href="#cite_note-JPost_Ease-130">[129]</a> A spokesperson for the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> declared that the Secretary-General would be encouraged that the Israeli government is reviewing its policy towards Gaza. He added that the United Nations would continue to seek a fundamental change in policy as agreed by the Quartet. Hamas spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Sami_Abu_Zuhri" title="Sami Abu Zuhri">Sami Abu Zuhri</a> said that Israel's decision would have been designed to "beautify" the blockade and mislead public opinion.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Easing-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-JPost_UN-132">[131]</a> A <a href="/wiki/British_Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British Foreign Office">British Foreign Office</a> spokesman said: "It is good that Israel is giving serious consideration to resolving these issues, [b]ut further work is needed. We need to see the additional steps still to be announced." EU officials also said they were disappointed by the decision.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_Easing-131">[130]</a> German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Economic_Cooperation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development">Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development</a> <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Niebel" title="Dirk Niebel">Dirk Niebel</a> said that the Israeli announcement was "not sufficient". During a visit to the country, Niebel intended to visit a sewage treatment plant being financed with German development aid, but was denied entry into the Gaza strip by Israel. He commented that the Israeli government sometimes would "not make it easy for its friends to explain why it behaves the way it does."<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> A spokesperson for Israel's Foreign Ministry responded that Israel would have been obliged to allow any other European minister entry if it had allowed Niebel to visit the Gaza strip, thus conferring additional legitimacy to the Hamas government.<a href="#cite_note-FAZ_Niebel-134">[133]</a> Chris Gunness from UNRWA criticised Israel's move to ease the blockade as not being adequate, saying that "Even if the blockade is eased it remains illegal under international law as it is a collective form of punishment on a civilian population. Eighty percent of Gaza's population is aid-dependent. Allowing more aid in is perpetuating this dependency and not addressing the issue of self-sufficiency or the root causes of the crisis. What have not been addressed by the easing of the closure are the issues of exports as well as the limited number of crossings open to facilitate the flow of goods. Operation Cast Lead destroyed at least 60,000 homes and structures which need to be urgently repaired and rebuilt. The easing of the blockade is not addressing this adequately."<a href="#cite_note-easing1-135">[134]</a> Maxwell Gaylard, UN Deputy Special and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Middle East also criticised Israel, saying "Permitting mayonnaise and potato chips into Gaza is really irrelevant in dealing with the underlying issues. What we need to see is an improvement in Gaza's water, sanitation, power grid, educational and health sectors. Gaza's economy is shot to pieces and its infrastructure is extremely fragile."<a href="#cite_note-easing1-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_blockade_policy_by_Israel">New blockade policy by Israel</h4></div> On 20 June 2010, Israel's Security Cabinet approved a new system governing the blockade that would allow practically all non-military or dual-use items to enter the Gaza strip. According to a cabinet statement, Israel would "expand the transfer of construction materials designated for projects that have been approved by the Palestinian Authority, including schools, health institutions, water, sanitation and more – as well as (projects) that are under international supervision."<a href="#cite_note-Ynet_Cabinet-16">[16]</a> Despite the easing of the land blockade, Israel will continue to inspect all goods bound for Gaza by sea at the port of <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JTA_Reaction_mixed-136">[135]</a> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the decision enabled Israel to focus on real security issues and would eliminate "Hamas' main propaganda claim,"<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz_Decision-137">[136]</a> and that it would strengthen the case for keeping the sea blockade in place.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_BW_Partners-138">[137]</a> He also said the decision would have been coordinated with the United States and with <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, the representative of the <a href="/wiki/Quartet_for_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartet for the Middle East">Quartet for the Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz_Decision-137">[136]</a> Blair characterized the decision as a "very significant step forward", but added that the decision needs to be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Ynet_Cabinet-16">[16]</a> In a statement, the Quartet said that the situation remained "unsustainable and unacceptable" and maintained that a long-term solution was urgently needed.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Quartet-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-JPost_UNRWA-140">[139]</a> The UNRWA called for a complete lift of the Gaza blockade, expressing concern that the new policy would continue to limit Gaza's ability to develop on its own.<a href="#cite_note-JPost_UNRWA-140">[139]</a> The European Union's representative for foreign policy, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Catherine Ashton</a>, welcomed the decision. She called the step "a significant improvement" and expressed the expectation that the measures take effect as soon as possible, adding that "more work remains to be done."<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The U.S. government welcomed the decision, expressing the belief that the easing would significantly improve the lives of Gaza Strip residents and prevent weapons smuggling.<a href="#cite_note-Ynet_Cabinet-16">[16]</a> It expressed its intention to contribute to an international effort to "explore additional ways to improve the situation in Gaza, including greater freedom of movement and commerce between Gaza and the West Bank."<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Hamas dismissed the measures as trivial and "media propaganda", and demanded a complete lifting of the blockade, including the removal on all restrictions on the import of construction material.<a href="#cite_note-Ynet_Cabinet-16">[16]</a> Israeli Arab member of Knesset <a href="/wiki/Hanin_Zoabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanin Zoabi">Hanin Zoabi</a> commented that the easing of the blockade would prove that "it is not a security blockade, but a political one," adding that the flotilla "succeeded in undermining the blockade's legitimacy."<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> The U.S., United Nations, European Union and Russia in 2010 were jointly consulting with Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Egypt on additional measures, described by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> as a "fundamental change in policy" toward the Gaza strip.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_BW_Partners-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lieberman_Proposal">Lieberman Proposal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_floating_pier" title="Gaza floating pier">Gaza floating pier</a></div> On 2 June 2010 a letter in the London newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> suggested the establishment of a permanent humanitarian sea corridor linking Cyprus with Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-times-20100602-144">[143]</a> In July 2010, a similar proposal emerged from Israel's foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman" title="Avigdor Lieberman">Avigdor Lieberman</a> who proposed it as part of an initiative to shift full responsibility over the Gaza Strip to the international community. He announced that he planned to discuss the idea, which was labelled a "personal initiative" with the EU Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Ashton" title="Catherine Ashton">Catherine Ashton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy-20100809-146">[145]</a> Lieberman proposed that units of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> and commando units from EU member states be sent in to secure the Gaza border crossings to prevent the smuggling of weapons, and that the border with Israel be sealed. Ships that underwent inspections in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> would be allowed to dock in Gaza and unload humanitarian cargoes. The EU would help improve and build civilian infrastructure, and Gaza would become a fully independent entity.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Lieberman, then defense minister, proposed a similar maritime corridor plan to Cyprus in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-dw-20180626-148">[147]</a> at a time when a number of such options were being considered in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-jcpa-20180206-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-gsge-20190110-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humanitarian_impact_assessment">Humanitarian impact assessment</h4></div> In January and February 2011, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (UNOCHA) conducted an assessment of the effects of the measures to ease the access restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> They concluded that they did not result in a significant improvement in people's livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> They found that a limited reactivation of the private sector resulted from the increased availability of consumer goods and some raw materials but the "pivotal nature of the remaining restrictions" and the effects of three years of strict blockade prevented a significant improvement in livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> Although the unemployment rate in Gaza fell from 39.3% to 37.4% in the second half of 2010 there were significant food price rises.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> There was little or no improvement in food insecurity rates in Gaza which continued to affect 52% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> Few of the 40,000 housing units needed to replace homes lost during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cast Lead">Operation Cast Lead</a> and for natural population growth could be built as a result of the ongoing restrictions on importing building materials.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> The approval of over 100 projects funded by international organizations intended to improve the "extremely deteriorated" water and sanitation, education and health services, followed the easing of the blockade.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> The implementation of these projects was delayed by the entry approval process for materials and the limited opening of the Karni crossing.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> OCHA found that there had been no improvement in the quality of services provided to the population of the Gaza Strip as a result of the projects so far.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> There was no significant increase in the number of exit permits granted by Israel to allow access to the outside world including other parts of the Palestinian territories.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> Permits continued to be issued by Israel only on an exceptional basis with 106-114 per day being issued during the second half of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> OCHA described Egypt's move to regularly operate its crossing with Gaza for special categories of people as a "significant, albeit limited, improvement".<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> They concluded that the easing of restrictions was "a step in the right direction" but called on Israel to fully abolish the blockade including removing restrictions on the import of construction materials and the exports of goods, and to lift the general ban on the movement of people between Gaza and the West Bank via Israel in order to comply with what they described as international humanitarian and human rights law obligations.<a href="#cite_note-ocha201103-126">[125]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the shortage of essential medicines and equipment has been the primary obstacle to providing adequate health care in the Gaza Strip since the 2012 conflict. Gazan hospitals had a shortage of more than 50% of "medical consumables" even before the conflict. Workers in some hospitals reported having to sterilize and re-use single-use equipment due to the lack of critical items. Palestinian hospitals are unable to meet the need of their patients due to economic underdevelopment and the varying strictness of the Israeli blockade.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> According to B'Tselem, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement/economy">Restrictions on Movement</a> the blockade, which not only restricts Gazans' access to Israel but also communication between Gaza and the West Bank, has denied Gazan fishermen access to 85% of the waters they have been guaranteed access to.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel-Gaza_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel-Gaza Conflict">2014 Israel–Gaza Conflict</a>, 108,000 people were displaced, almost all of whom are still living in UNWRA refugee camps or inadequate improvised shelters. 28 schools, numerous wells, and other important civil infrastructure like major sewage and electricity plants were destroyed during Operation Protective Edge.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Since then over 2,000 truckloads of materials for reconstruction have been allowed into Gaza, but according to a UN estimate, 735 truckloads per day, for three years, would be necessary to rebuild all the damaged infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_easing_(2011–2013)">Further easing (2011–2013)</h3></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egyptian Revolution of 2011</a>, Egypt for some time opened the Rafah border crossing permanently as of 28 May 2011. A limited number of women of all ages and men aged below 18 and above 40 were able to enter Egypt without a visa,<a href="#cite_note-BBCMAY28-155">[154]</a> although there are still severe restrictions on the movement of personnel and goods to and from Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Palestine_Telegraph-157">[156]</a> In 2012 Egypt started supplying fuel to the Gaza Strip, to help ease a lengthy fuel crisis arising from a dispute between Egypt and the Hamas government in Gaza over whether Gaza can trade with Egypt openly, or only via Israel.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> In 2013 Israel eased its regulation on the entering of construction material into Gaza. The regulation was an attempt to reduce rocket fire in the south.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Prior to a Gaza visit, scheduled for April 2013, Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan explained to Turkish newspaper <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a> that the fulfilment of three conditions by Israel was necessary for friendly relations to resume between Turkey and Israel: an apology for the raid (Prime Minister Netanyahu had delivered an apology to Erdogan by telephone on 22 March 2013), the awarding of compensation to the families affected by the raid, and the lifting of the Gaza blockade by Israel. The Turkish prime minister also explained in the Hürriyet interview, in relation to the April 2013 Gaza visit, "We will monitor the situation to see if the promises are kept or not."<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> At the same time, Netanyahu affirmed that Israel would only consider exploring the removal of the Gaza blockade if peace ("quiet") is achieved in the area.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_2023_Israeli_blockade">October 2023 Israeli blockade</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaza_death_graph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gaza_death_graph.png/220px-Gaza_death_graph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gaza_death_graph.png/330px-Gaza_death_graph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gaza_death_graph.png/440px-Gaza_death_graph.png 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>Gaza death graph</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/October_2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip">October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip</a></div> Following the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> and attacks on and in Israel by <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> militants, Israel imposed a <a href="/wiki/October_2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip">"total blockade"</a> of the Gaza Strip, on 9 October 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:0-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024">2024</h4></div> In January 2024, Israeli authorities blocked 56% of humanitarian aid to northern Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> On 9 February 2024, UNRWA director <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lazzarini" title="Philippe Lazzarini">Philippe Lazzarini</a> said that Israel had blocked food for 1.1 million Palestinians in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Famine">Famine</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Gaza Strip famine</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data">2023; 1 year ago (2023)-present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">31+<a href="#cite_note-166">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip">blockade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">siege</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Gaza">airstrikes</a>, and limitation of aid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Israel–Hamas war">Humanitarian aid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consequences</th><td class="infobox-data">677,000+ in starvation<a href="#cite_note-Famine_May_Already_Be_Unfolding_in_Gaza-169">[166]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas War</a> has led to imminent <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, resulting from <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Gaza">Israeli airstrikes</a> and Israel's ongoing blockade of the Strip, which includes restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Israel–Hamas war">humanitarian aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-We_are_about_to_witness-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> 2.2 million people in Gaza are now experiencing food insecurity at emergency level.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Airstrikes have destroyed food infrastructure, such as bakeries, mills, and food stores, and there is widespread scarcity of essential supplies due to the blockade of aid.<a href="#cite_note-175">[c]</a> This has caused starvation for more than half a million Gazans and is part of a broader <a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">humanitarian crisis</a> in the Strip. It is the "highest number of people facing catastrophic hunger" ever recorded on the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Food_Security_Phase_Classification" title="Integrated Food Security Phase Classification">IPC scale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> and is widely expected to be the most intense man-made famine since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Border_crossings">Border crossings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_barrier#Crossing_points" title="Gaza–Israel barrier">Gaza–Israel barrier § Crossing points</a></div> At the end of 2023, there were two open border crossings with Israel (<a href="/wiki/Kerem_Shalom_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerem Shalom Crossing">Kerem Shalom border crossing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erez_Crossing" title="Erez Crossing">Erez</a>), with an additional option via an Israel-Egypt crossing (<a href="/wiki/Nitzana_Border_Crossing" title="Nitzana Border Crossing">Nitzana</a>), and two border crossings with Egypt (<a href="/wiki/Rafah_Crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafah Crossing">Rafah Crossing</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salah_al-Din_Gate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salah al-Din Gate (page does not exist)">Salah al-Din Gate</a> 4 km northwest of Rafah Crossing).<a href="#cite_note-DC-180">[176]</a> On 12 March 2024, as a "pilot project", the 96th gate in the security fence (near Kibbutz <a href="/wiki/Be%27eri" title="Be'eri">Be'eri</a>) was used by a convoy of six trucks taking humanitarian aid to northern Gaza under IDF protection.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_impact">Military impact</h2></div> The Israeli government justifies the blockade as a security measure. According to <a href="/wiki/Sara_Roy" title="Sara Roy">Sara Roy</a>, Israeli security officials have said the blockade has limited value against extremist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016346-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Hamad" title="Ghazi Hamad">Ghazi Hamad</a>, a senior Hamas member, said in 2024 that the blockade made importing components for Hamas weapons industry a challenge. Machine tools and explosives were either labeled for civilian use or hidden inside shipments of food or other goods.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> Jerome Slater described the blockade as a form of continuing Israeli control over the Strip,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2020278chpt_18-183">[179]</a> adding that "most Palestinian terrorism almost certainly would have ended" if Israel had ceased to occupy the West Bank and Gaza,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2020279chpt_18-184">[180]</a> and considered it probable that the policy of deliberate impoverization creates as much terrorism as it deters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2020331chpt_19-185">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socioeconomic_impact">Socioeconomic impact</h2></div> The worsening economic and humanitarian situation raised great concern abroad. According to the <a href="/wiki/UN_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Conference on Trade and Development">UN Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD), in January 2003, the Israeli blockade and closures had drained as much as US$2.4 billion out of the economy of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> Throughout 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Karni_crossing" title="Karni crossing">Karni crossing</a> was only partially operational, costing Palestinians $500,000 a day, as less than 10% of the Gaza Strip's minimal daily export targets were achieved. Basic food commodities were severely depleted, bakeries closed and food rationing was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimated in 2015 that the GDP losses caused by the blockade since 2007 was above 50%, and entailed large welfare losses. Gaza's manufacturing sector, once significant, shrunk by as much as 60% in real terms, due to the wars in the past 20 years and the blockade. Gaza's exports virtually disappeared since the imposition of the 2007 blockade. It stated that "solutions have to be found to enable faster inflow of construction materials into Gaza", while taking into account "legitimate security concerns of neighboring countries."<a href="#cite_note-worldBankGDP-188">[184]</a> In May 2015, the World Bank reported that the Gaza economy was on the "verge of collapse". 40% of Gaza's population lived in poverty, even though around 80% received some sort of aid. It said the restrictions had to be eased to allow construction materials "to enter in sufficient quantities" and to allow exports. "The economy cannot survive without being connected to the outside world", The World Bank said the tightened restrictions meant the construction sector's output was reduced by 83%.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_turning_Gaza_into_an_"open-air_prison"">Role in turning Gaza into an "open-air prison"</h3></div> Several rights groups have characterized the situation in Gaza as an "open-air prison",<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-open-air_prison-5">[5]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HRW111-28">[28]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Refugee_Council" title="Norwegian Refugee Council">Norwegian Refugee Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NRC111-192">[188]</a> This characterization was often cited by a number of human rights activists, politicians, and media news outlets reporting on the <a href="/wiki/Gaza-Israel_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza-Israel conflict">Gaza-Israel conflict</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Palestinian–Israeli conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-TI111-198">[194]</a> Former British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> US Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> former Israeli diplomat <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Levy" title="Gideon Levy">Gideon Levy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> and Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Ilan Pappe</a> have endorsed this characterization as well.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> In 2022, Human Rights Watch issued a report on the situation in the Gaza Strip, which it called an "open-air prison" due to the blockade and held Israel responsible as the occupying power, and to a lesser degree Egypt, which has restricted movement of Palestinians through its border.<a href="#cite_note-HRW111-28">[28]</a> The report highlighted how this blockade has led to humanitarian crises, namely shortages of essential supplies, limited access to healthcare, and high levels of poverty and unemployment among the Palestinian population in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-HRW111-28">[28]</a> It claimed that Israel has formed a formal policy of separation between Gaza and the West Bank, despite both forming parts of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW111-28">[28]</a> The Israeli blockade on Gaza has restricted the freedom of movement of Gaza Palestinians to both the West Bank and the outside world; in particular, Palestinian professionals were most impacted by these restrictions, as applying for travel permit takes several weeks.<a href="#cite_note-HRW111-28">[28]</a> The Norwegian Refugee Council report issued in 2018 called the territory "the world's largest open-air prison", highlighting in it several figures, including lack of access to clean water, to reliable electrical supply, to health care, food and employment opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-NRC111-192">[188]</a> It lamented the fact that a majority of Palestinian children in Gaza suffer from psychological trauma, and a portion of which suffer from stunted growth.<a href="#cite_note-NRC111-192">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_effects">Economic effects</h3></div> Following the implementation of the blockade, Israel halted all exports from the Gaza Strip. Israeli human rights organization Gisha, the Legal Center for Freedom of Movement, obtained an Israeli government document which says "A country has the right to decide that it chooses not to engage in economic relations or to give economic assistance to the other party to the conflict, or that it wishes to operate using '<a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">economic warfare</a>'".<a href="#cite_note-Frenkel-econowar-203">[199]</a> Sari Bashi, the director of Gisha, said that this showed that Israel was not imposing its blockade for its stated reasons of a security measure to prevent weapons from entering Gaza, but rather as collective punishment for the Palestinian population of Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-Frenkel-econowar-203">[199]</a> In November 2010, the Israeli government allowed Gaza to resume agricultural exports, while still banning industrial exports. Shortly afterward, Gazan farmers began exporting <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnation">carnations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cherry_tomato" title="Cherry tomato">cherry tomatoes</a>. The exports travel to Europe via Israel, and Israel then transfers the money to agricultural cooperatives, which in turn pay the Palestinian farmers. The exports were implemented with aid from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, which was monitored by the Israeli defense establishment.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> It is estimated that in November, less than 20,000 liters of fuel per week entered Gaza via the tunnels, compared to nearly 1 million liters per day until June 2013. The <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Power_Plant" title="Gaza Power Plant">Gaza Power Plant</a> (GPP), which had been supplying 30 percent of the electricity available in Gaza, has been exclusively dependent on Egyptian diesel smuggled through the tunnels, since early 2011. On 1 November, after depleting its fuel reserves, the GPP was forced to shut down, triggering power outages of up to 16 hours per day, up from 8–12 hours prior to that.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> The World Bank estimated in 2015 that the GDP losses caused by the blockade since 2007 was above 50%, and entailed large welfare losses. Gaza's manufacturing sector, once significant, shrunk by as much as 60 percent in real terms, due to the wars in the past 20 years and the blockade. Gaza's exports virtually disappeared since the imposition of the 2007 blockade. It stated that "solutions have to be found to enable faster inflow of construction materials into Gaza", while taking into account "legitimate security concerns of neighboring countries."<a href="#cite_note-worldBankGDP-188">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_of_people">Movement of people</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">Palestinian freedom of movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_permit_regime_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli permit regime in the Gaza Strip">Israeli permit regime in the Gaza Strip</a></div> Because of the widespread violence within Israel during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> that began in September 2000, Israel closed all entry points between Israel and the Palestinian territories, including the Gaza Strip, and closed the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza International Airport">Gaza International Airport</a>. On 9 October 2001, all movement of people and goods between Israel and the Palestinian territories was halted, and a complete internal closure came into effect on 14 November 2001.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ErezTurnstiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ErezTurnstiles.jpg/220px-ErezTurnstiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ErezTurnstiles.jpg/330px-ErezTurnstiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/ErezTurnstiles.jpg/440px-ErezTurnstiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Palestinian workers wait at the <a href="/wiki/Erez_Crossing" title="Erez Crossing">Erez Crossing</a> to enter the Gaza Strip, July 2005.</figcaption></figure> The Intifada came to an end in February 2005, and Israel forces and settlers left the Gaza Strip by 1 September 2005 as part of <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's unilateral disengagement plan">Israel's unilateral disengagement plan</a>. To improve the movement of people and economic activity in the Gaza Strip, Israel and the PA on 15 November 2005 signed an "<a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Agreement on Movement and Access">Agreement on Movement and Access</a>" (AMA). The AMA provided for the reopening of the <a href="/wiki/Rafah_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafah crossing">Rafah crossing</a> with Egypt, which was to be monitored by the PA and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Only people with <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian identity card">Palestinian identity cards</a> or foreign nationals, subject to Israeli oversight, were to be permitted to cross.<a href="#cite_note-AMA-docs-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> In mid-November 2005, Israel started allowing some workers and traders to enter Israel via the <a href="/wiki/Erez_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Erez crossing">Erez crossing</a>, if they had Israeli-issued permits; however, until 21 January 2006, the crossing was open on less than 50% of working days on average.<a href="#cite_note-december-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-unfebruary-56">[56]</a> Palestinians were invariably banned from traveling between Gaza and the West Bank. Following the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a> in September 2005, Israel "[established] a domestic legal framework apparently aimed at sealing off Gaza from Israel and from the West Bank"<a href="#cite_note-gisha-210">[206]</a> Israel had previously agreed, as part of the Oslo Accords, to treat Gaza and the West Bank as a single territorial unit, a position upheld by the Israeli High Court.<a href="#cite_note-gisha-210">[206]</a> However, following the 2005 disengagement, Israel adopted the position that Gaza residents have "no vested right" to cross into the West Bank; and that although there is "a certain connection" between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, it "does not give Gaza residents a right to enter [the West Bank]".<a href="#cite_note-gisha-210">[206]</a> Those Gaza residents who did not try to cross the territory of Israel proper, but instead traveled around it, using the "long and expensive" route via Egypt and Jordan to travel from Gaza to the West Bank, were still turned back by Israeli border personnel at the <a href="/wiki/Allenby_Bridge" title="Allenby Bridge">Allenby Bridge</a> when attempting to enter the West Bank from Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-gisha-210">[206]</a> This policy was still in place as of 2014: Gaza residents, except in rare "humanitarian" cases, are not allowed to enter the West Bank – even if they do not travel via Israel proper but around it, trying to enter via the <a href="/wiki/Allenby_Bridge" title="Allenby Bridge">Allenby Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-btselem-211">[207]</a> AMA stipulated the opening hours of crossings between Gaza and Israel and the number of trucks/truckloads to pass through them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010428–429-212">[208]</a> It also stipulated that bus convoys, carrying Palestinians from Gaza to the West Bank and vice versa, would start on 15 December 2005; and truck convoys, carrying goods on the same route, would start on 15 January 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430-52">[52]</a> This agreement was not upheld, as neither bus nor truck convoys started by their respective dates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430-52">[52]</a> Israel first announced that according to its interpretation, Israel was only obliged to run a "test" or "pilot" bus route and only for Palestinians meeting certain Israeli-specified requirements, then delayed this pilot project "indefinitely".<a href="#cite_note-gisha-210">[206]</a> The part of the agreement concerning opening hours and throughput of border crossings was not implemented either.