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Marvel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carl S. Marvel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Shipp_Marvel" title="Carl Shipp Marvel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carl Shipp Marvel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="کارل شیپ مارول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل شیپ مارول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Shipp_Marvel" title="Carl Shipp Marvel – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Carl Shipp Marvel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Shipp_Marvel" title="Carl Shipp Marvel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carl Shipp Marvel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Марвел, Карл Шипп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марвел, Карл Шипп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_S._Marvel&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American polymer chemist (1894–1988)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Carl Shipp Marvel</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1894-09-11</span>)</span>September 11, 1894<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Waynesville,_Illinois" title="Waynesville, Illinois">Waynesville, Illinois</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 4, 1988<span style="display:none">(1988-01-04)</span> (aged 93)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University" title="Illinois Wesleyan University">Illinois Wesleyan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polymer_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer Chemistry">Polymer Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Award" title="Willard Gibbs Award">Willard Gibbs Award</a> (1950)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a> (1956)<br /><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Medal" title="Perkin Medal">Perkin Medal</a> (1965)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1986)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/en/title/881135708">A study of the possible asymmetry of the aliphatic diazo compounds</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1920)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Noyes" title="William A. Noyes">William A. Noyes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H._E._Carter" title="H. E. Carter">H. E. Carter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Stille" title="John Kenneth Stille">John Stille</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carl Shipp "Speed" Marvel</b> (September 11, 1894 – January 4, 1988) was an American chemist who specialized in <a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">polymer chemistry</a>. He made important contributions to U.S. synthetic rubber program during World War II, and later worked at developing <a href="/wiki/Polybenzimidazoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybenzimidazoles">polybenzimidazoles</a>, temperature-resistant <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> that are used in the <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace industry">aerospace industry</a>, in fire-fighting equipment, and as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been described as "one of the world's outstanding organic chemists"<sup id="cite_ref-Seymour_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seymour-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received numerous awards, including the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a> and the 1986 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, presented by President Ronald Reagan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carl Shipp Marvel was born on September 11, 1894, in <a href="/wiki/Waynesville,_Illinois" title="Waynesville, Illinois">Waynesville, Illinois</a>, U.S., to farmers John Thomas Marvel and Mary Lucy Wasson Marvel. An uncle urged him to study chemistry. Marvel attended <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Wesleyan_University" title="Illinois Wesleyan University">Illinois Wesleyan University</a> from 1911 to 1915. He graduated with an A.B. and M.S. in chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the recommendation of his advisor, Alfred W. Homberger, Marvel obtained a $250 scholarship to the University of Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marvel had to take extra classes to "catch up" during his first year at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois</a>. He obtained the nickname "Speed" early on in his career as a chemist from his habit of rushing to breakfast after studying all night. While at Illinois, Marvel became a friend of fellow student <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Carothers" title="Wallace Carothers">Wallace Carothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Papers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marvel received his M.A. in Chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marvel's studies were interrupted by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. As the war cut off previous sources of supply, it became difficult to obtain many of the chemicals used in synthetic organic chemistry and related industrial processes. Clarence Derick set up the Organic Chemical Manufactures unit at Illinois to make and sell chemicals that had previously been imported from Germany. From 1916 to 1919 Marvel worked at the production unit under <a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a>. His work in the Organic Chemical Manufactures unit gave him extensive experience in chemical preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NoyesLaboratory_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoyesLaboratory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students were required to take careful notebook records of each preparation, including the cost of chemicals, apparatus, and the time needed. Marvel was known for his ability to modify poor procedures to make them more effective, and to describe procedures so that others could follow them. Many of these laboratory procedures were later published, first as pamphlets on <i>Organic Chemical Reagents</i>, by Roger Adams, O. Kamm, and C. S. Marvel, and later in the journal <i>Organic Syntheses</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shriner_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shriner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marvel was a member of <a href="/wiki/Tau_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Tau Kappa Epsilon">Tau Kappa Epsilon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yearbook_1917_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yearbook_1917-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was initiated into <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Sigma" title="Alpha Chi Sigma">Alpha Chi Sigma</a> at the Zeta Chapter, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois</a>, in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-AlphaChiSigma_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlphaChiSigma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Marvel returned to graduate study full-time, supported by a fellowship from <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marvel received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1920,<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> working with department head <a href="/wiki/William_Albert_Noyes" class="mw-redirect" title="William Albert Noyes">William Albert Noyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NoyesLaboratory_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoyesLaboratory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His thesis was <i>A Study of the Possible Asymmetry of Aliphatic Diazo Compounds</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_of_Illinois">University of Illinois</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: University of Illinois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marvel joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois as an instructor, in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to associate in 1921, an assistant professor in 1923, an associate professor in 1927, and to Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1940, he also supervised the Organic Chemical Manufactures unit, which became a summer program in which students synthesized difficult-to-obtain specialty chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-Shriner_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shriner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1953 to 1961, Marvel was a research professor in the Department of Chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marvel's early research was in classical organic chemistry. He was an enthusiastic contributor to <i><a href="/wiki/Organic_Syntheses" title="Organic Syntheses">Organic Syntheses</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shriner_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shriner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 20% of the 264 preparations in <i>Collective Volume I</i> of <i>Organic Syntheses</i> were either written or checked by Marvel.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marvel worked with a wide variety of compounds, including dialkyl mercury, hexa-substituted <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethanes</a>, dienynes, alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents, quaternary <a href="/wiki/Phosphonium" title="Phosphonium">phosphonium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> compounds, preparing them and investigating their reactions. He developed organic chemical reagents to be used in the characterization, identification, and analysis of chemical compounds. Much of this research was carried out before techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectroscopy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> were developed: for example, Marvel's exploration of intermolecular hydrogen bonding relied on studying solubilities and heats of mixing.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ulrich_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulrich-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He soon moved into <a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">polymer chemistry</a>, again working on synthesis methods and structure determination. Using techniques such as determinations of elemental analysis, average molecular weight, end-group analysis, and examination of products, Marvel demonstrated a chemical methodology for establishing the principal structural features of polymers.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his ability to improvise and refine new techniques, he made "major fundamental contributions" to the field of polymer science<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which he has been recognized as the "father" of synthetic polymer chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-NoyesLaboratory_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoyesLaboratory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1933, Marvel began studying <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">olefin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> polymers, determining their structure and examining the effects of initiators such as peroxide or ultraviolet light on polymerization reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examining vinyl polymers in 1937, Marvel was able to demonstrate that polymers prepared from polyvinyl chloride tended to form a head-to-tail structure with chlorine atoms on alternate carbon atoms, confirming the structural ideas of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a>, rather than a head-to-head structure which chlorine atoms on adjacent carbon atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-NoyesLaboratory_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoyesLaboratory-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work led in turn to the preparation and polymerization of new monomers.