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Ludovico Ariosto e il sedicente negromante – Query Online
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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" itemprop="blogPost" > <div class="cm-featured-image" itemprop="image" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" > <img width="745" height="600" src="https://www.queryonline.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/negromante-paolini.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.queryonline.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/negromante-paolini.jpg 745w, https://www.queryonline.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/negromante-paolini-300x242.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 745px) 100vw, 745px" /> </div> <div class="cm-post-content"> <div class="cm-entry-header-meta"><div class="cm-post-categories"><a href="https://www.queryonline.it/category/antologia-dellinconsueto/" rel="category tag">Antologia dell'inconsueto</a></div></div> <header class="cm-entry-header"> <h1 class="cm-entry-title" itemprop="headline" > Ludovico Ariosto e il sedicente negromante </h1> </header> <div class="cm-below-entry-meta "><span class="cm-post-date" itemprop="datePublished" ><a href="https://www.queryonline.it/2022/06/08/ludovico-ariosto-e-il-sedicente-negromante/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2022-06-08T08:30:24+02:00" itemprop="datePublished">8 Giugno 2022</time></a></span><span class="cm-reading-time"> <svg class="cm-icon cm-icon--hourglass" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18 20h-.4v-1.8c0-2-.9-3.8-2.5-5L13.4 12l1.6-1.2c1.6-1.2 2.5-3 2.5-5V4.1h.5c.6 0 1-.4 1-1s-.4-1-1-1H6c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1s.4 1 1 1h.4v1.8c0 2 .9 3.8 2.5 5l1.6 1.2L9 13.2c-1.6 1.2-2.5 3-2.5 5V20H6c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1s.4 1 1 1h12c.6 0 1-.4 1-1s-.4-1-1-1zM8.5 6.1V4h7.1v2.4c-1.1-.5-3.2-1-7.1-.3zM8.4 20v-1.8c0-1.3.6-2.6 1.7-3.4l1.8-1.3 1.8 1.3c1.1.8 1.7 2 1.7 3.4V20h-7z"></path></svg> 6 minuti di lettura </span> <span class="cm-author cm-vcard"> <svg class="cm-icon cm-icon--user" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7 7c0-2.8 2.2-5 5-5s5 2.2 5 5-2.2 5-5 5-5-2.2-5-5zm9 7H8c-2.8 0-5 2.2-5 5v2c0 .6.4 1 1 1h16c.6 0 1-.4 1-1v-2c0-2.8-2.2-5-5-5z"></path></svg> <a class="url fn n" href="https://www.queryonline.it/author/marco-lorenz/" title="Marco Cappadonia Mastrolorenzi" > Marco Cappadonia Mastrolorenzi </a> </span> </div> <div class="cm-entry-summary" itemprop="articleBody" > <p>La credenza nella magia e nelle pratiche magiche si perde nella notte dei tempi, come si dice. Senza andare troppo indietro e scomodare i primi <em>Homo sapiens</em> intorno alle raffigurazioni nelle caverne (la questione è ancora controversa se trattasi di rituali propiziatori oppure piani strategici di caccia disegnati sulle pareti) di animali, oggetti, <em>stencil</em> di mani, vediamo che alcuni storici dell’Occidente considerano la magia un’invenzione greca che risale al V secolo a.C., che si è andata formando partendo dalla figura dei Magi e dei loro rituali, attraverso i quali potevano entrare in contatto diretto con le divinità, come forma di sapere destinata a pochi eletti. Il termine viene dal greco <em>màgoi</em> (latino “magi”) che indicava – stando a quanto ci racconta lo storico Erodoto – i membri di una classe sacerdotale di antica stirpe iraniana. Per chi volesse informazioni dettagliate e approfondite sull’invenzione della magia in Grecia, rimando al libro, a cura di Umberto Eco, “<em>La civiltà greca. Mito e Religione</em>”.</p> <p>Nel pensiero greco antico il termine <em>mago</em> indicava il sapere teologico dei sacerdoti magi, ma anche l’insieme delle pratiche che andavano oltre la filosofia razionale, come il soprannaturale divino, la chiaroveggenza, gli incantesimi, e via discorrendo. Nell’età ellenistica e nel mondo tardo-antico la sfera del magico viene addirittura vissuta come forma alta di conoscenza: attraverso rituali magici-mistico-religiosi si poteva entrare in contatto diretto con le divinità e con varie forze spirituali. Nel Medioevo e nel Rinascimento (soprattutto per l’influenza neoplatonica) le pratiche magiche e stregonesche ebbero un notevole sviluppo in Europa, anche considerando gli interessi per l’esoterismo, per le verità occulte e per i significati nascosti da rivelare solo a pochi adepti.