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010428–429-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-daily-53">[53]</a> The Palestinians claim that Israel did not honor AMA in relation to movement of people between Gaza and the West Bank. The bus convoys between Gaza and the West Bank (which were to start on 15 December 2005) never started.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-gisha-210">[206]</a> Gazans are invariably banned from entering the West Bank, and Israel adopted the position that they have no legal right to do so. This position has not changed since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-gisha-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-btselem-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_blockade">Land blockade</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> in the Egyptian parliament wished to open trade across the border with Gaza in 2012, a move said to be resisted by Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawi">Tantawi</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goods_blocked">Goods blocked</h4></div> In the "Failing Gaza"<a href="#cite_note-failing-gaza-214">[210]</a> report, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and other organizations wrote that cement, glass, steel, bitumen, wood, paint, doors, plastic pipes, metal pipes, metal reinforcement rods, aggregate, generators, high voltage cables and wooden telegraph poles were "high priority reconstruction materials currently with no or highly limited entry into Gaza through official crossings."<a href="#cite_note-failing-gaza-214">[210]</a> A 2009 UN report by Kevin M. Cahill called the restrictions "Draconian", and said that reconstruction efforts were being undermined by Israel's refusal to permit the importation of steel, cement or glass, among other <a href="/wiki/Building_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building materials">building materials</a>, and its policy of restricted importation of <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentils</a>, pasta, <a href="/wiki/Tomato_paste" title="Tomato paste">tomato paste</a> and juice, as well as batteries for hearing aids for deaf children. He said that despite the restrictions, UNRWA had been able to provide a basic food supply to over a million refugees in the Gaza Strip. He added that he "visited a food station where hundreds of displaced persons waited to collect their meager staples of rice, sugar, lentils and cooking oil. While this program may save people from starvation, it is a diet that does not prevent the highest level of <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> in the region, with alarming rates of childhood stunting due to inadequate nutrition."<a href="#cite_note-UNGazaReport-215">[211]</a> The Palestinians who negotiated the 2008 cease-fire believed that commerce in Gaza was to be restored to the levels preceding Israel's 2005 withdrawal and Hamas's electoral victory.<a href="#cite_note-revive-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-nichols-217">[213]</a> Israeli policy tied the easing of the blockade to success in reducing rocket fire.<a href="#cite_note-bare-218">[214]</a> Israel permitted a 20% increase in goods trucked into Gaza in the pre-lull period, up from 70 to 90 truckloads a day,<a href="#cite_note-revive-216">[212]</a> including not only humanitarian supplies but also clothes, shoes, refrigerators, and construction materials.<a href="#cite_note-guide-219">[215]</a> Fuel supplies increased from 55 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a> worth to 65 MW worth.<a href="#cite_note-guide-219">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> reported on 11 November that Gaza was then receiving only 28% of the amount of goods traded before the Hamas takeover.<a href="#cite_note-guide-219">[215]</a> Over the one-month period from 4 November to 8 December, approximately 700 truck loads of goods went into Gaza, accounting for approximately 1/40th of estimated pre-blockade commerce.<a href="#cite_note-nichols-217">[213]</a> Israel stated that food imports into the Strip were limited by its inability to operate at border checkpoints.<a href="#cite_note-guide-219">[215]</a> It accused Hamas of exacerbating fuel shortages by leading labor union strikes by power plant workers.<a href="#cite_note-guide-219">[215]</a> It has also accused Hamas of underfunding the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_strip#Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza strip">Gaza health care system</a>, and then blaming the situation on Israel despite supposed free trade of medical supplies. Shipments of permitted medical supplies have <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">expired</a> due to the lengthy process required for passage through border crossings, requiring their destruction.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Israel states that travel restrictions on Gazans is necessary to protect national security, citing the cases of three Gazans who claimed to require medical attention in Israel but who were in fact planning attacks in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-guide-219">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunnels">Tunnels</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smuggling_tunnel_in_Rafah_(2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Smuggling_tunnel_in_Rafah_%282009%29.jpg/220px-Smuggling_tunnel_in_Rafah_%282009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Smuggling_tunnel_in_Rafah_%282009%29.jpg/330px-Smuggling_tunnel_in_Rafah_%282009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Smuggling_tunnel_in_Rafah_%282009%29.jpg/440px-Smuggling_tunnel_in_Rafah_%282009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Smuggling tunnel in Rafah, 2009</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_smuggling_tunnels" title="Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels">Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels</a></div> The Gaza smuggling tunnels are mainly located at <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a>, on the border with Egypt. The tunnels connect the Egyptian town of Rafah with the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camp</a> of Rafah. As a result of the blockade, these tunnels became a vital supply artery for Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-AJ_Gaza_tunnels-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuterstunnels-222">[218]</a> They are used for various purposes, such to transport people (in and out) and commercial materials like medicine, food and clothes, cigarettes, alcohol, and vehicle parts into Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-IDF_strikes_Gaza_smuggling_tunnel-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-224">[220]</a> They are also used to smuggle illegal arms (including rockets, mortars and explosives) to Gaza militants.<a href="#cite_note-IDF_strikes_Gaza_smuggling_tunnel-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-224">[220]</a> Often cars are sliced into four parts and transported across and re-assembled in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-reuterstunnels-222">[218]</a> Ahead of the Islamic festival, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, they were used to transport live cattle.<a href="#cite_note-reuterstunnels-222">[218]</a> According to a tunnel operator, Israel bombards tunnels from the air, while Egypt either pumps poisonous gases and water or detonates explosives to destroy tunnels. During the Gaza War, Israel destroyed most of the tunnels, reducing their number to 150 (from 3,000) as of late 2009.<a href="#cite_note-reuterstunnels-222">[218]</a> Egypt is constructing an <a href="/wiki/Egypt-Gaza_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Gaza barrier">underground steel barrier</a> to prevent circumvention of the blockade through tunnels. The UN estimates unemployment has risen from 32.5% in September, to around 40%. In addition to people directly employed by tunnels, the shortage of materials has stopped the majority of construction projects in Gaza and left many jobless.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">removal</a> of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi from office, Egypt's military had destroyed most of the 1,200 tunnels used for smuggling food, weapons and other goods into Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> After protest sit-ins in Egypt supporting Morsi <a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa Massacre">were dispersed</a>, the border crossing was closed 'indefinitely'.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Buffer_zone">Buffer zone</h5></div> In October 2014, days after an attack in which 33 Egyptian soldiers were killed, Egypt announced it may create a buffer zone between Palestinian Rafah and Egyptian Rafah, where most tunnels were believed to be.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> Initially, the width of the buffer zone was 500 meter but on 18 November 2014, Egypt said it would expand it to 1 km.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> On 29 December 2014, the buffer zone was extended again to 5 km.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> Egyptian authorities began implementing phase two in the flattening of large swaths of Egyptian Rafah where over 2,000 families lived, and widened the buffer zone. According to Egyptian reports, the second phase involved destroying everything standing across an additional 500 meters from the border area, on top of the 500 meters already cleared several months earlier.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_land_blockade_on_Gaza">Effects of land blockade on Gaza</h4></div> There have been several reports and studies analysing the effect of the blockade on Gaza. In July 2008, an <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a> report on the situation in Gaza stated that "the number of households in Gaza below the consumption poverty line continued to grow, reaching 51.8% in 2007 (from 50.7% in 2006)".<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> In the same year, a Palestinian Bureau of Statistics study concluded that 80% of families in Gaza were living below the poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> A <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> assessment conducted in 2009 claimed that the level of anemia in babies (9–12 months) was as high as 65%, while a Socio-economic and Food Security Survey Report stated that 61% of Gazans are food insecure and reliant on humanitarian aid. Of those that are food insecure, 65% are children under 18 years. Lastly, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Network_of_Implementing_Development_Agencies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Network of Implementing Development Agencies (page does not exist)">European Network of Implementing Development Agencies</a> (EUNIDA) report notes that, because of the security buffer zone imposed around Gaza as part of the blockade, as of June 2009, 46% of agricultural land was either inaccessible or out of production.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> On 14 June 2010, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> noted that the increasing scarcity of items has led to rises in cost of goods while quality has fallen.<a href="#cite_note-icrcBlockade-236">[232]</a> There is also "an acute electricity crisis", where electricity supplies are "interrupted for seven hours a day on average". As a consequence, they note that public services, particularly health services, have suffered, posing "a serious risk to the treatment of patients". In addition, medical equipment is difficult to repair, and medical staff cannot leave to gain more training. Lastly, the ICRC note that sanitation is suffering, because construction projects lack the equipment needed, or the equipment is of poor quality. Only 60% of the population is connected to a sewerage collection system, with the rest polluting the Gaza aquifer. As a result, water is largely "unfit for consumption".<a href="#cite_note-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!-29">[29]</a> A 25 May 2010 <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">United Nations Development Programme</a> report stated that, as a result of the blockade, most of Gaza's manufacturing industry has closed, and unemployment stood at an estimated 40%, a decrease on previous years. The blockade has also prevented much needed construction, noting that almost "none of the 3,425 homes destroyed during Cast Lead have been reconstructed, displacing around 20,000 people". Less than 20% "of the value of the damages to educational facilities has been repaired", only "half of the damage to the power network has been repaired", "no repair has been made to the transport infrastructure", "a quarter of damaged farmland has been rehabilitated and only 40% of private businesses have been repaired".<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> An August 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/file/publications/gaza/Gaza%20in%202020.pdf">report</a> by UNRWA of the blockade's effects and general trends in Gaza forecasted that the region's population growth would outpace developments in economic infrastructure. In its press release, UN humanitarian coordinator Maxwell Gaylard said, "Gaza will have half a million more people by 2020 while its economy will grow only slowly. In consequence, the people of Gaza will have an even harder time getting enough drinking water and electricity, or sending their children to school."<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> A UN <a href="/wiki/OCHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OCHA">OCHA</a> 2015 report stated that "longstanding access restrictions imposed by Israel have undermined Gaza's economy, resulting in high levels of unemployment, food insecurity and aid dependency," and that "Israeli restrictions on the import of basic construction materials and equipment have significantly deteriorated the quality of basic services, and impede the reconstruction and repair of homes."<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_blockade">Naval blockade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid#UN_Palmer_Report" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Palmer Report</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Exclusion_Zone" title="Maritime Exclusion Zone">Maritime Exclusion Zone</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Israeli Navy</a> enforces a maritime <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gaza" title="Port of Gaza">Port of Gaza</a> and the coastline.<a href="#cite_note-gov-20130418-240">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord</a>, activities of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Naval_Police" title="Palestinian Naval Police">Palestinian Naval Police</a> are restricted to 6 nautical miles (11 km) from the coast.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> Under the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement" title="Gaza–Jericho Agreement">Gaza–Jericho Agreement</a>, which was not implemented, Palestinian fishing was to be permitted up to 20 nautical miles (37 km) offshore.<a href="#cite_note-jps-243">[239]</a> In 2007, Israel restricted fishermen travel to 6 nautical miles (11 km) offshore. Israeli officials said the restrictions were necessary because of past incidents of Palestinians using fishing boats for smuggling and attacks. Israeli <a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">patrol boats</a> regularly patrol Gaza's coastline and fire on Palestinian fishing vessels that go beyond the permitted distance from shore.<a href="#cite_note-jps-243">[239]</a> In July 2018, Israel further restricted the Gaza fishing space to 3 nautical miles (5.6 km).<a href="#cite_note-jpost160718-244">[240]</a> Israel has intercepted a number of vessels attempting to bring supplies into Gaza, claiming that they may be providing goods that may be used to build arms. A humanitarian mission organised by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Gaza_Movement" title="Free Gaza Movement">Free Gaza Movement</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Maguire</a> on board, was intercepted by Israel attempting to sail to Gaza. They were deported but the supplies were later delivered to Gaza over land by truck. On 29 April 2014, Gaza's Ark, a vessel being converted in Gaza from a fishing boat to carry cargo to Europe, was sunk by an explosion following a telephone warning to the guard, who was uninjured.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> The organisers of the project suspect that Israel forces are responsible.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> Between 2000 and 2018, <a href="/wiki/Al_Mezan_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Al Mezan Center for Human Rights">Al Mezan Center for Human Rights</a> has documented 1,283 incidents involving Palestinian fishermen, including 1,192 shooting incidents that led to the death of 8 fishermen and to the injury of 134 fishermen. During these incidents, 656 fishermen were detained, and 209 boats were confiscated.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_on_the_fishing_industry">Effect on the fishing industry</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv/220px--Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="153" data-mwtitle="Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv/Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="400" data-height="226" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="226" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv/Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="226" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv/Al_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAl_Jazeera_-_Gaza_Fishing.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> report on the effects on the fishing industry</figcaption></figure> The sea blockade has caused damage to Gaza fishing industry. The <a href="/wiki/UN_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> has estimated that Gaza fishermen need to journey at least 12–15 nautical miles from shore to catch larger shoals, and sardines in particular are 6 nmi (11 km) offshore. Shoals closer to shore have been depleted. The total catch pre-blockade in 1999 was nearly 4,000 tons, this was reduced to 2,700 tons in 2008. In the 90s, the Gaza fishing industry was worth $10 million annually or 4% of the total Palestinian economy; this was halved between 2001 and 2006. 45,000 Palestinians were employed in the fishing industry, employed in jobs such as catching fish, repairing nets and selling fish. Fish also provided much-needed animal protein to Gazans' diet.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> also notes that "90% of Gaza's 4000 fishermen are now considered either poor (with a monthly income of between US$100 and US$190) or very poor (earning less than US$100 a month), up from 50% in 2008." Nezar Ayyash, head of Gaza's fishermen's union, is quoted as saying that he has been arrested and his boat confiscated several times.<a href="#cite_note-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!-29">[29]</a> According to the Palestinian Fishermen's Syndicate, there are 3,800 registered fishermen in the Gaza Strip. Only 2,000 of them are currently working as a result of restrictions, constant attacks and growing cost of fishing equipment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_restrictions">Energy restrictions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_electricity_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza electricity crisis">Gaza electricity crisis</a></div> Almost all of Gaza's liquid fuel and about half of its electricity are supplied by Israel, while Gaza's sole power plant runs on crude diesel imported via Israel. In normal times, Israel exempts from the blockade fuel for the power plant as well as for essential services such as hospitals, and does not cut electricity supplies. However, during times of conflict, Israel has disrupted supplies. In late October 2007, in response to persistent rocket fire on southern Israel, Israel cut diesel exports to Gaza by 15% and gasoline exports by 10%, and created targeted electrical outages for 15 minutes after a rocket attack. According to Israeli officials, the energy flow to hospitals and Israeli shipments of crude diesel to Gaza's sole power plant was unaffected. The Israeli government argued that these limited energy cuts were a non-violent way to protest against Hamas rocket attacks.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> The following day, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Israel" title="Attorney General of Israel">Attorney General of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mazuz" title="Menachem Mazuz">Menachem Mazuz</a> suspended the electricity cuts, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Israeli Supreme Court</a> gave the government three days to justify its energy cuts policy.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> On 1 December 2007, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled that the electricity cuts were unlawful, and ordered the Israeli military to stop them by the following day. In its ruling, however, the court allowed Israel to continue reducing its diesel and gasoline shipments to Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_Gazan_air_space">Control of Gazan air space</h3></div> The Oslo Accords interim peace agreements expressly give Israel security control over Gazan airspace and coastal waters.<a href="#cite_note-law-253">[249]</a> Gazan air space is controlled by radar.<a href="#cite_note-jps-243">[239]</a> There are regular overflights by Israeli fighter jets and a surveillance balloon is tethered near the Erez crossing. <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicles</a> patrol the sky for surveillance,<a href="#cite_note-jps-243">[239]</a> also engaging in missile strikes targeting people and infrastructure; these drones produce a nearly constant buzzing noise audible from the ground and are therefore referred to by Palestinians in Gaza as <a href="/wiki/Zanana" title="Zanana">zanana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitation_of_basic_goods">Limitation of basic goods</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_imports" title="Gaza imports">Gaza imports</a></div> Israel allows limited <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian supplies</a> from aid organizations into the Gaza Strip, but not dual-use items, which can also be used for military purposes. According to the <a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories</a> of the Israel Defense Forces, in May 2010, this included over 1.5 million litres of diesel fuel and gasoline, fruits and vegetables, wheat, sugar, meat, chicken and fish products, dairy products, animal feed, hygiene products, clothing and shoes.<a href="#cite_note-IDF_Spokesperson's_Unit-255">[251]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Gisha_(human_rights_organization)" title="Gisha (human rights organization)">Gisha</a>, items that have at various times been denied importation into Gaza in 2010 include ordinary consumer goods such as jam, candles, books, musical instruments, shampoo, A4 paper, and livestock such as chicken, donkeys, and cows.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UN_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> also lists <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchairs</a>, dry food items, <a href="/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">crayons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">stationery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soccer_ball" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer ball">soccer balls</a> as shipments that Israeli authorities have prevented from entering Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> International aid group <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Corps" title="Mercy Corps">Mercy Corps</a> said it was blocked from sending 90 tons of macaroni and other foodstuffs. After international pressure, Israeli authorities said that they were giving the shipment a green light.<a href="#cite_note-Archived-99">[98]</a> Israel was also reported to have prevented aid groups from sending in other items, such as paper, art supplies, tomato paste and lentils.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> Because of an Israeli ban on the importation of construction materials such as cement and steel, which could be used to build bunkers for military use by Hamas, the UN Relief and Works Agency started to build mud brick homes.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> Aid agencies[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] say that food waits on trucks and in warehouses, and many basic items are rejected by Israel as "luxuries" or are turned down for unexplained reasons[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">"Tin" cans</a> are banned because the steel from which they are made might be used to build weaponry or structures by Hamas, making it hard for Gazan farmers to preserve their vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> At one time the only fruit allowed was bananas, allegedly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] because the Israeli official owned a banana plantation.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limitation_system">Limitation system</h4></div> In September 2007, the Israeli cabinet voted to tighten the restrictions on the Gaza strip. The cabinet decision stated, "the movement of goods into the Gaza Strip will be restricted; the supply of gas and electricity will be reduced; and restrictions will be imposed on the movement of people from the Strip and to it."<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-265">[261]</a> In January 2010, the Israeli group <a href="/wiki/Gisha_(human_rights_organization)" title="Gisha (human rights organization)">Gisha</a> took Israeli authorities to court, forcing them to reveal which goods were permitted and which goods were not. The Israeli government replied that canned fruit, fruit juices and chocolate are blocked, while at the same time canned meat, canned tuna, mineral water, <a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">sesame paste</a>, tea and coffee are allowed into the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> Banned items also included coriander, shampoo and shoes.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-265">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> In October 2010, papers were released which revealed a system to maintain the minimum level of basic goods entering the Strip. It contained upper and lower warning lines, identifying surpluses and shortages of listed products in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> In October 2012, an Israeli court forced Israel's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT) to release a document that detailed "red lines" for "food consumption in the Gaza strip" during the 2007 blockade. According to the COGAT, the document was a rough draft, and never actually implemented. He want on further to say that there was never even any discussion after the document had been drafted. The document calculates the minimum number of calories necessary to keep Gazans from malnutrition and avoid a humanitarian crisis. This number was converted to a number of daily truckloads, the number being decreased to account for food produced in Gaza, and further on the basis of "culture and experience" of the Gazans. This reduction, if implemented, would have resulted in an increase in sugar and a decrease in fruits, vegetables, milk, and meat.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-265">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gisha_(human_rights_organization)" title="Gisha (human rights organization)">Gisha</a>, an Israeli human-rights group, said that in fact the number of truckloads allowed into Gaza was less than stipulated in the calculation. The UN said that if the policy was intended to cap food imports, it would go against humanitarian principles. The body responsible for the calculation said its intent was to ensure no shortages occur, not to cap food imports. Israeli officials now acknowledge the restrictions were partly meant to pressure Hamas by making the lives of Gazans difficult.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Israel limits the amount of load the trucks may carry, ostensibly for security reasons. In the past, the total height of goods stacked on trucks was not allowed to exceed 1.2 meters. The Israeli authorities did, however, not explain why they did not use to its full potential the scanner, donated by the Dutch government and calibrated according to the military's specifications, which can scan at a height of 2 meters. In February 2016, the allowed height was increased to 1.5 meters.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality_of_the_blockade">Legality of the blockade</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_assessments_of_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid">Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid</a></div> International law regards a blockade as an act of war.<a href="#cite_note-Bisharat_2009_p59-271">[267]</a> The blockade has been criticized by former <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary-General">UN Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> (UNHRC)<a href="#cite_note-unhchr.ch-272">[268]</a> and other human rights organizations. In 2011, a panel of UN experts concluded that the naval blockade of Gaza constituted <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> and in doing so violated international law, contradicting a previous <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_(politician)#UN_Inquiry" title="Geoffrey Palmer (politician)">UN investigation</a> that declared it was legal.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC) is the guardian of international humanitarian law, the law applicable in situations of armed conflict. This special role of the ICRC is now formally recognized in the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, which have been adopted both by the components of the Movement and by the States party to the Geneva Conventions, that is, practically all the world's States. Article 5 of the Statutes states that the role of the ICRC is "to undertake the tasks incumbent upon it under the Geneva Conventions, to work for the faithful application of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts and to take cognizance of any complaints based on alleged breaches of that law" (Article 5.2c), and also "to work for the understanding and dissemination of knowledge of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts and to prepare any development thereof" (Article 5.2g).<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> The ICRC termed Israel's blockade of Gaza "collective punishment" in violation of international humanitarian law. In 2010 it also called the blockade a violation of the Geneva Conventions and called for its lifting.<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> The 2010 <a href="/wiki/UNHRC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHRC">UNHRC</a> Report on the Flotilla Incident also noted that the naval blockade and other travel restrictions imposed on the Gaza Strip had tripled "abject poverty" among refugees in the territory, making 61 per cent of households food insecure causing "disproportionate damage to the civilian population".<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> These views are supported by further legal analyses. A multi-referenced <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Hastings_College_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, Hastings College of the Law">University of California, Hastings College of the Law</a> analysis in 2009 recorded: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Under <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a>, a blockade is an act of war. It is employed to cut off communications and supplies of an enemy. While the modern concept extends beyond its original and exclusive maritime roots to include both land and technological blockades, the consistent feature is that a blockade's purpose has been to deprive a military adversary of necessary supplies. A belligerent imposing a blockade upon a region consisting of a civilian population must allow the free passage of relief consignments to the civilian population. In fact, the legality of a blockade under customary international law hinges on the requirement that aid for the civilian population be met with free passage. The reasons cited for Israel's refusal to allow passage of basic necessities are untenable. Israel claimed that its restrictions were necessary to put pressure on Hamas officials to halt or substantially hinder the firing of rockets into Southern Israel. However, there is no reasonable relationship between depriving Gazan civilians of subsistence items and the suppression of Hamas' rocket launchings against Israeli towns. Israel's duties to "<a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">protected persons</a>" as an occupier of the Gaza Strip under Article 55 of the Fourth Geneva Convention require that it allow the passage of all aid, foodstuffs, and water given the severity of the humanitarian crisis. The blockade appears to have clearly violated this provision of the law of occupation. Israel's blockade, which by the launching of Operation Cast Lead had persisted for eighteen months, violated international law in another respect. Under Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention: "No protected person may be punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism . . . against protected persons and their property are prohibited." This article prohibits the use of collective punishment of protected persons, the breach of which constitutes war crimes. "Protected persons" [include] civilian individuals who find themselves, in case of an armed conflict or occupation, in the hands of a power of which they are not nationals[, not citizens of a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral country</a> in the territory of a belligerent nation, and not nationals of a <a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">co-belligerent</a> state.]<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a></blockquote> To reiterate: Israel instituted the blockade against the Gaza Strip not in response to a violent attack, but rather in response to Hamas's ascension to exclusive authority in the Gaza Strip, and earlier in response to the Hamas victory in the 2006 Palestinian elections. Israel, in short, engaged in an act of war against an occupied people, and violated its legal obligations to them long before Operation Cast Lead had commenced.<a href="#cite_note-Bisharat_2009_p59-271">[267]</a> A 2011 policy paper by <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Political,_Economic_and_Social_Research" title="Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research">Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research</a> stated that the "arguments that conditions required for declaring a blockade are actually met in the case of Israeli blockade of Gaza" were both inadequate and a misinterpretation of international law. In addition, Israel's overarching argument directed at Gazans that "you have elected Hamas, now endure its consequences" amounted to collective punishment and was illegal.