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillispie_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillispie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his work on <span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>, α-olefins and vinyl polymers, Marvel received the William H. Nichols Medal from the American Chemical Society in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early forties he was one of the first scientists to use optically active monomers and optically active initiators to examine properties of stereoregular polymers.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lenz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DuPont_Central_Research">DuPont Central Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: DuPont Central Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1928, Marvel was recommended by Roger Adams as a consultant for <a href="/wiki/DuPont_Central_Research" title="DuPont Central Research">DuPont Central Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of nearly 60 years, Marvel gave 19,000 individual consultations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillispie_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillispie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked to test the finding of English chemist <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._E._Matthews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. E. Matthews (page does not exist)">F. E. Matthews</a> that polysulfones could be formed by the reaction of sulfur dioxide and ethylene, Marvel confirmed the finding, using cyclohexene rather than ethylene.<sup id="cite_ref-Pioneers_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneers-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a close friend as well as a consultant to Wallace Carothers, who was carrying out groundbreaking work on <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> at Dupont.<sup id="cite_ref-Beal_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marvel also consulted with Ray C. Houtz, when Houtz was developing a synthetic fiber made from <a href="/wiki/Polyacrylonitrile" title="Polyacrylonitrile">polyacrylonitrile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlon">Orlon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hounshell_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hounshell-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Rubber_Reserve">United States Rubber Reserve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States Rubber Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marvel participated heavily in the U.S. synthetic rubber program when supplies of natural rubber were disrupted during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The availability of rubber was essential to the war effort. Beginning in September 1940, Marvel worked with Section C-2, Synthetic Problems, of Division B of the National Defense Research Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941 and 1942 he was chairman of Section B–3, Synthetic, Analytical, and Inorganic Problems, of the National Defense Research Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1942 and 1945 he headed a group of up to 100 chemists at different institutions across the United States for the U.S. Rubber Reserve Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillispie_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillispie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collaboration_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collaboration-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work at Illinois on the low-temperature <a href="/wiki/Copolymerization" class="mw-redirect" title="Copolymerization">copolymerization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">butadiene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a> was important to the successful commercial production of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His group identified <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiol</a> as a key to the polymerization process, and targeted <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acids">polyunsaturated fatty acids</a>, present in soaps used as <a href="/wiki/Emulsifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifiers">emulsifiers</a>, as an ingredient that was interfering with polymerization reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pioneers_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneers-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946 Marvel went to Germany as one of a technical intelligence team, to report on the state of German rubber technology. They found that German scientists were using a redox polymerization process<sup id="cite_ref-RubberGermany_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubberGermany-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 5 °C (41 °F), considerably lower than previous processes. Marvel and his group developed this idea further, creating a <a href="/wiki/Cold_rubber" title="Cold rubber">cold rubber</a> process for American industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Illini_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illini-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their new process, polymerization could be completed in only seven hours.<sup id="cite_ref-RubberGermany_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubberGermany-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of his wartime work, Marvel received the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Certificate_of_Merit" title="President's Certificate of Merit">President's Certificate of Merit for Civilians in World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RubberBibliography_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RubberBibliography-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching">Teaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marvel is credited, with Roger Adams and <a href="/wiki/Reynold_C._Fuson" title="Reynold C. Fuson">Reynold C. Fuson</a>, with making the organic chemistry program at Illinois "preeminent in the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-EB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an instructor, Marvel saw the importance of working on essential problems.<sup id="cite_ref-OSObit_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSObit-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also emphasized "that the essential product of academic research was the students."<sup id="cite_ref-OSObit_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSObit-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marvel supervised 176 successful doctoral students, and at least 150 postdoctoral students during his career.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillispie_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillispie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His students included <a href="/wiki/H._E._Carter" title="H. E. Carter">H. E. Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Carothers" title="Wallace Carothers">Wallace Carothers</a>, George Graves, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Sparks" title="William J. Sparks">William J. Sparks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._McElvain" title="Samuel M. McElvain">Samuel M. McElvain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Beckman" title="Arnold Beckman">Arnold Beckman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hundred_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hundred-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and future Nobel Laureates <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a><sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961 Marvel formally "retired" from Illinois, but continued to be a research professor Emeritus from 1961 to 1988. In 1963, he was awarded an Honorary D. Sc. degree from the University of Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_of_Arizona">University of Arizona</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: University of Arizona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1961 to 1988 Marvel also held the position of Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Papers_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Arizona, Marvel continued work which he had begun at Illinois, the study of high temperature polymers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_temperature_polymers">High temperature polymers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: High temperature polymers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marvel made important advances in the development of high temperature polymers, including polybenzimidazoles and ladder polymers, using techniques of polyaddition and cyclopolymerization.<sup id="cite_ref-Pioneers_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneers-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Contribution_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contribution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marvel was contacted by <a href="/wiki/Wright_Patterson_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright Patterson Air Force Base">Wright Patterson Air Force Base</a> in the 1950s, because the U.S. Air Force needed a material suitable for <a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">drogue parachutes</a>. They needed a material that would retain its strength when subjected to extremely high temperatures. Researching high-temperature stable polymers, Marvel was the first to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Polybenzimidazole" title="Polybenzimidazole">Polybenzimidazole</a> (PBI), a condensation polymer with aromatic and heteroaromatic repeating units. He then worked with Herward Vogel, first at the University of Illinois and later at the University of Arizona, to improve the quality of the polymer and develop <a href="/wiki/Polybenzimidazole_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Polybenzimidazole fiber">Polybenzimidazole fiber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their best PBI was both nonflammable and stable at temperatures of up to 600 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-Pioneers_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneers-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They registered patents for high molecular weight condensation polymers in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-NSFAppendix_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSFAppendix-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its thermal and oxidative stability PBI was adopted by NASA in the 1960s for use in aerospace and defense applications.<sup id="cite_ref-Haertsch_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haertsch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, PBI began to be used in United States fire service equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marvel also proposed the development of "ladder molecules" (<a href="/wiki/Fire-safe_polymers#Ladder_Polymers" title="Fire-safe polymers">ladder polymers</a>), next generation polymers that would be even more stable than polybenzimidazoles.