CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Neon lamp - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"25800db9-2292-41ca-99df-3a0364abad5c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Neon_lamp","wgTitle":"Neon lamp","wgCurRevisionId":1258471012,"wgRevisionId":1258471012,"wgArticleId":303071,"wgIsArticle": true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Neon_lamp","wgRelevantArticleId":303071,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym": "अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym": "বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym": "Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld", "autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym": "moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym": "සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep", "autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay", "az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa", "pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q622970","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg/1200px-AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg/800px-AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg/640px-AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Neon lamp - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lamp"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Neon_lamp rootpage-Neon_lamp stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neon+lamp" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Neon+lamp" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Neon lamp</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Neon_lamp" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Neon+lamp" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For similar terms, see <a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon sign</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>A <b>neon lamp</b> (also <b>neon glow lamp</b>) is a miniature <a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">gas-discharge lamp</a>. The lamp typically consists of a small glass capsule that contains a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penning_mixture" title="Penning mixture">other gases</a> at a low pressure and two <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">cathode</a>). When sufficient voltage is applied and sufficient current is supplied between the electrodes, the lamp produces an orange <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a>. The glowing portion in the lamp is a thin region near the cathode; the larger and much longer <a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">neon signs</a> are also glow discharges, but they use the <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge#Positive_column" title="Glow discharge">positive column</a> which is not present in the ordinary neon lamp. Neon glow lamps were widely used as <a href="/wiki/Pilot_light#ON_OFF" title="Pilot light">indicator lamps</a> in the displays of electronic instruments and appliances. They are still sometimes used for their electrical simplicity in high-voltage circuits. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg/220px-AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg/330px-AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg/440px-AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2880"></a><figcaption>NE-2 type neon lamp powered by <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neon_lamp_schematics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Neon_lamp_schematics.svg/220px-Neon_lamp_schematics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Neon_lamp_schematics.svg/330px-Neon_lamp_schematics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Neon_lamp_schematics.svg/440px-Neon_lamp_schematics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="261"></a><figcaption>Neon lamp schematic symbol</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Limiting_current"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Limiting current</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Flicker_flame"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Flicker flame</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Efficiency"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Efficiency</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Environmental_effects"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental effects</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Visual_indicator"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Visual indicator</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Voltage_surge_suppression"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Voltage surge suppression</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Voltage_tester"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Voltage tester</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Voltage_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Voltage regulation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Switching_element/oscillator"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Switching element/oscillator</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Detector"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Detector</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Alphanumerical_display"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Alphanumerical display</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Color"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Color</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NE-34_LAMP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NE-34_LAMP.JPG/220px-NE-34_LAMP.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NE-34_LAMP.JPG/220px-NE-34_LAMP.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NE-34_LAMP.JPG/330px-NE-34_LAMP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NE-34_LAMP.JPG/440px-NE-34_LAMP.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> NE-34 glow lamp, manufactured circa 1930</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> was discovered in 1898 by <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Travers" title="Morris Travers">Morris Travers</a>. The characteristic, brilliant red color that is emitted by gaseous neon when excited electrically was noted immediately; Travers later wrote, "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for electrical lighting along the lines of <a href="/wiki/Moore_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore tube">Moore tubes</a>, which used electric discharges in nitrogen. Moore tubes were commercialized by their inventor, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFarlan_Moore" title="Daniel McFarlan Moore">Daniel McFarlan Moore</a>, in the early 1900s. After 1902, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Claude" title="Georges Claude">Georges Claude</a>'s company, <a href="/wiki/Air_Liquide" title="Air Liquide">Air Liquide</a>, was producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air liquefaction business, and in December 1910 Claude demonstrated modern <a href="/wiki/Neon_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon light">neon lighting</a> based on a sealed tube of neon. In 1915 a U.S. patent was issued to Claude covering the design of the electrodes for neon tube lights;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this patent became the basis for the monopoly held in the U.S. by his company, Claude Neon Lights, through the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1917, Daniel Moore developed the neon lamp while working at the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Company" title="General Electric Company">General Electric Company</a>. The lamp has a very different design from the much larger neon tubes used for <a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">neon lighting</a>. The difference in design was sufficient that a U.S. patent was issued for the lamp in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Smithsonian Institution website notes, "These small, low power devices use a physical principle called <a href="/wiki/Coronal_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronal discharge">coronal discharge</a>. Moore mounted two electrodes close together in a bulb and added neon or argon gas. The electrodes would glow brightly in red or blue, depending on the gas, and the lamps lasted for years. Since the electrodes could take almost any shape imaginable, a popular application has been fanciful decorative lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glow lamps found practical use as indicators in instrument panels and in many home appliances until the widespread commercialization of <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg/300px-Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="718"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg/300px-Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg/450px-Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg/600px-Glow_discharge_current-voltage_curve_English.