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> Law professor <a href="/wiki/Noura_Erakat" title="Noura Erakat">Noura Erakat</a> wrote in 2012 that Israel's blockade was "illegal pursuant to international humanitarian law because it contravenes its obligations towards a civilian population living under its occupation" and said this had been covered at length by various commentators and human rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> The Global International Humanitarian Law Centre of Diakonia published in 2014 that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... as outlined by the Hague Regulations (1899/1907), a territory is considered occupied when it is placed under the effective control of a hostile army. The Gaza Strip remains under belligerent occupation as Israel continues to retain effective control over significant aspects of civil life in the Gaza Strip on a daily basis as well as directly exercising certain elements of governing control over the territory and the people of the Gaza Strip. For as long as Israel maintains effective control over the Gaza Strip, it must fully comply with its obligations under IHL and IHRL, as the occupying power. This includes providing for the welfare of the occupied Palestinian population therein.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Grandi" title="Filippo Grandi">Filippo Grandi</a>, Commissioner General of the <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a>, noted in 2014 that "Israel's blockade is illegal and [it] must be lifted ... the siege on the Gaza Strip which has been imposed on the Gaza Strip for more than half a decade is considered the longest in history; longer than that of Sarajevo, Berlin and Leningrad", adding that "the world should not forget about the security of the people of Gaza ... Their security is worth the same as everybody else's security so we appeal to the humanitarian sense of all."<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> UNRWA also referred to the blockade as illegal in 2016, noting that as it entered its tenth year in June that year that "the principle causes of the socio-economic and psychosocial crisis in Gaza".<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> called in 2017 for the lifting of the "illegal blockade", warning of a "looming humanitarian catastrophe".<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Reactions to the Gaza flotilla raid">Reactions to the Gaza flotilla raid</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian">Palestinian</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatah">Fatah</h4></div> Linked with the <a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">conflict following his party's loss in the 2006 election</a>, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas approved the Egyptian border restrictions by the new regime, purportedly aimed at protecting Egypt from danger. In 2014 and subsequent years, Abbas supported Egypt's crackdown on <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_smuggling_tunnels" title="Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels">smuggling tunnels</a> and welcomed the flooding of the tunnels by Egypt in coordination with the PA.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera1214-284">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-memo_tunnels_flooded-285">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-haaretz_abbas-286">[282]</a> In 2010, Abbas declared that he opposed lifting the Israeli naval blockade of the Gaza Strip because this would bolster Hamas. Egypt also supported this position.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> In 2016, Abbas objected to the entrance of Qatari fuel to the Gaza electricity plant via Israel, because his PA would be unable to collect taxes on the fuel.<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> In 2016 most Palestinian parties welcomed Turkish initiatives to end the strict Israeli siege on the Gaza Strip by building a <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Seaport_plans" title="Gaza Seaport plans">seaport</a> for the movement of people and goods. This step was condemned by Fatah and the PA, a senior Fatah leader saying that his movement would not allow this to happen, while the Fatah Executive Committee said this was an Israeli trick to separate Gaza from the West Bank. In turn a Hamas official condemned the PA's position; "This position proves that the PA is part of the Israeli-led siege which has been imposed on Gaza for ten years".<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> In 2017, the PA government imposed its own sanctions against Gaza, including, among other things, cutting off salaries to thousands of PA employees, as well as financial assistance to hundreds of families in the Gaza Strip. The PA initially said it would stop paying for the electricity and fuel that Israel supplies to the Gaza Strip, but after a year partially backtracked.<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> Since 2005, Israel asserts that it ended its occupation of Gaza when it <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's unilateral disengagement plan">disengaged from the coastal strip in 2005</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's unilateral disengagement">Israel's unilateral disengagement plan</a> from the Gaza strip, Israel no longer has troops stationed within Gaza. Israel has retained control over Gaza's airspace and coastline, and over its own border with the territory. Egypt has control of its border with Gaza. Israel and Egypt also control the flow of goods in and out. Israel controls fuel imports to Gaza, and also controls the majority of electricity used in Gaza (approximately 60%), which it supplies from the Israeli electrical grid.<a href="#cite_note-sanctions_legal-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> There have been a series of attacks by Israeli ground forces such as the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict">2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">rocket attacks</a> on Israel and cross-border attacks by Gazan militant groups against Israeli troops. In September 2007, citing an intensification of <a href="/wiki/Qassam_rocket" title="Qassam rocket">Qassam rocket</a> attacks, Israel restricted the transfer of electricity, fuel, and other supplies into Gaza. Israel stated that the purpose of the blockade was to pressure Hamas into ending the rocket attacks and to deprive them of the supplies necessary for the continuation of rocket attacks.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> Israel argues that it is not legally responsible for Gaza beyond whatever is necessary to avoid a humanitarian crisis.<a href="#cite_note-sanctions_legal-75">[74]</a> A US Congressional Research Service report claimed 'While there are differing views in Israel concerning the Gaza blockade ... most Israelis equate security with survival and peace. Israel's leaders appear to believe that the blockade of the Gaza Strip [among other security and deterrence measures], have brought about a quiet. ... As of the date of the Gaza flotilla incident, no Israeli had been killed in a terrorist or in a cross-border rocket attack in more than a year. Therefore, the Israeli government is reluctant to abandon the blockade tactic ... from its perspective.'<a href="#cite_note-crs-296">[292]</a> Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu maintained that the blockade is necessary to prevent weapons from reaching Gaza. He said, "(I)t's our obligation—as well as our right in accordance to international law and to common sense—to prevent these weapons from entering by air, sea, and land." Referring to the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza flotilla">Gaza flotilla</a>, he added, "Had the blockade been breached, this flotilla would have been followed by dozens, by hundreds of ships. The amount of weapons that can be transported aboard a ship is totally different from what we saw get through the tunnels." He argued that the consequences of Israel's failure to maintain the blockade would be "an Iranian port in Gaza, only a few dozen kilometers from Tel Aviv and Jerusalem."<a href="#cite_note-crs-296">[292]</a> An Israeli government document stated, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A country has the right to decide that it chooses not to engage in economic relations or to give economic assistance to the other party to the conflict, or that it wishes to operate using 'economic warfare'.<a href="#cite_note-Frenkel-econowar-203">[199]</a></blockquote> An Israeli government spokesman added in 2010 that the blockade is intended to bring about a political goal and that Israel "could not lift the embargo altogether as long as Hamas remains in control" of Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-Frenkel-econowar-203">[199]</a> Speaking in 2006, Dov Weisglass, an advisor to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, allegedly said that, "The idea is to put the Palestinians on a diet, but not to make them die of hunger."<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> Although this quote is widely reported, the original quote appears to have been: "It's like an appointment with a dietician. The Palestinians will get a lot thinner, but won't die."<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> Weisglass has denied this report.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> According to US diplomatic cables obtained by the <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> organization, diplomats stationed in the US embassy in Tel Aviv were briefed by Israelis on the blockade of the Gaza Strip. One of the cables states that "as part of their overall embargo plan against Gaza, Israeli officials have confirmed (...) on multiple occasions that they intend to keep the Gazan economy on the brink of collapse without quite pushing it over the edge".<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> Egypt's argument is that it cannot open Rafah crossing unless the Palestinian Authority headed by <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> controls the crossing and international monitors are present. Egypt Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit" title="Ahmed Aboul Gheit">Ahmed Aboul Gheit</a> said Hamas wants the border opened because it would represent Egyptian recognition of the group's control of Gaza. "Of course this is something we cannot do," he said, "because it would undermine the legitimacy of the Palestinian Authority and consecrate the split between Gaza and the West Bank."<a href="#cite_note-egypt-301">[297]</a> According to Sharif Elmusa, Associate Professor of Political Science at the American University in Cairo, Israel wants Gaza to fade into Egypt. Egyptian authorities are determined to avoid opening the Rafah crossing without ending the Israeli siege, which would ultimately serve Israel's goal of displacing the Gaza problem onto Egypt. Secondly it is Cairo's concern that under Hamas rule violence can spill into Sinai and threaten tourism, leaving Egypt vulnerable to US and Israeli accusations of ineffectively fighting terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> Following the events of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a> in May 2010, after Egypt opened its borders with Gaza, it was reported that former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak was caught between the need to appease growing public anger at Israel's actions and the necessity of maintaining his close relationship with Israel. This friendship was needed to secure more than $2bn of American aid annually, money on which many analysts believe Mubarak's former regime depended.<a href="#cite_note-mubarakopen-127">[126]</a> While Israel contends that the blockade is necessary to prevent smuggling of weapons into Gaza, Egypt argues that it is needed to prevent smuggling of them from Gaza into the Sinai.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel-Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel-Gaza conflict">2014 Israel-Gaza conflict</a>, Israel claimed that over 30 underground attack tunnels were discovered under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel-Gaza_Border&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel-Gaza Border (page does not exist)">Israel-Gaza Border</a> which are used by militants in order to infiltrate Israel. It also claimed that over 600,000 tons of cement required to construct the tunnels was originally designated for humanitarian aid and diverted.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> Although the United States officially supports the blockade,<a href="#cite_note-NYT20100601-305">[301]</a> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> met Israeli Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> in February 2010 and urged him to ease the blockade. The United States has long been pressing Israel to ease the restrictions on Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> Speaking about the Gaza flotilla raid, which occurred on 31 May 2010, Clinton stated that "The situation in Gaza is unsustainable and unacceptable."<a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> In regards to the impending second Gaza flotilla, Clinton stated that, "the Gaza flotilla is not necessary or useful."<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> In June 2010 Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said the humanitarian needs in the Hamas-controlled area must be met along with legitimate Israeli security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-voanews01-309">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_United_Nations">The United Nations</h3></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> On 24 January 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> released a statement calling for Israel to lift its siege on the Gaza Strip, allow the continued supply of food, fuel, and medicine, and reopen border crossings.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>, this was the 15th time in less than two years the council condemned Israel for its human rights record regarding the Palestinian territories.<a href="#cite_note-UNHRCslams-311">[307]</a> The proceedings were boycotted by Israel and the United States. Prior to this, U.N. Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, <a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(British_diplomat)" title="John Holmes (British diplomat)">John Holmes</a>, described the blockade as "collective punishment", saying, "We all understand the security problems and the need to respond to that but collective punishment of the people of Gaza is not, we believe, the appropriate way to do that."<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> On 15 December 2008, following a statement in which he described the embargo on Gaza as a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crime against humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur">United Nations Special Rapporteur</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Falk" title="Richard A. Falk">Richard A. Falk</a> was prevented from entering the Palestinian territories by Israeli authorities and expelled from the region.<a href="#cite_note-Falk-313">[309]</a> The Israeli Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon<a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> said that the mandate of the Special Rapporteur was "hopelessly unbalanced", and "redundant at best and malicious at worst".<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> In August 2009, U.N. human rights chief Navi Pillay criticised Israel for the blockade in a 34-page report, calling it a violation of the rules of war.<a href="#cite_note-Navi-316">[312]</a> In March 2010, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> stated that the blockade of Gaza is causing "unacceptable suffering" and that families were living in "unacceptable, unsustainable conditions".<a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> A UN Fact Finding mission in September 2009 led by South African Judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_Goldstone" title="Richard Goldstone">Richard Goldstone</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Goldstone_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldstone report">Goldstone report</a>) concluded that the blockade was possibly a crime against humanity, and recommended that the matter be referred to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> if the situation has not improved in six months. In May 2010, the UN <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> stated that the formal economy in Gaza has collapsed since the imposition of the blockade.<a href="#cite_note-ocha2010-05-25-318">[314]</a> They also stated that the "restrictions imposed on the civilian population by the continuing blockade of the Gaza Strip amount to collective punishment, a violation of international humanitarian law."<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a> In June 2010, United Nations envoy to the Middle East and former UK Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> stated that "The policy of Gaza is counter-productive and what [Israel] should be doing is allow material in to rebuild homes and sanitation and power and water systems and allow business to flourish. Nor do we in fact do damage to the position of Hamas by harming people in Gaza. People are harmed when the quality of service is poor and people cannot work." He also called for Hamas to stop the "terrorism coming out of Gaza".<a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a> In the same month, Robert Serry, the UN special envoy for Middle East peace process, also said that "The flotilla crisis is the latest symptom of a failed policy. The situation in Gaza is unsustainable and the current policy is unacceptable and counter-productive, and requires a different, more positive strategy. The closure and blockade of the Gaza Strip needs to come to an end. There is now a welcome international consensus on Gaza."<a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a> In the September 2011 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid#UN_Palmer_Report" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Palmer Report</a>, the UN investigative committee for the 2010 Flotilla to Gaza said that Israel's naval blockade of Gaza was legal under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, but criticised the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Israeli raid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-palmer-322">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-un-palmer-323">[319]</a> Later that same month, five independent U.N. rights experts reporting to the U.N. Human Rights Council rejected that conclusion, saying the blockade had subjected Palestinians in Gaza to collective punishment in "flagrant contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law."<a href="#cite_note-reuters-OHCHR-324">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> In May 2011, EU <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_International_Cooperation,_Humanitarian_Aid_and_Crisis_Response" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response">Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Kristalina Georgieva</a> said the European Union and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> were "calling for the immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of crossings for the flow of humanitarian aid, commercial goods and persons.", after she and UN <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_for_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Emergency_Relief_Coordinator" title="Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator">Under Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief</a> <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerie Amos">Valerie Amos</a> had a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> with Israeli Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Georgieva2011-05-17a-325">[321]</a> She then said in an interview with Israel's <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a> that she believes that the "humanitarian crisis...was artificially created because of the blockade," but added that the idea of a flotilla is not the correct action to take: "We are not in favor of attempts to help people in this way."<a href="#cite_note-Georgieva2011-05-18a-326">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> made harsh comments against the blockade, especially following the Gaza flotilla raid. Erdoğan raised the possibility of trying to forcibly breach the blockade by sending the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Navy">Turkish Navy</a> to escort any future flotilla or by trying to visit Gaza himself. The Turkish government made it clear that it opposes the blockade and regards it as illegal, and before the flotilla raid, issued a demand for safe passage. However, Turkish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a> said that Turkey was willing to normalize relations with Israel if it lifted the blockade.<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a> Following Israel's easing of the blockade, the Turkish Foreign Ministry called it "a positive but insufficient step", and said that "Turkey considers that Israel's inhuman blockade of Gaza represents a threat to regional peace and stability and considers that the blockade must be entirely lifted.<a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> After visiting Gaza in March 2010, Irish foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin" title="Micheál Martin">Micheál Martin</a> described the Israeli blockade of Palestinian-ruled Gaza as "inhumane and unacceptable" and called on the European Union and other countries to increase pressure on Israel to lift the blockade. Martin was the first EU foreign minister to enter Gaza in over a year. He said that all that is being achieved through the blockade is to "enrich Hamas and marginalize even further the voices of moderation."<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UK_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Prime Minister">UK Prime Minister</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a>, stated that "Friends of Israel – and I count myself a friend of Israel – should be saying to the Israelis that the blockade actually strengthens Hamas's grip on the economy and on Gaza, and it's in their own interests to lift it and allow these vital supplies to get through. ... We should do everything we can through the UN, where resolution 1860 is absolutely clear about the need to end the blockade and to open up Gaza."<a href="#cite_note-ukposition2-330">[326]</a> In July 2010, Cameron called on Israel to relax the blockade. He said "Humanitarian goods and people must flow in both directions. Gaza cannot and must not be allowed to remain a prison camp."<a href="#cite_note-Cameron-331">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Sneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim Sneh">Ephraim Sneh</a>, former Israeli minister, said: "Cameron is right – Gaza is a prison camp, but those who control the prison are Hamas. I'm totally against the double standards of a nation which fights the Taliban but is showing its solidarity with their brothers, Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron-331">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> speaking after the Gaza flotilla raid, criticized the blockade saying "So the events of the last 24/48 hours confirm in my mind, as they do if you hear what <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> have done and everyone in Government, the view that the blockade on Gaza is neither sustainable nor tenable in its present form."<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> He also commented that "If we needed any confirmation about the unjustified and untenable blockade of Gaza, we have been reminded overnight of the need to lift this blockade. What is going on in Gaza is a humanitarian catastrophe. While of course Israel has every right to defend itself and its citizens from attack, we must now move towards lifting the blockade from Gaza as soon as possible."<a href="#cite_note-ukposition1-334">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a>, said in a prepared speech to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that the blockade of Gaza was "unacceptable and unsustainable", and that it was "the view of the British government, including the previous government, that restrictions on Gaza should be lifted – a view confirmed in United Nations security council resolution 1860 which called for sustained delivery of humanitarian aid and which called on states to alleviate the humanitarian and economic situation", and that "current Israeli restrictions are counterproductive for Israel's long term security".<a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a> Acting Labour Leader Harriet Harman also stated that "This blockade must end."<a href="#cite_note-ukposition2-330">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_organizations">Humanitarian organizations</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> argues that Israel is still an occupying power and is responsible for Gaza under the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention, which seeks to protect the civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-sanctions_legal-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW111-28">[28]</a> Amnesty International said that "The blockade constitutes collective punishment under international law and must be lifted immediately," and that as the occupying power, Israel has a duty under international law to ensure the welfare of Gaza's inhabitants, including their rights to health, education, food and adequate housing.<a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a> On 7 March 2008, several international aid groups, including <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, <a href="/wiki/CARE_International" title="CARE International">CARE International UK</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>, issued a report saying that the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip was more acute than at any time since the beginning of the Israeli occupation in 1967. While critical of Palestinian militants firing rockets from Gaza into Israel, and acknowledging that "Israel has the right and obligation to protect its citizens", they said that as the "occupying power in Gaza" it also has a legal duty to ensure Gaza civilians have access to food, clean water, electricity and medical care. They urged Israel to lift the blockade, characterizing it as <a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">collective punishment</a> against the 1.5 million residents of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a> According to the ICRC, "The hardship faced by Gaza's 1.5 million people cannot be addressed by providing humanitarian aid. The only sustainable solution is to lift the closure."<a href="#cite_note-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!-29">[29]</a> The ICRC has also referred to the blockade as "a collective punishment imposed in clear violation of Israel's obligations under international humanitarian law".<a href="#cite_note-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!-29">[29]</a> In May 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_Human_Rights_Monitor" title="Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor">Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor</a> issued a report discussing the situation in Gaza nine months after the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. The report touched on the continuity of Gaza blockade was on the cost of relief, recovery and reconstruction due to last summer's war which reached $4 billion, as international donors pledged $3.5 billion for Gaza's reconstruction, only $954 million had been disbursed as of early April. The report also shed light on the UNRWA financial crises that threatened the stability of its operation in Gaza which probably further affect the humanitarian situation in Gaza Strip. The report accused the Egyptian authorities in joining Israel in imposing a siege on Gaza. According to the report, Egypt had closed Rafah crossing 66% of the time in 2014, 100 days from the beginning of 2015 to May of the same year. As the world's attention has shifted away to other pressing issues, the report warned that, if the international community does not re-shoulder its responsibilities, Gaza will blow up into another war. The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor urgently calls on the international community to take a practical steps to end the blockade on Gaza. The monitor also called the Egyptian government to open Rafah crossing, without any restrictions. Finally the monitor called for Support the Palestinian call for a commercial seaport in Gaza that guarantees the free import and export of goods and private international travel.<a href="#cite_note-emhrm_strangled-338">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-governmental_organizations">Non-governmental organizations</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Justus_Weiner" title="Justus Weiner">Justus Weiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avi_Bell" title="Avi Bell">Avi Bell</a> of the pro-Israeli lobby group <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">JCPA</a> said that Israel's combat actions and blockade cannot be considered collective punishment. They cite Article 75(4)(b) of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, which says the bar on collective punishment forbids the imposition of criminal-type penalties on individuals or groups on the basis of another's guilt, or the commission of acts that would otherwise violate the rules of distinction and/or proportionality.<a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> According to Weiner and Bell, the blockade does not "involve the imposition of criminal-type penalties or the violation of the rules of distinction and proportionality."<a href="#cite_note-weiner-340">[336]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a> (IAF), a <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> group, criticized Egypt for the blockade and accused it of "collaborating" with Israel and the United States. "The Egyptian authorities are ...increasing the suffering of the Palestinians in Gaza by building the steel wall and closing the border crossings with Gaza," said Hamzah Mansour, a member of the Shura Council of the IAF.<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Rose" title="Gideon Rose">Gideon Rose</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> has written that the blockade serves a secondary aim, which is to undermine Hamas by making life unpleasant for Gaza's residents.<a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3></div> <ul><li>Former U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> – In June 2009, Jimmy Carter met with Hamas leaders in Gaza for three hours. Before his meeting with former Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh and other Hamas officials, President Carter spoke forcefully against the economic blockade of Gaza. "The responsibility for this terrible human rights crime lies in Jerusalem, Cairo, Washington, and throughout the international community. This abuse must cease; the crimes must be investigated; the walls must be brought down, and the basic right of freedom must come to you," Carter tells the crowd at an awards ceremony for UN refugee school pupils.<a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> – Pope Benedict during his visit to <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> in May 2009 specifically mentioned the plight of Gazans, saying: "Please be assured of my solidarity with you in the immense work of rebuilding which now lies ahead and my prayers that the embargo will soon be lifted."<a href="#cite_note-Prusher-100">[99]</a></li> <li>Jimmy Carter and former president of Ireland <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> in August 2014 at the height of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a> called for a UN mandated lifting of the blockade.<a href="#cite_note-CarterRobinson-344">[340]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relief">International relief</h2></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a>, a donors conference was held in Egypt where different countries committed to donate total sum of US$5.4 Billion.<a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> In September 2014, Turkey proposed sending a <a href="/wiki/Powership" title="Powership">powership</a> to Gaza to ease the shortage of electricity,<a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> but in December 2014 Israel rejected the proposal stating that the infrastructure in Gaza was not compatible with the ship.<a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Israeli government">Criticism of the Israeli government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip#History" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip § History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">2006 Palestinian legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods">Operation Bringing Home the Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Gaza barrier">Israel–Gaza barrier</a> aka <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Gaza border">Israel–Gaza border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_barrier" title="Egypt–Gaza barrier">Egypt–Gaza barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="Egypt–Gaza border">Egypt–Gaza border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_assessments_of_the_Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid">Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Israel_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Israel relations">Egypt-Israel relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Wolfensohn, who was the special envoy of the Quartet at that time, makes the connection between the nonfulfillment of the border-crossings agreement and the election results. He also points out it was not the only reason of such election results. </li> </ol></div></div><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> as of 29 March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, the true number of people dead from starvation may already be higher, as "limited access to northern Gaza has hindered the ability of aid agencies to fully assess the situation there."<a href="#cite_note-Newborns_die_of_hunger-167">[165]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> The Israeli NGO <a href="/wiki/Btselem" class="mw-redirect" title="Btselem">Btselem</a> has stated the famine is a direct outcome of Israeli policy: "This reality is not a byproduct of war, but a direct result of Israel's declared policy. Residents now depend entirely on food supplies from outside Gaza, as they can no longer produce almost any food themselves. Most cultivated fields have been destroyed, and accessing open areas during the war is dangerous in any case. Bakeries, factories and food warehouses have been bombed or shut down due to lack of basic supplies, fuel and electricity."<a href="#cite_note-Israel_is_starving-174">[171]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120902185323/https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf">"Light at the End of Their Tunnels? Hamas and the Arab Uprisings"</a> (PDF). International Crisis Group. 14 August 2012. p. 38, note 283. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 September 2012. <q>The prime minister is comfortable with limited economic growth in Gaza, particularly as a way to modify Hamas's urge to get into trouble. We still want there to be a discrepancy between economic life in Gaza and the West Bank, but we no longer feel it needs to be so large.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Crisis+Group&rft.atitle=Light+at+the+End+of+Their+Tunnels%3F+Hamas+and+the+Arab+Uprisings&rft.pages=38%2C+note+283&rft.date=2012-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FMiddle%2520East%2520North%2520Africa%2FIsrael%2520Palestine%2F129-light-at-the-end-of-their-tunnels-hamas-and-the-arab-uprisings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://features.gisha.org/gaza-up-close">"Gaza Up Close"</a>. Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gisha+%E2%80%93+Legal+Center+for+Freedom+of+Movement&rft.atitle=Gaza+Up+Close&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.gisha.org%2Fgaza-up-close&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/25/egypt-to-reopen-gaza-strip-crossing">"Egypt to reopen Gaza strip crossing for first time since 2007"</a>. The Guardian. 