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazer_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazer-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Langley_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langley-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marvel had taken the first steps towards a process for creating ladder-type polymers as early as 1938, when he attempted the cyclization of poly(<a href="/wiki/Methyl_vinyl_ketone" title="Methyl vinyl ketone">methyl vinyl ketone</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Scherf_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scherf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, he outlined a precursor approach to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene)" title="Poly(p-phenylene)">poly(<i>para-</i>phenylene)</a> (PPP), a particularly difficult process. Marvel's approach contained the key elements of solutions which would not be developed for another thirty years: chain-growth polymerization of a cyclohexadiene monomer, and its subsequent aromatization. His work is therefore considered "an important milestone in the history of PPP synthesis."<sup id="cite_ref-Schluter_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schluter-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1960s and 1970s he continued to work as a principal contributor to the U.S. Air Force program on high temperature polymer synthesis, including the synthesis of thermally stable ladder or partial ladder polypyrrolones.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his work Marvel was awarded a Distinguished Service Award (1966) by the U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory and an Award for Outstanding Achievement (1966) by the Air Force Systems Command.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He officially "retired" as a research professor at the University of Arizona in 1978, but still carried on some research, with the help of postdoctoral students, until his death in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Pioneers_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneers-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Arizona named the "Carl S. Marvel Laboratories of Chemistry" at 1213 E South Campus, Tucson, AZ, in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Laboratories_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laboratories-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marvel Hall, a conference room in the American Chemical Society Building in Washington, D.C., is also named for him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Carl Shipp Marvel</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=1399820">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=1399820&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Carl Shipp Marvel</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=1399820&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=1399820">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=1399820&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <p>Dr. Marvel published nearly 500 articles in scientific journals worldwide, and four books including <i>Introduction to the Organic Chemistry of High Polymers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-grand_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grand-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on the editorial board of journals including <i>Macromolecules</i>, the <i>Journal of Organic Chemistry</i>, the <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>, and the <i>Journal of Polymer Science</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-grand_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grand-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also held 52 patents.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillispie_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillispie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An avid birdwatcher throughout his life, Marvel's publications include papers on bird-watching,<sup id="cite_ref-Papers_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as "The Unusual Feeding Habits of the Cape May Warbler" (1948) and "The Blue Grosbeck in Western Ontario" (1950).<sup id="cite_ref-grand_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grand-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1938 Elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1944 <a href="/wiki/William_H._Nichols_Medal" title="William H. Nichols Medal">William H. Nichols Medal</a>, American Chemical Society<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1945 President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-ACSPresidents_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSPresidents-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1945 Elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-AMphil1945_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMphil1945-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Willard_Gibbs_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard Gibbs Medal">Willard Gibbs Medal</a>, American Chemical Society<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1955 <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemists_Gold_Medal" title="American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal">American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-AICGold_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AICGold-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a>, American Chemical Society<sup id="cite_ref-Priestley_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priestley-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 Elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-Book_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964 First recipient, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACS_Award_in_Polymer_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry (page does not exist)">ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-ACSPolymer_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSPolymer-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964 International Award, Society of Plastics Engineers</li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Perkin_Medal" title="Perkin Medal">Perkin Medal</a>, American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry<sup id="cite_ref-Perkin_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perkin-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI_Perkin_Medal_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI_Perkin_Medal-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1966 Distinguished Service Award, U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1966 Award for Outstanding Achievement, Air Force Systems Command<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1967 Chemical Pioneer Award, American Institute of Chemistry<sup id="cite_ref-Pioneer_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, presented by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a><sup id="cite_ref-TribuneObit_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribuneObit-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1988 Inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Sigma" title="Alpha Chi Sigma">Alpha Chi Sigma</a> Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-AlphaChiSigma_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlphaChiSigma-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carl Marvel married Alberta Hughes on December 26, 1933. They had two children, Mary Catharine (1935 - 2017) and John Thomas Marvel (1938 -2010). Carl Marvel died on January 4, 1988, John Thomas Marvel married Joyce Strand They y had three sons, Scott Thomas, Chris Andrew and Carl Randall Marvel. Scott Thomas Marvel married Sherry Cone Flusche . He has one daughter, Estelle Marvel, and two step sons, Zane and Carson Flusche. Carl Randall Marvel married Jennifer Price. They had two children, Christian Reed and Brooke Marie Marvel </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMangravite2002" class="citation book cs1">Mangravite, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/record=b1028800~S6"><i>The Carl S. Marvel Papers 1960-1984</i></a>. <q>Click on 'Carl S. Marvel Papers finding aid' to see full finding aid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carl+S.+Marvel+Papers+1960-1984&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mangravite&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fothmerlib.sciencehistory.org%2Frecord%3Db1028800~S6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter_for_Oral_History" class="citation web cs1">Center for Oral History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/marvel-carl-s">"Carl S. Marvel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Carl+S.+Marvel&rft.au=Center+for+Oral+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Foral-histories%2Fmarvel-carl-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGortlerPrice1983" class="citation book cs1">Gortler, Leon B.; Price, Charles C. (13 July 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/marvel_cs_0003_suppl.pdf"><i>Carl S. Marvel, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Leon Gortler and Charles Price in Wilmington, Delaware on 13 July 1983</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Center for History of Chemistry</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+S.+Marvel%2C+Transcript+of+an+Interview+Conducted+by+Leon+Gortler+and+Charles+Price+in+Wilmington%2C+Delaware+on+13+July+1983&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Center+for+History+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1983-07-13&rft.aulast=Gortler&rft.aufirst=Leon+B.&rft.au=Price%2C+Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmarvel_cs_0003_suppl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1994" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Nelson J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/marvel-carl.pdf"><i>Carl Shipp Marvel 1894-1988</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Shipp+Marvel+1894-1988&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Nelson+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fmarvel-carl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summitmemory.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/rubber/id/173">Audio interview</a> with Carl Shipp Marvel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Shipp_Marvel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leonard-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1994" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Nelson J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/marvel-carl.pdf"><i>Carl Shipp Marvel 1894-1988</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Shipp+Marvel+1894-1988&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Nelson+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fmarvel-carl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seymour-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seymour_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour1989" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, Raymond B. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aLrrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173"><i>Pioneers in polymer science</i></a>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792303008" title="Special:BookSources/9780792303008"><bdi>9780792303008</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+in+polymer+science&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780792303008&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=Raymond+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaLrrCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OralHistory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGortlerPrice1983" class="citation book cs1">Gortler, Leon B.; Price, Charles C. (13 July 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/marvel_cs_0003_suppl.pdf"><i>Carl S. Marvel, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by Leon Gortler and Charles Price in Wilmington, Delaware on 13 July 1983</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Center for History of Chemistry</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+S.