</p> <p>E non ci riferiamo soltanto alle credenze popolari e alle superstizioni diffuse tra la popolazione contadina e non acculturata, ma parliamo dei ceti colti e delle persone appartenenti ai livelli alti della società dei tempi. Gli illustri studiosi che si occupavano delle più alte forme del sapere erano anche astrologi, e lo stesso Dante Alighieri, uomo di grande cultura (non soltanto umanistica), credeva nell’astrologia, oggi considerata una pseudoscienza perché non possiede nessun fondamento scientifico.</p> <p>Un intellettuale del calibro di Giordano Bruno, per esempio, scrive un’opera filosofica in latino dal titolo <em>Cantus Circaeus</em> (il canto di Circe) in cui racconta di come la mitica maga usasse la magia per mettere ordine nel mondo immerso nel caos. Oppure Girolamo Cardano che nel 1550 pubblica una sorta di enciclopedia del sapere – in 21 libri – (dal titolo <em>De subtilitate</em> = ad indicare le scienze sottili) che è un vero e proprio documento sullo stato e sul concetto di <em>conoscenza</em> nel XVI secolo, dove accosta e tratta insieme medicina, scienze naturali, cosmologia e (udite, udite) presenza dei demoni. Ma i trattati sulla magia, o libercoli vari che trattano di pratiche magiche, sono davvero tanti, e non è certo questa la sede per parlarne. Questa breve introduzione ci serve, invece, per far entrare in scena un <em>big</em> della letteratura italiana che dedica addirittura un’opera intera alla figura di un sedicente mago.</p> <p>Mi riferisco a Ludovico Ariosto e alla commedia <em>Il Negromante</em>, scritta – con un primo nucleo – nel 1509 e terminata, successivamente, nel 1520 (sembra che il testo sia stato inviato a papa Leone X) per poi essere riscritta otto anni più tardi e rappresentata a Ferrara, per la prima volta, nel 1528, e soltanto nel 1535 fu pubblicata in una edizione a stampa. Questo testo ci interessa in modo particolare perché tratta le vicende di un “<em>mago da due soldi”</em> (che approfitta della credulità delle persone) che viene visto dallo scettico Ariosto come un imbroglione che non possiede nessuna facoltà paranormale: lo scopo dell’autore – oltre a quello di far divertire il pubblico – è quello di smascherare i negromanti (o “necromanti”) e di prendere in giro i costumi popolari legati alle credenze magiche (compreso l’uso dei tarocchi).</p> <p><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-29239 alignright" src="https://www.queryonline.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/negromante-179x300.jpg" alt="" width="179" height="300" srcset="https://www.queryonline.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/negromante-179x300.jpg 179w, https://www.queryonline.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/negromante.jpg 476w" sizes="(max-width: 179px) 100vw, 179px" />Vediamo di entrare ora dentro il testo. Ludovico Ariosto usa dei materiali letterari a lui contemporanei per costruire il suo testo teatrale: possiamo ricordare la <em>Calandria</em> (che riprende il noto personaggio credulone e birbante del Decameron, Calandrino) di Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena – dove c’è il personaggio Rufo, anche lui negromante e indovino – e la <em>Mandragola</em> di Niccolò Machiavelli, dove in scena c’è un finto medico (un altro imbroglione).</p> <p>La scena del <em>Negromante</em> si svolge a Cremona: un certo Cinzio deve sposare una ragazza ricca che si chiama Emilia: un matrimonio combinato a fini economici. Ma Cinzio si era già sposato in segreto con Lavinia (povera, ma bella) di cui era da tempo follemente innamorato. A questo punto scatta lo stratagemma di fingersi impotente agli occhi di Emilia e della sua famiglia per evitare di giacere a letto con la moglie non desiderata (necessità fa virtù). Ecco, però, che il padre della ricca sposa convoca in casa un famoso mago e gli chiede di usare i suoi “poteri paranormali” per risolvere il problema. Ma interviene anche Cinzio per corrompere il negromante imbroglione e far dichiarare ai genitori di Emilia che lui è vittima di un incantesimo e che può guarire soltanto con la separazione matrimoniale. Ecco dunque che, a separazione avvenuta, il negromante diventa ancora più famoso perché è stato in grado, agli occhi delle persone, di risolvere il problema di Cinzio e gli aumentano i clienti. Ma le cose cambiano quando i servi di Cinzio (le cui peripezie in scena anticipano i lazzi dei servi nella Commedia dell’Arte) si accorgono dell’inganno e il patrigno del ragazzo bigamo scopre – a questo punto – di essere il vero padre di Lavinia, e quindi consente a Cinzio di amare la ragazza, mentre il mago imbroglione, insieme a un servitore, fugge per evitare di essere malmenato dalla folla.