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Mohammed ben Hadou - Wikipedia

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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mohammed_bin_Hadou_Moroccan_ambassador_to_Great_Britain_1682.jpg/220px-Mohammed_bin_Hadou_Moroccan_ambassador_to_Great_Britain_1682.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mohammed_bin_Hadou_Moroccan_ambassador_to_Great_Britain_1682.jpg/330px-Mohammed_bin_Hadou_Moroccan_ambassador_to_Great_Britain_1682.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mohammed_bin_Hadou_Moroccan_ambassador_to_Great_Britain_1682.jpg/440px-Mohammed_bin_Hadou_Moroccan_ambassador_to_Great_Britain_1682.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Mohammed bin Hadou, Moroccan ambassador to Great Britain in 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_of_Morocco_Mohammed_ben_Hadou_riding_in_Hyde_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ambassador_of_Morocco_Mohammed_ben_Hadou_riding_in_Hyde_Park.jpg/220px-Ambassador_of_Morocco_Mohammed_ben_Hadou_riding_in_Hyde_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ambassador_of_Morocco_Mohammed_ben_Hadou_riding_in_Hyde_Park.jpg/330px-Ambassador_of_Morocco_Mohammed_ben_Hadou_riding_in_Hyde_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ambassador_of_Morocco_Mohammed_ben_Hadou_riding_in_Hyde_Park.jpg/440px-Ambassador_of_Morocco_Mohammed_ben_Hadou_riding_in_Hyde_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador Ben Hadou, riding in Hyde Park, 1682.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mohammed ben Hadou</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد بن حدو أعطار</span>), also <b>Mohammad bin Hadou</b>, <b>Mohammad bin Hadu</b> or <b>Muhammad ben Haddu al'Attar</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> ambassador sent to the English court of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muley_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Muley Ismail">Muley Ismail</a> in 1681–82.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to the contemporary English commentator <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>, he was the son of an English woman.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>He arrived in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> on 29 December 1681, and left on 23 July 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowenthal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowenthal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His six-month visit to England was highly commented upon, publicized in the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gazette">London Gazette</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Lowenthal_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowenthal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was even the subject of occasional poems.<sup id="cite_ref-TurksMoors_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurksMoors-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He visited <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> among many other places and became a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in April.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a> recorded that he was "the fashion of the season",<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and commented on him that he was "a handsome person, well featured and of a wise look, subtile and extremely civile".<sup id="cite_ref-Suranyi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suranyi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the theater the ambassador behaved "with extreme modesty and gravity".<sup id="cite_ref-Suranyi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suranyi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He struck a magnificent figure riding in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TurksMoors_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurksMoors-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mohammed returned to Morocco with a draft Peace and Trade Treaty which was finally not ratified by his king because of outstanding issues regarding the English military presence in <a href="/wiki/Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangiers">Tangiers</a> and English captives in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The exchanges started 40 years of a shifting <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a> related to European conflicts, trade issues, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> pirates and the exchange of captives.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>England <a href="/wiki/Socinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinians">Socinians</a> wrote letters for Mohammed bin Hadou to remit to Mulay Ismail, in which they praised God for having "preserved your Emperor and his people in the excellent knowledge of that truth touching your belief in a onely sovereign God, who has no distinct [...] or plurality of persons", and praising "Mahomet" for being "a scourge on those idolizing Christians".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, they also complained that the Qur'an contained contradictions that must have been a consequence of its editing after Mohammed's death.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his stay Mohammed bin Hadou's interpreter Lucas apparently married an English servant who would accompany the lot back to Morocco. But Lucas ended up stealing some money from Mohammed bin Hadou and ran away. He was caught and cross-examined, after which he was locked up at Newgate prison. But Mohammed bin Hadou forgave him and let him return to Morocco with him<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Mohammed bin Hadou's return to Morocco he acquired a reputation, in the eyes of the English slaves held there, of being particularly cruel towards them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forty years of shifting alliances between the two countries would follow Mohammed's embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-Nash_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nash-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_ben_Hadou&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Protestantism">Islam and Protestantism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_ben_Hadou&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In the lands of the Christians</i> by Nabil Matar, back cover <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93228-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93228-9">0-415-93228-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nash-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nash_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qzMWLlaaecC&amp;pg=PA54">Wild enlightenment: the borders of human identity in the eighteenth century</a></i> by Richard Nash p.54-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YcouJuKiC0C&amp;pg=PA38"><i>Islam in Britain, 1558-1685</i> Nabil I. Matar p.38</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowenthal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowenthal_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowenthal_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcdetW01ZREC&amp;pg=PA215">Performing identities on the Restoration stage</a></i> by Cynthia Lowenthal p.215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TurksMoors-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TurksMoors_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TurksMoors_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nabil Matar, <i>Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery</i>, pp38f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708073537/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini">"Fellows detail"</a>. Royal Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&amp;dsqApp=Archive&amp;dsqCmd=Show.tcl&amp;dsqDb=Persons&amp;dsqPos=0&amp;dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Haddu%27%29">the original</a> on 8 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Fellows+detail&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Society&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.royalsociety.org%2FDServe.exe%3FdsqIni%3DDserve.ini%26dsqApp%3DArchive%26dsqCmd%3DShow.tcl%26dsqDb%3DPersons%26dsqPos%3D0%26dsqSearch%3D%2528%2528text%2529%253D%2527Haddu%2527%2529&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMohammed+ben+Hadou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suranyi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suranyi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suranyi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcV8ZE6uz7MC&amp;pg=PA58"><i>The genius of the English nation</i> by Anna Suranyi p.58-</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIrLtSqJ-dYC&amp;pg=PA14">Britain and Morocco during the embassy of John Drummond Hay, 1845-1886</a></i> by Khalid Ben Srhir p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5zaEZTOnaAC&amp;pg=PA134">Religious toleration: "the variety of rites" from Cyrus to Defoe</a></i> by John Christian Laursen p.134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matar, Nabil, Europe Through Arab Eyes: 1578-1727. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hidden Heritage<i> by Fatima Manji p.23</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?cc=eebo2;c=eebo2;idno=a54661.0001.001;node=A54661.0001.001:5;seq=16;vid=42259;page=root;view=text">Thomas Phelps, A True Account of the Captivity of Thomas Phelps at Machaness in Barbary and of His Strange Escape in Company of Edmund Baxter and Others, as Also of the Burning Two of the Greatest Pirat-Ships Belonging to That Kingdom in the River of Mamora upon the Thirteenth Day of June 1685 (London: Joseph Hindmarsh, 1685), p. 9.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐556c5f94cd‐hxb8z Cached time: 20241130031704 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.269 seconds Real time usage: 0.339 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 709/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6198/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1161/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14232/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.169/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17454989/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 304.745 1 -total 53.21% 162.164 1 Template:Reflist 43.58% 132.797 1 Template:Langx 18.98% 57.845 1 Template:Cite_web 15.39% 46.886 1 Template:ISBN 11.55% 35.198 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 11.39% 34.698 1 Template:Dead_link 9.82% 29.921 1 Template:Fix 7.56% 23.049 2 Template:Category_handler 1.25% 3.821 1 Template:Px2 --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:24704752:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241130031704 and revision id 1255441095. 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