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background:#F6F6F6; font-size:100%; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px;"> <tbody><tr><th style="background-color: #2B2B2B; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0; color:white; font-size:130%; text-align: center;">2025 State<br />Judicial Elections</th></tr> <tr><td style="padding-top: 10px;" colspan="2"><div style="float:right; margin-top: 0.0em; margin-bottom:3px; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px lightgray; background-color: white; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em; font-size: 110%; border:0px;"><b><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2026" title="State judicial elections, 2026">2026</a></b> <span style="font-size: larger;font-weight: bold;">»</span></div> <div style="float:left; margin-top: 0.0em; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px lightgray; margin-bottom:3px; background-color: white; padding: 0.25em 0.5em 0.25em 0.5em; font-size: 110%; border:0px;"><span style="font-size: larger;font-weight: bold;">«</span> <b><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2024" title="State judicial elections, 2024">2024</a></b> </div> </td></tr> <tr><td style="padding-top: 9px; padding-bottom: 10px; text-align: center;"><a href="/File:Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png" class="image"><img alt="Ballotpedia Election Coverage Badge.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/92/Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png/185px-Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="185" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/92/Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png/278px-Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/92/Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png/370px-Ballotpedia_Election_Coverage_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="792" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px lightgray; padding: 0.25em 0em 0.25em .7em; font-size:85%;"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overview</a></b></td></tr> <tr><td style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px lightgray; padding: 0.25em 0em 0.25em .7em; font-size:85%;"> <b><a href="/State_supreme_court_elections,_2025" title="State supreme court elections, 2025">Supreme Courts Overview</a></b></td></tr> <tr><td style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px lightgray; padding: 0.25em 0em 0.25em .7em; font-size:85%;"> <b><a href="/State_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025" title="State intermediate appellate court elections, 2025">Appellate Courts Overview</a></b></td></tr> <tr><td style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px lightgray; padding: 0.25em 0em 0.25em .7em; font-size:85%;"> <b>View judicial elections by state:</b></td></tr> <tr><td style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px lightgray; padding: 0.25em 0em 0.25em .7em; font-size:100%; text-align: center;"><center><div class="DoubleDropdown"><select id="dropdownOne" class="styled-dropdown"><option value="Select a state:">Select a state:</option><option value="Alabama">Alabama</option><option value="Alaska">Alaska</option><option value="Arizona">Arizona</option><option value="Arkansas">Arkansas</option><option value="California">California</option><option value="Colorado">Colorado</option><option value="Connecticut">Connecticut</option><option value="Delaware">Delaware</option><option value="Florida">Florida</option><option value="Georgia">Georgia</option><option value="Hawaii">Hawaii</option><option value="Idaho">Idaho</option><option value="Illinois">Illinois</option><option value="Indiana">Indiana</option><option value="Iowa">Iowa</option><option value="Kansas">Kansas</option><option value="Kentucky">Kentucky</option><option value="Louisiana">Louisiana</option><option value="Maine">Maine</option><option value="Maryland">Maryland</option><option value="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</option><option value="Michigan">Michigan</option><option value="Minnesota">Minnesota</option><option value="Mississippi">Mississippi</option><option value="Missouri">Missouri</option><option value="Montana">Montana</option><option value="Nebraska">Nebraska</option><option value="Nevada">Nevada</option><option value="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</option><option value="New Jersey">New Jersey</option><option value="New Mexico">New Mexico</option><option value="New York">New York</option><option value="North Carolina">North Carolina</option><option value="North Dakota">North Dakota</option><option value="Ohio">Ohio</option><option value="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</option><option value="Oregon">Oregon</option><option value="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</option><option value="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</option><option value="South Carolina">South Carolina</option><option value="South Dakota">South Dakota</option><option value="Tennessee">Tennessee</option><option value="Texas">Texas</option><option value="Utah">Utah</option><option value="Vermont">Vermont</option><option value="Virginia">Virginia</option><option value="Washington">Washington</option><option value="West Virginia">West Virginia</option><option value="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</option><option value="Wyoming">Wyoming</option></select><select id="dropdownTwo" class="styled-dropdown"><option value="Select court type:">Select court type:</option><option value="VAR_local_trial_court_judicial_elections,_2025">Trial courts</option><option value="VAR_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025">Appellate courts</option><option value="VAR_Supreme_Court_elections,_2025">Supreme courts</option></select><button value="Reset" class="form-control" text="Reset">Reset</button></div></center></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A total of 13 appellate court seats are up for election in 2025. The seats include: </p> <ul><li><b>5</b> supreme court seats</li> <li><b>8</b> intermediate appellate court seats</li></ul> <p>Ballotpedia provides coverage of <a href="/State_supreme_court_elections,_2025" title="State supreme court elections, 2025">supreme court</a> and <a href="/State_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025" title="State intermediate appellate court elections, 2025">intermediate appellate court</a> elections, as well as <a href="/Local_trial_court_judicial_elections,_2025" title="Local trial court judicial elections, 2025">local trial court</a> elections for judges within the <a href="/Largest_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population" title="Largest cities in the United States by population">100 largest cities in the United States</a> as measured by population. </p><p>On this page, you will find: </p> <ul><li>Information on <a href="#Judicial_selection_methods">the different methods of selecting judges</a></li> <li>Information on <a href="#Types_of_courts">the different types of courts</a></li> <li>A <a href="#List_of_state_intermediate_court_elections_in_2025">list of state intermediate appellate court elections in 2025</a></li> <li>A <a href="#List_of_state_supreme_court_elections_in_2025">list of state supreme court elections in 2025</a></li> <li>Information on <a href="#State_supreme_court_incumbent_win_rates">incumbent win rates among state supreme court justices</a></li></ul> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Judicial_selection_methods"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Judicial