25 May 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 12 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Egypt+to+reopen+Gaza+strip+crossing+for+first+time+since+2007&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmay%2F25%2Fegypt-to-reopen-gaza-strip-crossing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/palmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines">"Palmer Report Did Not Find Gaza Blockade Legal, Despite Media Headlines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> USA. 6 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International+USA&rft.atitle=Palmer+Report+Did+Not+Find+Gaza+Blockade+Legal%2C+Despite+Media+Headlines&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnestyusa.org%2Fupdates%2Fpalmer-report-did-not-find-gaza-blockade-legal-despite-media-headlines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-open-air_prison-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-open-air_prison_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-open-air_prison_5-1">b</a> Multiple sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cook" title="Jonathan Cook">Cook, Jonathan</a> (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220012330/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/how-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison">"How Israel is turning Gaza into a super-max prison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National (Abu Dhabi)</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/how-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison">the original</a> on 20 December 2014. <q>One Israeli analyst has compared the proposed solution to transforming a third-world prison into a modern US super-max incarceration facility.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+%28Abu+Dhabi%29&rft.atitle=How+Israel+is+turning+Gaza+into+a+super-max+prison&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fopinion%2Fcomment%2Fhow-israel-is-turning-gaza-into-a-super-max-prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024235819/http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison">"Noam Chomsky: My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truthout" title="Truthout">Truthout</a>. 9 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison">the original</a> on 24 October 2015. <q>And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Truthout&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky%3A+My+Visit+to+Gaza%2C+the+World%27s+Largest+Open-Air+Prison&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truth-out.org%2Fopinion%2Fitem%2F12635-noam-chomsky-my-visit-to-gaza-the-worlds-largest-open-air-prison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron, David</a> (20 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708035445/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html?_r=0">"Havens Are Few, if Not Far, for Palestinians in Gaza Strip"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/21/world/middleeast/havens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html?_r=0">the original</a> on 8 July 2017. <q>Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain in 2010 called Gaza "an open-air prison", drawing criticism from Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Havens+Are+Few%2C+if+Not+Far%2C+for+Palestinians+in+Gaza+Strip&rft.date=2014-07-20&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F07%2F21%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fhavens-are-few-if-not-far-for-palestinians-in-gaza-strip-seeking-refugee-status.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawber2013" class="citation news cs1">Dawber, Alistair (13 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813080736/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html">"Tales from Gaza: What is life really like in 'the world's largest outdoor prison'?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2017. <q>Locals call it "the world's biggest prison", and it's not difficult to understand why ... Mr Jnead's children, and their prospects in what is often referred to as the world's largest open prison, is top of his concerns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Tales+from+Gaza%3A+What+is+life+really+like+in+%27the+world%27s+largest+outdoor+prison%27%3F&rft.date=2013-04-13&rft.aulast=Dawber&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Ftales-from-gaza-what-is-life-really-like-in-the-worlds-largest-outdoor-prison-8567611.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChehab2007" class="citation book cs1">Chehab, Zaki (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102100700/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194">Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies</a>. <a href="/wiki/I._B._Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I. B. Tauris">I. B. Tauris</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-360-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-360-5"><bdi>978-0-85771-360-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V-8BAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT194">the original</a> on 2 November 2022. <q>The Rafiah crossing is the gateway to what Palestinians refer to as their open-air prison – the Gaza Strip.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Hamas%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Militants%2C+Martyrs+and+Spies&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-360-5&rft.aulast=Chehab&rft.aufirst=Zaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-8BAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Anna Ball, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NX3aAAAAQBAJ">'Impossible Intimacies,'</a> in Anastasia Valassopoulos (ed.) Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> 2013 pp71-91 p.73: "...Gaza Strip Barrier, a structure that has sealed Gaza's border with Israel and has led to Gaza's description as ″the world's largest open-air prison",</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaza-Strip/Blockade">"Blockade of Gaza Strip"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 17 October 2023. <q>In autumn 2007 Israel declared the Gaza Strip under Hamas a hostile entity and approved a series of sanctions that included power cuts, heavily restricted imports, and border closures. In January 2008, facing sustained rocket assaults into its southern settlements, Israel broadened its sanctions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Blockade+of+Gaza+Strip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGaza-Strip%2FBlockade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Exits by Palestinians from Gaza via Erez Crossing – Gisha. (December 26, 2023). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gisha.org/en/exits-by-palestinians-via-erez-crossing-to-israel-the-west-bank-and-abroad">https://gisha.org/en/exits-by-palestinians-via-erez-crossing-to-israel-the-west-bank-and-abroad</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> FAQs – Gisha. (2023, November 26). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://gisha.org/en/faqs">https://gisha.org/en/faqs</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-dedevelopment-9"><a href="#cite_ref-dedevelopment_9-0">^</a> The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development, 3rd ed., by Sara Roy.Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Prince2023" class="citation web cs1">El-Prince, Maryam (13 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecairoreview.com/essays/gaza-conflict-cascading-effects-the-rafah-question/">"Gaza Conflict Cascading Effects: The Rafah Question"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cairo_Review_of_Global_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cairo Review of Global Affairs">The Cairo Review of Global Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cairo+Review+of+Global+Affairs&rft.atitle=Gaza+Conflict+Cascading+Effects%3A+The+Rafah+Question&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.aulast=El-Prince&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecairoreview.com%2Fessays%2Fgaza-conflict-cascading-effects-the-rafah-question%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imemc.org/article/15378/">"Israel halts talks with P.A on Bus convoys between Gaza and W. 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Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+Gaza+%E2%80%93+One+Of+The+Most+Densely+Populated+Places+On+Earth+Scarred+By+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fworld-news%2Fisrael-palestine-war-hamas-gaza-one-of-the-most-densely-populated-places-on-earth-scarred-by-war-4461971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2007" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (14 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130045542/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/world/middleeast/14mideast.html">"Abbas's Premier Tells Israel to Reopen Gaza"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/world/middleeast/14mideast.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Abbas%27s+Premier+Tells+Israel+to+Reopen+Gaza&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F14%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F14mideast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ynet_Cabinet-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_Cabinet_16-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenhorin2010" class="citation news cs1">Benhorin, Yitzhak (20 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html">"Cabinet: All non-military items can enter Gaza freely"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynet news">Ynet news</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100623014021/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3907978,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cabinet%3A+All+non-military+items+can+enter+Gaza+freely&rft.date=2010-06-20&rft.aulast=Benhorin&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3907978%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SN/IA/04946" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Stephen (22 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN04946.pdf">"Gaza: The conflict between Israel and Hamas"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library" title="House of Commons Library">House of Commons Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza%3A+The+conflict+between+Israel+and+Hamas&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbriefing-papers%2FSN04946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/9694410/Gaza-Israel-Hamas-ceasefire-agreement-in-full.html">"Gaza: Israel Hamas ceasefire agreement in full"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623133747/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/palestinianauthority/9694410/Gaza-Israel-Hamas-ceasefire-agreement-in-full.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Gaza%3A+Israel+Hamas+ceasefire+agreement+in+full&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fpalestinianauthority%2F9694410%2FGaza-Israel-Hamas-ceasefire-agreement-in-full.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2014" class="citation web cs1">Page, Rob (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184470/SN06969.pdf">"Gaza ceasefire agreement"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library" title="House of Commons Library">House of Commons Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111507/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184470/SN06969.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza+ceasefire+agreement&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F184470%2FSN06969.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21607895-hamas-wants-two-big-concessions-it-may-not-get-them-why-hamas-fires-those-rockets">"Conditions for a ceasefire: Why Hamas fires those rockets"</a>. The Economist. 19 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722071814/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21607895-hamas-wants-two-big-concessions-it-may-not-get-them-why-hamas-fires-those-rockets">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014. <q>After the last big Israeli effort to stop the rockets, in November 2012, it was agreed that, along with a ceasefire, the blockade of Gaza would gradually be lifted and the crossings into Egypt and Israel would be opened. The ceasefire generally held, but the siege continued.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Conditions+for+a+ceasefire%3A+Why+Hamas+fires+those+rockets&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21607895-hamas-wants-two-big-concessions-it-may-not-get-them-why-hamas-fires-those-rockets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2010" class="citation news cs1">Sherwood, Harriet (30 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221237/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/30/israel-accused-over-gaza-blockade">"Israel accused over 'cruel' Gaza blockade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/30/israel-accused-over-gaza-blockade">the original</a> on 21 June 2018. <q>According to today's report, Dashed Hopes: Continuation of the Gaza Blockade, imports of construction materials are 11% of the 2007 pre-blockade levels. Despite having agreed to allow in materials for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency to rebuild its schools and clinics damaged or destroyed in the three-week war in 2008–09, Israel has permitted only 7% of the necessary amount.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Israel+accused+over+%27cruel%27+Gaza+blockade&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F30%2Fisrael-accused-over-gaza-blockade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Hartberg, Martin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QfSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Beyond Ceasefire: Ending the blockade of Gaza</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78077-229-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78077-229-5"><bdi>978-1-78077-229-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Ceasefire%3A+Ending+the+blockade+of+Gaza&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxfam&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78077-229-5&rft.aulast=Hartberg&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QfSAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Ian Bickerton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jf5GAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed,</a> <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>, 2012 p.238:'In June 2008 Israel increased the severity of the blockade after Egypt brokered a ceasefire . .'The exchange of rockets launched a retaliatory aerial assaults increased late in 2008 with Hamas and Israeli blaming each other for a breakdown in the ceasefire. The evidence suggests Israel broke the ceasefire with a raid into the Gaza Strip that killed six Hamas men on 4 Novembneer- the night of the presidential election in the USA. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, in Elliot N. Dorff, Danya Ruttenberg, Louis E Newman (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26">Jewish Choices, Jewish Voices: War and National Security</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018122916/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>, 2010 p.26 :'There were some partial ceasefires. But Israel maintained the siege and then violated ceasefire agreements directly. The most important instance of this was in 2008. Right before the Israeli invasion, there was a ceasefire. It was observed completely by Hamas. The Israeli government concedes that there was not a single Hamas rocket fired during the ceasefire. Israel nevertheless maintained the siege, and in November 2008, Israeli just invaded Gaza outright and killed half a dozen Hamas activists. After that, rockets started.' </li> <li id="cite_note-nathanthrall-25"><a href="#cite_ref-nathanthrall_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrall2014" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Thrall" title="Nathan Thrall">Thrall, Nathan</a> (21 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163404/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances">"Hamas's Chances"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. Vol. 36, no. 16. pp. 10–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n16/nathan-thrall/hamass-chances">the original</a> on 19 June 2018. <q>with 21 November 2012 ceasefire agreement Israel undertook to 'end attacks against Gaza by land, sea and air – including the 'targeting of individuals' (assassinations, typically by drone-fired missile) – and that the closure of Gaza would essentially end as a result of Israel's 'opening the crossings and facilitating the movements of people and transfer of goods, and refraining from restricting residents' free movements and targeting residents in border areas' but Israel therefore saw little incentive in upholding its end of the deal. In the three months following the ceasefire, its forces made regular incursions into Gaza, strafed Palestinian farmers and those collecting scrap and rubble across the border, and fired at boats, preventing fishermen from accessing the majority of Gaza's waters. . . Israel had committed to holding indirect negotiations with Hamas over the implementation of the ceasefire but repeatedly delayed them . . The talks never took place. The lesson for Hamas was clear. Even if an agreement was brokered by the US and Egypt, Israel could still fail to honour it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Hamas%27s+Chances&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=10-12&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.aulast=Thrall&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv36%2Fn16%2Fnathan-thrall%2Fhamass-chances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithnall2014" class="citation news cs1">Withnall, Adam (14 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221209/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-conflict-israel-breaks-ceasefire-in-minutes-as-eight-year-old-girl-killed-in-air-strike-9645558.html">"Israel-Gaza conflict: Israel 'breaks ceasefire in minutes' as eight-year-old girl killed in air strike"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-conflict-israel-breaks-ceasefire-in-minutes-as-eight-year-old-girl-killed-in-air-strike-9645558.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Israel-Gaza+conflict%3A+Israel+%27breaks+ceasefire+in+minutes%27+as+eight-year-old+girl+killed+in+air+strike&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft.aulast=Withnall&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fisrael-gaza-conflict-israel-breaks-ceasefire-in-minutes-as-eight-year-old-girl-killed-in-air-strike-9645558.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunayyer2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yousef_Munayyer" title="Yousef Munayyer">Munayyer, Yousef</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194348/http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/8747/israelgaza-cease-fire-dynamics-breakdown">"Israel/Gaza Cease-Fire Dynamics Breakdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Fund" title="The Jerusalem Fund">The Jerusalem Fund</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/8747/israelgaza-cease-fire-dynamics-breakdown">the original</a> on 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Fund&rft.atitle=Israel%2FGaza+Cease-Fire+Dynamics+Breakdown&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Munayyer&rft.aufirst=Yousef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejerusalemfund.org%2F8747%2Fisraelgaza-cease-fire-dynamics-breakdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW111-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW111_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW111_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW111_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW111_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW111_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW111_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW111_28-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/14/gaza-israels-open-air-prison-15">"Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Gaza%3A+Israel%27s+%27Open-Air+Prison%27+at+15&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2F06%2F14%2Fgaza-israels-open-air-prison-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaza_closure:_not_another_year!_29-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palestine-update-140610">"Gaza closure: not another year!"</a>. ICRC. 14 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615191747/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palestine-update-140610">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza+closure%3A+not+another+year%21&rft.pub=ICRC&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fweb%2Feng%2Fsiteeng0.nsf%2Fhtmlall%2Fpalestine-update-140610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2016346-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016346_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2016346_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2016">Roy 2016</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/hrw/1996/en/40173">"Israel's Closure of the West Bank and Gaza Strip"</a>. Refworld. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Closure+of+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza+Strip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Freference%2Fcountryrep%2Fhrw%2F1996%2Fen%2F40173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.un.org/en/1996/19960415.sc6206.html">"SECURITY COUNCIL MEETS IN RESPONSE TO SECURITY MEASURES IMPOSED BY ISR"L ON WEST BANK, GAZA | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"</a>. press.un.org. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press.un.org&rft.atitle=SECURITY+COUNCIL+MEETS+IN+RESPONSE+TO+SECURITY+MEASURES+IMPOSED+BY+ISR%22L+ON+WEST+BANK%2C+GAZA+%7C+Meetings+Coverage+and+Press+Releases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.un.org%2Fen%2F1996%2F19960415.sc6206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberman1993" class="citation news cs1">Haberman, Clyde (27 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/27/world/gazans-suffering-under-israeli-closing.html">"Gazans Suffering Under Israeli Closing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526094413/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/27/world/gazans-suffering-under-israeli-closing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gazans+Suffering+Under+Israeli+Closing&rft.date=1993-04-27&rft.aulast=Haberman&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F04%2F27%2Fworld%2Fgazans-suffering-under-israeli-closing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2011" class="citation news cs1">Guarnieri, Mya (29 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.972mag.com/the-blockade-on-gaza-began-long-before-hamas-came-to-power/">"The blockade on Gaza began long before Hamas came to power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/%2B972_Magazine" title="+972 Magazine">+972 Magazine</a>. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%2B972+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+blockade+on+Gaza+began+long+before+Hamas+came+to+power&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=Mya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.972mag.com%2Fthe-blockade-on-gaza-began-long-before-hamas-came-to-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/14/a-guide-to-the-gaza-strip">"Gaza Strip: A beginner's guide to an enclave under blockade"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Gaza+Strip%3A+A+beginner%27s+guide+to+an+enclave+under+blockade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F3%2F14%2Fa-guide-to-the-gaza-strip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sara_M._Roy-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sara_M._Roy_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sara_M._Roy_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_M._Roy2016" class="citation book cs1">Sara M. Roy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXAqjgEACAAJ&pg=PA">The Gaza Strip</a>. Institute for Palestine Studies USA, Incorporated. pp. 360, 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-321-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-321-5"><bdi>978-0-88728-321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gaza+Strip&rft.pages=360%2C+364&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies+USA%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-88728-321-5&rft.au=Sara+M.+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXAqjgEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Gaza fence was not designed to prevent mass assault on its own, builder said in 2018. (19 October 2023). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-fence-was-not-designed-to-prevent-mass-assault-on-its-own-builder-said-in-2018">https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-fence-was-not-designed-to-prevent-mass-assault-on-its-own-builder-said-in-2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gisha.org/en/frequently-asked-questions-restrictions-on-passage-of-goods-into-and-out-of-gaza">"Frequently Asked Questions: Restrictions on passage of goods into and out of Gaza"</a>. Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement. 8 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gisha+%E2%80%93+Legal+Center+for+Freedom+of+Movement&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+Restrictions+on+passage+of+goods+into+and+out+of+Gaza&rft.date=2010-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgisha.org%2Fen%2Ffrequently-asked-questions-restrictions-on-passage-of-goods-into-and-out-of-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR), 5 Years and Counting: International Organizations and Donors Continue to Fund Israel's Illegal Closure on the Gaza Strip, Jane 13, 2012, p. 7 (para. 19), online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pchrgaza.org/">http://www.pchrgaza.org/</a> files/2012/closure report13-6.pdf. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> GISHA, Gaza Export Season; </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> GISHA, What Is the "Separation Policy"? </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507122525/http://www.eubam-rafah.eu/node/2301">"Operations | EUBAM Rafah"</a>. Eubam-rafah.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eubam-rafah.eu/node/2301">the original</a> on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operations+%26%23124%3B+EUBAM+Rafah&rft.pub=Eubam-rafah.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eubam-rafah.eu%2Fnode%2F2301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196496/">The Jerusalem Post, 12 September 2005</a>: "We cannot let Gaza be a prison under open skies". He noted that the EU had proposed that European customs agents be posted at Gaza Strip border points, with the agreement of the Palestinian and Israeli sides."We cannot talk about the future of Gaza, the future of the peace process, if there is not an economy starting to develop in the Palestinian territories. That requires entry and exit points and a port", which France and the EU had offered to construct, he said. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Associated_Press_2005-44"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Associated_Press_2005_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4844080">"Jordan: Gaza will become prison unless crossing points opened"</a>. Haaretz. The Associated Press. 12 September 2005. <q>We cannot speak about a comprehensive pullout without including the freedom of movement, the full opening of all the crossing points.If this doesn't happen, Gaza will be transformed into a big prison.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Jordan%3A+Gaza+will+become+prison+unless+crossing+points+opened&rft.date=2005-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.4844080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/webcast/summit2005/statements16/pale050916eng.pdf">"H.E. President Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen) delivered by H.E. Dr. Nasser Al-Kidwa, Minister of Foreign Affairs before the High-Level Plenary of the 60th Session of the United Nations General Assembly"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.E.+President+Mahmoud+Abbas+%28Abu+Mazen%29+delivered+by+H.E.+Dr.+Nasser+Al-Kidwa%2C+Minister+of+Foreign+Affairs+before+the+High-Level+Plenary+of+the+60th+Session+of+the+United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fwebcast%2Fsummit2005%2Fstatements16%2Fpale050916eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bashi, Sari (2011). "Remarks by Sari Bashi". Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting. 105: 463–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5305%2Fprocannmeetasil.105.0463">10.5305/procannmeetasil.105.0463</a>. <q>Even after 2005, Israel continued to prevent access to and from Gaza via the sea. It described the source of such exercise of authority generally as a different body of law-the law of armed conflict. Until 2007, Israel's policy of allowing goods to enter and leave Gaza by land was reportedly a policy of free access, subject only to restrictions stemming from security needs. Human rights groups often disagreed with this characterization, alleging that closures of the crossings were designed to apply pressure on the population in Gaza in response to political developments or attacks by armed groups in Gaza on Israeli civilians or soldiers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Asil+Annual+Meeting&rft.atitle=Remarks+by+Sari+Bashi&rft.volume=105&rft.pages=463-466&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5305%2Fprocannmeetasil.105.0463&rft.aulast=Bashi&rft.aufirst=Sari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010422–423-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010422–423_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolfensohn2010">Wolfensohn 2010</a>, pp. 422–423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010433-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010433_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolfensohn2010">Wolfensohn 2010</a>, p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-un-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-195535/">"Gaza Strip: Situation Report – Impact of Karni crossing closure (31 January 2006) – OCHA report"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza+Strip%3A+Situation+Report+%E2%80%93+Impact+of+Karni+crossing+closure+%2831+January+2006%29+%E2%80%93+OCHA+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fdocument%2Fauto-insert-195535%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-june-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-june_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-june_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-208409/">"Gaza Strip: Situation Report (7 June 2006) – OCHA report"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza+Strip%3A+Situation+Report+%287+June+2006%29+%E2%80%93+OCHA+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fdocument%2Fauto-insert-208409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-51"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4818478.stm">"Gaza farmers dumping their crops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 17 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gaza+farmers+dumping+their+crops&rft.date=2006-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F4818478.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfensohn2010430_52-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolfensohn2010">Wolfensohn 2010</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-daily-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daily_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daily_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daily_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daily_53-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-194494/">"Gaza Strip: Situation Report (3 May 2006) – OCHA report"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza+Strip%3A+Situation+Report+%283+May+2006%29+%E2%80%93+OCHA+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fdocument%2Fauto-insert-194494%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-march-54"><a href="#cite_ref-march_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-198269/">"Gaza Strip: Situation Report (29 March 2006) – OCHA report"</a>.</cite><span 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Closure at Karni Crossing</a> United Nations. Retrieved 10 December 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=419">Excerpts from President Mahmoud Abbas' Speech to the Opening of the PLC</a>. 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Retrieved 8 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gazans+make+new+border+wall+hole%3A+Palestinians+have+bulldozed+down+part+of+the+Gaza-Egypt+border+wall+again%2C+hours+after+Egyptian+troops+blocked+holes+recently+made+by+militants&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7208252.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-07-06-3462899240_x.htm">"Israel reopens Gaza border crossings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. 6 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805035138/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-07-06-3462899240_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Israel+reopens+Gaza+border+crossings&rft.date=2008-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-07-06-3462899240_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytdec28-81"><a href="#cite_ref-nytdec28_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Khodary2008" class="citation news cs1">El-Khodary, Taghreed (28 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/29/world/middleeast/29mideast.html">"Israeli Attacks in Gaza Strip Continue for Second Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410134613/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/29/world/middleeast/29mideast.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israeli+Attacks+in+Gaza+Strip+Continue+for+Second+Day&rft.date=2008-12-28&rft.aulast=El-Khodary&rft.aufirst=Taghreed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F29%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F29mideast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1010646.html">Hamas says not interested in renewing Shalit negotiations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201165507/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1010646.html">Archived</a> 1 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Avi Issacharoff and Amos Harel. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/ipc_e007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 May 2011. 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Retrieved 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cynthia+McKinney%2C+20+Others%2C+Held+by+Israel&rft.pub=WXIA-TV&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Sweigart&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.11alive.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fstory.aspx%3Fstoryid%3D131972%26catid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archived-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archived_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archived_99-1">b</a> Dion Nissenbaum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/62797.html">"Israel Blocks Pasta Shipment to Gaza, and Tensions Boil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/McClatchy_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="McClatchy Newspapers">McClatchy Newspapers</a>. 