</p> <p>Non mi resta che invitarvi, appena possibile, a leggere (o a rileggere) <a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Opere_minori_2_(Ariosto)/Commedie_in_versi/Il_Negromante">questo testo</a>: mi piace pensare ad Ariosto (almeno in questo contesto) come a un <em>seguace</em> del CICAP <em>ante litteram</em>; e molto avanti lettera (direi), visto che siamo nel primo Cinquecento e in un periodo in cui credere ai poteri magici faceva parte, praticamente, della cultura dei tempi. Discorso a parte va fatto, invece, per quanto di <em>inconsueto</em> si trova distribuito nell’<em>Orlando Furioso </em>(il capolavoro di Ludovico Ariosto), come il genere <em>Fantasy</em> che riempie parecchie strofe del poema: si pensi, per esempio, all’episodio di Astolfo che si reca sulla luna – cavalcando un ippogrifo – per recuperare il senno perduto di Orlando. Nel poema l’elemento meraviglioso rappresenta uno degli ingredienti più importanti della narrazione. Il poeta ama trasportare i suoi personaggi (e quindi i lettori) in mondi fatati, dominati dall’imprevisto e dalla magia. Nel testo si alternano apparizioni inquietanti di creature meravigliose e interventi di maghi e fate. Il meraviglioso irrompe a più riprese, attraverso personaggi fantastici, come il mago Atlante e mediante altri espedienti fiabeschi, come l’anello magico che rende invisibili, la cui matrice risale alla <em>Repubblica</em> di Platone quando l’autore parla dell’anello magico di Gige, re della Lidia in Asia Minore, e che arriva, almeno, a “<em>Il signore degli anelli</em>” di John Ronald Reuel Tolkien.</p> <p>Ma il magico è qui un ingrediente importante per la costruzione di un testo <em>Fantasy</em>, il cui scopo è quello di divertire il lettore senza nessuna intenzione diretta di smascherare imbroglioni, come invece fa nel <em>Negromante</em>, dove oltre alla ricerca di uno stile elegante è presente la denuncia dell’autore nei confronti dei ciarlatani e della credulità popolare.</p> <p>Altri grandi scrittori italiani del periodo, per esempio, come Torquato Tasso, hanno raccontato delle forze del male che operano contro i cristiani nella “<em>Gerusalemme Liberata</em>”. Cito soltanto – in chiusura di questo articolo – il <a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Gerusalemme_liberata/Canto_quarto">canto IV</a> del poema citato, in cui vi è, nell’Inferno, un concilio di demoni evocati da Plutone-Satana che cerca di porre ostacoli sulla strada dei Crociati. Qui, come in altri luoghi della <em>Liberata</em>, Tasso si rifà a Dante, alla poesia classica e alla magia, visto che in alcune strofe farà entrare in scena l’affascinante maga Armida pronta a stravolgere i piani bellici dei guerrieri cristiani. 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Nel caso, scusami per questo ulteriore tentativo, eliminalo pure, non lo faccio più. Nel valutare storicamente le credenze sull’ esistenza di Maghi, pare che non ci sia una nascita certa: essa è molto antica e, se dobbiamo credere almeno all’ evidenza delle tribù che presumibilmente vivono nella natura da tempi vicini al Paleolitico superiore, e che possiamo “osservare” ancor oggi, i Maghi esistono dai tempi in cui non pensavamo nemmeno di imparare a leggere e scrivere, ma eravamo Cacciatori e Raccoglitori. Oggi ne vediamo affermare di essere tali due principali categorie: quelli che dicono di avere questi “poteri” fin dall’ infanzia e quelli che dicono di averli acquisiti a una Scuola, magari frequentata solo da loro stessi. I più “bravi” affermano di avere Poteri proprii, i più “modesti” affermano di averli grazie a un Essere o più esseri che non vivono in questo