selection methods</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Election-based_methods"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Election-based methods</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Appointment-based_methods"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Appointment-based methods</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Types_of_courts"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types of courts</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Limited_jurisdiction_courts"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Limited jurisdiction courts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#General_jurisdiction_courts"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">General jurisdiction courts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Intermediate_appellate_courts"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Intermediate appellate courts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Courts_of_last_resort"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Courts of last resort</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#State_supreme_court_offices_up_for_election_in_2025"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">State supreme court offices up for election in 2025</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#State_intermediate_court_offices_up_for_election_in_2025"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">State intermediate court offices up for election in 2025</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#List_of_candidates"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">List of candidates</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#State_supreme_court_incumbent_win_rates"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">State supreme court incumbent win rates</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Incumbent_win_rates_by_year"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Incumbent win rates by year</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Incumbent_win_rates_in_partisan_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Incumbent win rates in partisan elections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Incumbent_win_rates_in_nonpartisan_elections"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Incumbent win rates in nonpartisan elections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Incumbent_win_rates_by_state"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Incumbent win rates by state</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Historical_election_data"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Historical election data</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Courts_of_last_resort_2"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Courts of last resort</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Retention"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Retention</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Non-retention"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Non-retention</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Intermediate_appellate_courts_2"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Intermediate appellate courts</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Retention_2"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Retention</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Non-retention_2"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Non-retention</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Noteworthy_events"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Noteworthy events</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_Justice_Ann_Walsh_Bradley_announces_retirement_(April_2024)"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice Ann Walsh Bradley announces retirement (April 2024)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Judicial_selection_methods">Judicial selection methods</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Judicial_selection_in_the_states" title="Judicial selection in the states">Judicial selection in the states</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Methods of judicial selection vary substantially across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-define_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-define-1">[1]</a></sup> Though each state has a unique set of guidelines governing how they fill their state and local judiciaries, there are <b>five main methods</b>. Two methods are primarily election-based; three methods are primarily appointment-based. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Election-based_methods">Election-based methods</span></h3> <ul><li><b><a href="/Partisan_election_of_judges" title="Partisan election of judges">Partisan elections</a>:</b> Judges are elected by the people, and candidates are listed on the ballot alongside a label designating political party affiliation.</li> <li><b><a href="/Nonpartisan_election_of_judges" title="Nonpartisan election of judges">Nonpartisan elections</a>:</b> Judges are elected by the people, and candidates are listed on the ballot <i>without</i> a label designating party affiliation.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Appointment-based_methods">Appointment-based methods</span></h3> <ul><li><b><a href="/Gubernatorial_appointment_of_judges" title="Gubernatorial appointment of judges">Gubernatorial appointment</a>:</b> Judges are appointed by the governor. In some cases, approval from the legislative body is required.</li> <li><b><a href="/Assisted_appointment_(judicial_selection)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted appointment (judicial selection)">Assisted appointment</a></b>, also known as <i>merit selection</i> or the <i>Missouri Plan:</i> A nominating commission reviews the qualifications of judicial candidates and submits a list of names to the governor, who appoints a judge from the list. After serving an initial term, judges typically run in a yes-no <a href="/Retention_election" title="Retention election">retention election</a> to remain on the court.<sup id="cite_ref-ambaroverview_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambaroverview-2">[2]</a></sup> At the state supreme court level, this selection method is further divided into three types. <a href="/Judicial_selection_in_the_states#State_supreme_courts" title="Judicial selection in the states">Click here</a> to learn more.</li> <li><b><a href="/Legislative_election_of_judges" title="Legislative election of judges">Legislative elections</a>:</b> Judges are selected by the state legislature.</li></ul> <p>States may apply more than one of the five methods across different levels of courts. For example, a state may choose its appellate court judges by <a href="/Assisted_appointment_(judicial_selection)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted appointment (judicial selection)">assisted appointment</a> while choosing its trial court judges in <a href="/Partisan_elections" title="Partisan elections">partisan elections</a>. Some states may even select judges of the <i>same</i> court level differently depending on the population of an area or local opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-define_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-define-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ambaroverview_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambaroverview-2">[2]</a></sup> States may also modify any of the systems above in their own way. The <a href="/Assisted_appointment_(judicial_selection)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted appointment (judicial selection)">assisted appointment method</a>, in particular, comes in a variety of forms. For instance, some states <i>require</i> the governor to choose from the commission's list of nominees, while in other states the list is only a suggestion.