+Marvel%2C+Transcript+of+an+Interview+Conducted+by+Leon+Gortler+and+Charles+Price+in+Wilmington%2C+Delaware+on+13+July+1983&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Center+for+History+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1983-07-13&rft.aulast=Gortler&rft.aufirst=Leon+B.&rft.au=Price%2C+Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foh.sciencehistory.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmarvel_cs_0003_suppl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papers-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papers_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papers_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papers_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangravite2002" class="citation book cs1">Mangravite, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/record=b1028800~S6"><i>The Carl S. Marvel Papers 1960-1984</i></a>. <q>Click on 'Carl S. Marvel Papers finding aid' to see full finding aid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carl+S.+Marvel+Papers+1960-1984&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mangravite&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fothmerlib.sciencehistory.org%2Frecord%3Db1028800~S6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NoyesLaboratory-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NoyesLaboratory_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NoyesLaboratory_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NoyesLaboratory_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NoyesLaboratory_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/noyeslaboratory.html">"Noyes Laboratory at the University of Illinois National Historic Chemical Landmark"</a>. <i>ACS Chemistry for Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemistry+for+Life&rft.atitle=Noyes+Laboratory+at+the+University+of+Illinois+National+Historic+Chemical+Landmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Fnoyeslaboratory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shriner-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shriner_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shriner_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shriner_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrinerShriner1975" class="citation book cs1">Shriner, Ralph L.; Shriner, Rachel H. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgsyn.org/history.aspx">"Part I. The Early History of Organic Syntheses"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Rick_L._Danheiser" title="Rick L. Danheiser">Danheiser, R. L.</a> (ed.). <i>Cumulative Indices, Organic Syntheses, Collective Volumes I-V</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I.+The+Early+History+of+Organic+Syntheses&rft.btitle=Cumulative+Indices%2C+Organic+Syntheses%2C+Collective+Volumes+I-V&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Shriner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+L.&rft.au=Shriner%2C+Rachel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orgsyn.org%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yearbook_1917-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yearbook_1917_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteWinters1917" class="citation journal cs1">White, Russell S.; Winters, Lawrence M. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Go6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1886">"Tau Kappa Epsilon"</a>. <i>The Illio: A Yearbook Produced by the Junior Class at the University of Illinois</i>. <b>MCMXIIX</b>: 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Illio%3A+A+Yearbook+Produced+by+the+Junior+Class+at+the+University+of+Illinois&rft.atitle=Tau+Kappa+Epsilon&rft.volume=MCMXIIX&rft.pages=172&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Russell+S.&rft.au=Winters%2C+Lawrence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Go6AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlphaChiSigma-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlphaChiSigma_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlphaChiSigma_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alphachisigma.org/page.aspx?pid=268">"Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame"</a>. Alpha Chi Sigma Fraternity<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alpha+Chi+Sigma+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=Alpha+Chi+Sigma+Fraternity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alphachisigma.org%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulrich-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich1978" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, Robert D. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3w3rBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">"C. S. Marvel"</a>. <i>Macromolecular Science</i>. Vol. 1. pp. 133–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-2853-7_9">10.1007/978-1-4684-2853-7_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-2855-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-2855-1"><bdi>978-1-4684-2855-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=C.+S.+Marvel&rft.btitle=Macromolecular+Science&rft.pages=133-141&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4684-2853-7_9&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-2855-1&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3w3rBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillispie-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillispie_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillispie_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillispie_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillispie_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillispie_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie2008" class="citation book cs1">Gillispie, Charles Coulston (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830905244.html"><i>Complete dictionary of scientific biography</i></a>. Detroit, Mich.: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684315591" title="Special:BookSources/9780684315591"><bdi>9780684315591</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+dictionary+of+scientific+biography&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780684315591&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+Coulston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2830905244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F153583b0">"William H. Nichols Medal of the American Chemical Society : Award to Prof. C. S. Marvel"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>153</b> (3889): 583. 13 May 1944. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1944Natur.153R.583.">1944Natur.153R.583.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F153583b0">10.1038/153583b0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=William+H.+Nichols+Medal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society+%3A+Award+to+Prof.+C.+S.+Marvel&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=3889&rft.pages=583&rft.date=1944-05-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F153583b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1944Natur.153R.583.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F153583b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenz-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lenz_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenz1980" class="citation book cs1">Lenz, Robert W., ed. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VFftCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>Preparation and properties of stereoregular polymers</i></a>. Dordrecht: Reidel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1055-0"><bdi>978-90-277-1055-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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T. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GjtJfmxvSWgC&pg=PA87"><i>Polymer pioneers : a popular history of the science and technology of large molecules</i></a> (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Beckman center for the history of chemistry. pp. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0941901031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0941901031"><bdi>978-0941901031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polymer+pioneers+%3A+a+popular+history+of+the+science+and+technology+of+large+molecules&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=61-63&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Beckman+center+for+the+history+of+chemistry&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0941901031&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGjtJfmxvSWgC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beal-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beal_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2012" class="citation news cs1">Beal, Tom (July 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424140732/http://b2science.org/news/1473">"Chemist brought polymer technology to UA"</a>. <i>UA Science Biosphere 2</i>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521028523" title="Special:BookSources/9780521028523"><bdi>9780521028523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+corporate+strategy+%3A+Du+Pont+R%26D%2C+1902-1980&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521028523&rft.aulast=Hounshell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+John+Kenly+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ld0K9VNpmIC%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collaboration-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collaboration_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160712020651/http://www.chemheritage.org/research/institute-for-research/oral-history-program/projects/rubber-matters/03-collaboration.aspx?page=3">"Collaboration"</a>. <i>Rubber Matters: Solving the World War II Rubber Problem</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemheritage.org/research/institute-for-research/oral-history-program/projects/rubber-matters/03-collaboration.aspx?page=3">the original</a> on July 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rubber+Matters%3A+Solving+the+World+War+II+Rubber+Problem&rft.atitle=Collaboration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemheritage.org%2Fresearch%2Finstitute-for-research%2Foral-history-program%2Fprojects%2Frubber-matters%2F03-collaboration.aspx%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RubberGermany-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RubberGermany_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RubberGermany_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160712184921/http://www.chemheritage.org/research/institute-for-research/oral-history-program/projects/rubber-matters/feature-germany-post-war.aspx">"Germany Trip: Post-war"</a>. <i>Rubber Matters: Solving the World War II Rubber Problem</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemheritage.org/research/institute-for-research/oral-history-program/projects/rubber-matters/glossary-biblio.aspx">the original</a> on July 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rubber+Matters%3A+Solving+the+World+War+II+Rubber+Problem&rft.atitle=Glossary+and+Bibliography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemheritage.org%2Fresearch%2Finstitute-for-research%2Foral-history-program%2Fprojects%2Frubber-matters%2Fglossary-biblio.