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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Toxicology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toxicology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Toxicodynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Toxicokinetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms_of_abrin_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms_of_abrin_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Signs and symptoms of abrin exposure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signs_and_symptoms_of_abrin_exposure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signs and symptoms of abrin exposure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms_of_abrin_exposure-sublist" 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title="Abrin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abrin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abrin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Αμπρίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμπρίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrina" title="Abrina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abrina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrine" title="Abrine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abrine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrina" title="Abrina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abrina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrine" title="Abrine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abrine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abr%C3%ADn" title="Abrín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abrín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abriini" title="Abriini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abriini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abrin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="อะบริน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะบริน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abrin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E6%AF%8D%E7%8F%A0%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" title="雞母珠毒素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雞母珠毒素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%">Abrin-a</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abrin-a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Abrin-a.png/220px-Abrin-a.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Abrin-a.png/330px-Abrin-a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Abrin-a.png/440px-Abrin-a.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Abrin-a structure (<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1ABR">1ABR</a></span>). The <b>A</b> chain is shown in blue and the <b>B</b> chain in olive. A single peptide is cleaved into the two chains.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Organism</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=%27%27Abrus+precatorius%27%27&rn=1"><i>Abrus precatorius</i></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/CAS_registry_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS registry number">CAS number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1393-62-0&title=">1393-62-0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P11140">P11140</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P11140">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P11140">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Abrin </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1393-62-0">1393-62-0</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C20068">C20068</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>AA5250000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/6YCF89P8OX">6YCF89P8OX</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>3462 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Abrin</b> is an extremely toxic <a href="/wiki/Toxalbumin" title="Toxalbumin">toxalbumin</a> found in the seeds of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary_pea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary pea">rosary pea</a> (or jequirity pea), <i><a href="/wiki/Abrus_precatorius" title="Abrus precatorius">Abrus precatorius</a></i>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> of 0.7 micrograms per kilogram of body mass when given to mice intravenously (approximately 3.86 times more toxic than <a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">ricin</a>, being 2.7 micrograms per kilogram).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The median toxic dose for humans ranges from 10 to 1000 micrograms per kilogram when ingested and is 3.3 micrograms per kilogram when inhaled.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abrin is a <a href="/wiki/Ribosome_inactivating_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribosome inactivating protein">ribosome inhibiting protein</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">ricin</a>, a toxin which can be found in the seeds of the <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor oil plant">castor oil plant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulchellin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulchellin (page does not exist)">pulchellin</a>, a toxin which can be found in the seeds of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrus_pulchellus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abrus pulchellus (page does not exist)">Abrus pulchellus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abrin is classed as a "<a href="/wiki/Select_agent" title="Select agent">select agent</a>" under <a href="/wiki/U.S._law" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. law">U.S. law</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abrin is only formed in nature by the rosary pea. The brightly coloured seeds of this plant contain about 0.08% of abrin. The toxin is found within the seeds, and its release is prevented by the seed coat. If the seed coat is injured or destroyed (by chewing, for example) the toxin may be released. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abrus_precatorius_pods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Abrus_precatorius_pods.jpg/220px-Abrus_precatorius_pods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Abrus_precatorius_pods.jpg/330px-Abrus_precatorius_pods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Abrus_precatorius_pods.jpg/440px-Abrus_precatorius_pods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The rosary pea is the source plant of abrin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abrin is a water-soluble<sup id="cite_ref-factsAbout_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsAbout-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectin</a>. Abrin in powdered form is yellowish-white. It is a stable substance and can withstand extreme environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-factsAbout_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsAbout-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it is <a href="/wiki/Combustibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustibility">combustible</a>, it does not <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerize</a> easily and is not particularly <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemically, abrin is a mixture of four isotoxins, these being abrin-a (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P11140">P11140</a></span>), -b (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q06077">Q06077</a></span>), -c (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P28590">P28590</a></span>), and -d (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q06076">Q06076</a></span>). Occasionally, the non-toxic hemagglutinin of <i><a href="/wiki/Abrus_precatorius" title="Abrus precatorius">Abrus precatorius</a></i> (<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9M6E9">Q9M6E9</a></span>; <i>AAG</i>) is also included as the fifth protein under the collective name 'abrin'. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png/202px-Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png/303px-Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png/403px-Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of the similar structures of abrin-a (red) and ricin (blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>Abrin-a is the most potent of the four isotoxins, encoded for by an intron-free <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, and consists of two subunits or chains, A and B. The primary product of protein biosynthesis, preproabrin, consists of a signal <a href="/wiki/Peptide_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptide sequence">peptide sequence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> sequences for subunits A and B, and a linker. A molecule of abrin-a has a total of 528 amino acids and is about 65 kDa in mass. Abrin-a is formed after the cleavage of a signal peptide sequence and <a href="/wiki/Post-translational_modifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-translational modifications">post-translational modifications</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bridge">disulfide bridge</a> formation in the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> (ER). The other three abrins, as well as the agglutinin, have a similar structure. </p><p>In terms of structure, abrin-a is related to the lectin, <a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">ricin</a>, produced in the seeds of <i><a href="/wiki/Ricinus_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricinus communis">Ricinus communis</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abrin is not known to have been weaponised.<sup id="cite_ref-factsAbout_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsAbout-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to its high toxicity and the possibility of being processed into an <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a>, the use of abrin as a biological weapon is possible in principle.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrinpoisoning_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrinpoisoning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the rosary pea yields only small quantities of abrin, which reduces the risk. </p><p>The rosary pea is common to tropical regions, and is occasionally employed as an herbal remedy for certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Seed_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed coat">outer shell</a> of the seed protects its contents from the stomachs of most mammals, the seed coats are occasionally punctured to make beaded jewelry. This can lead to poisoning if a seed is swallowed, or if such jewelry is worn against damaged skin.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abrin has been shown to act as an <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">immunoadjuvant</a> in the treatment of cancer in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicology">Toxicology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Toxicology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symptoms of abrin poisoning include <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colic" title="Colic">colic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremors</a>. Death usually occurs after a few days due to <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_paralysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory paralysis">respiratory paralysis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is no consensus on the level of lethal dose in humans after oral intake, it is assumed that the intake of 0.1 to 1 microgram per kilogram of body weight, or the consumption of a single seed of the rosary pea, may be fatal, but this information is insufficiently documented.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrinpoisoning_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrinpoisoning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to other estimates, the LD<sub>50</sub> value of abrin is between 10 and 1000 μg/kg and is comparable to that of ricin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The severity of the effects of abrin poisoning vary on the means of exposure to the substance (whether inhaled, ingested, or injected).<sup id="cite_ref-factsAbout_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsAbout-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to abrin on the skin can cause an <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reaction</a>, indicated by <a href="/wiki/Vesication" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesication">blisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">redness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritation" title="Irritation">irritation</a>, and pain,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, there is no evidence of toxicity after skin contact. </p><p>Abrin is significantly more toxic following intravenous administration. The LD<sub>50</sub> values obtained vary between 0.03 and 0.06 μg/kg in rabbits and between 1.25 and 1.3 μg/kg in dogs, depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In clinical studies involving cancer patients, up to 0.3 μg/kg of intravenous abrin immunotoxin was tolerated without the development of serious symptoms of toxicity. </p><p>The toxicity of abrin is increased if it is inhaled. In rats, the LD<sub>50</sub> for this route of administration is 3.3 μg/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_et_al._(1995)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths_et_al._(1995)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicodynamics">Toxicodynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Toxicodynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abrin resembles ricin, in that it also is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP-II) with a similar mode of action, but the effect of abrin is more potent than that of ricin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The toxic effect of abrin is due to an intracellular, multi-step process. Abrin binds to and penetrates the cells of the body, inhibiting cell protein synthesis after being transported to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). By attaching its non-specifically binding B chain, which acts as a haptomer, to the carbohydrate chain of a glycoprotein on the cell surface, the abrin molecule anchors itself to the cell and is subsequently engulfed. However, both specific and nonspecific binding result in the uptake of abrin via <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a>, as well as the activation of the A chain, caused by the cleavage of the B chain. The activated A chain of abrin, the effectomer, then enters the inner parts of the cell, where it cleaves an adenine (A4324) nucleobase from the <a href="/wiki/28S_ribosomal_RNA" title="28S ribosomal RNA">28S rRNA</a> of the large ribosomal subunit of a ribosome on or near the ER, inhibiting the regular process of cellular protein synthesis. Without these proteins, cells cannot survive. This is harmful to the human body and can be fatal in small exposures. Additionally, abrin also may bind to cells specifically bearing the mannose receptor on their surface; since this receptor is found in a particularly high density on cells of the <a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system" title="Mononuclear phagocyte system">reticulohistiocytic system</a>, that system in particular is affected by the toxicity of abrin.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrinpoisoning_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrinpoisoning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicokinetics">Toxicokinetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Toxicokinetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Toxicokinetics" title="Toxicokinetics">toxicokinetics</a> of abrin is limited and debated. Due to its biochemical properties and its similarity to ricin, it is believed that abrin is at least partially degraded in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the molecule also restricts absorption through the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, the numerous deaths caused from consuming rosary pea seeds confirm that enough of the toxin can be absorbed into the systemic circulation via the gastrointestinal tract to cause death.