<sup id="cite_ref-define_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-define-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_courts">Types of courts</span></h2> <p>Depending on your state, judges from several different types of courts may appear on the ballot, each with different jurisdictions. There are four types of courts, listed here in ascending order of jurisdiction: </p> <ol><li><a href="/Limited_jurisdiction" title="Limited jurisdiction">Limited jurisdiction courts</a></li> <li><a href="/General_jurisdiction" title="General jurisdiction">General jurisdiction courts</a></li> <li><a href="/Intermediate_appellate_courts" title="Intermediate appellate courts">Intermediate appellate courts</a></li> <li><a href="/Court_of_last_resort" title="Court of last resort">Courts of last resort</a></li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Limited_jurisdiction_courts"><a href="/Limited_jurisdiction" title="Limited jurisdiction">Limited jurisdiction courts</a></span></h3> <p><b>Limited jurisdiction</b> is a term used to describe courts with legal authority restricted to specific subjects, cases, or persons. Examples of limited jurisdiction courts include family courts, traffic courts, probate courts, and military courts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Forty-six states have limited jurisdiction courts. <a href="/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and four states (<a href="/Courts_in_California" title="Courts in California">California</a>, <a href="/Courts_in_Illinois" title="Courts in Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/Courts_in_Iowa" title="Courts in Iowa">Iowa</a>, and <a href="/Courts_in_Minnesota" title="Courts in Minnesota">Minnesota</a>) do not have such courts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Rather, their <a href="/General_jurisdiction" title="General jurisdiction">general jurisdiction</a> courts are assigned cases that might normally have been given to a limited jurisdiction court. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General_jurisdiction_courts"><a href="/General_jurisdiction" title="General jurisdiction">General jurisdiction courts</a></span></h3> <p><b>General jurisdiction</b> is a term used to describe courts that do not have limits on the type of cases they can hear. Cases typically originate in general jurisdiction courts, and their decisions can be appealed to <a href="/Intermediate_appellate_courts" title="Intermediate appellate courts">intermediate appellate courts</a>. All 50 states and <a href="/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, have general jurisdiction courts. General jurisdiction courts are sometimes referred to as trial courts or district courts. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Intermediate_appellate_courts"><a href="/Intermediate_appellate_courts" title="Intermediate appellate courts">Intermediate appellate courts</a></span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025" title="State intermediate appellate court elections, 2025">State intermediate appellate court elections, 2025</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><b>Intermediate appellate courts</b>, as their name suggests, serve as an intermediate step between the trial courts and the courts of last resort in a state. Their jurisdiction varies from state to state. </p><p>Forty-two states have at least one intermediate appellate court. Some states have more than one of these types of courts. For example, Alabama has one intermediate appellate court for <a href="/Alabama_Court_of_Civil_Appeals" title="Alabama Court of Civil Appeals">civil</a> matters and another for <a href="/Alabama_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals">criminal matters</a>. Pennsylvania's <a href="/Pennsylvania_Superior_Court" title="Pennsylvania Superior Court">superior court</a> and <a href="/Pennsylvania_Commonwealth_Court" title="Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court">commonwealth court</a> are both appellate courts but have different jurisdictions. Other states, such as <a href="/Illinois_Appellate_Court" title="Illinois Appellate Court">Illinois</a> and <a href="/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">California</a>, have multiple divisions of intermediate appellate courts with varying degrees of independence from each other. Intermediate appellate courts are sometimes called courts of appeal. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Courts_of_last_resort"><a href="/Court_of_last_resort" title="Court of last resort">Courts of last resort</a></span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State_supreme_court_elections,_2025" title="State supreme court elections, 2025">State supreme court elections, 2025</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>A state <b>court of last resort</b> is the highest judicial body within a jurisdiction's court system. It is a court with the highest appellate authority, meaning that its rulings are not subject to review by any other court in the state. A court of last resort is often, but not always, referred to as a <b>supreme court</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/State_supreme_courts" title="State supreme courts">All 50 states</a> and <a href="/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, have at least one court of last resort. Oklahoma and Texas both have two courts of last resort, one for civil appeals and one for criminal appeals. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_supreme_court_offices_up_for_election_in_2025">State supreme court offices up for election in 2025</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State_supreme_court_elections,_2025" title="State supreme court elections, 2025">State supreme court elections, 2025</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><b>The following states are holding an election for a state supreme court seat in 2025.</b> This list is subject to change if judges retire or are appointed. </p><p><br /> </p> <div id="state-courts-map-2745" class="state-courts-map" data-state-courts=""[\n {\n \"state_name\": \"Louisiana\",\n \"id\": \"530\",\n \"seats\": \"1\",\n \"selection_method\": \"Partisan\"\n },\n {\n \"state_name\": \"Pennsylvania\",\n \"id\": \"550\",\n \"seats\": \"3\",\n \"selection_method\": \"Partisan\"\n },\n {\n \"state_name\": \"Wisconsin\",\n \"id\": \"562\",\n \"seats\": \"1\",\n \"selection_method\": \"Nonpartisan\"\n }\n]""></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="widget-table-container"><table id="StateCourtElectionsTable-1127" class="table bp-table table-hover table-scrollable F500" data-enable-pagination="true" data-page-size="25"><caption>2025 State Supreme Court Elections</caption><thead><tr><th>State</th><th>Seats up for election</th><th>Election method</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Louisiana_Supreme_Court_elections,_2025">Louisiana</a></td><td>1</td><td>Partisan</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Pennsylvania_Supreme_Court_elections,_2025">Pennsylvania</a></td><td>3</td><td>Partisan</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections,_2025">Wisconsin</a></td><td>1</td><td>Nonpartisan</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="widget-navContainer"><nav aria-label="Table navigation" id="navStateCourtElectionsTable-1127"></nav></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_intermediate_court_offices_up_for_election_in_2025">State intermediate court offices up for election in 2025</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025" title="State intermediate appellate court elections, 2025">State intermediate appellate court elections, 2025</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><b>The following states are holding elections for intermediate appellate court seats in 2025.