nostro Mondo, salvo brevi occasioni. La Novità, rispetto ai tempi dell’ Ariosto, è che conoscono, quanto meno, il Metodo Scientifico e spesso cerano di spiegare i loro Poteri scientificamente. Ve ne sono, addirittura, che si dicono dotati di poteri apranormali grazie a giustificazioni normali, dimostrabili scientificamente. Ma antica come la Magia è sicuramente la Truffa: vi sono Maghi che non hanno Poteri ma sanno fingerli. Essi approfittano, secondo me, dei Maghi autentici. Non credo che nessuno si potrebbe oggi, 2022, spacciare per Mago se il Popolo non avesse esperienza antica, oserei dire fin nel DNA, di persone che hanno fatto al Popolo dei “servizi” sia a fini cattivi (far male ai nemici) sia a fini buoni (guarire da malattie). A pagamento o, addirittura, gratuitamente. Ti ringrazio per la pazienza e l’ attenzione. i Tuoi articoli sono sempre belli e scritti con competenza.</p> <a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.queryonline.it/2022/06/08/ludovico-ariosto-e-il-sedicente-negromante/?replytocom=123981#respond" data-commentid="123981" data-postid="29238" data-belowelement="comment-123981" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Rispondi a Aldo Grano" aria-label="Rispondi a Aldo Grano">Rispondi</a> </section><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- #comment-## --> <ul class="children"> <li class="comment odd alt depth-2" id="li-comment-123983" itemprop="comment" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Comment" > <article id="comment-123983" class="comment"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8a9ba0ee474ab4a67ec670a54cc4053b?s=74&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8a9ba0ee474ab4a67ec670a54cc4053b?s=148&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-74 photo' height='74' width='74' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <b class="fn"> <div class="comment-author-link" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" ></i>Marco Cappadonia Mastrolorenzi</div> </b> <div class="comment-metadata"> <div class="comment-date-time" itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2022-06-09T09:02:56+02:00" > <svg class="cm-icon cm-icon--calendar-fill" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21.1 6.6v1.6c0 .6-.4 1-1 1H3.9c-.6 0-1-.4-1-1V6.6c0-1.5 1.3-2.8 2.8-2.8h1.7V3c0-.6.4-1 1-1s1 .4 1 1v.8h5.2V3c0-.6.4-1 1-1s1 .4 1 1v.8h1.7c1.5 0 2.8 1.3 2.8 2.8zm-1 4.6H3.9c-.6 0-1 .4-1 1v7c0 1.5 1.3 2.8 2.8 2.8h12.6c1.5 0 2.8-1.3 2.8-2.8v-7c0-.6-.4-1-1-1z"></path></svg>9 Giugno 2022 in 09:02</div><a class="comment-permalink" href="https://www.queryonline.it/2022/06/08/ludovico-ariosto-e-il-sedicente-negromante/#comment-123983" itemprop="url" ><svg class="cm-icon cm-icon--permalink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.48 21.91a5.45 5.45 0 0 0 3.91-9.22L17.66 10a7.19 7.19 0 0 0-.59-.51 5.45 5.45 0 0 0-7.61 1.1.91.91 0 1 0 1.45 1.09 3.62 3.62 0 0 1 5.09-.77 3.14 3.14 0 0 1 .4.34L19.09 14a3.57 3.57 0 0 1 1 2.57A3.63 3.63 0 0 1 14 19.08l-1.54-1.54a.89.89 0 0 0-1.28 0 .91.91 0 0 0 0 1.28l1.55 1.55a5.43 5.43 0 0 0 3.75 1.54Zm-6.3-6.28a5.46 5.46 0 0 0 4.36-2.18.92.92 0 0 0-.19-1.27.91.91 0 0 0-1.27.18 3.62 3.62 0 0 1-5.08.73 2.5 2.5 0 0 1-.39-.34L4.9 10A3.63 3.63 0 0 1 10 4.92l1.55 1.54a.9.9 0 1 0 1.27-1.28L11.3 3.63a5.43 5.43 0 0 0-7.69 7.68L6.34 14a5.48 5.48 0 0 0 3.84 1.59Z"></path></svg>Permalink</a> </div> </div> </footer><!-- .comment-meta --> <section class="comment-content comment" itemprop="text" > <p>Caro Aldo, lungi da me dall’eliminare un commento, di sicuro non è arrivata nessuna chiosa al Faust: dai commenti intelligenti – come i tuoi e quelli di altri lettori e studiosi – c’è sempre da imparare, quindi non posso che esserne contento e farne tesoro. Per quanto riguarda individuare l’origine di un fenomeno, di un rituale, di una credenza, è sempre molto difficile (e rischioso) trovare una datazione precisa, e generalmente chi se ne occupa individua (almeno a livello antropologico) date che risalgano alle prime civiltà antiche, ma concordo con te che lo stupore verso la natura è dimostrato sin dal Paleolitico, dai primi Sapiens, se non, addirittura, da siti Neanderthal dove hanno convissuto nei secoli anche altre specie “Homo”. Nell’articolo ho appena accennato ad alcune