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Voltage-current characteristics of electrical discharge in neon at 1 torr, with two planar electrodes separated by 50 cm.<br> A: random pulses by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a><br> B: saturation current<br> C: <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_breakdown" title="Avalanche breakdown">Avalanche breakdown</a> Townsend discharge<br> D: self-sustained <a href="/wiki/Townsend_discharge" title="Townsend discharge">Townsend discharge</a><br> E: unstable region: <a href="/wiki/Corona_discharge" title="Corona discharge">corona discharge</a><br> F: sub-normal glow discharge<br> G: normal glow discharge<br> H: abnormal glow discharge<br> I: unstable region: glow-arc transition<br> J: <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a><br> K: electric arc<br> <b>A-D region: dark discharge</b>; ionisation occurs, current below 10 microamps.<br> <b>F-H region: glow discharge</b>; the plasma emits a faint glow. <br> <b>I-K region: arc discharge</b>; large amounts of electromagnetic radiation produced.</figcaption></figure> <p>A small <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> (for a 5 mm bulb diameter NE-2 lamp, the <a href="/wiki/Quiescent_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiescent current">quiescent current</a> is about 400 μA), which may be <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> or <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a>, is allowed through the tube, causing it to glow orange-red. The gas is typically a <a href="/wiki/Penning_mixture" title="Penning mixture">Penning mixture</a>, 99.5% <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> and 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, which has lower <a href="/wiki/Breakdown_voltage#Gases_and_vacuum" title="Breakdown voltage">striking voltage</a> than pure neon, at a pressure of 1–20 torrs (0.13–2.67 kPa). </p><p>The lamp <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a> lights at its striking voltage.<sup id="cite_ref-MILLER69_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MILLER69-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The striking voltage is reduced by ambient light or radioactivity. To reduce the "dark effect", some lamps were made with a small amount of radioactive material, typically <a href="/wiki/Krypton-85" title="Krypton-85">Krypton-85</a>, added to the envelope to provide ionization in darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-MILLER69_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MILLER69-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The voltage required to sustain the discharge is significantly (up to 30%) lower than the striking voltage. This is due to the organization of positive ions near the cathode. Neon lamps operate using a low current <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a>. </p><p>Higher power devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">mercury-vapor lamps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metal_halide_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal halide lamp">metal halide lamps</a> use a higher current <a href="/wiki/Arc_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc discharge">arc discharge</a>. Low pressure <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">sodium-vapor lamps</a> use a neon Penning mixture for warm up and can be operated as giant neon lamps if operated in a low power mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limiting_current">Limiting current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Limiting current" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Once the neon lamp has reached breakdown, it can support a large current flow. Because of this characteristic, electrical circuitry external to the neon lamp must limit the current through the circuit or else the current will rapidly increase until the lamp is destroyed. </p><p>For indicator-sized lamps, a <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> typically limits the current. In contrast, larger sized lamps often use a specially constructed high voltage <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> with high <a href="/wiki/Leakage_inductance" title="Leakage inductance">leakage inductance</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Electrical_ballast" title="Electrical ballast">electrical ballast</a> to limit the available current (see <a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">neon sign</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flicker_flame">Flicker flame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flicker flame" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>When the current through the lamp is lower than the current for the highest-current discharge path, the <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a> may become unstable and not cover the entire surface of the electrodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Glow_Lamp_Manual_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glow_Lamp_Manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be a sign of aging of the indicator lamp, and is exploited in the decorative "flicker flame" neon lamps. However, while too low a current causes flickering, too high a current increases the wear of the electrodes by stimulating <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">sputtering</a>, which coats the internal surface of the lamp with metal and causes it to darken. </p><p>The potential needed to strike the discharge is higher than what is needed to sustain the discharge. When there is not enough current, the glow forms around only part of the electrode surface. Convective currents make the glowing areas flow upwards, not unlike the discharge in a <a href="/wiki/Spark_gap#Spark_gaps_as_entertainment" title="Spark gap">Jacob's ladder</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Photoionization" title="Photoionization">photoionization</a> effect can also be observed here, as the electrode area covered by the glow discharge can be increased by shining light at the lamp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Efficiency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In comparison with <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamps">incandescent lamps</a>, neon lamps have much higher <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">luminous efficacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescence</a> is heat-driven light emission, so a large portion of the electric energy put into an incandescent lamp is converted into heat. Non-incandescent light sources such as neon lamps, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-emitting diodes">light-emitting diodes</a> are therefore much more energy efficient than normal incandescent lamps. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a> neon lamps<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can produce up to 65 lumens per watt of power input, while white neon lamps have an efficacy of around 50 lumens per watt. In contrast, a standard incandescent lamp only produces around 13.5 lumens per watt.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environmental effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The precise values of starting and maintaining voltages of neon lamps is subject to change due to several effects. External light falling on the electrodes provides a source of ionization to start the lamp; in total darkness, lamps may reach a high and erratic starting voltage. One measure to mitigate for this effect is to include a pilot lamp within the enclosure to provide an initial source of light. Lamps are also somewhat sensitive to external electrostatic fields, temperature, and aging. Lamps intended for use as circuit components may be specially processed to eliminate most of the initial aging effects.<sup id="cite_ref-GE_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_indicator">Visual indicator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Visual indicator" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socket_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Socket_5.jpg/220px-Socket_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Socket_5.jpg/220px-Socket_5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Socket_5.jpg/330px-Socket_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Socket_5.jpg/440px-Socket_5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Switch on a <a href="/wiki/Power_strip" title="Power strip">power strip</a>, illuminated by a neon lamp</figcaption></figure> <p>Even after the widespread availability of cheap <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a>, small neon lamps are still widely used as visual indicators in electronic equipment and appliances, due to their low power consumption, long life, and ability to operate on mains power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voltage_surge_suppression">Voltage surge suppression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Voltage surge suppression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Neon lamps are commonly used as low-voltage <a href="/wiki/Surge_protector" title="Surge protector">surge protectors</a>, but they are generally inferior to <a href="/wiki/Surge_protector#Gas_discharge_tube_(GDT)_spark_gap" title="Surge protector">gas discharge tube (GDT)</a> surge protectors (which can be designed for higher voltage applications). Neon lamps have been used as an inexpensive method to protect RF receivers from voltage spikes (lamp connected to RF input and chassis ground), but they are not suitable for higher-power RF transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voltage_tester">Voltage tester</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voltage tester" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neonlamp3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of 3 small glass capsules. Each capsule has 2 parallel wires that pass through the glass. Inside the left capsule, the right electrode is glowing orange. In the middle capsule, the left electrode is glowing. In the right capsule, both electrodes are glowing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Neonlamp3.JPG/220px-Neonlamp3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Neonlamp3.JPG/220px-Neonlamp3.JPG" data-alt="Photograph of 3 small glass capsules. Each capsule has 2 parallel wires that pass through the glass. Inside the left capsule, the right electrode is glowing orange. In the middle capsule, the left electrode is glowing. In the right capsule, both electrodes are glowing." data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Neonlamp3.JPG/330px-Neonlamp3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Neonlamp3.JPG/440px-Neonlamp3.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>+DC (left), -DC (center), AC (right) supplied to NE-2 type neon lamps</figcaption></figure> <p>Most small neon (indicator-sized) lamps, such as the common <b>NE-2</b>, have a <a href="/wiki/Breakdown_voltage#Gases_and_vacuum" title="Breakdown voltage">break-down voltage</a> of around 90 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a>. When driven from a DC source, only the negatively charged electrode (<a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>) will glow. When driven from an AC source, both electrodes will glow (each during alternate half cycles). These attributes make neon lamps (with series resistors) a convenient low-cost <a href="/wiki/Test_light" title="Test light">voltage tester</a>. By examining which electrode is glowing they can reveal whether a given voltage source is AC or DC, and if DC, the polarity of the points being tested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voltage_regulation">Voltage regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Voltage regulation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The breakdown characteristic of glow-discharge lamps allows them to be used as <a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">voltage regulators</a> or <a href="/wiki/Overvoltage" title="Overvoltage">overvoltage</a> protection devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting around the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE), Signalite, and other firms made voltage regulator tubes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switching_element/oscillator"><span id="Switching_element.2Foscillator"></span>Switching element/oscillator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Switching element/oscillator" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Gas_discharge_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas discharge lamp">gas discharge lamps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Raju_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raju-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the neon lamp has <a href="/wiki/Negative_resistance" title="Negative resistance">negative resistance</a>; its voltage falls with increasing current after the lamp reaches its breakdown voltage.<sup id="cite_ref-GE_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauman_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dance_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dance-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the lamp has <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a>; its turn-off (extinction) voltage is lower than its turn-on (breakdown) voltage.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This allows it to be used as an active switching element. Neon lamps were used to make <a href="/wiki/Relaxation_oscillator" title="Relaxation oscillator">relaxation oscillator</a> circuits, using this mechanism, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pearson%E2%80%93Anson_effect" title="Pearson–Anson effect">Pearson–Anson effect</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bauman_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gottlieb_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottlieb-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GE2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for low frequency applications such as flashing warning lights, <a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">stroboscopes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burton_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tone generators in electronic organs,<sup id="cite_ref-Bauman_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauman-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as time bases and deflection oscillators in early <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_oscilloscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray oscilloscope">cathode ray oscilloscopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wahl_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wahl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neon lamps can also be <a href="/wiki/Bistability" title="Bistability">bistable</a>, and were even used to build <a href="/wiki/Digital_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital logic">digital logic</a> circuits such as <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">flip-flop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital counter">digital counters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GE3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendrix_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrix-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These applications were sufficiently common that manufacturers made neon lamps specifically for this use, sometimes called "circuit-component" lamps. At least some of these lamps have a glow concentrated into a small spot on the cathode, which made them unsuited to use as indicators. To provide more repeatable lamp characteristics and reduce "dark effect" ( a rise in starting voltage observed in lamps kept in total darkness), some types of lamp such as NE83 (5AH) include a small amount of a radioisotope to provide initial ionization. <sup id="cite_ref-GE_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variant of the NE-2 type lamp for circuit applications, the NE-77, have three wire electrodes in the lamp (in a plane) instead of the usual two, the third for use as a control electrode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detector">Detector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Detector" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Neon lamps have been historically used as microwave and millimeter-wave detectors ("plasma diodes" or glow discharge detectors (GDDs)) up to about 100 GHz or so and in such service were said to exhibit comparable sensitivity (of the order of a few 10s to perhaps 100 microvolts) to the familiar 1N23-type catwhisker-contacted silicon diodes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> once ubiquitous in microwave equipment. More recently it has been found that these lamps work well as detectors even at sub-millimeter ("terahertz") frequencies and they have been successfully used as pixels in several experimental imaging arrays at these wavelengths. </p><p>In these applications the lamps are operated either in "starvation" mode (to reduce lamp-current noise) or in normal glow discharge mode; some literature references their use as detectors of radiation up into the optical regime when operated in abnormal glow mode. Coupling of microwaves into the plasma may be in free space, in waveguide, by means of a parabolic concentrator (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Winston_cone" title="Winston cone">Winston cone</a>), or via capacitive means via a loop or dipole antenna mounted directly to the lamp. </p><p>Although most of these applications use ordinary off-the-shelf dual-electrode lamps, in one case it was found that special three (or more) electrode lamps, with the extra electrode acting as the coupling antenna, provided even better results (lower noise and higher sensitivity). This discovery received a US patent.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphanumerical_display">Alphanumerical display</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alphanumerical display" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixie2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Sequence of ten photograph of a glass tube. Each photograph is shown for 1 second, and shows a red, glowing numeral. The photographs are presented in the series 0, 1, 2, ..., 9, and then sequence starts again at 0." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Nixie2.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Nixie2.gif" data-alt="Sequence of ten photograph of a glass tube. Each photograph is shown for 1 second, and shows a red, glowing numeral. The photographs are presented in the series 0, 1, 2, ..., 9, and then sequence starts again at 0." data-width="200" data-height="200" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The digits of a <a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Neon lamps with several shaped electrodes were used as alphanumerical displays known as <a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tubes</a>. These have since been replaced by other display devices such as <a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting diode">light emitting diodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">vacuum fluorescent displays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal displays</a>. </p><p>Since at least the 1940s, argon, neon, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphored</a> <i>glow <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratron</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">latching</a> indicators (which would light up upon an impulse on their starter electrode and extinguish only after their anode voltage was cut) were available for example as self-displaying <a href="/wiki/Shift_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift registers">shift registers</a> in large-format, crawling-text <a href="/wiki/Dot-matrix_display" title="Dot-matrix display">dot-matrix displays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, combined in a 4×4, four-color phosphored-thyratron matrix, as a stackable 625-color RGBA pixel for large video graphics arrays.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple-cathode and/or anode <i>glow thyratrons</i> called <a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatrons</a> could count forwards and backwards while their count state was visible as a glow on one of the numbered cathodes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were used as self-displaying <a href="/wiki/Frequency_divider#Digital_dividers" title="Frequency divider">divide-by-n counter/timer/prescalers</a> in counting instruments, or as <a href="/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">adder/subtracters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calculator#Development_of_electronic_calculators" title="Calculator">calculators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1930s radio sets, neon lamps were used as tuning indicators, called "tuneons" and would give a brighter glow as the station was tuned in correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of their comparatively short response time, in the early development of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> neon lamps were used as the light source in many <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical-scan TV</a> displays. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aerolux_Light_Corporation" title="Aerolux Light Corporation">Novelty glow lamps</a> with shaped electrodes (such as flowers and leaves), often coated with phosphors, have been made for artistic purposes. In some of these, the glow that surrounds an electrode is part of the design. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Color">Color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Color" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glimmlampe_spektrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Graphic consisting of four photographs. A row of three photographs at the top all show similar glass capsules with electrodes inside. The left photograph shows the construction of the capsule under normal lighting. The middle photograph shows the capsule with one of the two electrodes glowing. The right photograph shows the capsule with both electrodes glowing. Underneath the row of photographs of the capsule is a photograph of a spectroscope's scale; the scale runs from 700 nm to 400 nm; there are numerous red, orange, and yellow colored lines in the region between 660 and 600 nm, but no lines for readings smaller than 590 nm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glimmlampe_spektrum.jpg/200px-Glimmlampe_spektrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="447"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glimmlampe_spektrum.jpg/200px-Glimmlampe_spektrum.jpg" data-alt="Graphic consisting of four photographs. A row of three photographs at the top all show similar glass capsules with electrodes inside. The left photograph shows the construction of the capsule under normal lighting. The middle photograph shows the capsule with one of the two electrodes glowing. The right photograph shows the capsule with both electrodes glowing. Underneath the row of photographs of the capsule is a photograph of a spectroscope's scale; the scale runs from 700 nm to 400 nm; there are numerous red, orange, and yellow colored lines in the region between 660 and 600 nm, but no lines for readings smaller than 590 nm." data-width="200" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glimmlampe_spektrum.jpg/300px-Glimmlampe_spektrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Glimmlampe_spektrum.jpg/400px-Glimmlampe_spektrum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Unlit and lit neon lamps (NE-2 type) and their light <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Neon indicator lamps are normally orange, and are frequently used with a colored filter over them to improve contrast and change their color to red or a redder orange. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NE2COLORED.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NE2COLORED.JPG/220px-NE2COLORED.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NE2COLORED.JPG/220px-NE2COLORED.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NE2COLORED.JPG/330px-NE2COLORED.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NE2COLORED.JPG/440px-NE2COLORED.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Phosphor-colored neon lamps</figcaption></figure> <p>They can also be filled with <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> rather than neon, or mixed with it. While the electrical operating characteristics remain similar, these lamps light with a bluish glow (including some <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>) rather than neon's characteristic reddish-orange glow. Ultraviolet radiation then can be used to excite a <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> coating inside of the bulb and provide a wide range of various colors, including white.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mixture of 95% neon, 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, and 2.5% argon can be used for a green glow,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but nevertheless "green neon" lamps are more commonly phosphor-based. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerolux_Light_Corporation" title="Aerolux Light Corporation">Aerolux Light Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson%E2%80%93Anson_effect" title="Pearson–Anson effect">Pearson–Anson effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_lighting_technology" title="Timeline of lighting technology">Timeline of lighting technology</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287"><i>Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint)</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780766138728" title="Special:BookSources/9780766138728"><bdi>9780766138728</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322191804/http://books.google.com/books?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC&pg=PA287">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements%3A+Third+Edition+%28reprint%29&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780766138728&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJIk9BPdNWcC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFGeorges_Claude1915"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1125476">US 1125476</a>, Georges Claude, "Systems of Illuminating by Luminescent Tubes", issued 1915-01-19</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1125476&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Systems+of+Illuminating+by+Luminescent+Tubes&rft.inventor=Georges+Claude&rft.date=1915-01-19&rft.appldate=1911-11-09"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Claude Neon Lights Wins Injunction Suit: Also Gets Rights to Recover Profits and Damages Resulting From Patent Infringement". <i>The New York Times</i>. November 28, 1928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Claude+Neon+Lights+Wins+Injunction+Suit%3A+Also+Gets+Rights+to+Recover+Profits+and+Damages+Resulting+From+Patent+Infringement&rft.date=1928-11-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span> Paid access.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFDaniel_McFarlan_Moore1919"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1316967">US patent 1316967</a>, Daniel McFarlan Moore, "Gaseous Conduction Lamp", issued 1919-09-23, assigned to General Electric Company</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1316967&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Gaseous+Conduction+Lamp&rft.inventor=Daniel+McFarlan+Moore&rft.assignee=General+Electric+Company&rft.date=1919-09-23&rft.appldate=1917-11-30"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/bios/moore.htm">"Lamp Inventors 1880-1940: Moore Lamp"</a>. The Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050304005429/http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/bios/moore.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2005-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lamp+Inventors+1880-1940%3A+Moore+Lamp&rft.pub=The+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Flighting%2Fbios%2Fmoore.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MILLER69-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MILLER69_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MILLER69_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1969" class="citation book cs1">Miller, William G. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/UsingAndUnderstandingMiniatureNeonLamps"><i>Using and Understanding Miniature Neon Lamps</i></a>. Indianapolis: Howard W Sams & Co, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+and+Understanding+Miniature+Neon+Lamps&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Howard+W+Sams+%26+Co%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FUsingAndUnderstandingMiniatureNeonLamps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glow_Lamp_Manual-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glow_Lamp_Manual_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughertyFoulkeHardenHewitt1966" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, C. R.; Foulke, T. D.; Harden, J. D.; Hewitt, T. L.; Peters, F. N.; Smith, R. D.; Tuttle, J. W. (1966). <i>General Electric Glow Lamp Manual</i> (2nd ed.). General Electric Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Electric+Glow+Lamp+Manual&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=General+Electric+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.au=Foulke%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Harden%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+T.+L.&rft.au=Peters%2C+F.+N.&rft.au=Smith%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Tuttle%2C+J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Other emitted colors such as green, yellow and blue are available through secondary emission by coating the inside surface of the envelope with phosphor." — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intl-lighttech.com/products/light-sources/lamps/neon">International Light Technology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626131441/http://intl-lighttech.com/products/light-sources/lamps/neon">Archived</a> 2014-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThielen2006" class="citation web cs1">Thielen, Marcus (2006-02-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004409/http://www.signweb.com/index.php/channel/12/id/138">"LED or Neon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signweb.com/index.php/channel/12/id/138/">the original</a> on 2008-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LED+or+Neon&rft.date=2006-02-10&rft.aulast=Thielen&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signweb.com%2Findex.php%2Fchannel%2F12%2Fid%2F138%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaughertyTuttle1965" class="citation book cs1">Daugherty, C. L.; Tuttle, J.W.; et al. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhgoAQAAMAAJ"><i>G.E. Glow Lamp Manual, 2nd Ed</i></a>. Cleveland, Ohio: General Electric. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114235506/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhgoAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G.E.+Glow+Lamp+Manual%2C+2nd+Ed.&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=General+Electric&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft.au=Tuttle%2C+J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhgoAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCafe1953" class="citation news cs1">Cafe, Kirt Blattenberger RF (July 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfcafe.com/references/qst/neon-bulbs-qst-july-1953.htm">"Let's Use Neon Bulbs"</a>. QST Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002165635/http://www.rfcafe.com/references/qst/neon-bulbs-qst-july-1953.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Use+Neon+Bulbs&rft.date=1953-07&rft.aulast=Cafe&rft.aufirst=Kirt+Blattenberger+RF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfcafe.com%2Freferences%2Fqst%2Fneon-bulbs-qst-july-1953.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, W.G. (1969) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiffe.de/roehren/neon.pdf">Using and Understanding Miniature Neon Lamps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517085459/http://www.tiffe.de/roehren/neon.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p.25-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raju-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raju_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju2006" class="citation book cs1">Raju, Gorur Govinda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7Qi5vb2nB4C&q=negative+resistance&pg=PA453"><i>Gaseous Electronics: Theory and Practice</i></a>. Taylor and Francis. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0849337635" title="Special:BookSources/978-0849337635"><bdi>978-0849337635</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708020551/http://books.google.com/books?id=I7Qi5vb2nB4C&pg=PA453&dq=#v=onepage&q=negative%20resistance&f=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaseous+Electronics%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0849337635&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=Gorur+Govinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7Qi5vb2nB4C%26q%3Dnegative%2Bresistance%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauman-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bauman_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauman_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauman_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman1966" class="citation book cs1">Bauman, Edward (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/7086241/Applications-of-Neon-Lamps-and-Discharge-Tubes-Incomplete"><i>Applications of Neon Lamps and Discharge Tubes</i></a>. USA: Carleton Press. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182155/http://www.scribd.com/doc/7086241/Applications-of-Neon-Lamps-and-Discharge-Tubes-Incomplete">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applications+of+Neon+Lamps+and+Discharge+Tubes&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Carleton+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F7086241%2FApplications-of-Neon-Lamps-and-Discharge-Tubes-Incomplete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dance-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dance_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDance1968" class="citation book cs1">Dance, J. B. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gAjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22negative+resistance"><i>Cold Cathode Tubes</i></a>. London: Iliffe. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708015603/http://books.google.com/books?id=8gAjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22negative+resistance">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+Cathode+Tubes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Iliffe&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Dance&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8gAjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522negative%2Bresistance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gottlieb-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gottlieb_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb1997" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Irving M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_oZ69GAuxAC&q=%22negative+resistance&pg=PA69"><i>Practical Oscillator Handbook</i></a>. Elsevier. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080539386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080539386"><bdi>978-0080539386</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708015607/http://books.google.com/books?id=e_oZ69GAuxAC&pg=PA69&dq=%22negative+resistance">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Oscillator+Handbook&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0080539386&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Irving+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_oZ69GAuxAC%26q%3D%2522negative%2Bresistance%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GE2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhgoAQAAMAAJ">GE Glow Lamp Manual 1965</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114235506/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhgoAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 2018-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.14-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burton_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1948" class="citation journal cs1">Burton, Walter E. (February 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RigDAAAAMBAJ&q=neon+blinker+stroboscope&pg=PA194">"Magic with neon glow lamps"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. <b>152</b> (2). New York: Popular Science Publishing Co.: 194–196. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704190814/http://books.google.com/books?id=RigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA194&dq=neon+blinker+stroboscope">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Magic+with+neon+glow+lamps&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-196&rft.date=1948-02&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRigDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dneon%2Bblinker%2Bstroboscope%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wahl-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wahl_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahl2005" class="citation web cs1">Wahl, Horst D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hep.fsu.edu/~wahl/phy4822/expinfo/crt/neva_crt.pdf">"Tutorial Oscilloscope"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phys4822L Advanced Lab-Experiment 11: Studies of electrons with a CRT</i>. Prof. Horst D. Wahl, Physics Dept., <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025714/http://www.hep.fsu.edu/~wahl/phy4822/expinfo/crt/neva_crt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phys4822L+Advanced+Lab-Experiment+11%3A+Studies+of+electrons+with+a+CRT&rft.atitle=Tutorial+Oscilloscope&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Wahl&rft.aufirst=Horst+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hep.fsu.edu%2F~wahl%2Fphy4822%2Fexpinfo%2Fcrt%2Fneva_crt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GE3_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhgoAQAAMAAJ">GE Glow Lamp Manual 1965</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114235506/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhgoAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 2018-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.35-36, 41-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hendrix-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hendrix_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrix1956" class="citation journal cs1">Hendrix, C. (September 1956). "A Study of the Neon Bulb as a Nonlinear Circuit Element". <i>IRE Transactions on Component Parts</i>. <b>3</b> (2). Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers: 44–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCP.1956.1135748">10.1109/TCP.1956.1135748</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-2422">0096-2422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IRE+Transactions+on+Component+Parts&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+Neon+Bulb+as+a+Nonlinear+Circuit+Element&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-54&rft.date=1956-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCP.1956.1135748&rft.issn=0096-2422&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1969" class="citation book cs1">Miller, William G. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiffe.de/roehren/neon.pdf"><i>Using and Understanding Miniature Neon Lamps</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Howard W. Sams. pp. 49–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0572006693" title="Special:BookSources/978-0572006693"><bdi>978-0572006693</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517085459/http://www.tiffe.de/roehren/neon.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+and+Understanding+Miniature+Neon+Lamps&rft.pages=49-59&rft.pub=Howard+W.+Sams&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0572006693&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiffe.de%2Froehren%2Fneon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhatKopeika1972" class="citation web cs1">Farhat, N; Kopeika, N (19 Oct 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.co.uk/patents/US3790895">"Glow discharge millimeter wave detector and method of biasing same"</a>. US patent 3790895 A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114235506/http://www.google.co.uk/patents/US3790895">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glow+discharge+millimeter+wave+detector+and+method+of+biasing+same&rft.pub=US+patent+3790895+A&rft.date=1972-10-19&rft.aulast=Farhat&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Kopeika%2C+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fpatents%2FUS3790895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tubedata.milbert.com/sheets/013/z/ZC1050.pdf">"Philips, 1968: <i>ZC1050</i> data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012022948/http://tubedata.milbert.com/sheets/013/z/ZC1050.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philips%2C+1968%3A+ZC1050+data+sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftubedata.milbert.com%2Fsheets%2F013%2Fz%2FZC1050.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012031227/http://www.decadecounter.com/vta/pdf2/ITM2Mdatasheet.PDF">"Melz, 1944: <i>ИНДИКАТОР ИТМ2-М</i> data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decadecounter.com/vta/pdf2/ITM2Mdatasheet.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melz%2C+1944%3A+%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0+%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%9C2-%D0%9C+data+sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decadecounter.com%2Fvta%2Fpdf2%2FITM2Mdatasheet.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tubedata.milbert.com/sheets/022/g/GCA10G.pdf">"ETL: <i>GCA10G/GSA10G</i> data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221541/http://tubedata.milbert.com/sheets/022/g/GCA10G.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ETL%3A+GCA10G%2FGSA10G+data+sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftubedata.milbert.com%2Fsheets%2F022%2Fg%2FGCA10G.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomuseum.org/tubes/tube_tuneon.html">"Tuneon"</a>. <i>Radiomuseum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016220126/http://www.radiomuseum.org/tubes/tube_tuneon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiomuseum&rft.atitle=Tuneon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomuseum.org%2Ftubes%2Ftube_tuneon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/060/t/TUNEON.pdf">TuneOn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114235507/http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/060/t/TUNEON.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/060/t/TUNEON-BUTTON.pdf">Tuneon-Button</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114235507/http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/060/t/TUNEON-BUTTON.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> data sheets</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYenYamamoto2007" class="citation book cs1">Yen, William M.; Yamamoto, Hajime (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9O1K20-uo4C&pg=PA442"><i>Phosphor handbook</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3564-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3564-8"><bdi>978-0-8493-3564-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114235507/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9O1K20-uo4C&pg=PA442">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phosphor+handbook&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-3564-8&rft.aulast=Yen&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Hajime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9O1K20-uo4C%26pg%3DPA442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogard" class="citation web cs1">Bogard, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/sdb229/Plasma%20ball%20colors.html">"Plasma Globe Colors"</a>. <i>Scott Bogard's E-Profile</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509030653/http://www.personal.psu.edu/sdb229/Plasma%20ball%20colors.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scott+Bogard%27s+E-Profile&rft.atitle=Plasma+Globe+Colors&rft.aulast=Bogard&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personal.psu.edu%2Fsdb229%2FPlasma%2520ball%2520colors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeon+lamp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><i>Using and Understanding Miniature Neon Lamps</i>; 1st Ed; William G. Miller; Sams Publishing; 127 pages; 1969; LCCN 69-16778. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tiffe.de/roehren/neon.pdf"><i>(archive)</i></a></li> <li><i>Cold Cathode Tubes</i>; 1st Ed; J.B. Dance; Iliffe Books; 125 pages; 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ColdCathodeTubes"><i>(archive)</i></a></li> <li><i>Glow Lamp Manual - Theory, Circuits, Ratings</i>; 2nd Ed; General Electric; 122 pages; 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GE_Glow_Lamp_Manual"><i>(archive)</i></a></li> <li><i>Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes</i>; 1st Ed; Edward Bauman; Carlton Press; 160 pages; 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philbrickarchive.org/jlrmsousa/Applications_of_neon_lamps_and_Gas_discharge_tubes-Edward_Bauman.pdf"><i>(archive)</i></a></li> <li><i>Neon Blinker Saves Batteries</i>; Radio-Electronics, October 1949, pg 46-47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131195733/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Electronics/40s/Radio-Electronics-1949-10.pdf"><i>(archive)</i></a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neon_lamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neon lamps">Neon lamps</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923164732/http://www.cliftonlaboratories.com/relaxation_oscillator.htm">Neon Bulb Relaxation Oscillator</a> - Clifton