</b> This list is subject to change if judges retire or are appointed. </p><p><br /> </p> <div id="state-courts-map-9900" class="state-courts-map" data-state-courts=""[\n {\n \"state_name\": \"Louisiana\",\n \"id\": \"530\",\n \"seats\": \"1\",\n \"selection_method\": \"Partisan\"\n },\n {\n \"state_name\": \"Pennsylvania\",\n \"id\": \"550\",\n \"seats\": \"4\",\n \"selection_method\": \"Partisan and retention\"\n },\n {\n \"state_name\": \"Wisconsin\",\n \"id\": \"562\",\n \"seats\": \"3\",\n \"selection_method\": \"Nonpartisan\"\n }\n]""></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="widget-table-container"><table id="StateCourtElectionsTable-7626" class="table bp-table table-hover table-scrollable F500" data-enable-pagination="true" data-page-size="25"><caption>2025 state intermediate appellate court elections</caption><thead><tr><th>State</th><th>Seats up for election</th><th>Election method</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Louisiana_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025">Louisiana</a></td><td>1</td><td>Partisan</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Pennsylvania_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025">Pennsylvania</a></td><td>4</td><td>Partisan and retention</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025">Wisconsin</a></td><td>3</td><td>Nonpartisan</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="widget-navContainer"><nav aria-label="Table navigation" id="navStateCourtElectionsTable-7626"></nav></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_candidates">List of candidates</span></h3> <p>The table below contains a list of all candidates who are running for state intermediate appellate courts in 2025. The table is fully searchable by <b>candidate, party</b> and <b>candidacy status.</b> Depending on the size of your screen, you'll either see a menu to the left of the table or an arrow at the top right corner, which you can use to select a state. </p> <div class="widget-tab-container vertical-tabs scroll-tabs" data-adaptive="8141-menu-toggle"><div class="widget-tabs-wrapper"><div class="widget-adaptive-menu-wrapper"><label for="8141-menu-toggle" class="widget-menu-label">STATE</label><button id="8141-menu-toggle" class="widget-adaptive-menu-toggle-button" title="Toggle Tab Menu">Select Tab</button></div><ul class="widget-adaptive-menu-list nav nav-tabs" role="tablist"><li class="tabs-item active" role="presentation"><a href="#t8141Wisconsin" aria-controls="t8141Wisconsin" role="tab" data-toggle="tab" aria-expanded="true">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></div><div class="tab-content H800"><div id="t8141Wisconsin" class="tab-pane active in" role="tabpanel"><div class="widget-table-aside"><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p></div><div class="widget-table-container H500 WFULL "><table id="Wisconsin8141" class="table bp-table widget-table table-responsive table-scrollable table-hover sortable F400 table-responsive sortable" data-enable-pagination="false" data-page-size="10" data-enable-search="true"><caption>Wisconsin Court of Appeals Candidates - 2025 <div class="searchbox" aria-hidden="true" id="searchWisconsin8141"></div></caption><thead><tr><th scope="col">candidate</th><th scope="col">party</th><th scope="col">office</th><th scope="col">status</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td data-cell="candidate"><div><div class="widget-candidate-wrapper"><div class="widget-candidate-thumbnail"><img width="38px" height="38px" loading="lazy" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Mark-Gundrum.jpg" alt="Mark Gundrum" onload="this.parentElement.classList.add('loaded')" /></div><div class="widget-candidate-info"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Mark_Gundrum">Mark Gundrum</a><span class="sub-detail"> Incumbent</span></div></div></div></td><td data-cell="party"><div><span class="party-affiliation dot-Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</span></div></td><td data-cell="office"><div><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025">Wisconsin Court of Appeals District II</a></div></td><td data-cell="status"><div>On the Ballot<span class="sub-detail"> General</span></div></td></tr><tr><td data-cell="candidate"><div><div class="widget-candidate-wrapper"><div class="placeholder-thumbnail"><div class="placeholder-image" alt="Lisa Kay Stark"></div></div><div class="widget-candidate-info"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Lisa_Stark">Lisa Kay Stark</a><span class="sub-detail"> Incumbent</span></div></div></div></td><td data-cell="party"><div><span class="party-affiliation dot-Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</span></div></td><td data-cell="office"><div><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025">Wisconsin Court of Appeals District III</a></div></td><td data-cell="status"><div>On the Ballot<span class="sub-detail"> General</span></div></td></tr><tr><td data-cell="candidate"><div><div class="widget-candidate-wrapper"><div class="placeholder-thumbnail"><div class="placeholder-image" alt="Jennifer Nashold"></div></div><div class="widget-candidate-info"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Jennifer_Nashold">Jennifer Nashold</a><span class="sub-detail"> Incumbent</span></div></div></div></td><td data-cell="party"><div><span class="party-affiliation dot-Nonpartisan">Nonpartisan</span></div></td><td data-cell="office"><div><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2025">Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV</a></div></td><td data-cell="status"><div>On the Ballot<span class="sub-detail"> General</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="widget-disclaimer" id="Wisconsin8141-required-description"><p><img style="width: 15px" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/candidate_connection_shortened_logo.png" alt="Candidate Connection" title="Candidate Connection" /> = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection<a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Survey"> survey.</a></p></div></div></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_supreme_court_incumbent_win_rates">State supreme court incumbent win rates</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Incumbent_win_rates_by_year">Incumbent win rates by year</span></h3> <p>Incumbents tend to do better in elections for any office than newcomers facing incumbents. This is no less true in state supreme court elections. Across all types of state supreme court elections, <a href="/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbent justices</a> running for re-election won <b>93% of the time</b> from 2008-2024. The year when the most incumbents lost was <b>2024, when eight incumbents did not win re-election.