raffigurazioni dell’uomo preistorico dove gli addetti ai lavori ancora cercano di capire cosa volessero rappresentare, e tra le ipotesi accreditate ci sono proprio i rituali propiziatori per la caccia, e quindi una sorta di credenza magica, per così dire. Le radici del pensiero magico vanno sicuramente di pari passo con la preistoria. E concordo con te quando parli di maghi, truffe e attribuzioni varie (alla Uri Geller, tanto per intenderci), ma il mio intento era di parlare del “Negromante di Ariosto e di fare una brevissima introduzione in cui non puoi inserire tutto, altrimenti lasci stare l’Ariosto e ti occupi di altro. Nel volume curato da Umberto Eco – che ho citato – ci sono saggi interessanti sulla credenza nella magia nelle civiltà antiche; ma naturalmente le pubblicazioni in merito sono tantissime e non è la sede questa (credo) per fare bibliografia. Grazie per i tuoi commenti, sempre fonte di riflessione e arricchimento. Un caro saluto.</p> <a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="https://www.queryonline.it/2022/06/08/ludovico-ariosto-e-il-sedicente-negromante/?replytocom=123983#respond" data-commentid="123983" data-postid="29238" data-belowelement="comment-123983" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Rispondi a Marco Cappadonia Mastrolorenzi" aria-label="Rispondi a Marco Cappadonia Mastrolorenzi">Rispondi</a> </section><!-- .comment-content --> </article><!-- #comment-## --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> </ul><!-- .children --> </li><!-- #comment-## --> </ul><!-- .comment-list --> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Lascia un commento <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2022/06/08/ludovico-ariosto-e-il-sedicente-negromante/#respond" style="display:none;">Annulla risposta</a></small></h3><form action="https://www.queryonline.it/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Il tuo indirizzo email non sarà pubblicato.</span> <span class="required-field-message">I campi obbligatori sono contrassegnati <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment"><label for="comment">Commento <span class="required">*</span></label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" required></textarea></p><p class="comment-form-author"><label for="author">Nome <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" autocomplete="name" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-email"><label for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" aria-describedby="email-notes" autocomplete="email" required /></p> <p class="comment-form-url"><label for="url">Sito web</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="url" value="" size="30" maxlength="200" autocomplete="url" /></p> <div class="c4wp_captcha_field" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" data-nonce="6feb77ca70" ><div id="c4wp_captcha_field_1" class="c4wp_captcha_field_div"></div></div><p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Invia commento" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='29238' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="6e847a3efc" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js" value="210"/><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script>document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );</script></p></form> </div><!-- #respond --> </div><!-- #comments --> </div><!-- #cm-primary --> <div id="cm-secondary" class="cm-secondary" role="complementary" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/WPSideBar" > <aside id="custom_html-6" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h3 class="cm-widget-title"><span>CI PRESENTIAMO</span></h3><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://www.cicap.org"><img height="74" width="283" title="Cicap" alt="" src="https://www.queryonline.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Immagine1-e1675423752591.png"></a><br>Query Online è una pubblicazione ufficiale del <b>CICAP</b>, il Comitato Italiano per il Controllo delle Affermazioni sulle Pseudoscienze, un'organizzazione educativa e senza finalità di lucro, fondata nel 1989 per promuovere un'indagine scientifica e critica sul paranormale e sulle pseudoscienze. 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