Laboratories</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vcclite.com/wp-content/uploads/wpallimport/files/files/NeonIndicatorLamps.pdf">Neon Indicator Lamp Datasheet</a> - VCC (Visual Communications Company) parent of Chicago Miniature Lighting (CML)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&oldid=1258471012">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&oldid=1258471012</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Fabsss" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1732056230"> <span>Last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:43</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="مصباح نيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصباح نيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Неонавая лямпа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неонавая лямпа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Неонова лампа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Неонова лампа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0mpada_de_ne%C3%B3" title="Làmpada de neó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Làmpada de neó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doutnavka" title="Doutnavka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Doutnavka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimlampe" title="Glimlampe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glimlampe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimmlampe" title="Glimmlampe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glimmlampe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoonlamp" title="Neoonlamp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Neoonlamp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Λαμπτήρας νέον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαμπτήρας νέον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1mpara_de_ne%C3%B3n" title="Lámpara de neón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lámpara de neón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonezko_lanpara" title="Neonezko lanpara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neonezko lanpara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE_%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="لامپ نئون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لامپ نئون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampe_n%C3%A9on" title="Lampe néon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lampe néon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%98%A8%EB%93%B1" title="네온등 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네온등" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="निऑन लैम्प – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निऑन लैम्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinjalica" title="Tinjalica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tinjalica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_neon" title="Lampu neon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lampu neon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampada_al_neon" title="Lampada al neon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lampada al neon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Неон шамы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неон шамы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Неондуу лампа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Неондуу лампа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimml%C3%A1mpa" title="Glimmlámpa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Glimmlámpa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="നിയോൺ വിളക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിയോൺ വിളക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_neon" title="Lampu neon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lampu neon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonsignaallamp" title="Neonsignaallamp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neonsignaallamp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E7%AE%A1" title="ネオン管 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネオン管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonlampe" title="Neonlampe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Neonlampe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lampa" title="Neon lampa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Neon lampa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampa_neonowa" title="Lampa neonowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lampa neonowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2mpada_de_n%C3%A9on" title="Lâmpada de néon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lâmpada de néon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лампа тлеющего свечения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лампа тлеющего свечения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neon lamp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlejivka" title="Tlejivka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tlejivka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohtolamppu" title="Hohtolamppu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hohtolamppu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glimlampa" title="Glimlampa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glimlampa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82" title="నియాన్ దీపం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నియాన్ దీపం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หลอดนีออน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลอดนีออน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_lambas%C4%B1" title="Neon lambası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neon lambası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Неонова лампа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неонова лампа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_Neon" title="Đèn Neon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đèn Neon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%93%E8%99%B9%E5%85%89%E7%AE%A1" title="霓虹光管 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="霓虹光管" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E7%81%AF" title="氖灯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氖灯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neon_lamp&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-59bnt","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.790","walltime":"0.954","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3239,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":125652,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3175,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":121415,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 780.824 1 -total"," 45.53% 355.479 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.46% 175.361 10 Template:Cite_book"," 14.25% 111.301 4 Template:Navbox"," 12.93% 100.953 1 Template:Artificial_light_sources"," 7.87% 61.457 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.43% 57.986 9 Template:Cite_web"," 6.44% 50.281 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.15% 48.027 1 Template:Sister_project"," 5.88% 45.906 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.465","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9071533,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w24zn","timestamp":"20241122144021","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Neon lamp","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neon_lamp","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q622970","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q622970","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-23T17:04:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T22:43:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/AC_powered_NE-2_type_neon_lamp_close-up.jpg","headline":"light source"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>