</b> The years tied for the lowest incumbent win rate of <b>89%</b> were 2008 and 2024. </p> <table class="marqueetable sortable" style="border:1px solid #424949; border-radius:5px; text-align=center;" cellpadding="6px" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color: #424949; color:white">Incumbent win rates in state supreme court elections (2008-2024) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Election year </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Total incumbent elections </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent elections won </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent elections lost </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent win rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td>70</td> <td>62</td> <td>8</td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>64</td> <td>62</td> <td>2</td> <td>97% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>70</td> <td>64</td> <td>6</td> <td>91% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>59</td> <td>53</td> <td>6</td> <td>90% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>55</td> <td>53</td> <td>2</td> <td>96% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>52</td> <td>52</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>53</td> <td>50</td> <td>3</td> <td>94% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>63</td> <td>57</td> <td>6</td> <td>90% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>56</td> <td>50</td> <td>6</td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Total </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">553 </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">514 </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">39 </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">93% </th></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Incumbent_win_rates_in_partisan_elections">Incumbent win rates in partisan elections</span></h3> <p>In <b>partisan elections, incumbents running for re-election won 86%</b> of the time from 2008-2024. The most number of seats lost by incumbents in a single year was <b>2024, when five incumbents lost.</b> </p> <table class="marqueetable sortable" style="border:1px solid #424949; border-radius:5px; text-align=center;" cellpadding="6px" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color: #424949; color:white">Incumbent win rates in partisan state supreme court elections (2008-2024) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Election year </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Total incumbent elections </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent elections won </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent elections lost </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent win rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td>14</td> <td>9</td> <td>5</td> <td>64% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>14</td> <td>12</td> <td>2</td> <td>86% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>14</td> <td>12</td> <td>2</td> <td>86% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>14</td> <td>10</td> <td>4</td> <td>71% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>11</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td>91% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>0</td> <td>90% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>11</td> <td>11</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Total </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">106 </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">91 </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">15 </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">86% </th></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Incumbent_win_rates_in_nonpartisan_elections">Incumbent win rates in nonpartisan elections</span></h3> <p>In <b>nonpartisan elections, incumbents running for re-election won 94%</b> of the time from 2008-2024. The years tied for when the most incumbents lost were <b>2008 and 2010, when six incumbents did not win re-election.</b> <a href="/Ohio_judicial_elections" title="Ohio judicial elections">Ohio</a> and <a href="/Michigan_judicial_elections" title="Michigan judicial elections">Michigan</a> had partisan primaries but nonpartisan general elections and so are counted here as holding nonpartisan elections. </p> <table class="marqueetable sortable" style="border:1px solid #424949; border-radius:5px; text-align=center;" cellpadding="6px" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color: #424949; color:white">Incumbent win rates in nonpartisan state supreme court elections (2008-2024) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Election year </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Total incumbent elections </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent elections won </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent elections lost </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent win rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td>27</td> <td>25</td> <td>2</td> <td>93% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>27</td> <td>24</td> <td>3</td> <td>89% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>0</td> <td>—</td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>45</td> <td>43</td> <td>2</td> <td>96% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>53</td> <td>52</td> <td>1</td> <td>98% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>44</td> <td>44</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>42</td> <td>40</td> <td>2</td> <td>95% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>51</td> <td>45</td> <td>6</td> <td>88% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>45</td> <td>39</td> <td>6</td> <td>87% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Total </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">359 </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">337 </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">22 </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">94% </th></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Incumbent_win_rates_by_state">Incumbent win rates by state</span></h3> <p>Among the <b>38</b> states that conduct elections for supreme court justices, <b>14</b> have seen incumbents lose elections from 2008-2024. These were Alabama, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. In the other <b>24</b> states, incumbent supreme court justices won re-election 100% of the time from 2008-2024. </p> <table class="marqueetable sortable" style="border:1px solid #424949; border-radius:5px; text-align=center;" cellpadding="6px" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color: #424949; color:white">Incumbent win rates by state in state supreme court elections (2008-2024) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">State </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Total incumbent elections </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent elections won </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent elections lost </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Incumbent win rate </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alabama</td> <td>13</td> <td>11</td> <td>2</td> <td>85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alaska</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arizona</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arkansas</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>California</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colorado</td> <td>13</td> <td>13</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florida</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia</td> <td>21</td> <td>21</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Idaho</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Illinois</td> <td>14</td> <td>12</td> <td>2</td> <td>86% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indiana</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa</td> <td>20</td> <td>17</td> <td>3</td> <td>85% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kansas</td> <td>19</td> <td>19</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kentucky</td> <td>11</td> <td>10</td> <td>1</td> <td>91% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louisiana</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maryland</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michigan</td> <td>17</td> <td>14</td> <td>3</td> <td>82% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minnesota</td> <td>21</td> <td>21</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mississippi</td> <td>20</td> <td>15</td> <td>5</td> <td>75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missouri</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montana</td> <td>13</td> <td>13</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nebraska</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nevada</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Mexico</td> <td>13</td> <td>12</td> <td>1</td> <td>92% </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Carolina</td> <td>9</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Dakota</td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ohio</td> <td>19</td> <td>12</td> <td>7</td> <td>63% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oklahoma</td> <td>39</td> <td>38</td> <td>1</td> <td>97% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oregon</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pennsylvania</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Dakota</td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tennessee</td> <td>14</td> <td>14</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texas</td> <td>43</td> <td>39</td> <td>4</td> <td>91% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Utah</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Washington</td> <td>27</td> <td>26</td> <td>1</td> <td>96% </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Virginia</td> <td>7</td> <td>5</td> <td>2</td> <td>71% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wisconsin</td> <td>8</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td>75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wyoming</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>0</td> <td>100% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_election_data">Historical election data</span></h2> <p>There were 1,609 state judicial elections held from 2016 to 2024. </p> <table class="bptable" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="10" border="0" style="margin:auto; width:45%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: #2B2B2B; color: white;">State judicial elections, 2016-2024 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Year </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Court of last resort seats </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Intermediate appellate court seats </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><center>2024</center></td> <td><center>82</center></td> <td><center>221</center></td> <td><center>303</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2023</center></td> <td><center>2</center></td> <td><center>13</center></td> <td><center>15</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2022</center></td> <td><center>84</center></td> <td><center>298</center></td> <td><center>384</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2021</center></td> <td><center>1</center></td> <td><center>14</center></td> <td><center>15</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2020</center></td> <td><center>78</center></td> <td><center>201</center></td> <td><center>279</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2019</center></td> <td><center>3</center></td> <td><center>14</center></td> <td><center>17</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2018</center></td> <td><center>68</center></td> <td><center>244</center></td> <td><center>312</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2017</center></td> <td><center>4</center></td> <td><center>17</center></td> <td><center>21</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2016</center></td> <td><center>76</center></td> <td><center>189</center></td> <td><center>265</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><b>Total</b></center></td> <td><center><b>398</b></center></td> <td><center><b>1,211</b></center></td> <td><center><b>1,609</b></center> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Courts_of_last_resort_2">Courts of last resort</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Retention">Retention</span></h4> <p>From 2016 to 2024, retention elections took place for 53 judicial seats on courts of last resort. All but two of those judges were retained. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-retention">Non-retention</span></h4> <p>There were 245 non-retention elections held from 2016 to 2024, with 152 races contested (62.0%). Incumbents ran for re-election 74.7% of the time. Of the incumbents who ran for re-election, 87.4% won re-election. </p><p>The table below is organized by year and includes the total number of seats up for election, the number of contested seats, the number and percentage of incumbents who sought re-election, the number and percentage of incumbents who faced opposition, and the number and percentage of incumbents who won another term. </p> <table class="bptable" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="10" border="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" align="center" style="background-color: #2B2B2B; color: white;">Court of last resort elections, 2016-2024 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Year </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Total seats </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Seats contested </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Incumbents who <br />sought re-election </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">% incumbents who <br />sought re-election </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Incumbents who <br />faced opposition </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">% incumbents who <br />faced opposition </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Incumbents who <br />were re-elected </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">% incumbents who <br />were re-elected </th></tr> <tr> <td><center>2024</center></td> <td><center>53</center></td> <td><center>25</center></td> <td><center>41</center></td> <td><center>77.4%</center></td> <td><center>16</center></td> <td><center>39.0%</center></td> <td><center>34</center></td> <td><center>82.9%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2023</center></td> <td><center>2</center></td> <td><center>2</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0%</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0%</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2022</center></td> <td><center>48</center></td> <td><center>30</center></td> <td><center>34</center></td> <td><center>70.8%</center></td> <td><center>21</center></td> <td><center>61.8%</center></td> <td><center>32</center></td> <td><center>94.1%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2021</center></td> <td><center>1</center></td> <td><center>1</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0.0%</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0.0%</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0.0%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2020</center></td> <td><center>49</center></td> <td><center>37</center></td> <td><center>41</center></td> <td><center>83.7%</center></td> <td><center>29</center></td> <td><center>70.7%</center></td> <td><center>36</center></td> <td><center>87.8%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2019</center></td> <td><center>3</center></td> <td><center>3</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0.0%</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0.0%</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0.0%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2018</center></td> <td><center>45</center></td> <td><center>25</center></td> <td><center>34</center></td> <td><center>75.6%</center></td> <td><center>19</center></td> <td><center>55.9%</center></td> <td><center>28</center></td> <td><center>82.4%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2017</center></td> <td><center>2</center></td> <td><center>1</center></td> <td><center>2</center></td> <td><center>100%</center></td> <td><center>1</center></td> <td><center>50.0%</center></td> <td><center>2</center></td> <td><center>100%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2016</center></td> <td><center>42</center></td> <td><center>28</center></td> <td><center>31</center></td> <td><center>73.8%</center></td> <td><center>17</center></td> <td><center>54.8%</center></td> <td><center>28</center></td> <td><center>90.3%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><b>Total</b></center></td> <td><center><b>245</b></center></td> <td><center><b>152</b></center></td> <td><center><b>183</b></center></td> <td><center><b>74.7%</b></center></td> <td><center><b>103</b></center></td> <td><center><b>56.3%</b></center></td> <td><center><b>160</b></center></td> <td><center><b>87.4%</b></center> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Intermediate_appellate_courts_2">Intermediate appellate courts</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Retention_2">Retention</span></h4> <p>From 2016 to 2024, retention elections took place for 510 judicial seats on intermediate appellate courts. All were retained. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-retention_2">Non-retention</span></h4> <p>There were 701 non-retention elections from 2016 to 2024, with 297 races contested (42.4%). Incumbents ran for re-election 81.7% of the time. Of the incumbents who ran for re-election, 84.0% won re-election. </p><p>The table below is organized by year and includes the total number of seats up for election, the number of contested seats, the number and percentage of incumbents who sought re-election, the number and percentage of incumbents who faced opposition, and the number and percentage of incumbents who won another term. </p> <table class="bptable" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="10" border="0" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" align="center" style="background-color: #2B2B2B; color: white;">Intermediate appellate court elections, 2016-2024 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Year </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Total seats </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Seats contested </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Incumbents who <br />sought re-election </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">% incumbents who <br />sought re-election </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Incumbents who <br />faced opposition </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">% incumbents who <br />faced opposition </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">Incumbents who <br />were re-elected </th> <th valign="middle" style="background-color:#444; color: white;" rowspan="1">% incumbents who <br />were re-elected </th></tr> <tr> <td><center>2024</center></td> <td><center>142</center></td> <td><center>61</center></td> <td><center>116</center></td> <td><center>81.7%</center></td> <td><center>40</center></td> <td><center>34.5%</center></td> <td><center>90</center></td> <td><center>77.6%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2023</center></td> <td><center>11</center></td> <td><center>3</center></td> <td><center>7</center></td> <td><center>63.6%</center></td> <td><center>1</center></td> <td><center>14.3%</center></td> <td><center>6</center></td> <td><center>85.7%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2022</center></td> <td><center>148</center></td> <td><center>51</center></td> <td><center>114</center></td> <td><center>77.0%</center></td> <td><center>29</center></td> <td><center>25.4%</center></td> <td><center>103</center></td> <td><center>90.4%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2021</center></td> <td><center>10</center></td> <td><center>5</center></td> <td><center>5</center></td> <td><center>50.0%</center></td> <td><center>3</center></td> <td><center>60.0%</center></td> <td><center>3</center></td> <td><center>60.0%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2020</center></td> <td><center>117</center></td> <td><center>57</center></td> <td><center>93</center></td> <td><center>79.5%</center></td> <td><center>37</center></td> <td><center>39.8%</center></td> <td><center>84</center></td> <td><center>90.3%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2019</center></td> <td><center>10</center></td> <td><center>7</center></td> <td><center>5</center></td> <td><center>50.0%</center></td> <td><center>0</center></td> <td><center>0.0%</center></td> <td><center>5</center></td> <td><center>100.0%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2018</center></td> <td><center>142</center></td> <td><center>69</center></td> <td><center>112</center></td> <td><center>78.9%</center></td> <td><center>44</center></td> <td><center>39.3%</center></td> <td><center>82</center></td> <td><center>73.2%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2017</center></td> <td><center>16</center></td> <td><center>11</center></td> <td><center>6</center></td> <td><center>37.5%</center></td> <td><center>3</center></td> <td><center>50.0%</center></td> <td><center>4</center></td> <td><center>66.7%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center>2016</center></td> <td><center>105</center></td> <td><center>33</center></td> <td><center>85</center></td> <td><center>81.0%</center></td> <td><center>20</center></td> <td><center>23.5%</center></td> <td><center>79</center></td> <td><center>92.9%</center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><center><b>Total</b></center></td> <td><center><b>701</b></center></td> <td><center><b>297</b></center></td> <td><center><b>543</b></center></td> <td><center><b>77.5%</b></center></td> <td><center><b>177</b></center></td> <td><center><b>32.6%</b></center></td> <td><center><b>456</b></center></td> <td><center><b>84.0%</b></center> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Noteworthy_events">Noteworthy events</span></h2> <h3><span id="Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_Justice_Ann_Walsh_Bradley_announces_retirement_.28April_2024.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_Justice_Ann_Walsh_Bradley_announces_retirement_(April_2024)">Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice Ann Walsh Bradley announces retirement (April 2024)</span></h3> <p>On April 11, 2024, <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="/Ann_Walsh_Bradley" title="Ann Walsh Bradley">Ann Walsh Bradley</a> announced she would not seek a fourth 10-year term in <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections,_2025" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2025"> 2025</a>. At the time of her announcement, Bradley said, “I know I can do the job and do it well. I know I can win re-election, should I run. But, it's just time to pass the torch, bringing fresh perspectives to the court.”