26 February 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503103059/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/62797.html">Archived</a> 23 July 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prusher-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prusher_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prusher_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prusher_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrusher2009" class="citation news cs1">Prusher, Ilene R. (13 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0513/p06s13-wome.html">"Pope's urging brings Gaza blockade to forefront"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517003503/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0513/p06s13-wome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Pope%27s+urging+brings+Gaza+blockade+to+forefront&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft.aulast=Prusher&rft.aufirst=Ilene+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2009%2F0513%2Fp06s13-wome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocha_report_2_5-101"><a href="#cite_ref-ocha_report_2_5_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225151528/http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_05_english.pdf">"Field Update on Gaza From the Humanitarian Coordinator"</a> (PDF). UN <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>. 5 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_05_english.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009. <q>On 3 February, over 3,500 blankets and 406 food parcels were confiscated by Hamas police personnel from an UNRWA distribution centre in Beach Camp.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Field+Update+on+Gaza+From+the+Humanitarian+Coordinator&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochaopt.org%2Fgazacrisis%2Fadmin%2Foutput%2Ffiles%2Focha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_05_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211141508/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/07/content_10776872.htm">"UNRWA suspends activities in Gazans after Hamas seized aid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua News">Xinhua News</a>. 6 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/07/content_10776872.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UNRWA+suspends+activities+in+Gazans+after+Hamas+seized+aid&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2009-02%2F07%2Fcontent_10776872.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocha_report_2_9-103"><a href="#cite_ref-ocha_report_2_9_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225151547/http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_09_english-20090210-104024.pdf">"Field Update on Gaza From the Humanitarian Coordinator, 6–9 February 2009, 1700 hours"</a> (PDF). UN <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a>. 9 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/gazacrisis/admin/output/files/ocha_opt_gaza_humanitarian_situation_report_2009_02_09_english-20090210-104024.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2009. 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Retrieved 2 June 2010. <q>The passengers... pulled out bats, clubs and slingshots with glass marbles, assaulting each soldier as he disembarked.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israeli+convoy+raid%3A+What+went+wrong%3F&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F10203333.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> “Gaza Flotilla Activists Were Shot in Head at Close Range,” Guardian (4 June 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz-at_least-109"><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz-at_least_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarelIssacharoffPfeffer2010" class="citation news cs1">Harel, Amos; Issacharoff, Avi; Pfeffer, Anshel (31 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/at-least-10-activists-killed-in-israel-navy-clashes-onboard-gaza-aid-flotilla-1.293089">"Israel Navy commandos: Gaza flotilla activists tried to lynch us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+Navy+commandos%3A+Gaza+flotilla+activists+tried+to+lynch+us&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.aulast=Harel&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft.au=Issacharoff%2C+Avi&rft.au=Pfeffer%2C+Anshel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2Fat-least-10-activists-killed-in-israel-navy-clashes-onboard-gaza-aid-flotilla-1.293089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NY_Times_Israel_Frees-110"><a href="#cite_ref-NY_Times_Israel_Frees_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlackman2010" class="citation news cs1">Slackman, Michael (3 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/middleeast/03flotilla.html">"In Bid to Quell Anger Over Raid, Israel Frees Detainees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604140047/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/world/middleeast/03flotilla.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2010. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/5D4CBD90BC8A8D4F85257C30005F790D">the original</a> on 7 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Occupied+Palestinian+Territory%3A+Gaza+fuel+crisis+%E2%80%93+OCHA+situation+report+%2826+November+2013%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F5D4CBD90BC8A8D4F85257C30005F790D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> 'Palestinian goods were subsequently denied passage through the West Bank border crossings with Jordan. Gaza's Rafah crossings with Egypt and Israeli transit facilities. Thousands of truck-loads of goods were impounded in Israeli ports. After 14 November, the Israeli army imposed an almost complete internal closure on the territories. 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Retrieved 29 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gaza+tunnel+closures+add+to+economic+crisis&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F03%2Fgaza-egypt-tunnel-closures-add-economic-crisis-2014330144848664175.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304">Egypt bans Hamas activities in Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025194409/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/us-egypt-hamas-idUSBREA230F520140304">Archived</a> 25 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters. 4 March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html">"Rafah crossing closed after Egypt violence – Middle East"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119080010/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/2013815104352186552.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rafah+crossing+closed+after+Egypt+violence+%E2%80%93+Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2013%2F08%2F2013815104352186552.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622751">"Egypt may relocate thousands of Bedouin to widen buffer zone near Gaza border"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 26 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224124221/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622751">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Egypt+may+relocate+thousands+of+Bedouin+to+widen+buffer+zone+near+Gaza+border&rft.date=2014-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F1.622751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622854">"Palestinian militants from Gaza behind Sinai attacks, Egyptian official says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102094952/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.622854">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <q>Beshadi stressed that the "only solution" for putting an end to the attacks by alleged Palestinian militants was to establish a "safe zone" between the Gaza Strip and Sinai, by relocating residents in other areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Palestinian+militants+from+Gaza+behind+Sinai+attacks%2C+Egyptian+official+says&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F1.622854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.627017">"Egypt to expand Gaza buffer zone to 1 km; 12 new tunnel openings found"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 18 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150117132200/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.627017">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015. <q>the Egyptian army will widen the zone from 500 meters in order to improve national security, after Egyptian security forces uncovered tunnels that were 800 to 1,000 meters long going deep into Egyptian territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Egypt+to+expand+Gaza+buffer+zone+to+1+km%3B+12+new+tunnel+openings+found&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F1.627017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/29/north-sinai-governor-says-gaza-buffer-zone-increase-5km/">"Gaza buffer zone to increase to 5 km: North Sinai governor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_Egypt" title="Daily News Egypt">Daily News Egypt</a>. 29 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108032405/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/29/north-sinai-governor-says-gaza-buffer-zone-increase-5km/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+Egypt&rft.atitle=Gaza+buffer+zone+to+increase+to+5+km%3A+North+Sinai+governor&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewsegypt.com%2F2014%2F12%2F29%2Fnorth-sinai-governor-says-gaza-buffer-zone-increase-5km%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury2018" class="citation news cs1">Khoury, Jack (6 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.636538">"Egypt to Raze 2,000 More Homes for Gaza Buffer Zone"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429080044/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.636538">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Egypt+to+Raze+2%2C000+More+Homes+for+Gaza+Buffer+Zone&rft.date=2018-01-06&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F.premium-1.636538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMemarian2008" class="citation news cs1">Memarian, Omid (25 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610221017/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43318">"Poverty in Gaza Hits 'Unprecedented' Level"</a>. Inter Press Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=43318">the original</a> on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poverty+in+Gaza+Hits+%27Unprecedented%27+Level&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft.aulast=Memarian&rft.aufirst=Omid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipsnews.net%2Fnews.asp%3Fidnews%3D43318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-06-26-Gaza-poverty_N.htm">"Study shows 80% of families in Gaza live below poverty line"</a>. USA Today. May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805035317/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-06-26-Gaza-poverty_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Study+shows+80%25+of+families+in+Gaza+live+below+poverty+line&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-06-26-Gaza-poverty_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B">"Farming without Land, Fishing without Water: Gaza Agriculture Sector Struggles to Survive"</a>. May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015051/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farming+without+Land%2C+Fishing+without+Water%3A+Gaza+Agriculture+Sector+Struggles+to+Survive&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icrcBlockade-236"><a href="#cite_ref-icrcBlockade_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer_Arce2010" class="citation web cs1">Dwyer Arce (14 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/06/gaza-blockade-violates-international-law-icrc.php">"Gaza blockade violates international law: ICRC"</a>. JURIST – Paper Chase. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929040620/http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/06/gaza-blockade-violates-international-law-icrc.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza+blockade+violates+international+law%3A+ICRC&rft.pub=JURIST+%E2%80%93+Paper+Chase&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft.au=Dwyer+Arce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurist.org%2Fpaperchase%2F2010%2F06%2Fgaza-blockade-violates-international-law-icrc.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/276B3267FDF0A0948525772D0051B669">"One year after report"</a>. United Nations Development Programme. 24 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003539/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/276B3267FDF0A0948525772D0051B669">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+year+after+report&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F276B3267FDF0A0948525772D0051B669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/gaza-2020-liveable-place?id=1423">"Gaza in 2020: A livable place?"</a>. United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606214947/http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/press-releases/gaza-2020-liveable-place?id=1423">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza+in+2020%3A+A+livable+place%3F&rft.pub=United+Nations+Relief+and+Works+Agency+%28UNRWA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrwa.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Fgaza-2020-liveable-place%3Fid%3D1423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/07/the-gaza-strip-the-humanitarian-impact-of-the-blockade/">"The Humanitarian Impact of the Blockade"</a>. United Nations OCHA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711164500/http://gaza.ochaopt.org/2015/07/the-gaza-strip-the-humanitarian-impact-of-the-blockade/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Humanitarian+Impact+of+the+Blockade&rft.pub=United+Nations+OCHA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaza.ochaopt.org%2F2015%2F07%2Fthe-gaza-strip-the-humanitarian-impact-of-the-blockade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-20130418-240"><a href="#cite_ref-gov-20130418_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.il/en/departments/publications/reports/mariners-1-2009">"Notices to Mariners – NO. 1/2009 Blockade of Gaza Strip"</a>. Ministry of Transport and Road Safety (Israel). 18 April 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2023 – via gov.il.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notices+to+Mariners+%E2%80%93+NO.+1%2F2009+Blockade+of+Gaza+Strip&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Transport+and+Road+Safety+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.il%2Fen%2Fdepartments%2Fpublications%2Freports%2Fmariners-1-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608202600/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/lnms/LNM_Special_Notice_Gaza_Maritime_Area_2011_Indefinite.pdf">"Special Notice Gaza Maritime Area"</a> (PDF). United States Coast Guard. 8 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/lnms/LNM_Special_Notice_Gaza_Maritime_Area_2011_Indefinite.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2020. <q>Gaza Maritime Area- All U.S. vessels and mariners are advised that Israel is currently enforcing a blockade in the "Gaza Maritime Area". The area is closed to all maritime traffic and the blockade is being enforced by the Israeli Navy. The Gaza Maritime Area is enclosed by the following coordinates: 31°35.71'N, 34°29.46'E; 31°46.80'N, 34°10.01'E; 31°19.39'N, 34°13.11'E; 31°33.73'N, 33°56.68'E U.S. vessels and mariners intending to enter the area are likely to face enforcement action by the Israeli Navy. The Department of State has also advised against travel by U.S. citizens to Gaza by any means, including by sea. Previous attempts to enter Gaza by sea have resulted in violent incidents and the detention and deportation of those involved. U.S. mariners are also reminded that procedures exist for the delivery of humanitarian cargo to Gaza via the Israeli port of Ashdod or the Egyptian port of El-Arish, where cargo can be screened.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Notice+Gaza+Maritime+Area&rft.pub=United+States+Coast+Guard&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navcen.uscg.gov%2Fpdf%2Flnms%2FLNM_Special_Notice_Gaza_Maritime_Area_2011_Indefinite.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2013" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Efraim (2013). 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Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=UN+builds+mud+brick+homes+for+homeless+Gazans&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fun-builds-mud-brick-homes-for-homeless-gazans-1.2271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0610/p06s08-wome.html">"US envoy's visit could ease Gaza blockade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. 10 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090613021931/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0610/p06s08-wome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2009. 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Diakonia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109154723/https://www.diakonia.se/globalassets/blocks-ihl-site/ihl-file-list/ihl---briefs/status-of-the-gaza-strip-final.30.9.2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gaza+Strip%3A+Status+under+international+humanitarian+law&rft.pub=Diakonia&rft.date=2014&rft.au=IHL+Resource+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diakonia.se%2Fglobalassets%2Fblocks-ihl-site%2Fihl-file-list%2Fihl---briefs%2Fstatus-of-the-gaza-strip-final.30.9.2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtButt2016" class="citation journal cs1">Butt, Khalid Manzoor; Butt, Anam Abid (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/10%20-%20KHALID%20BUTT%20-%20ANAM_v23_1_16.pdf">"Blockade on Gaza Strip: A Living Hell on Earth"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Political_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Political Studies (page does not exist)">Journal of Political Studies</a>. 23 (1): 157–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Blockade+on+Gaza+Strip%3A+A+Living+Hell+on+Earth&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-182&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Manzoor&rft.au=Butt%2C+Anam+Abid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpu.edu.pk%2Fimages%2Fjournal%2Fpols%2Fpdf-files%2F10%2520-%2520KHALID%2520BUTT%2520-%2520ANAM_v23_1_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/what_the_Gaza_blockade_means">"What the Gaza Blockade means"</a>. UNRWA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+Gaza+Blockade+means&rft.pub=UNRWA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrwa.org%2Fwhat_the_Gaza_blockade_means&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2017/06/gaza-looming-humanitarian-catastrophe-highlights-need-to-lift-israels-10-year-illegal-blockade/">"Gaza: Looming humanitarian catastrophe highlights need to lift Israel's 10-year illegal blockade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 14 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaza%3A+Looming+humanitarian+catastrophe+highlights+need+to+lift+Israel%27s+10-year+illegal+blockade&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fpress-release%2F2017%2F06%2Fgaza-looming-humanitarian-catastrophe-highlights-need-to-lift-israels-10-year-illegal-blockade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera1214-284"><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera1214_284-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/12/abbas-supports-egypt-action-gaza-tunnels-2014121265210713278.html">Abbas 'supports' Egypt action on Gaza tunnels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307111953/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/12/abbas-supports-egypt-action-gaza-tunnels-2014121265210713278.html">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Al Jazeera, 12 December 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-memo_tunnels_flooded-285"><a href="#cite_ref-memo_tunnels_flooded_285-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/africa/21303-sisi-says-gaza-tunnels-flooded-in-coordination-with-pa">Sisi says Gaza tunnels flooded in coordination with PA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105614/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/africa/21303-sisi-says-gaza-tunnels-flooded-in-coordination-with-pa">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. MEMO, 28 September 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz_abbas-286"><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_abbas_286-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.629397">Abbas: Egypt Right to Create Buffer Zone on Gaza Border</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820105818/https://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/.premium-1.629397">Archived</a> 20 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jack Khoury, Haaretz, 1 December 2014 (premium). "Abbas believed the destruction of the tunnels was the best solution. The Palestinian president said he had recommended previously the sealing or destruction of the tunnels by flooding them and then punishing the owners of the homes that contained entrances to the tunnels, including demolishing their homes." </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/abbas-to-obama-i-m-against-lifting-the-gaza-naval-blockade-1.295771">Abbas to Obama: I'm against lifting the Gaza naval blockade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227101816/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/abbas-to-obama-i-m-against-lifting-the-gaza-naval-blockade-1.295771">Archived</a> 27 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Barak Ravid, Haaretz, 13 June 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23968-yaalon-abbas-objected-to-qatari-fuel-entering-gaza-through-ashdod">Ya'alon: Abbas objected to Qatari fuel entering Gaza through Ashdod</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307124216/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/23968-yaalon-abbas-objected-to-qatari-fuel-entering-gaza-through-ashdod">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. MEMO, 17 February 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/24242-palestinian-factions-welcome-turkish-efforts-to-lift-gaza-siege">Palestinian factions welcome Turkish efforts to lift Gaza siege</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307124636/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/24242-palestinian-factions-welcome-turkish-efforts-to-lift-gaza-siege">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. MEMO, 1 March 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/palestinian-authority-rejects-israeli-us-ideas-to-help-gaza-560921">"Palestinian Authority rejects Israeli, U.S. ideas to help Gaza"</a>. The Jerusalem Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Palestinian+Authority+rejects+Israeli%2C+U.S.+ideas+to+help+Gaza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Farab-israeli-conflict%2Fpalestinian-authority-rejects-israeli-us-ideas-to-help-gaza-560921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel's_Right_to_Self-Defense">International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092456/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza%3A_The_Assault_on_Israel%E2%80%99s_Right_to_Self-Defense">Archived</a> 6 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>, Vol. 7, No. 29, 28 January 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Israel court backs Gaza fuel cuts <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL3012543120071130?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews">[2]</a>, 30 November 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlangerCooper2007" class="citation news cs1">Erlanger, Steven; Cooper, Helene (19 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html">"Israel Pressures Hamas Ahead of Rice's Arrival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531060214/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/20/world/middleeast/20mideast.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+Pressures+Hamas+Ahead+of+Rice%27s+Arrival&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F20%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F20mideast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/09/19/africa/mideast.php">"Israel declares Gaza 'hostile territory'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">IHT</a>. 19 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009125531/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/09/19/africa/mideast.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IHT&rft.atitle=Israel+declares+Gaza+%27hostile+territory%27&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F09%2F19%2Fafrica%2Fmideast.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/905561.html">"Cabinet declares Gaza 'hostile territory'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 20 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220091324/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/905561.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Cabinet+declares+Gaza+%27hostile+territory%27&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F905561.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crs-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crs_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crs_296-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, 23 June 2010: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R41275_20100623.pdf">CRS Report for Congress: Israel's Blockade of Gaza, the Mavi Marmara Incident, and Its Aftermath</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122201/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R41275_20100623.pdf">Archived</a> 7 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart2006" class="citation news cs1">Urquhart, Conal (16 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/16/israel">"Gaza on brink of implosion as aid cut-off starts to bite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108063641/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/16/israel">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2016. 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Retrieved 10 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=US+backs+Israel+on+aid+for+humanitarian+groups%2C+not+Hamas&rft.date=2006-02-16&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Aluf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fu-s-backs-israel-on-aid-for-humanitarian-groups-not-hamas-1.180287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3216790,00.html">"Hamas sworn in – Israel to cut off funds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YNet" class="mw-redirect" title="YNet">YNet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805012150/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3216790,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011. 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Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.N.+Human+Rights+Chief%3A+Israel%27s+Blockade+of+Gaza+Strip+Is+Illegal&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C539363%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988">(AP) – GENEVA – U.N. human rights chief Navi Pillay has accused Israel of violating the rules of war with its blockade stopping people and goods from moving in and out of the Gaza Strip. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8578611.stm">"UN chief says Gaza suffering under Israeli blockade"</a>. BBC News. 21 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322053516/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8578611.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+chief+says+Gaza+suffering+under+Israeli+blockade&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F8578611.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocha2010-05-25-318"><a href="#cite_ref-ocha2010-05-25_318-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705085437/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/gaza_agriculture_25_05_2010_press_release_english.pdf">"PRESS STATEMENT – UN HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR:GAZA BLOCKADE SUFFOCATING AGRICULTURE SECTOR, CREATING FOOD INSECURITY"</a> (PDF). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, oPt (OCHA). 25 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/gaza_agriculture_25_05_2010_press_release_english.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRESS+STATEMENT+%E2%80%93+UN+HUMANITARIAN+COORDINATOR%3AGAZA+BLOCKADE+SUFFOCATING+AGRICULTURE+SECTOR%2C+CREATING+FOOD+INSECURITY&rft.pub=UN+Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs%2C+oPt+%28OCHA%29&rft.date=2010-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochaopt.org%2Fdocuments%2Fgaza_agriculture_25_05_2010_press_release_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B">"Farming without Land, Fishing without Water: Gaza Agriculture Sector Struggles to Survive (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 25 May 2010)"</a>. Unispal.un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015051/https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farming+without+Land%2C+Fishing+without+Water%3A+Gaza+Agriculture+Sector+Struggles+to+Survive+%28Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs+%28OCHA%29+25+May+2010%29&rft.pub=Unispal.un.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F9A265F2A909E9A1D8525772E004FC34B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-faces-growing-world-pressure-to-lift-gaza-blockade-1.293800">"Israel faces growing world pressure to lift Gaza blockade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 2 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100605024205/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-faces-growing-world-pressure-to-lift-gaza-blockade-1.293800">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+faces+growing+world+pressure+to+lift+Gaza+blockade&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2Fisrael-faces-growing-world-pressure-to-lift-gaza-blockade-1.293800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-to-unveil-measures-to-ease-gaza-blockade-1.296393">"Israel to unveil measures to ease Gaza blockade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 15 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618130701/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-to-unveil-measures-to-ease-gaza-blockade-1.296393">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+to+unveil+measures+to+ease+Gaza+blockade&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2Fisrael-to-unveil-measures-to-ease-gaza-blockade-1.296393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-palmer-322"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes-palmer_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquharBronner2011" class="citation news cs1">MacFarquhar, Neil; Bronner, Ethan (2 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/world/middleeast/02flotilla.html">"Report Finds Naval Blockade by Israel Legal but Faults Raid"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331132908/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/world/middleeast/02flotilla.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Report+Finds+Naval+Blockade+by+Israel+Legal+but+Faults+Raid&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Bronner%2C+Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F02%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F02flotilla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-palmer-323"><a href="#cite_ref-un-palmer_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/middle_east/Gaza_Flotilla_Panel_Report.pdf">"UN Palmer Report"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704061603/http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/middle_east/Gaza_Flotilla_Panel_Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Palmer+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2Fdh%2Finfocus%2Fmiddle_east%2FGaza_Flotilla_Panel_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters-OHCHR-324"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters-OHCHR_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913">"U.N. experts say Israel's blockade of Gaza illegal"</a>. Reuters. 13 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615210724/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.N.+experts+say+Israel%27s+blockade+of+Gaza+illegal&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgieva2011-05-17a-325"><a href="#cite_ref-Georgieva2011-05-17a_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-583_en.htm?locale=en">"Commissioner Kristalina Georgieva calls for the immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of Gaza Strip crossings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>. 17 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903080007/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-583_en.htm?locale=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014. <q>After meeting with Israeli Defence Minister E. Barak in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, together with UN Under Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerie Amos">Valerie Amos</a>, Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva" title="Kristalina Georgieva">Georgieva</a> said: "The <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> continue to draw attention to the difficult humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip, and are calling for the immediate, sustained and unconditional opening of crossings for the flow of humanitarian aid, commercial goods and persons. This is in the interest of the people, but can also serve peaceful development and stability. This is the message we conveyed to Israeli Defence Minister E. Barak".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commissioner+Kristalina+Georgieva+calls+for+the+immediate%2C+sustained+and+unconditional+opening+of+Gaza+Strip+crossings&rft.pub=European+Commission%2C+Brussels&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-11-583_en.htm%3Flocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgieva2011-05-18a-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Georgieva2011-05-18a_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonen_Medzini2011" class="citation news cs1">Ronen Medzini (18 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4070269,00.html">"EU official: No restrictions – no Gaza crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519223838/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4070269,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2011. 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Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805011723/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3898032,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Turkey+to+normalize+Israel+ties+if+Gaza+blockade+ends+%E2%80%93+Israel+News%2C+Ynetnews&rft.date=1995-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3898032%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-says-israels-easing-of-gaza-blockade-insufficient-2010-06-23">"Turkey says Israel's easing of Gaza blockade 'insufficient' – Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review"</a>. Hurriyet Daily News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810232656/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-says-israels-easing-of-gaza-blockade-insufficient-2010-06-23">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+says+Israel%27s+easing+of+Gaza+blockade+%27insufficient%27+%E2%80%93+Hurriyet+Daily+News+and+Economic+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fn.php%3Fn%3Dturkey-says-israels-easing-of-gaza-blockade-insufficient-2010-06-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1154408.html">"Irish FM urges EU to pressure Israel to end Gaza blockade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 5 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308201835/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1154408.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Irish+FM+urges+EU+to+pressure+Israel+to+end+Gaza+blockade&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1154408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukposition2-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ukposition2_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ukposition2_330-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/flotilla-attack-completely-unacceptable-says-cameron-1989727.html">"Flotilla attack 'completely unacceptable' says Cameron"</a>. The Independent. UK. 2 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012113817/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/flotilla-attack-completely-unacceptable-says-cameron-1989727.