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman" class="citation book cs1">Kauffman, George B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Shipp-Marvel">"Carl Shipp Marvel American chemist"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carl+Shipp+Marvel+American+chemist&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCarl-Shipp-Marvel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSObit-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSObit_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSObit_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard, Nelson J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316192410/http://orgsyn.org/content/pdfs/obits/marvel.pdf">"Carl Shipp Marvel September 11, 1894 - January 4, 1988"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Organic Syntheses</i>. <b>67</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Syntheses&rft.atitle=Carl+Shipp+Marvel+September+11%2C+1894+-+January+4%2C+1988&rft.volume=67&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Nelson+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orgsyn.org%2Fcontent%2Fpdfs%2Fobits%2Fmarvel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hundred-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hundred_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_ThackrayMinor_Myers_Jr.2000" class="citation book cs1">Arnold Thackray; Minor Myers Jr. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edtL_hIi8M0C&pg=PA40"><i>Arnold O. Beckman : one hundred years of excellence</i></a>. foreword by James D. Watson. Philadelphia, Pa.: Chemical Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941901-23-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941901-23-9"><bdi>978-0-941901-23-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnold+O.+Beckman+%3A+one+hundred+years+of+excellence&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-941901-23-9&rft.au=Arnold+Thackray&rft.au=Minor+Myers+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedtL_hIi8M0C%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krebs-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krebs_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1992/krebs-bio.html">"Edwin G. Krebs - Biographical"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine&rft.atitle=Edwin+G.+Krebs+-+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1992%2Fkrebs-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Contribution-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Contribution_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, H. (3 January 2007). "The Contribution of Carl (Speed) Marvel to Polymer Science". <i>Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A</i>. <b>21</b> (13–14): 1567–1606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222338408082079">10.1080/00222338408082079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Macromolecular+Science%2C+Part+A&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+Carl+%28Speed%29+Marvel+to+Polymer+Science&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=13%E2%80%9314&rft.pages=1567-1606&rft.date=2007-01-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00222338408082079&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSFAppendix-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSFAppendix_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1967/annualreports/ar_1967_appendix_c.pdf">"Appendix C: Patents Resulting From Activities Supported by the National Science Foundation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Science Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&rft.atitle=Appendix+C%3A+Patents+Resulting+From+Activities+Supported+by+the+National+Science+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fpubs%2F1967%2Fannualreports%2Far_1967_appendix_c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haertsch-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haertsch_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaertschMeyer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haertsch, Emilie; Meyer, Michal (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/tough-stuff">"Tough Stuff"</a>. <i>Distillations</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 12–13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Tough+Stuff&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Haertsch&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Ftough-stuff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/ps_3.html">"Polymer Fabric Protects Firefighters, Military, and Civilians"</a>. <i>NASA Spinoff</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Spinoff&rft.atitle=Polymer+Fabric+Protects+Firefighters%2C+Military%2C+and+Civilians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspinoff.nasa.gov%2FSpinoff2008%2Fps_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazer-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frazer_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1969" class="citation journal cs1">Frazer, A. H. (July 1969). "High-Temperature Plastics". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>221</b> (1): 96–105. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969SciAm.221a..96F">1969SciAm.221a..96F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0769-96">10.1038/scientificamerican0769-96</a>. <q>In my view the most promising approach is one suggested by Carl S. Marvel of the University of Arizona. He proposes that the next generation of polymers be derived from 'ladder molecules.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=High-Temperature+Plastics&rft.volume=221&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-105&rft.date=1969-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0769-96&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969SciAm.221a..96F&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langley-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langley_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPezdirtzBellNational_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration,_Hampton,_Virginia,_Langley_Research_Center1965" class="citation book cs1">Pezdirtz, George F.; Bell, Vernon L.; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, Virginia, Langley Research Center (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA310394.pdf"><i>An Exploratory Study of a New Class of Stepladder and Ladder Polymers-Polyimidazopyrrolones</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617102437/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA310394">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Exploratory+Study+of+a+New+Class+of+Stepladder+and+Ladder+Polymers-Polyimidazopyrrolones&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Pezdirtz&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft.au=Bell%2C+Vernon+L.&rft.au=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration%2C+Hampton%2C+Virginia%2C+Langley+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA310394.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scherf-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scherf_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherf1998" class="citation book cs1">Scherf, Ullrich (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GRovXHas_MC">"Conjugated Ladder-type structures"</a>. In Skotheim, Terje A.; Elsenbaumer, Ronald L.; Reynolds, John R. (eds.). <i>Handbook of conducting polymers</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 363–380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824700508" title="Special:BookSources/9780824700508"><bdi>9780824700508</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conjugated+Ladder-type+structures&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+conducting+polymers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=363-380&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780824700508&rft.aulast=Scherf&rft.aufirst=Ullrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GRovXHas_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schluter-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schluter_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlüter1998" class="citation book cs1">Schlüter, A.-Dieter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GRovXHas_MC">"Synthesis of Poly(<i>para-</i>phenylene)s"</a>. In Skotheim, Terje A.; Elsenbaumer, Ronald L.; Reynolds, John R. (eds.). <i>Handbook of conducting polymers</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 209–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824700508" title="Special:BookSources/9780824700508"><bdi>9780824700508</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Poly%28para-phenylene%29s&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+conducting+polymers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=209-224&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780824700508&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%BCter&rft.aufirst=A.-Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GRovXHas_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks1972" class="citation book cs1">Burks, Harold D. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730003881.pdf"><i>An annotated bibliography of Pyrrone and BBB publications</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hampton, Virginia, Langley Research Center: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+annotated+bibliography+of+Pyrrone+and+BBB+publications&rft.place=Hampton%2C+Virginia%2C+Langley+Research+Center&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Harold+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19730003881.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laboratories-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laboratories_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614051406/http://directory.arizona.edu/buildings/carl-s-marvel-laboratories-chemistry">"Carl S. Marvel Laboratories Of Chemistry"</a>. <i>The University of Arizona</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.arizona.edu/buildings/carl-s-marvel-laboratories-chemistry">the original</a> on 14 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Arizona&rft.atitle=Carl+S.+Marvel+Laboratories+Of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirectory.arizona.edu%2Fbuildings%2Fcarl-s-marvel-laboratories-chemistry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grand-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grand_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grand_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grand_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour1989" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, R. B. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aLrrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173">"Carl S. Marvel the Grand Old Gentleman of Polymer Science"</a>. <i>Pioneers in polymer science</i>. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 173–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-7584-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-7584-8"><bdi>978-94-010-7584-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carl+S.