<sup id="cite_ref-Abrinpoisoning_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrinpoisoning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Murine studies show that there is an accumulation of abrin after <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injection</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, blood cells, <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. The molecule is excreted via the kidneys after it undergoes proteolytic cleavage.<sup id="cite_ref-Fodstad_et_al._(1996)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fodstad_et_al._(1996)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms_of_abrin_exposure">Signs and symptoms of abrin exposure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms of abrin exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major symptoms of abrin poisoning depend on the route of exposure and the dose received, though many organs may be affected in severe cases. In general, symptoms can appear anywhere between several hours to several days after exposure. Initial symptoms of abrin poisoning by inhalation may occur within 8 hours of exposure but a more typical time course is 18–24 hours; they can prove fatal within 36–72 hours. Following ingestion of abrin, initial symptoms usually occur rapidly, but can take up to five days to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later signs and symptoms of exposure are caused by abrin's cytotoxic effects, killing cells in the kidney, liver, adrenal glands, and central nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhalation">Inhalation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inhalation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within a few hours of inhaling abrin, common symptoms include fever, cough, airway irritation, <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest tightness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a> (excess fluid accumulated in the lungs), and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>. This makes breathing difficult (called <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>), and the skin might turn blue or black in a condition called <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, which is a symptom of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>. Excess fluid in the lungs can be diagnosed by <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-ray</a> or by listening to the chest with a <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a>. As the effects of abrin progress, a person can become <a href="/wiki/Diaphoretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoretic">diaphoretic</a> (sweating heavily) and fluid can build up further. Their <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> may drop dramatically, keeping oxygen from reaching the brain and other vital organs in a condition called <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a> may occur, which can be fatal within 36 to 72 hours. If an exposure to abrin by inhalation is not fatal, the airway can become sensitized or irritated.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ingestion">Ingestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ingestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swallowing any amount of abrin can lead to a slow-burn process of severe symptoms. Early symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, pain in the mouth, throat, and esophagus, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a> (trouble swallowing), and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal cramps and pain</a>. As the symptoms progress, bleeding and inflammation begins in the gastrointestinal tract. The affected person can vomit up blood (<a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">hematemesis</a>), have blood in their feces, which creates a black, tarry stool called <a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">melena</a>, and more internal bleeding. Loss of blood volume and water from nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding causes blood pressure to drop and organ damage to begin, which can be seen as the person begins to have <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a>/drowsiness, <a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">hematuria</a> (blood in the urine), <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polydipsia" title="Polydipsia">polydipsia</a> (excessive thirst), and <a href="/wiki/Oliguria" title="Oliguria">oliguria</a> (low urine production). This ultimately results in <a href="/wiki/Multiple_organ_dysfunction_syndrome" title="Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome">multi-system organ failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemic_shock" title="Hypovolemic shock">hypovolemic shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulatory collapse">vascular collapse</a>, and death.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorption">Absorption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abrin can be absorbed through broken skin or absorbed through the skin if dissolved in certain solvents. It can also be injected in small pellets and absorbed through contact with the eyes. Abrin in the powder or mist form can cause redness and pain in the eyes (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>) in small doses. Small doses absorbed through the eyes can also cause tearing (<a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">lacrimation</a>). Higher doses can cause tissue damage, severe bleeding at the back of the eye (<a href="/wiki/Retinal_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinal hemorrhage">retinal hemorrhage</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Vision_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision impairment">vision impairment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>. A large enough dose can be absorbed into the bloodstream and lead to systemic toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because no <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidote</a> exists for abrin, the most important factor is avoiding abrin exposure in the first place. If exposure cannot be avoided, the most important factor is then getting the abrin off or out of the body as quickly as possible. Abrin exposure can be prevented when it is present in large quantities by wearing appropriate <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>. Abrin poisoning is treated with <a href="/wiki/Supportive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Supportive care">supportive care</a> to minimize the effects of the poisoning. This care varies based on the route of exposure and the time since exposure. For recent ingestion, administration of <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_(medication)" title="Activated charcoal (medication)">activated charcoal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">gastric lavage</a> are both options. Using an emetic (vomiting agent) is not a useful treatment. In cases of eye exposure, flushing the eye with saline helps to remove abrin. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airway_management" title="Airway management">airway management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">assisted ventilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monitoring_(medicine)" title="Monitoring (medicine)">monitoring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">IV fluid administration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> replacement are also important components of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_mistletoe" class="mw-redirect" title="European mistletoe">European mistletoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGill_DM1982" 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"Examination of the toxicity of several protein toxins of plant origin using bovine pulmonary endothelial cells". <i>Toxicology</i>. <b>90</b> (1–2): 11–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0300-483X%2894%2990201-1">10.1016/0300-483X(94)90201-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8023336">8023336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology&rft.atitle=Examination+of+the+toxicity+of+several+protein+toxins+of+plant+origin+using+bovine+pulmonary+endothelial+cells&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=11-27&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0300-483X%2894%2990201-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8023336&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=G.+D.&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+C.+D.&rft.au=Upshall%2C+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbrin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinKaoTung1970" class="citation journal cs1">Lin JY, Kao CL, Tung TC (1970). "Study on the effect of tryptic digestion on the toxicity of abrin". <i>Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 61–3. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5270832">5270832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Yi+Xue+Hui+Za+Zhi.+Journal+of+the+Formosan+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Study+on+the+effect+of+tryptic+digestion+on+the+toxicity+of+abrin&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-3&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5270832&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=J.+Y.&rft.au=Kao%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=Tung%2C+T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbrin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fodstad_et_al._(1996)-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fodstad_et_al._(1996)_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFodstadOlsnesPihl1976" class="citation journal cs1">Fodstad Ø, Olsnes S, Pihl A (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2025264">"Toxicity, distribution and elimination of the cancerostatic lectins abrin and ricin after parenteral injection into mice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Br_J_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Br J Cancer">Br J Cancer</a></i>. <b>34</b> (4): 418–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjc.1976.187">10.1038/bjc.1976.187</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2025264">2025264</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/974006">974006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Cancer&rft.atitle=Toxicity%2C+distribution+and+elimination+of+the+cancerostatic+lectins+abrin+and+ricin+after+parenteral+injection+into+mice&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=418-425&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2025264%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F974006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjc.1976.187&rft.aulast=Fodstad&rft.aufirst=%C3%98&rft.au=Olsnes%2C+S&rft.au=Pihl%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2025264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbrin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Abrin">Abrin</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/EmergencyResponseCard_29750000.html">"Abrin: Biotoxin"</a>. <i>The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database</i>. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2018-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Emergency+Response+Safety+and+Health+Database&rft.atitle=Abrin%3A+Biotoxin&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fershdb%2FEmergencyResponseCard_29750000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbrin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/1abr">"The Crystal Structure of Abrin-A"</a>. Proteopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crystal+Structure+of+Abrin-A&rft.pub=Proteopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proteopedia.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2F1abr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbrin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Protein:_lectins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protein:_lectins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Animal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/C-type_lectin" title="C-type lectin">C-type lectins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asialoglycoprotein_receptor" title="Asialoglycoprotein receptor">Asialoglycoprotein receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLRD1" title="KLRD1">KLRD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectin" title="Collectin">Collectin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannan-binding_lectin" title="Mannan-binding lectin">Mannan-binding lectin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose_receptor" title="Mannose receptor">Mannose receptor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proteochondroitin_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteochondroitin sulfate">proteochondroitin sulfate</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggrecan" title="Aggrecan">Aggrecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versican" title="Versican">Versican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevican" title="Brevican">Brevican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocan" title="Neurocan">Neurocan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGLEC">SIGLEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sialoadhesin" title="Sialoadhesin">Sialoadhesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD22" title="CD22">CD22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD33" title="CD33">CD33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin-associated_glycoprotein" title="Myelin-associated glycoprotein">Myelin-associated glycoprotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC5" title="SIGLEC5">SIGLEC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC6" title="SIGLEC6">SIGLEC6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC7" title="SIGLEC7">SIGLEC7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC8" title="SIGLEC8">SIGLEC8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC9" title="SIGLEC9">SIGLEC9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC10" title="SIGLEC10">SIGLEC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC12" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGLEC12">SIGLEC12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calnexin" title="Calnexin">Calnexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calreticulin" title="Calreticulin">Calreticulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galectin" title="Galectin">Galectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylglucosamine_receptor" title="N-Acetylglucosamine receptor">N-Acetylglucosamine receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectin" title="Selectin">Selectin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Plant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxalbumin" title="Toxalbumin">Toxalbumins</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitogen" title="Mitogen">Mitogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concanavalin_A" title="Concanavalin A">Concanavalin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">Phytohaemagglutinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokeweed_mitogen" title="Pokeweed mitogen">Pokeweed mitogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume_lectin" title="Legume lectin">Legume lectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BanLec" title="BanLec">BanLec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abrin&oldid=1228751395">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abrin&oldid=1228751395</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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