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Flotilla+attack+%27completely+unacceptable%27+says+Cameron&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fflotilla-attack-completely-unacceptable-says-cameron-1989727.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-331">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_331-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_331-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2010" class="citation news cs1">Watt, Nicholas (27 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp">"David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911094600/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Cameron%3A+Israeli+blockade+has+turned+Gaza+Strip+into+a+%27prison+camp%27&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2010%2Fjul%2F27%2Fdavid-cameron-gaza-prison-camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiaoLim2010" class="citation book cs1">Hsiao, Andrew; Lim, Audrea (2010). The Verso Book of Dissent: From Spartacus to the Shoe-Thrower of Baghdad. London: Verso. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-448-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-448-0"><bdi>978-1-84467-448-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Verso+Book+of+Dissent%3A+From+Spartacus+to+the+Shoe-Thrower+of+Baghdad&rft.place=London&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-448-0&rft.aulast=Hsiao&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Lim%2C+Audrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/flotilla-activist-expulsions-underway-1.1032163">"Flotilla activist expulsions underway"</a>. Scotland: The Herald Newspaper. 2 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100605233755/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/flotilla-activist-expulsions-underway-1.1032163">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flotilla+activist+expulsions+underway&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2Fhome-news%2Fflotilla-activist-expulsions-underway-1.1032163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukposition1-334"><a href="#cite_ref-ukposition1_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/10200517.stm">"UK leader David Cameron 'deplores' Gaza aid ship deaths"</a>. BBC News. 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UK+leader+David+Cameron+%27deplores%27+Gaza+aid+ship+deaths&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F10200517.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/02/william-hague-gaza-flotilla-statement">"Full text: William Hague's statement to the Commons on the Gaza flotilla raid"</a>. The Guardian. London. 2 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192605/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/02/william-hague-gaza-flotilla-statement">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Full+text%3A+William+Hague%27s+statement+to+the+Commons+on+the+Gaza+flotilla+raid&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjun%2F02%2Fwilliam-hague-gaza-flotilla-statement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> Amnesty International Israel's Gaza blockade continues to suffocate daily life 18 January 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/israel039s-gaza-blockade-continues-suffocate-daily-life-20100118">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210181542/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/israel039s-gaza-blockade-continues-suffocate-daily-life-20100118">Archived</a> 10 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Butcher2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Butcher" title="Tim Butcher">Tim Butcher</a> (7 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412102633/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2008%2F03%2F06%2Fwgaza106.xml">"Human crisis in Gaza 'is worst for 40 years'"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/06/wgaza106.xml">the original</a> on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Human+crisis+in+Gaza+%27is+worst+for+40+years%27&rft.date=2008-03-07&rft.au=Tim+Butcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2008%2F03%2F06%2Fwgaza106.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emhrm_strangled-338"><a href="#cite_ref-emhrm_strangled_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euromedmonitor.org/uploads/reports/Strangled_En.pdf">Strangled: Gaza collapsing in the grip of a humanitarian crisis</a> (PDF) (Report). Geneva: Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125044151/http://euromedmonitor.org/uploads/reports/Strangled_En.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Strangled%3A+Gaza+collapsing+in+the+grip+of+a+humanitarian+crisis&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Euro-Mediterranean+Human+Rights+Monitor&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuromedmonitor.org%2Fuploads%2Freports%2FStrangled_En.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDore_Gold2010" class="citation web cs1">Dore Gold (10 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806094811/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=111&LNGID=1&FID=573&PID=0&IID=4195">"Israel's Naval Blockade of Gaza Is Legal, Necessary 10/6/2010"</a>. Jcpa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=111&LNGID=1&FID=573&PID=0&IID=4195">the original</a> on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Naval+Blockade+of+Gaza+Is+Legal%2C+Necessary+10%2F6%2F2010&rft.pub=Jcpa.org&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.au=Dore+Gold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpa.org%2FJCPA%2FTemplates%2FShowPage.asp%3FDBID%3D1%26TMID%3D111%26LNGID%3D1%26FID%3D573%26PID%3D0%26IID%3D4195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiner-340"><a href="#cite_ref-weiner_340-0">^</a> Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, International Law and the Fighting in Gaza, Justus Reid Weiner and Avi Bell, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jcpa.org/text/puzzle1.pdf">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613014839/http://jcpa.org/text/puzzle1.pdf">Archived</a> 13 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/10/content_12786978.htm">IAF slams Egypt's building of steel wall along borders with Gaza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609163657/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/10/content_12786978.htm">Archived</a> 9 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 January 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2014" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Gideon (6 October 2014). Clueless in Gaza. Foreign Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-606-2"><bdi>978-0-87609-606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clueless+in+Gaza&rft.pub=Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-87609-606-2&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2009" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Rory (16 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/16/carter-hamas-gaza-israel">"Carter challenges Gaza blockade as he meets Hamas leaders"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906194051/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/16/carter-hamas-gaza-israel">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Carter+challenges+Gaza+blockade+as+he+meets+Hamas+leaders&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fjun%2F16%2Fcarter-hamas-gaza-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarterRobinson-344"><a href="#cite_ref-CarterRobinson_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/224472251">"Former U.S. President and ex-Human Rights Council chief call for ICC probe into Gaza war"</a>. Herald Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808113633/http://www.heraldglobe.com/index.php/sid/224472251">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+U.S.+President+and+ex-Human+Rights+Council+chief+call+for+ICC+probe+into+Gaza+war&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldglobe.com%2Findex.php%2Fsid%2F224472251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29586636">"Donors pledge $5.4bn for Palestinians at Cairo summit"</a>. BBC News. 12 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404144621/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29586636">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Donors+pledge+%245.4bn+for+Palestinians+at+Cairo+summit&rft.date=2014-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-29586636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.613912">"Turkey plans to send power-generating ship to Gaza"</a>. Haaretz. 3 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109152953/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.613912">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Turkey+plans+to+send+power-generating+ship+to+Gaza&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2F1.613912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121359/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/15625-israel-refuses-turkish-offer-to-supply-gaza-with-electricity">"Israel refuses Turkish offer to supply Gaza with electricity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/15625-israel-refuses-turkish-offer-to-supply-gaza-with-electricity">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel+refuses+Turkish+offer+to+supply+Gaza+with+electricity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east%2F15625-israel-refuses-turkish-offer-to-supply-gaza-with-electricity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfensohn2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Wolfensohn" title="James Wolfensohn">Wolfensohn, James</a> (2010). A Global Life.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Life&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wolfensohn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2020" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Jerome (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mythologies_Without_End&pg=PA">Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917 ...</a> Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6"><bdi>978-0-19-045908-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies+Without+End%3A+The+US%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%2C+1917+...&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045908-6&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMythologies_Without_End%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlockade+of+the+Gaza+Strip" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Roy" title="Sara Roy">Roy, Sara</a> (2016). The Gaza Strip. 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gisha.org/">Gisha – Legal Center for Freedom of Movement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806094534/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=442&PID=0&IID=7368&TTL=The_Gaza_Flotillas_to_Come%3A_Some_Ground_Rules_before_Setting_Out%2F">The Gaza Flotillas to Come: Some Ground Rules before Setting Out</a> – Jerusalem Issues Brief</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7545636.stm">Guide: Gaza under blockade</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle+east-10520844">Guide: Eased Gaza blockade</a> – BBC News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/palestine-report-260609">Gaza: 1.5 million people trapped in despair</a> – International Committee of the Red Cross</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706021117/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/Ocha_opt_Gaza_impact_of_two_years_of_blockade_August_2009_english.pdf">LOCKED IN: THE HUMANITARIAN IMPACT OF TWO YEARS OF BLOCKADE ON THE GAZA STRIP</a> – UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/560?OpenDocument">San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 12 June 1994</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/HiddenMessages/ItemsGazaStrip060510.pdf">Partial List of Items Prohibited/Permitted into the Gaza Strip as of May 2010</a>, Gisha</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rania-al-abdullah/the-hard-line-on-grocery_b_603225.html">The Hard-Line on Grocery Items</a> by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Rania_of_Jordan" title="Queen Rania of Jordan">Queen Rania of Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>, 7 June 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127886050">Pressure Mounts On Israel To Ease Gaza Blockade</a> – audio report by <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, 16 June 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232640/http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/EU_and_the_Gaza_blockade.pdf">The EU and the Gaza Blockade</a> by Esra Bulut and Carolin Goerzig – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iss.europa.eu/">European Union Institute for Security Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311173915/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=442&PID=0&IID=4402&TTL=The_Legal_Basis_of_Israel%E2%80%99s_Naval_Blockade_of_Gaza">"The Legal Basis of Israel's Naval Blockade of Gaza" by Ruth Lapidoth. The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 13 March 2011.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaza_Strip" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-style:wrap;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whole_Gaza_Strip" title="Template:Whole Gaza Strip"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whole_Gaza_Strip" title="Template talk:Whole Gaza Strip"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whole_Gaza_Strip" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whole Gaza Strip"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaza_Strip" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza" title="History of Gaza">History of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamas" title="History of Hamas">History of Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_massacre" title="Khan Yunis massacre">Khan Yunis massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip">Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip</a> <ul><li>see also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Sinai_Peninsula" title="Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula">Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All-Palestine Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Gaza Subdistrict in Mandatory Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_District" title="Gaza District">Gaza District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Beersheba Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Beersheba Subdistrict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sanjak" title="Jerusalem Sanjak">Jerusalem Sanjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_sites_destroyed_during_the_Gaza_genocide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeological sites destroyed during the Gaza genocide (page does not exist)">Archaeological sites destroyed during the Gaza genocide </a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_2023" class="extiw" title="ar:مواقع أثرية دمرها القصف الإسرائيلي في حرب غزة 2023">ar</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Places in Mandatory Palestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territory_acquired_during_Israel%27s_war_of_independence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Territory acquired during Israel's war of independence (page does not exist)">Territory acquired during Israel's war of independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Majdal_Asqalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Majdal Asqalan (page does not exist)">Al-Majdal Asqalan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ashkelon#State_of_Israel" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon § State of Israel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Suqrir" title="Arab Suqrir">Arab Suqrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara,_Gaza" title="Barbara, Gaza">Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barqa,_Gaza" title="Barqa, Gaza">Barqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Batani_al-Gharbi" title="Al-Batani al-Gharbi">al-Batani al-Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Batani_al-Sharqi" title="Al-Batani al-Sharqi">al-Batani al-Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_%27Affa" title="Bayt 'Affa">Bayt 'Affa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Daras" title="Bayt Daras">Bayt Daras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jirja" title="Bayt Jirja">Bayt Jirja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Tima" title="Bayt Tima">Bayt Tima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bil%27in,_Gaza" title="Bil'in, Gaza">Bil'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burayr" title="Burayr">Burayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Sunayd" title="Dayr Sunayd">Dayr Sunayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimra" title="Dimra">Dimra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faluja" title="Al-Faluja">al-Faluja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamama" title="Hamama">Hamama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatta,_Gaza" title="Hatta, Gaza">Hatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiribya" title="Hiribya">Hiribya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huj,_Gaza" title="Huj, Gaza">Huj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulayqat" title="Hulayqat">Hulayqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibdis" title="Ibdis">Ibdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_al-Manshiyya" title="Iraq al-Manshiyya">Iraq al-Manshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Suwaydan" title="Iraq Suwaydan">Iraq Suwaydan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isdud" title="Isdud">Isdud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jaladiyya" title="Al-Jaladiyya">al-Jaladiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jiyya" title="Al-Jiyya">al-Jiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julis,_Gaza" title="Julis, Gaza">Julis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jura" title="Al-Jura">al-Jura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jusayr" title="Jusayr">Jusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatiyya" title="Karatiyya">Karatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawfakha" title="Kawfakha">Kawfakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawkaba" title="Kawkaba">Kawkaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisas,_Gaza" title="Al-Khisas, Gaza">al-Khisas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyya_al-Kabira" title="Al-Masmiyya al-Kabira">al-Masmiyya al-Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyya_al-Saghira" title="Al-Masmiyya al-Saghira">al-Masmiyya al-Saghira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muharraqa" title="Al-Muharraqa">al-Muharraqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najd,_Gaza" title="Najd, Gaza">Najd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27ilya" title="Ni'ilya">Ni'ilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qastina" title="Qastina">Qastina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawafir_al-Gharbiyya" title="Al-Sawafir al-Gharbiyya">al-Sawafir al-Gharbiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawafir_al-Shamaliyya" title="Al-Sawafir al-Shamaliyya">al-Sawafir al-Shamaliyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawafir_al-Sharqiyya" title="Al-Sawafir al-Sharqiyya">al-Sawafir al-Sharqiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simsim,_Gaza" title="Simsim, Gaza">Simsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summil" title="Summil">Summil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_al-Turmus" title="Tall al-Turmus">Tall al-Turmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasur,_Gaza" title="Yasur, Gaza">Yasur</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Refugee_camps" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Refugee camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shati_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shati Camp">Al-Shati</a> (Beach camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureij" title="Bureij">Bureij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Balah_Camp" title="Deir al-Balah Camp">Deir al-Balah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalia_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabalia Camp">Jabalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Yunis Camp">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghazi_(camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghazi (camp)">Maghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuseirat_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuseirat Camp">Nuseirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah_Camp" title="Rafah Camp">Rafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Camp" title="Canada Camp">Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="List of cities in the Gaza Strip">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Streets_in_Gaza_City" title="Category:Streets in Gaza City">Streets in Gaza City</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Orabi_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Orabi Street (page does not exist)">Ahmad Orabi Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izz_Ad_Din_Al_Qassam_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izz Ad Din Al Qassam Street (page does not exist)">Izz Ad Din Al Qassam Street</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jalla_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jalla Street (page does not exist)">Al-Jalla Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Abdel_Nasser_Street" title="Jamal Abdel Nasser Street">Jamal Abdel Nasser Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Mukhtar_Street" title="Omar Mukhtar Street">Omar Mukhtar Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Square" title="Palestine Square">Palestine Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_Road" title="Salah al-Din Road">Salah al-Din Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suq_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suq Street (page does not exist)">Suq Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_Soldier%27s_Square" title="Unknown Soldier's Square">Unknown Soldier's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehda_Street" title="Wehda Street">Wehda Street</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neighborhoods_of_Gaza_City" title="Category:Neighborhoods of Gaza City">Gaza City neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeide,_Gaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeide, Gaza (page does not exist)">Judeide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser,_Gaza" title="Nasser, Gaza">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City,_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City, Gaza">Old City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaytun_Quarter" title="Zaytun Quarter">Zaytun Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraj_Quarter" title="Daraj Quarter">Daraj Quarter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimal" title="Rimal">Rimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra,_Gaza" title="Sabra, Gaza">Sabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saha" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Saha">Al-Saha (As-Saha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saha" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Saha">Al-Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shati_(camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shati (camp)">al-Shati Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shati_refugee_camp" title="Al-Shati refugee camp">Al-Shati refugee camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ijlin" title="Sheikh Ijlin">Sheikh Ijlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Radwan" title="Sheikh Radwan">Sheikh Radwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja%27iyya" title="Shuja'iyya">Shuja'iyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuffah" title="Tuffah">Tuffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_al-Hawa" title="Tel al-Hawa">Tel al-Hawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turukman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turukman (page does not exist)">Turukman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoun,_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitoun, Gaza">Zeitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="List of cities in the Gaza Strip">Cities elsewhere in the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Suheila" title="Bani Suheila">Bani Suheila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Hanoun" title="Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Lahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Lahiya">Beit Lahiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Balah" title="Deir al-Balah">Deir al-Balah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalia" title="Jabalia">Jabalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis" title="Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Rafah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of the Gaza Strip">Governorates of the Gaza Strip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Governorate" title="Gaza Governorate">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_Governorate" title="Khan Yunis Governorate">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Gaza_Governorate" title="North Gaza Governorate">North Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Gaza_Governorate" title="North Gaza Governorate">North Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Balah_Governorate" title="Deir al-Balah Governorate">Deir al-Balah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Gaza_Governorate" title="North Gaza Governorate">North Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_Governorate" title="Khan Yunis Governorate">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah_Governorate" title="Rafah Governorate">Rafah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamam_al-Sammara" title="Hamam al-Sammara">Hamam al-Sammara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Basha" title="Qasr al-Basha">Qasr al-Basha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Market" title="Gold Market">Qissariya Market</a></li> <li>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Gaza_synagogue" title="Gaza synagogue">Gaza synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_sites_destroyed_during_the_Gaza_genocide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeological sites destroyed during the Gaza genocide (page does not exist)">Archaeological sites destroyed during the Gaza genocide </a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_2023" class="extiw" title="ar:مواقع أثرية دمرها القصف الإسرائيلي في حرب غزة 2023">ar</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_Cemetery" title="Gaza War Cemetery">Gaza War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_razing_of_cemeteries_and_necroviolence_against_Palestinians" title="Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians">Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Mosques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaza City:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aybaki_Mosque" title="Aybaki Mosque">Aybaki Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Gaza" title="Great Mosque of Gaza">Great Mosque of Gaza (Great Omari Mosque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Marwan_Mosque" title="Ibn Marwan Mosque">Ibn Marwan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Uthman_Mosque" title="Ibn Uthman Mosque">Ibn Uthman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katib_al-Wilaya_Mosque" title="Katib al-Wilaya Mosque">Katib al-Wilaya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Mosque" title="Mahkamah Mosque">Mahkamah Mosque</a>† <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Maqadma_Mosque_attack" title="Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque attack">Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayed_al-Hashim_Mosque" title="Sayed al-Hashim Mosque">Sayed al-Hashim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sham%27ah_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sham'ah Mosque (page does not exist)">Sham'ah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_Zakariyya_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh Zakariyya Mosque (page does not exist)">Shaykh Zakariyya Mosque</a></li> <li>elsewhere:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khadra_Mosque" title="Abu Khadra Mosque">Abu Khadra Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aybaki_Mosque" title="Aybaki Mosque">Aybaki Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Gaza" title="Great Mosque of Gaza">Great Mosque of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Marwan_Mosque" title="Ibn Marwan Mosque">Ibn Marwan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Uthman_Mosque" title="Ibn Uthman Mosque">Ibn Uthman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katib_al-Wilaya_Mosque" title="Katib al-Wilaya Mosque">Katib al-Wilaya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayed_al-Hashim_Mosque" title="Sayed al-Hashim Mosque">Sayed al-Hashim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shamah_Mosque" title="Al-Shamah Mosque">Al-Shamah Mosque</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Nasr_Mosque" title="Umm al-Nasr Mosque">Umm al-Nasr Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaza City:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Porphyrius" title="Church of Saint Porphyrius">Saint Porphyrius Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Porphyrius_airstrike" title="Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike">Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_Church,_Gaza" title="Holy Family Church, Gaza">Holy Family Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Baptist_Church" title="Gaza Baptist Church">Gaza Baptist Church</a>†</li> <li>elsewhere in the Gaza Strip:</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Palestinian Legislative Council</a> (destroyed in 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Centre_for_Human_Rights" title="Palestinian Centre for Human Rights">Palestinian Centre for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mezan_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Al Mezan Center for Human Rights">Al Mezan Center for Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Police and courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip">Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital punishment in Palestine (page does not exist)">Capital punishment in Palestine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiq_al-Mabhouh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiq al-Mabhouh">Faiq al-Mabhouh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police in the Israel–Hamas war (page does not exist)">Police in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_breakdown_in_the_Gaza_Strip_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war">Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Economy of the Gaza Strip">Economy of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation in Palestine">Taxation in Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Gaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Gaza (page does not exist)">Education in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UNWRA_schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNWRA schools (page does not exist)">UNWRA schools</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_schools_in_the_Gaza_Strip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian schools in the Gaza Strip (page does not exist)">Christian schools</a></li> <li>Gaza City:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University_%E2%80%93_Gaza" title="Al-Azhar University – Gaza">Al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Gaza" title="Islamic University of Gaza">Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_University" title="Al-Aqsa University">Al-Aqsa University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deir_al-Balah_Municipality_Public_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deir al-Balah Municipality Public Library (page does not exist)">Deir al-Balah Municipality Public Library</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مكتبة بلدية دير البلح العامة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaza_Municipality_Public_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaza Municipality Public Library (page does not exist)">Gaza Municipality Public Library</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مكتبة بلدية غزة العامة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khan_Yunis_Municipality_Public_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khan Yunis Municipality Public Library (page does not exist)">Khan Yunis Municipality Public Library</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مكتبة بلدية خان يونس العامة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafah_Municipality_Public_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafah Municipality Public Library (page does not exist)">Rafah Municipality Public Library</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مكتبة بلدية رفح العامة">ar</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samir_Mansour_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samir Mansour Library (page does not exist)">Samir Mansour Library</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:مكتبة سمير منصور (غزة)">ar</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Health care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Ministry_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza Ministry of Health">Gaza Ministry of Health</a></li> <li>Gaza City:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahli_Arab_Hospital" title="Al-Ahli Arab Hospital">Al-Ahli Arab Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Hospital">Al-Aqsa Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rantisi_Hospital" title="Al-Rantisi Hospital">Al-Rantisi Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_Hospital" title="Al-Shifa Hospital">Al-Shifa Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Adwan_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal Adwan Hospital">Kamal Adwan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_Hospital" title="Al-Awda Hospital">Al-Awda Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-Palestinian_Friendship_Hospital" title="Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital">Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Gaza_Strip_polio_epidemic" title="2024 Gaza Strip polio epidemic">2024 Gaza Strip polio epidemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Recreation and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaza City <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Museum_of_Archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza Museum of Archaeology">Gaza Museum of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bustan_resort" title="Al-Bustan resort">Al-Bustan resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisan_City_tourist_village" title="Bisan City tourist village">Bisan City tourist village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Deira_Hotel" title="Al Deira Hotel">Al Deira Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Equestrian_Club" title="Faisal Equestrian Club">Faisal Equestrian Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Mall" title="Gaza Mall">Gaza Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalusia_mall" title="Al-Andalusia mall">Al-Andalusia mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Stadium" title="Palestine Stadium">Palestine Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Shawa_Cultural_Center" title="Rashad