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Bradley last ran for re-election in <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections,_2015" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2015"> 2015</a>, defeating <a href="/James_Daley_(Wisconsin)" title="James Daley (Wisconsin)"> Jame Daley</a> 58.1% to 41.9%. </p><p><i>The Washington Post's</i> Patrick Marley wrote that the retirement "sets the stage for an intense race for control of the court two years after candidates, political parties and interest groups spent more than $50 million in the most expensive judicial race in U.S. history."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court elections">Wisconsin Supreme Court elections</a> are officially nonpartisan, justices and candidates are considered to be liberal or conservative. The court’s 15-year conservative majority tightened in three elections preceding Bradley's announcement. The <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections,_2019" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2019"> 2019 election</a> resulted in conservatives gaining a 5-2 majority, and the <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections,_2020" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2020"> 2020 election</a> resulted in a 4-3 conservative majority. In the <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections,_2023" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2023"> 2023 election</a>, <a href="/Janet_Claire_Protasiewicz" title="Janet Claire Protasiewicz">Janet Claire Protasiewicz</a> defeated <a href="/Daniel_Kelly_(Wisconsin)" title="Daniel Kelly (Wisconsin)"> Daniel Kelly</a> 55.4% to 44.4%, resulting in liberals gaining a 4-3 majority on the court. </p><p>Bradley is part of the court’s liberal majority, and her retirement creates an opportunity in the 2025 election for conservatives to regain a 4-3 majority or for liberals to hold their majority. Conservatives will defend seats in 2026 and 2027, meaning if they do not win a majority in 2025, the next opportunity they have to do so would be the 2028 election. </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Portal:Judicial_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Judicial elections">Judicial elections on Ballotpedia</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-overlay"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"><div style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/Supreme_court_elections" title="State supreme court elections, 2020"><img alt="State supreme court elections, 2020" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d4/State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia.png/300px-State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d4/State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia.png/450px-State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d4/State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia.png/600px-State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 180px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/State_supreme_court_elections,_2020" title="State supreme court elections, 2020">State supreme court elections, 2020</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px"><div style="width: 231.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/Intermediate_appellate_court_elections" title="State intermediate appellate court elections, 2020"><img alt="State intermediate appellate court elections, 2020" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/7/7e/Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal.png/344px-Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="200" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/7/7e/Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal.png/515px-Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/7/7e/Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal.png/687px-Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal.png 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="801" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 210px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/State_intermediate_appellate_court_elections,_2020" title="State intermediate appellate court elections, 2020">State intermediate appellate court elections, 2020</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"><div style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/Local_trial_court_elections" title="Local trial court judicial elections, 2020"><img alt="Local trial court judicial elections, 2020" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/53/Trial-Courts-Ballotpedia.png/300px-Trial-Courts-Ballotpedia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/53/Trial-Courts-Ballotpedia.png/450px-Trial-Courts-Ballotpedia.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/53/Trial-Courts-Ballotpedia.png/600px-Trial-Courts-Ballotpedia.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 180px"><div class="gallerytext"> <p><i><a href="/Local_trial_court_judicial_elections,_2020" title="Local trial court judicial elections, 2020">Local trial court judicial elections, 2020</a></i> </p> </div></div> </div></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=State+judicial+elections,+2025">Search Google News for this topic</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-define-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-define_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-define_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-define_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150222053432/http://judicialselection.us/judicial_selection/methods/selection_of_judges.cfm?state="><i>American Judicature Society</i>, "Methods of Judicial Selection," archived February 2, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambaroverview-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ambaroverview_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ambaroverview_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/JusticeCenter/Justice/PublicDocuments/judicial_selection_roadmap.authcheckdam.pdf"><i>American Bar Association</i>, "Judicial Selection: The Process of Choosing Judges," June 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://definitions.uslegal.com/l/limited-jurisdiction/"><i>US Legal</i>, "Limited Jurisdiction Law & Legal Definition," accessed December 17, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsc.org/sitecore/content/microsites/future-trends-2012/home/Courts-and-the-Community/3-6-Limited-Jurisdiction-Courts.aspx"><i>National Center for State Courts</i>, "Limited Jurisdiction Courts—Challenges, Opportunities, and Strategies for Action," accessed September 23, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/court-of-last-resort/"><i>U.S. Legal</i>, "Court of last resort Definition," accessed August 25, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wicourts.gov/supreme/docs/041124statement.pdf"><i>Wisconsin Supreme Court</i>, "Press Release," April 11, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/04/11/wisconsin-supreme-court-justice-reelection/"><i>The Washington Post</i>, "Wisconsin Supreme Court liberal won’t run again, shaking up race for control," April 11, 2024</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; 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