+Marvel+the+Grand+Old+Gentleman+of+Polymer+Science&rft.btitle=Pioneers+in+polymer+science&rft.pages=173-176&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-94-010-7584-8&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaLrrCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACSPresidents-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACSPresidents_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/about/president/acspresidents.html">"ACS Presidents, A Chronological List"</a>. <i>ACS Chemistry for Life</i>. American Chemical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemistry+for+Life&rft.atitle=ACS+Presidents%2C+A+Chronological+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fpresident%2Facspresidents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMphil1945-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMphil1945_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614043425/http://www.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Marvel&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"American Philosophical Society Member History"</a>. <i>American Philosophical Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Marvel&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">the original</a> on 14 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=American+Philosophical+Society+Member+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DMarvel%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmliris.harvard.edu/assets/Willard_Gibbs_Medalists.pdf">"The Willard Gibbs Medal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACS Chemistry for Life</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemistry+for+Life&rft.atitle=The+Willard+Gibbs+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmliris.harvard.edu%2Fassets%2FWillard_Gibbs_Medalists.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AICGold-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AICGold_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaic.org/award_winners/goldmedal.html">"Gold Medal Award Winners"</a>. <i>American Institute of Chemists</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemistry+for+Life&rft.atitle=Priestley+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Ffunding-and-awards%2Fawards%2Fnational%2Fbytopic%2Fpriestley-medal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Book_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterM.pdf">"Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780-2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Book of Members</i>. 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February 15, 1965. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v043n007.p082">10.1021/cen-v043n007.p082</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Eng.+News&rft.atitle=1965+Perkin+Medal+Goes+to+Marvel&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=82-87&rft.date=1965-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v043n007.p082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Fcen-v043n007.p082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCI_Perkin_Medal-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCI_Perkin_Medal_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/sci-perkin-medal">"SCI Perkin Medal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></i>. 2016-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=SCI+Perkin+Medal&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fsci-perkin-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pioneer-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaic.org/award_winners/chem_pioneer.html">"Chemical Pioneer Award Winners"</a>. <i>American Institute of Chemists</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Carl+Marvel%2C+A+Founder+of+Polymer+Chemistry&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1988-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1988%2F01%2F07%2Fpage%2F38%2Farticle%2Fcarl-marvel-a-founder-of-polymer-chemistry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Shipp+Marvel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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4em">Behavioral and social science</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger N. Shepard</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Kaye_Estes" title="William Kaye Estes">William K. Estes</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael I. Posner</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biological_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biological sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._B._van_Niel" title="C. B. van Niel">C. B. van Niel</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis P. Rous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George G. Simpson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald D. Van Slyke</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William C. Rose</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stewart_Cole" title="Kenneth Stewart Cole">Kenneth S. Cole</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry F. Harlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred H. Sturtevant</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Brodie (biochemist)">Bernard B. Brodie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev W. Bronk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Laurence_Lush" title="Jay Laurence Lush">Jay Lush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Burrhus Frederic Skinner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert B. Sabin</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Arnon" title="Daniel I. Arnon">Daniel I. Arnon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Hallowell Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gyorgy" title="Paul Gyorgy">Paul Gyorgy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sterling_B._Hendricks" title="Sterling B. Hendricks">Sterling B. Hendricks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orville_Vogel" title="Orville Vogel">Orville Alvin Vogel</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Roberts_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Reece Stadtman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Alfred_Weiss" title="Paul Alfred Weiss">Paul Alfred Weiss</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1981</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></dd> <dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Burton" title="Glenn W. Burton">Glenn W. Burton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Bachrach" title="Howard Bachrach">Howard L. Bachrach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wendell_L._Roelofs" title="Wendell L. Roelofs">Wendell L. Roelofs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Mountcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodor_O._Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor O. Diener">Theodor O. Diener</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Brown">Michael S. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice R. Hilleman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_W._Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harland_G._Wood" title="Harland G. Wood">Harland G. Wood</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert W. Boyer">Herbert W. Boyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr." title="Daniel E. Koshland Jr.">Daniel E. Koshland Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_G._Nathan" title="David G. Nathan">David G. Nathan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elvin_A._Kabat" title="Elvin A. Kabat">Elvin A. Kabat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert W. Kates</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marks_(scientist)" title="Paul Marks (scientist)">Paul A. Marks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Folke_K._Skoog" title="Folke K. Skoog">Folke K. Skoog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Zamecnik">Paul C. Zamecnik</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salome_G._Waelsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Weinberg">Robert A. Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Nancy C. Andreasen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George F. Bass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Mario R. Capecchi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene E. Likens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yanofsky" title="Charles Yanofsky">Charles Yanofsky</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman E. Borlaug</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phillip_A._Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas E. Starzl</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Lubert Stryer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert J. Lefkowitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bert_W._O%27Malley" title="Bert W. O'Malley">Bert W. O'Malley</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis S. Collins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Lindquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan L. Lindquist">Susan L. Lindquist</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Chisholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_K._Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. Jain">Rakesh K. Jain</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Levin">Simon Levin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">F. Albert Cotton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Zare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard N. Zare">Richard N. Zare</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Tseh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Tseh Lee">Yuan Tseh Lee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_S._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Westheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William S. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Stockmayer" title="Walter H. Stockmayer">Walter H. Stockmayer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_O._Baker" title="William O. Baker">William O. Baker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Konrad_E._Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad E. Bloch">Konrad E. Bloch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_J._Corey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias J. Corey">Elias J. Corey</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard B. Bernstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harden_M._McConnell" title="Harden M. McConnell">Harden M. McConnell</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Roberts" title="John D. Roberts">John D. Roberts</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard E. Simmons Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isabella_L._Karle" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella L. Karle">Isabella L. Karle</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davidson_(biologist)" title="Norman Davidson (biologist)">Norman Davidson</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Cahn" title="John W. Cahn">John W. Cahn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Rice" title="Stuart A. Rice">Stuart A. Rice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(chemist)" title="John Ross (chemist)">John Ross</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_D._Baldeschwieler" title="John D. Baldeschwieler">John D. Baldeschwieler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Hirschmann" title="Ralph F. Hirschmann">Ralph F. Hirschmann</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernest_R._Davidson" title="Ernest R. Davidson">Ernest R. Davidson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_A._Somorjai" title="Gábor A. Somorjai">Gábor A. Somorjai</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_I._Brauman" class="mw-redirect" title="John I. Brauman">John I. Brauman</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lippard" title="Stephen J. Lippard">Stephen J. Lippard</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter B. Dervan</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa A. El-Sayed</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_K._Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline K. Barton">Jacqueline K. Barton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Stang" title="Peter J. Stang">Peter J. Stang</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M._Frederick_Hawthorne" title="M. Frederick Hawthorne">M. Frederick Hawthorne</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1962</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></dd> <dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Draper">Charles S. Draper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar H. Ammann</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence L. Johnson">Clarence L. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold E. Edgerton">Harold E. Edgerton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick E. Terman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Morris_Cohen_(scientist)" title="Morris Cohen (scientist)">Morris Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Goldmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Goldmark">Peter C. Goldmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Emmett_N._Leith" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Earl_R._Parker" title="Earl R. Parker">Earl R. Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Heinemann">Edward H. Heinemann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Katz" title="Donald L. Katz">Donald L. Katz</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tung-Yen_Lin" title="Tung-Yen Lin">Tung-Yen Lin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Bolton_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bolton Seed">H. Bolton Seed</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_M._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis M. Hawkins">Willis M. Hawkins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Grier" title="Herbert E. Grier">Herbert E. Grier</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luna_B._Leopold" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna B. Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Guyford_Stever" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calvin_F._Quate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ray_W._Clough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray W. Clough">Ray W. Clough</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hermann_A._Haus" title="Hermann A. Haus">Hermann A. Haus</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng B. Fung</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John M. Prausnitz</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_N._Lightfoot" title="Edwin N. Lightfoot">Edwin N. Lightfoot</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mathematical,_statistical,_and_computer_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">H. Marston Morse</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurt_O._Friedrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt O. Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Gomory" title="Ralph E. Gomory">Ralph E. Gomory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald C. Spencer</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald R. Coifman</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi R. Rao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James G. Glimm</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_R._de_Boor" title="Carl R. de Boor">Carl R. de Boor</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis P. Sullivan</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mumford">David B. Mumford</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physical_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1963</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a></dd> <dt>1964</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></dd> <dt>1965</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Rubey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubey">William Rubey</a></dd> <dt>1966</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Van Vleck">John H. Van Vleck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></dd> <dt>1967</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hammett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hammett">Louis Hammett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></dd> <dt>1968</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Bartlett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></dd> <dt>1969</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1970</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_R._Sandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan R. Sandage">Allan R. Sandage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></dd> <dt>1973</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Maurice Ewing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></dd> <dt>1974</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Carl Pauling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></dd> <dt>1975</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sarett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Sarett">Lewis Sarett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></dd> <dt>1976</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Verner_Suomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></dd> <dt>1979</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Mark">Herman Mark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Purcell">Edward M. Purcell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Sinfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1982</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></dd> <dt>1983</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/E._Margaret_Burbidge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Margaret Burbidge">E. Margaret Burbidge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruno_B._Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno B. Rossi">Bruno B. Rossi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Schrieffer">J. Robert Schrieffer</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elsasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_A._Van_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Van Allen">James A. Van Allen</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Paul Ching-Wu Chu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arnold_O._Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold O. Beckman">Arnold O. Beckman</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Sharp" title="Robert P. Sharp">Robert Sharp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._McMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Ed Stone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Shoemaker">Eugene M. Shoemaker</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wallace_S._Broecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace S. Broecker">Wallace S. Broecker</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Don L. Anderson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_F._White" title="Gilbert F. White">Gilbert F. White</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/G._Brent_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Brent Dalrymple">G. Brent Dalrymple</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph A. Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles P. Slichter</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (astronomer)">James E. Gunn</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Washington" title="Warren M. Washington">Warren M. Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean C. Solomon</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the American Chemical Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Chemical Society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Chemical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1876–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Draper" title="John William Draper">John W. Draper</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawrence_Smith_(chemist)" title="J. Lawrence Smith (chemist)">J. Lawrence Smith</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_William_Johnson" title="Samuel William Johnson">Samuel William Johnson</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterry_Hunt" title="Thomas Sterry Hunt">T. Sterry Hunt</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Genth" title="Frederick Augustus Genth">Frederick A. Genth</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Chandler" title="Charles F. Chandler">Charles F. Chandler</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mallet" title="John Mallet">John W. Mallet</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Booth" title="James Curtis Booth">James C. Booth</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Benjamin_Prescott" title="Albert Benjamin Prescott">Albert B. Prescott</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Goessmann" title="Charles Anthony Goessmann">Charles Anthony Goessmann</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterry_Hunt" title="Thomas Sterry Hunt">T. Sterry Hunt</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Chandler" title="Charles F. Chandler">Charles F. Chandler</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bradford_Nason" title="Henry Bradford Nason">Henry B. Nason</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Barker" title="George Frederick Barker">George F. Barker</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Chapman_Caldwell" title="George Chapman Caldwell">George C. Caldwell</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Washington_Wiley" title="Harvey Washington Wiley">Harvey W. Wiley</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Fahs Smith</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Benjamin_Dudley" title="Charles Benjamin Dudley">Charles B. Dudley</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Munroe" title="Charles Edward Munroe">Charles E. Munroe</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Morley" title="Edward W. Morley">Edward W. Morley</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMurtrie" title="William McMurtrie">William McMurtrie</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wigglesworth_Clarke" title="Frank Wigglesworth Clarke">Frank W. Clarke</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Remsen" title="Ira Remsen">Ira Remsen</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Long_(chemist)" title="John H. Long (chemist)">John H. Long</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Amos_Noyes" title="Arthur Amos Noyes">Arthur Amos Noyes</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Venable" title="Francis Preston Venable">Francis P. Venable</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Hillebrand" title="William Francis Hillebrand">William F. Hillebrand</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marston_T._Bogert" title="Marston T. Bogert">Marston T. Bogert</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_R._Whitney" title="Willis R. Whitney">Willis R. Whitney</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_Dwight_Bancroft" title="Wilder Dwight Bancroft">Wilder D. Bancroft</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smith_(chemist)" title="Alexander Smith (chemist)">Alexander Smith</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Dehon_Little" title="Arthur Dehon Little">Arthur Dehon Little</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore W. Richards</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herty" title="Charles Herty">Charles