Shawa Cultural Center">Rashad Shawa Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_Club" title="Roots Club">Roots Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sadaka" title="As-Sadaka">As-Sadaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaza_YMCA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaza YMCA (page does not exist)">Gaza YMCA</a></li> <li>Gaza Strip</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Transport and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat_International_Airport" title="Yasser Arafat International Airport">Yasser Arafat International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gaza" title="Port of Gaza">Port of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza-Israel_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza-Israel barrier">Gaza-Israel barrier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erez_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Erez crossing">Erez crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerem_Shalom_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerem Shalom crossing">Kerem Shalom crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Palestine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Palestine relations">Egypt-Palestine relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafah_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafah crossing">Rafah crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_smuggling_tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza smuggling tunnels">Gaza smuggling tunnels</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Gaza">Wadi Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gush_Katif" title="Gush Katif">Gush Katif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza Strip">Israeli unilateral disengagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip">Israeli occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">2023 Israeli invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netzarim_Corridor" title="Netzarim Corridor">Netzarim Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphi_Corridor" title="Philadelphi Corridor">Philadelphi Corridor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-style:wrap;;width:1%;text-style:wrap;">Visitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Corrie" title="Rachel Corrie">Rachel Corrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Freedom_Flotilla" title="Gaza Freedom Flotilla">Gaza Freedom Flotilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Loewenstein" title="Antony Loewenstein">Antony Loewenstein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walkley_Book_Award#The_Palestine_Laboratory" title="Walkley Book Award">Walkley Book Award #The Palestine Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen_aid_convoy_attack" title="World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack">World Central Kitchen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian clans">Palestinian clans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doghmush_clan" title="Doghmush clan">Doghmush clan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gaza_City" title="History of the Jews in Gaza City">History of the Jews in Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Israeli settlers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip">Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_resettlement_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip">Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Gaza Strip">LGBT rights in the Gaza Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Haq">Al Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaws" title="Al Qaws">Al Qaws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Births</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Moor" title="Ahmed Moor">Ahmed Moor</a></li> <li>1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouzan_al-Najjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouzan al-Najjar">Rouzan al-Najjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deaths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2003</li> <li>March</li> <li>16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Corrie#Death" title="Rachel Corrie">Rachel Corrie § Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MV_Rachel_Corrie" title="MV Rachel Corrie">MV Rachel Corrie</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009</li> <li>January</li> <li>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoun_killings" title="Zeitoun killings">Zeitoun killings</a></li> <li>16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurrab_family" title="Shurrab family">Shurrab family</a></li> <li>2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dalu_family_killing" title="Al-Dalu family killing">Al-Dalu family (12) </a></li> <li>2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deif_family_killings" title="Deif family killings">Deif and Al Dalu families (3 + 3) </a></li> <li>2018</li> <li>June</li> <li>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Rouzan_al-Najjar" title="Killing of Rouzan al-Najjar">Killing of Rouzan al-Najjar</a></li> <li>2023</li> <li>October</li> <li>7</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Qouta_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Qouta family (page does not exist)">Abu Qouta family</a></li> <li>November</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_the_Bibas_family" title="Kidnapping of the Bibas family">Bibas family (unconfirmed) </a></li> <li>December</li> <li>15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samer_Abu_Daqqa" title="Samer Abu Daqqa">Samer Abu Daqqa</a></li> <li>16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Nahida_and_Samar_Anton" title="Killing of Nahida and Samar Anton">Nahida and Samar Anton</a></li> <li>2024</li> <li>January</li> <li>29</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Hind_Rajab" title="Killing of Hind Rajab">Hind Rajab and the Hamadeh family (9) </a></li> <li>July</li> <li>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Bhar">Mohammad Bhar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-style:wrap;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gaza_Strip" title="Category:Gaza Strip">Category:Gaza Strip</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_arrest_of_Iranian_Jews" title="1999 arrest of Iranian Jews">1999 arrest of Iranian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_seizure_of_the_MSC_Aries" title="Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries">Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes on Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_retaliation_leak" title="Israeli retaliation leak">intelligence leak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_kidnapping_of_Iranian_diplomats" title="1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats">1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi">Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Buenos_Aires_Israeli_embassy_bombing" title="1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing">1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%932006_Shebaa_Farms_conflict" title="2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict">2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh">Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_prisoner_exchange" title="2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange">2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francop_Affair" title="Francop Affair">Francop Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Shebaa_Farms_incident" title="January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident">January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Shield" title="Operation Northern Shield">Operation Northern Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Beirut_drone_crash" title="2019 Beirut drone crash">2019 Beirut drone crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_shellings" title="2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings">2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Assassination of Fuad Shukr">Assassination of Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">20 September 2024 Beirut attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hashem_Safieddine" title="Assassination of Hashem Safieddine">Assassination of Hashem Safieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projectile_attacks_from_Lebanon_on_Israel_and_the_Golan_Heights" title="List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights">Projectile attacks from Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">Karine A affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Affair" title="Victoria Affair">Victoria Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Full_Disclosure" title="Operation Full Disclosure">Operation Full Disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrike" title="January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike">January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">September 2018 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">August 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">November 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">January 2021 Syria airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">2023 Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">Operation Outside the Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sudan_airstrikes" title="2009 Sudan airstrikes">2009 Sudan airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_attacks_on_Israeli_diplomats" title="2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats">2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bangkok_bombings" title="2012 Bangkok bombings">2012 Bangkok bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Cyprus_terrorist_plot" title="2012 Cyprus terrorist plot">2012 Cyprus terrorist plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">2012 Burgas bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Military_Industrial_Complex" title="Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex">Yarmouk munitions factory explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Israeli_airstrikes_in_Iraq" title="2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq">2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_terror_plot" title="2022 Istanbul terror plot">2022 Istanbul terror plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_missile_strikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria">2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" title="Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists">Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Hosseinpour" title="Ardeshir Hosseinpour">Ardeshir Hosseinpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Ali-Mohammadi" title="Massoud Ali-Mohammadi">Massoud Ali-Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Shahriari" title="Majid Shahriari">Majid Shahriari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Abbasi" title="Fereydoon Abbasi">Fereydoon Abbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Ahmadi_Roshan" title="Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan">Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fakhrizadeh" title="Mohsen Fakhrizadeh">Mohsen Fakhrizadeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMAD_Project" title="AMAD Project">AMAD Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_infiltration_of_Iranian_nuclear_archive" title="Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive">Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_Kaneh_explosion" title="Bid Kaneh explosion">Bid Kaneh explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Iran_drone_attacks" title="2023 Iran drone attacks">2023 Iran drone attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Russia–Hamas relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Djalali" title="Ahmad Reza Djalali">Ahmad Reza Djalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_military_action_against_Iran" title="Views on military action against Iran">Views on military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_support_for_Hamas" title="Iranian support for Hamas">Iranian support for Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_X2" title="Prisoner X2">Prisoner X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_(TV_series)" title="Tehran (TV series)">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaza_War_(2008–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Template:Gaza War (2008–2009)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Template talk:Gaza War (2008–2009)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaza War (2008–2009)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaza_War_(2008–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Incidents in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Maqadma_Mosque_attack" title="Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque attack">Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fakhura_school_shelling" title="Al-Fakhura school shelling">Al-Fakhura school shelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Rabbo_family_incident" title="Abd Rabbo family incident">Abd Rabbo family incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoun_killings" title="Zeitoun killings">Zeitoun killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Antisemitic incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Casualties of the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2002%E2%80%932006" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2002–2006">2002–2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2007" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2008" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2009" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2009">2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">2008 Israel-Hamas ceasefire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions and effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="International reactions to the Gaza War (2008–2009)">International reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_reactions_to_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Iranian reactions to the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1860" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1860">UNSC Resolution 1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fact_Finding_Mission_on_the_Gaza_Conflict" title="United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict">UN Fact Finding Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Media coverage of the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Effects of the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Effects of the conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Gaza_Strip_aid" title="2008–2009 Gaza Strip aid">2008–2009 Gaza Strip aid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hamas_political_violence_in_Gaza" title="2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza">2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sudan_airstrikes" title="2009 Sudan airstrikes">2009 Sudan airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Oslo_anti-Israel_riots" title="2008–2009 Oslo anti-Israel riots">2008–2009 Oslo anti-Israel riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_knocking" title="Roof knocking">Roof knocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_psychological_warfare_in_the_Gaza_Wars" title="Propaganda and psychological warfare in the Gaza Wars">Propaganda and psychological warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2014_Gaza_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2014_Gaza_War" title="Template:2014 Gaza War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2014_Gaza_War" title="Template talk:2014 Gaza War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2014_Gaza_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2014 Gaza War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2014_Gaza_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2014_Gaza_War" title="Timeline of the 2014 Gaza War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_strikes_and_Palestinian_casualties_in_the_2014_Gaza_War" title="List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Gaza War">Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deif_family_killings" title="Deif family killings">Deif family killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shuja%27iyya_(2014)" title="Battle of Shuja'iyya (2014)">Battle of Shuja'iyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nahal_Oz_attack" title="2014 Nahal Oz attack">Nahal Oz attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Zikim_attack" title="2014 Zikim attack">Zikim attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaths_and_ransoming_of_Oron_Shaul_and_Hadar_Goldin" title="Deaths and ransoming of Oron Shaul and Hadar Goldin">Deaths and ransoming of Oron Shaul and Hadar Goldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_war_beach_bombing_incidents" title="2014 Gaza war beach bombing incidents">Beach bombing incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Ben_Gurion_Airport_flight_bans" title="2014 Ben Gurion Airport flight bans">Ben Gurion Airport flight bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Israeli_shelling_of_UNRWA_Gaza_shelters" title="2014 Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters">Israeli shelling of UNRWA Gaza shelters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2014" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2014">2014</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitunia_killings" title="Beitunia killings">Beitunia killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gush_Etzion_kidnapping_and_murder" title="2014 Gush Etzion kidnapping and murder">Kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_murder_of_Mohammed_Abu_Khdeir" title="Kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir">Kidnapping and murder of Mohammed Abu Khdeir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2014_Gaza_War" title="International reactions to the 2014 Gaza War">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_2014_Gaza_War" title="Media coverage of the 2014 Gaza War">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeches_given_at_the_United_Nations_regarding_the_2014_Gaza_War" title="Speeches given at the United Nations regarding the 2014 Gaza War">Speeches given at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fact_Finding_Mission_on_the_2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" title="United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">UN Fact Finding Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Sarcelles_riots" title="2014 Sarcelles riots">Sarcelles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict_in_video_games" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict in video games">Impact on video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict_in_2014" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2014">Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_tunnel_warfare_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip">Palestinian tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hamdallah_Government" title="Third Hamdallah Government">Palestinian government of 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_knocking" title="Roof knocking">Roof knocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDF_field_hospital_for_Gazans" title="IDF field hospital for Gazans">IDF field hospital for Gazans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_psychological_warfare_in_the_Gaza_Wars" title="Propaganda and psychological warfare in the Gaza Wars">Propaganda and psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Palestine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine">ICC investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deif_family_killings" title="Deif family killings">Deif family killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israel–Hamas_war" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Template:Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Template talk:Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israel–Hamas war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israel–Hamas_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Timeline of the Israel–Hamas war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Outline of the Israel–Hamas war">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of military engagements during the Israel–Hamas war">Engage- ments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attacks on civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumim_massacre" title="Alumim massacre">Alumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_Team" title="Elhanan Team">Elhanan Team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Holit" title="Attack on Holit">Holit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_attack" title="Nir Oz attack">Nir Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Yitzhak_attack" title="Nir Yitzhak attack">Nir Yitzhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_attack" title="Nahal Oz attack">Nahal Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirim_attack" title="Nirim attack">Nirim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_music_festival_massacre" title="Nova music festival massacre">Nova music festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_Shelters" title="Death Shelters">Death Shelters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyduck_music_festival_massacre" title="Psyduck music festival massacre">Psyduck music festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Re%27im" title="Battle of Re'im">Re'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sderot" title="Battle of Sderot">Sderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufa" title="Battle of Sufa">Sufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikim_attack" title="Zikim attack">Zikim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_female_tank_crew_fight" title="2023 Israeli female tank crew fight">Israeli female tank crew fight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Allegations of genocide in the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Allegations of genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA_and_Israel" title="UNRWA and Israel">Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Shelters" title="Death Shelters">Death Shelters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Denial of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Sexual and gender-based violence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Screams_Without_Words" title="Screams Without Words">Screams Without Words</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_Witness_(2023_film)" title="Bearing Witness (2023 film)">Bearing Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screams_Before_Silence" title="Screams Before Silence">Screams Before Silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion of Gaza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="Battle of Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_City" title="Siege of Gaza City">Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khan_Yunis" title="Siege of Khan Yunis">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafah_offensive" title="Rafah offensive">Rafah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Rafah_offensive" title="Background of the Rafah offensive">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp_airstrikes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on refugee camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Jabalia_refugee_camp_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Attacks on Jabalia refugee camp (2023–present)">Jabalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/31_October_2023_Jabalia_refugee_camp_airstrike" title="31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike">31 October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shati_refugee_camp_airstrikes" title="Al-Shati refugee camp airstrikes">Al-Shati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_northern_Gaza_City_airstrikes" title="June 2024 northern Gaza City airstrikes">Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_attacks_on_Al-Maghazi_refugee_camp" title="Israeli attacks on Al-Maghazi refugee camp">Al-Maghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_al-Sultan_attack" title="Tel al-Sultan attack">Tel al-Sultan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="May 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuseirat_refugee_camp_massacre" title="Nuseirat refugee camp massacre">Nuseirat refugee camp massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="June 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (June)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2024_al-Shati_refugee_camp_attack" title="July 2024 al-Shati refugee camp attack">Al-Shati (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Deir_el-Balah_attacks" title="August 2024 Deir el-Balah attacks">Deir el-Balah (August)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Al-Mawasi_refugee_camp_attack" title="September 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack">Al-Mawasi (September)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_schools_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza" title="Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza">Attacks on schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fakhoora_school_airstrikes" title="Al-Fakhoora school airstrikes">Al-Fakhoora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadia_Abu_Ghazala_School_massacre" title="Shadia Abu Ghazala School massacre">Shadia Abu Ghazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sardi_school_attack" title="Al-Sardi school attack">Al-Sardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_school_attack" title="Al-Awda school attack">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_School_airstrike" title="Khadija School airstrike">Khadija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamama_School_bombing" title="Hamama School bombing">Hamama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabaeen_school_attack" title="Al-Tabaeen school attack">Al-Tabaeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Al-Jawni_School_attack" title="September 2024 Al-Jawni School attack">Al-Jawni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Rufaida_school_attack" title="October 2024 Rufaida school attack">Rufaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Abu_Hussein_school_attack" title="October 2024 Abu Hussein school attack">Abu Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_health_facilities_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on health facilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahli_Arab_Hospital_explosion" title="Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion">Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_Hospital_siege" title="Al-Shifa Hospital siege">Al-Shifa Hospital siege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_military_use_of_al-Shifa_hospital" title="Alleged military use of al-Shifa hospital">alleged military use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shifa_ambulance_airstrike" title="Al-Shifa ambulance airstrike">ambulance airstrike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_mass_graves" title="Gaza Strip mass graves">Gaza Strip mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Adwan_Hospital_sieges" title="Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges">Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_health_workers_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Killing of health workers in the Israel–Hamas war">Killing of health workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Hospital_siege" title="Nasser Hospital siege">Nasser Hospital siege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_Hospital_mass_graves" title="Nasser Hospital mass graves">Nasser Hospital mass graves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_October_2024_Al-Aqsa_Hospital_attack" title="14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack">14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrikes_on_municipal_services_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli airstrikes on municipal services in the Gaza Strip">Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_religious_sites_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_Gaza" title="Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza">Attacks on religious sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_Building_airstrike" title="Engineer's Building airstrike">Engineer's Building airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_February_2024_Rafah_strikes" title="12 February 2024 Rafah strikes">Rafah strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_massacre" title="Flour massacre">Flour massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Roundabout_mass_killings" title="Kuwait Roundabout mass killings">Kuwait Roundabout mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Palestinians_evacuating_Gaza_City" title="Attacks on Palestinians evacuating Gaza City">Palestinians evacuating Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen_aid_convoy_attack" title="World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack">World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_July_2024_Gaza_attacks" title="9 July 2024 Gaza attacks">9 July 2024 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_July_2024_al-Mawasi_attack" title="13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack">13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_July_2024_Khan_Yunis_attack" title="22 July 2024 Khan Yunis attack">Khan Yunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Deir_al-Balah_mosque_bombing" title="October 2024 Deir al-Balah mosque bombing">Deir al-Balah mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_October_2024_Beit_Lahia_attacks" title="19 October 2024 Beit Lahia attacks">Beit Lahia attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_October_2024_Beit_Lahia_airstrike" title="29 October 2024 Beit Lahia airstrike">Beit Lahia airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerem_Shalom_aid_convoy_looting" title="Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting">Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI-assisted_targeting_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip">AI-assisted targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip">Bombing of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_generals%27_plan" title="Israeli generals' plan">Israeli generals' plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Torture during the Israel–Hamas war">Torture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)">Other theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_the_West_Bank_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli incursions in the West Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_military_operation_in_the_West_Bank" title="2024 Israeli military operation in the West Bank">2024 Israeli military operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Benjamin_Achimeir" title="Killing of Benjamin Achimeir">Killing of Benjamin Achimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_settler_rampages" title="April 2024 Israeli settler rampages">April 2024 Israeli settler rampages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_Street_bombing" title="Lehi Street bombing">Lehi Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Givat_Shaul_shooting" title="2023 Givat Shaul shooting">Givat Shaul shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams_attack" title="Majdal Shams attack">Majdal Shams attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_incursions_in_Tulkarm" title="Israeli incursions in Tulkarm">Israeli incursions in Tulkarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Masyaf_raid" title="2024 Masyaf raid">2024 Masyaf raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Jaffa_shooting" title="2024 Jaffa shooting">2024 Jaffa shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tulkarm_Camp_airstrike" title="2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike">2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes in Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_journalists_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Attacks on journalists during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Attacks on journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_displacement_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict" title="Lebanese displacement during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict">Lebanese displacement</a></li> <li>Assassinations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">Hezbollah headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Assassination of Fuad Shukr">Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">Ibrahim Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Assassination of Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Nabatieh_attack" title="August 2024 Nabatieh attack">August 2024 Nabatieh attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_strikes" title="August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes">August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Lebanon" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon">Israeli invasion of Lebanon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">ceasefire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Red_Sea_crisis" title="Timeline of the Red Sea crisis">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">Operation Prosperity Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_MV_Maersk_Hangzhou" title="Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou">Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_missile_strikes_in_Yemen" title="2024 missile strikes in Yemen">2024 missile strikes in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin_Luanda_missile_strike" title="Marlin Luanda missile strike">Marlin Luanda missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Houthi_drone_attack_on_Israel" title="2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel">2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_the_Sounion" title="Attacks on the Sounion">Attacks on the Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_September_2024_Israeli_attacks_on_Yemen" title="29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen">Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis" title="Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis">Hostages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_prisoner_exchange" title="Israeli–Palestinian prisoner exchange">Hostage–prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_from_Israel" title="Kidnapped from Israel">Kidnapped from Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostages_and_Missing_Families_Forum" title="Hostages and Missing Families Forum">Hostages and Missing Families Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostages_Square" title="Hostages Square">Hostages Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Captive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_the_Bibas_family" title="Kidnapping of the Bibas family">Bibas family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_Lifshitz" title="Oded Lifshitz">Oded Lifshitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Naama_Levy" title="Kidnapping of Naama Levy">Naama Levy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Rescued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Golden_Hand" title="Operation Golden Hand">Operation Golden Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Ori_Megidish" title="Rescue of Ori Megidish"> Ori Megidish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nuseirat_rescue_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Nuseirat rescue operation">Nuseirat operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Noa_Argamani" title="Kidnapping of Noa Argamani">Noa Argamani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Qaid_Farhan_Al-Qadi" title="Rescue of Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi">Rescue of Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Released</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Edry_hostage_situation" title="Rachel Edry hostage situation">Rachel Edry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Yarden_Roman-Gat" title="Kidnapping of Yarden Roman-Gat">Yarden Roman-Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Mia_Schem" title="Kidnapping of Mia Schem">Mia Schem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Deceased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Dancyg" title="Alex Dancyg">Alex Dancyg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_killing_of_Hersh_Goldberg-Polin" title="Kidnapping and killing of Hersh Goldberg-Polin">Hersh Goldberg-Polin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Alon_Shamriz,_Yotam_Haim,_and_Samer_Talalka" title="Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka">Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2023 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">COGAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahiya_doctrine" title="Dahiya doctrine">Dahiya doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_on_children_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Effect of the Israel–Hamas war on children in the Gaza Strip">Effect on children in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Directive" title="Hannibal Directive">Hannibal Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Israel–Hamas war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">International recognition of the State of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Interrogation in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli interrogations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_advocacy_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Queer advocacy in the Israel–Hamas war">Queer advocacy in the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Women in the Israel–Hamas war">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict#Israel–Hamas_war" title="Wikipedia and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Historical context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict">International law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Background to the Israel–Hamas war">Background to the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">Palestinian freedom of movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_Israeli_attacks_on_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip">Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shields_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_demolition_of_Palestinian_property" title="Israeli demolition of Palestinian property">Israeli demolition of Palestinian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_Israeli_settlements" title="Legality of Israeli settlements">Legality of Israeli settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_outpost" title="Israeli outpost">Israeli outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip">Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2023" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023">Palestinian rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_tunnel_warfare_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip">Palestinian tunnel warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tunnel_barrier_along_the_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_border" title="Anti-tunnel barrier along the Gaza–Israel border">anti-tunnel barrier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing_by_Israel" title="Targeted killing by Israel">Israeli assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Women in the Israel–Hamas war">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the Israel–Hamas war">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel" title="Calls for the destruction of Israel">Calls for the destruction of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_government_response_to_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Israeli government response to the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Israeli government response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_cabinet" title="Israeli war cabinet">Israeli war cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_detentions_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Mass detentions in the Israel–Hamas war">Mass detentions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Economic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Environment impact in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Evacuations during the Israel–Hamas war">Evacuations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations" title="Gaza Strip evacuations">Gaza Strip evacuations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Humanitarian crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_floating_pier" title="Gaza floating pier">Gaza floating pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_Strip_healthcare_collapse" title="Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse">Healthcare collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Gaza_Strip_preterm_births" title="2023–2024 Gaza Strip preterm births">Premature baby crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_famine" title="Gaza Strip famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_breakdown_in_the_Gaza_Strip_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war">Societal breakdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_public_diplomacy_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli public diplomacy in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Media coverage of the Israel–Hamas war">Media coverage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_journalists_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Killing of journalists in the Israel–Hamas war">Violence against journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide accusation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_complicity_in_Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">United States complicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_against_Palestinians_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Israel–Hamas war">Sexual violence against Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">Israeli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_razing_of_cemeteries_and_necroviolence_against_Palestinians" title="Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians">Cemetery destruction and necroviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_torture_in_the_occupied_territories" title="Israeli torture in the occupied territories">Israeli torture in the occupied territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_resettlement_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip">Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="International reactions to the Israel–Hamas war">Reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calls_for_a_ceasefire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Calls for a ceasefire during the Israel–Hamas war">Calls for a ceasefire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_ceasefire_proposal" title="Three-phase Israel–Hamas war ceasefire proposal">Three-phase proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israel_hostage_deal_protests" title="September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests">September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Diplomatic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">Diplomatic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_donors_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="University donors during the Israel–Hamas war">University donors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_reactions_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="European Union reactions to the Israel–Hamas war">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurmat-e-Masjid_Aqsa_Conference" title="Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference">Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards" title="2023 MTV Europe Music Awards">Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_resettlement_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip">Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Beijing_Declaration" title="2024 Beijing Declaration">2024 Beijing Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Israel_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of military aid to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war">Military aid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">US support for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United Kingdom support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">UK support for Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_antisemitic_riots_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="2023 antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus">Riots in the North Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Anti-Palestinianism during the Israel–Hamas war">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Islamophobia during the Israel–Hamas war">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_incidents_in_reaction_to_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Violent incidents in reaction to the Israel–Hamas war">Violent incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Wadea_al-Fayoume" title="Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume">Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Paul_Kessler" title="Death of Paul Kessler">Death of Paul Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_shooting_of_Palestinian_students_in_Burlington,_Vermont" title="2023 shooting of Palestinian students in Burlington, Vermont">Vermont student shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests" title="Israel–Hamas war protests">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses" title="2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses">University campuses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupations" title="2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupations">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sciences_Po_pro-Palestinian_occupation_protest" title="2024 Sciences Po pro-Palestinian occupation protest">Sciences Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupation" title="2024 University of California, Los Angeles pro-Palestinian campus occupation">UCLA</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_for_the_Republic_and_Against_Antisemitism" title="March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism">March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Bitung_clashes" title="2023 Bitung clashes">2023 Bitung clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_Israel" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_blockade_of_aid_delivery_to_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli blockade of aid delivery to the Gaza Strip">Humanitarian aid blockade</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_pro-Palestinian_strike_in_Spain" title="September 2024 pro-Palestinian strike in Spain">2024 pro-Palestinian strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests_in_the_United_States" title="Israel–Hamas war protests in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists4Ceasefire" title="Artists4Ceasefire">Artists4Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Democratic_National_Committee_protests" title="2023 Democratic National Committee protests">DNC protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Gaza" title="March on Washington for Gaza">March on Washington for Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Israel" title="March for Israel">March for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_March_on_Washington:_Free_Palestine" title="National March on Washington: Free Palestine">National March on Washington: Free Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protest_vote_movements" title="Israel–Hamas war protest vote movements">Protest votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_of_Aaron_Bushnell" title="Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell">Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-Chowk_Dharna" title="D-Chowk Dharna">D-Chowk Dharna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Faizabad_sit-in" title="2024 Faizabad sit-in">2024 Faizabad sit-in</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UN resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/21" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21">A/RES/ES-10/21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2712" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2712">S/RES/2712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/22" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22">A/RES/ES-10/22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2720" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2720">S/RES/2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2728" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2728">S/RES/2728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-10/23" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/23">A/RES/ES-10/23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2735" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2735">S/RES/2735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories#UN_General_Assembly_resolution" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">A/RES/ES-10/24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UN inquiry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" title="Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory">Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_impact_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war#Independent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory_report" title="Diplomatic impact of the Israel–Hamas war">War crimes and crimes against humanity report</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Palestine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine">ICC investigation in Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Israeli_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli figures">Arrest warrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Casualties of the Israel–Hamas war">Casualties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alim_Abdallah" title="Alim Abdallah">Alim Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Bashat" title="Yitzhak Ben-Bashat">Yitzhak Ben-Bashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayar_Davidov" title="Jayar Davidov">Jayar Davidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ginsberg" title="Eli Ginsberg">Eli Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Habaka" title="Salman Habaka">Salman Habaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Hamami" title="Asaf Hamami">Asaf Hamami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhar_Hofman" title="Yitzhar Hofman">Yitzhar Hofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roi_Levy" title="Roi Levy">Roi Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhar_Peled" title="Izhar Peled">Izhar Peled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonatan_Steinberg" title="Yonatan Steinberg">Yonatan Steinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Daxa" title="Ehsan Daxa">Ehsan Daxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lior_Asulin" title="Lior Asulin">Lior Asulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yuval_Castleman" title="Killing of Yuval Castleman">Yuval Castleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayim_Katsman" title="Hayim Katsman">Hayim Katsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofir_Libstein" title="Ofir Libstein">Ofir Libstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Shani_Louk" title="Killing of Shani Louk">Shani Louk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Aner_Shapira" title="Death of Aner Shapira">Aner Shapira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Silver" title="Vivian Silver">Vivian Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahav_Winner" title="Yahav Winner">Yahav Winner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hamas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Sinwar" title="Yahya Sinwar">Yahya Sinwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Dukhan" title="Abdul Fatah Dukhan">Abdul Fatah Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dababish" title="Mohammed Dababish">Mohammed Dababish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissam_Farhat" title="Wissam Farhat">Wissam Farhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ghandour_(militant)" title="Ahmed Ghandour (militant)">Ahmed Ghandour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Issa" title="Marwan Issa">Marwan Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursan_Khalifa" title="Fursan Khalifa">Fursan Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafa_Salama" title="Rafa Salama">Rafa Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_Mazini" title="Osama Mazini">Osama Mazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_Nofal" title="Ayman Nofal">Ayman Nofal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamila_Abdallah_Taha_al-Shanti" title="Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti">Jamila al-Shanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Al_Qadi" title="Ali Al Qadi">Ali Al Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaa_Shreiteh" title="Alaa Shreiteh">Alaa Shreiteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiq_Al-Mabhouh" title="Faiq Al-Mabhouh">Faiq Al-Mabhouh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other militants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Abu_Butihan" title="Fouad Abu Butihan">Fouad Abu Butihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Shehadeh" title="Jihad Shehadeh">Jihad Shehadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Tawfic_Abdel_Jabbar" title="Killing of Tawfic Abdel Jabbar">Tawfic Abdel Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majed_Abu_Maraheel" title="Majed Abu Maraheel">Majed Abu Maraheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiba_Abu_Nada" title="Hiba Abu Nada">Hiba Abu Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refaat_Alareer" title="Refaat Alareer">Refaat Alareer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Alloh" title="Hammam Alloh">Hammam Alloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Nahida_and_Samar_Anton" title="Killing of Nahida and Samar Anton">Nahida and Samar Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Astal" title="Ibrahim al-Astal">Ibrahim al-Astal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Bahar_(Palestinian_politician)" title="Ahmad Bahar (Palestinian politician)">Ahmad Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Barakat_(footballer)" title="Mohammed Barakat (footballer)">Mohammed Barakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mohammad_Bhar" title="Killing of Mohammad Bhar">Mohammad Bhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_David_Ben_Avraham" title="Killing of David Ben Avraham">David Ben Avraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Bursh" title="Adnan al-Bursh">Adnan al-Bursh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Dabour" title="Rashid Dabour">Rashid Dabour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Dalou" title="Mohamed al-Dalou">Mohamed al-Dalou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awni_El-Dous" title="Awni El-Dous">Awni El-Dous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ferwana" title="Omar Ferwana">Omar Ferwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Ghaben" title="Fathi Ghaben">Fathi Ghaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_al-Ghussein" title="Ihab al-Ghussein">Ihab al-Ghussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medo_Halimy" title="Medo Halimy">Medo Halimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Sidra_Hassouna" title="Killing of Sidra Hassouna">Sidra Hassouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Yazan_al-Kafarneh" title="Death of Yazan al-Kafarneh">Yazan al-Kafarneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mohammad_Khdour" title="Killing of Mohammad Khdour">Mohammad Khdour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_Al-Masdar" title="Hani Al-Masdar">Hani Al-Masdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qusaya" title="Ibrahim Qusaya">Ibrahim Qusaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Hind_Rajab" title="Killing of Hind Rajab">Hind Rajab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shabir" title="Mohammed Shabir">Mohammed Shabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Abu_Sakhila" title="Rashad Abu Sakhila">Rashad Abu Sakhila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu_Shawish" title="Omar Abu Shawish">Omar Abu Shawish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufian_Tayeh" title="Sufian Tayeh">Sufian Tayeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Al_Zard" title="Wael Al Zard">Wael Al Zard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Abu_Zarifa" title="Talal Abu Zarifa">Talal Abu Zarifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Shaban_al-Dalou" title="Killing of Shaban al-Dalou">Shaban al-Dalou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasen_al-Khateeb" title="Mahasen al-Khateeb">Mahasen al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagham_Abu_Samra" title="Nagham Abu Samra">Nagham Abu Samra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spillover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Arouri" title="Saleh al-Arouri">Saleh al-Arouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hussein_Barji" title="Ali Hussein Barji">Ali Hussein Barji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waibhav_Anil_Kale" title="Waibhav Anil Kale">Waibhav Anil Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razi_Mousavi" title="Razi Mousavi">Razi Mousavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissam_al-Tawil" title="Wissam al-Tawil">Wissam al-Tawil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Omidzadeh" title="Sadegh Omidzadeh">Sadegh Omidzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushtaq_Talib_Al-Saeedi" title="Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi">Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Zahedi" title="Mohammad Reza Zahedi">Mohammad Reza Zahedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Shukr" title="Fuad Shukr">Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Aqil" title="Ibrahim Aqil">Ibrahim Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah" title="Hassan Nasrallah">Hassan Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Karaki" title="Ali Karaki">Ali Karaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Qaouk" title="Nabil Qaouk">Nabil Qaouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Nilforoushan" title="Abbas Nilforoushan">Abbas Nilforoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Sharif" title="Fatah Sharif">Fatah Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashem_Safieddine" title="Hashem Safieddine">Hashem Safieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Afif" title="Mohammad Afif">Mohammad Afif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_killed_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="List of journalists killed in the Israel–Hamas war">Journalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issam_Abdallah" title="Issam Abdallah">Issam Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samer_Abu_Daqqa" title="Samer Abu Daqqa">Samer Abu Daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ismail_al-Ghoul" title="Killing of Ismail al-Ghoul">Ismail al-Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belal_Jadallah" title="Belal Jadallah">Belal Jadallah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Friendly fire during the Israel–Hamas war">Friendly fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Israelis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Aloni" title="Nimrod Aloni">Nimrod Aloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Goldberg-Polin" title="Rachel Goldberg-Polin">Rachel Goldberg-Polin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitan_Okun" title="Eitan Okun">Eitan Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagel_Oshri" title="Yagel Oshri">Yagel Oshri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbal_Rabin-Lieberman" title="Inbal Rabin-Lieberman">Inbal Rabin-Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Tibon" title="Amir Tibon">Amir Tibon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palestinians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Al-Dahdouh" title="Wael Al-Dahdouh">Wael Al-Dahdouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plestia_Alaqad" title="Plestia Alaqad">Plestia Alaqad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motaz_Azaiza" title="Motaz Azaiza">Motaz Azaiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisan_Owda" title="Bisan Owda">Bisan Owda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Moien_Ayyash" title="Mustafa Moien Ayyash">Mustafa Moien Ayyash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_secret_document_leak_scandal" title="2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal">2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdel_Khalek" title="Ahmed Abdel Khalek">Ahmed Abdel Khalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saqqa_House" title="Al-Saqqa House">Al-Saqqa House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qarara_Cultural_Museum" title="Al Qarara Cultural Museum">Al Qarara Cultural Museum</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_Eyes_on_Rafah" title="All Eyes on Rafah">All Eyes on Rafah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war">Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockout_2024" title="Blockout 2024">Blockout 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Archives_of_Gaza_City" title="Central Archives of Gaza City">Central Archives of Gaza City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_Witness_(2023_film)" title="Bearing Witness (2023 film)">Bearing Witness</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/From_the_river_to_the_sea" title="From the river to the sea">From the river to the sea</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Daily" title="Gaza Daily">Gaza Daily</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Harbu_Darbu" title="Harbu Darbu">Harbu Darbu</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hind%27s_Hall" title="Hind's Hall">Hind's Hall</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(Eden_Golan_song)" title="Hurricane (Eden Golan song)">Hurricane</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_demolition_of_Palestinian_property" title="Israeli demolition of Palestinian property">Israeli demolition of Palestinian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_exception" title="Palestine exception">Palestine exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_sports_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Options_for_a_policy_regarding_Gaza%27s_civilian_population" title="Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population">Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Nimbus" title="Project Nimbus">Project Nimbus</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rajieen" title="Rajieen">Rajieen</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Category:Israel–Hamas war">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaza–Israel_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Template:Gaza–Israel conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Template talk:Gaza–Israel conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaza–Israel conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaza–Israel_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip#History" title="Gaza Strip">History of the Gaza Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon#History" title="Ashkelon">History of Ashkelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamas" title="History of Hamas">History of Hamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">1956</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_massacre" title="Khan Yunis massacre">Khan Yunis massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Rafah_massacre" title="1956 Rafah massacre">Rafah massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> and aftermath in 2000–2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muhammad_al-Durrah" title="Killing of Muhammad al-Durrah">Killing of Muhammad al-Durrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_Rafah" title="2004 Israeli operation in Rafah">2004 Israeli operation in Rafah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Beit_Hanoun_raid" title="2004 Beit Hanoun raid">2004 Beit Hanoun raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_the_northern_Gaza_Strip" title="2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip">2004 Israeli operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip">Israeli disengagement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">Palestinian legislative election</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_beach_explosion" title="2006 Gaza beach explosion">Gaza beach explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Gaza cross-border raid">Gaza cross-border raid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jun–Nov <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict">2006 Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oct–Nov <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun">2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nov <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_shelling_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun shelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Battle of Gaza</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jan–Feb <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_breach_of_the_Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border">Egypt–Gaza border breach</a></li></ul></li> <li>Feb–Mar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter">Operation Hot Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Apr <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Hanoun_April_2008_incident" title="Beit Hanoun April 2008 incident">Beit Hanoun incident</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jun–Dec <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">Israel–Hamas ceasefire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dec <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Incidents in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Casualties of the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Effects of the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Effects</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Feb–Mar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_attacks_on_Gaza_in_2009" title="List of Israeli attacks on Gaza in 2009">Israeli attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li>Apr <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fact_Finding_Mission_on_the_Gaza_Conflict" title="United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict">UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2010_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_clashes" title="March 2010 Israel–Gaza clashes">Israel–Gaza clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li>May <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Freedom_Flotilla" title="Gaza Freedom Flotilla">Gaza Freedom Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jul <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_II" title="Freedom Flotilla II">Freedom Flotilla II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Aug <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes">March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nov <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Gaza_War" title="2012 Gaza War">2012 Gaza War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2012_Gaza_War" title="Timeline of the 2012 Gaza War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_2012_Gaza_War" title="Reactions to 2012 Gaza War">Reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>July <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_strikes_and_Palestinian_casualties_in_the_2014_Gaza_War" title="List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Gaza War">List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Gaza War</a></li></ul></li> <li>August <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fact_Finding_Mission_on_the_2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" title="United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">UN Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>May–Jun <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_III" title="Freedom Flotilla III">Freedom Flotilla III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_airborne_arson_attacks" title="Palestinian airborne arson attacks">Palestinian airborne arson attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nov <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>May <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li>November <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Feb <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muhammad_al-Na%27im" title="Killing of Muhammad al-Na'im">Killing of Muhammad al-Na'im</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>May <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aug <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes">2022 Gaza–Israel clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apr <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2023 Al-Aqsa clashes">Al-Aqsa clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li>May <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes">Clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li>October <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_resettlement_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip">Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2001" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2002%E2%80%932006" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2002–2006">2002–2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2007" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2008" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2009" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2010" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2011" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2012" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2013" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2014" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2015" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2016" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2017" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2018" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2019" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2020" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2021" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2022" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2023" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2024" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2024">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_barrier" title="Gaza–Israel barrier">Gaza–Israel barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Hamas government in the Gaza Strip">Hamas government in the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaza Strip blockade (since 2007) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Hamas" title="Israeli support for Hamas">Israeli support for Hamas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule#Hamas" title="Divide and rule">Divide and rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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