H. Herty</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Stieglitz" title="Julius Stieglitz">Julius Stieglitz</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Nichols" title="William H. Nichols">William H. Nichols</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Noyes" title="William A. Noyes">William A. Noyes</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Fahs Smith</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Curtis_Franklin" title="Edward Curtis Franklin">Edward C. Franklin</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo H. Baekeland</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Flack_Norris" title="James Flack Norris">James Flack Norris</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_D._Rosengarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George D. Rosengarten (page does not exist)">George D. Rosengarten</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Parr" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel W. Parr">Samuel W. Parr</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McPherson_(university_president)" title="William McPherson (university president)">William McPherson</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gomberg" title="Moses Gomberg">Moses Gomberg</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_V._Redman" title="Lawrence V. Redman">Lawrence V. Redman</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_B._Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur B. Lamb (page does not exist)">Arthur B. Lamb</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_L._Reese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles L. Reese (page does not exist)">Charles L. Reese</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bartow" title="Edward Bartow">Edward Bartow</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Weidlein" title="Edward R. Weidlein">Edward R. Weidlein</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Whitmore" title="Frank C. Whitmore">Frank C. Whitmore</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Kraus" title="Charles A. Kraus">Charles A. Kraus</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Lind" title="Samuel C. Lind">Samuel C. Lind</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lloyd Evans (page does not exist)">William Lloyd Evans</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_N._Holmes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry N. Holmes (page does not exist)">Harry N. Holmes</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Per_K._Frolich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Per K. Frolich (page does not exist)">Per K. Frolich</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Midgley_Jr." title="Thomas Midgley Jr.">Thomas Midgley Jr.</a> (1944)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl S. Marvel</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradley_Dewey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradley Dewey (page does not exist)">Bradley Dewey</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Albert_Noyes_Jr." title="W. Albert Noyes Jr.">W. Albert Noyes Jr.</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles A. Thomas</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_H._Volwiler" title="Ernest H. Volwiler">Ernest H. Volwiler</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N._Howell_Funnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. Howell Funnan (page does not exist)">N. Howell Funnan</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edgar_C._Britton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edgar C. Britton (page does not exist)">Edgar C. Britton</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrington_Daniels" title="Farrington Daniels">Farrington Daniels</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Fisher" title="Harry L. Fisher">Harry L. Fisher</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Henry_Hildebrand" title="Joel Henry Hildebrand">Joel H. Hildebrand</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Warner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. Warner (page does not exist)">John C. Warner</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_J._Williams" title="Roger J. Williams">Roger J. Williams</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_F._Rassweiler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford F. Rassweiler (page does not exist)">Clifford F. Rassweiler</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bailar_Jr." title="John C. Bailar Jr.">John C. Bailar Jr.</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_L._Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert L. Elder (page does not exist)">Albert L. Elder</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Cope" title="Arthur C. Cope">Arthur C. Cope</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_H._Arveson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice H. Arveson (page does not exist)">Maurice H. Arveson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Sparks" title="William J. Sparks">William J. Sparks</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Overberger" title="Charles G. Overberger">Charles G. Overberger</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cairns" title="Robert W. Cairns">Robert W. Cairns</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_R._Brode" title="Wallace R. Brode">Wallace R. Brode</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byron_Riegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byron Riegel (page does not exist)">Byron Riegel</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_C._Nixon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan C. Nixon (page does not exist)">Alan C. Nixon</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_S._Friedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard S. Friedman (page does not exist)">Bernard S. Friedman</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bailey" title="William J. Bailey">William J. Bailey</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry A. Hill">Henry A. Hill</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_J._Harrison" title="Anna J. Harrison">Anna J. Harrison</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner_W._Stacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardner W. Stacy (page does not exist)">Gardner W. Stacy</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._D%27Ianni" title="James D. D'Ianni">James D. D'Ianni</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_C._Zettlemoyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert C. Zettlemoyer (page does not exist)">Albert C. Zettlemoyer</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Parry" title="Robert W. Parry">Robert W. Parry</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Basolo" title="Fred Basolo">Fred Basolo</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_D._Niederhauser" title="Warren D. Niederhauser">Warren D. Niederhauser</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellis_K._Fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellis K. Fields (page does not exist)">Ellis K. Fields</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Good" title="Mary L. Good">Mary L. Good</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_L._Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon L. Nelson (page does not exist)">Gordon L. Nelson</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clayton_F._Callis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clayton F. Callis (page does not exist)">Clayton F. Callis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Gassman" title="Paul G. Gassman">Paul G. Gassman</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Allen_Heininger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Allen Heininger (page does not exist)">S. Allen Heininger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Eliel" title="Ernest L. Eliel">Ernest L. Eliel</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen M. Free</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_D._Heindel" title="Ned D. Heindel">Ned D. Heindel</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_M._Rushton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian M. Rushton (page does not exist)">Brian M. Rushton</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S._Anderson" title="Paul S. Anderson">Paul S. Anderson</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_H.L._Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul H.L. Walter (page does not exist)">Paul H.L. Walter</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edel_Wasserman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edel Wasserman (page does not exist)">Edel Wasserman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daryle_H._Busch" title="Daryle H. Busch">Daryle H. Busch</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<i>present</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attila_E._Pavlath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attila E. Pavlath (page does not exist)">Attila E. Pavlath</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_M._Pearce" title="Eli M. Pearce">Eli M. Pearce</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Reichmanis" title="Elsa Reichmanis">Elsa Reichmanis</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Casey" title="Charles P. Casey">Charles P. Casey</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Carroll_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William F. Carroll Jr. (page does not exist)">William F. Carroll Jr.</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Nalley" title="Elizabeth Ann Nalley">Elizabeth Ann Nalley</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_T._Hunt" title="Catherine T. Hunt">Catherine T. Hunt</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_E._Bursten" title="Bruce E. Bursten">Bruce E. Bursten</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Lane" title="Thomas H. Lane">Thomas H. Lane</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francisco" title="Joseph Francisco">Joseph Francisco</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_B._Jackson" title="Nancy B. Jackson">Nancy B. Jackson</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Shakhashiri" title="Bassam Shakhashiri">Bassam Z. Shakhashiri</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinda_Li_Wu" title="Marinda Li Wu">Marinda Li Wu</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Barton" title="Thomas J. Barton">Thomas J. Barton</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Grob_Schmidt" title="Diane Grob Schmidt">Diane Grob Schmidt</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Nelson" title="Donna Nelson">Donna J. Nelson</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_A._Campbell" title="Allison A. Campbell">Allison A. Campbell</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Dorhout" title="Peter K. Dorhout">Peter K. Dorhout</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_A._Charpentier" title="Bonnie A. Charpentier">Bonnie A. Charpentier</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echegoyen" title="Luis Echegoyen">Luis Echegoyen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.N._Cheng" class="mw-redirect" title="H.N. Cheng">H.N. Cheng</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_K._Wilson" title="Angela K. Wilson">Angela K. Wilson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Giordan" title="Judith Giordan">Judith Giordan</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_K._Carroll" title="Mary K. Carroll">Mary K. Carroll</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_J._Phillips" title="Dorothy J. Phillips">Dorothy J. 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