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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Base_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Base Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Advanced Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphics_Device_Interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics_Device_Interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Graphics Device Interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics_Device_Interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_Interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_Interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>User Interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_Interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_Dialog_Box_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_Dialog_Box_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Common Dialog Box Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_Dialog_Box_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_Control_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_Control_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Common Control Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_Control_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_Shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_Shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Windows Shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_Shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Network Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Program interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Major versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compiler_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compiler_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Compiler support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compiler_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="واجهة برمجة تطبيقات ويندوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واجهة برمجة تطبيقات ويندوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_de_Windows" title="API de Windows – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="API de Windows" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Windows Application Programming Interface – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Windows Application Programming Interface" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8E%CE%BD_Windows" title="Διεπαφή Προγραμματισμού Εφαρμογών Windows – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεπαφή Προγραμματισμού Εφαρμογών Windows" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win32_API" title="Win32 API – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Win32 API" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C" title="ویندوز ای‌پی‌آی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویندوز ای‌پی‌آی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0_API" title="윈도우 API – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈도우 API" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarmuka_Pemrograman_Aplikasi_Windows" title="Antarmuka Pemrograman Aplikasi Windows – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antarmuka Pemrograman Aplikasi Windows" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_do_Windows" title="API do Windows – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="API do Windows" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_Windows" title="API Windows – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="API Windows" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Windows API" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Win32_API&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32 API">Win32 API</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Microsoft's core set of application programming interfaces on Windows</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Windows API</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_2000_architecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Windows_2000_architecture.svg/220px-Windows_2000_architecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Windows_2000_architecture.svg/330px-Windows_2000_architecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Windows_2000_architecture.svg/440px-Windows_2000_architecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="850" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Win32" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32">Win32</a> subsystem shown next to the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">POSIX</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS/2_subsystem" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 subsystem">OS/2 subsystem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" title="Architecture of Windows NT">architecture of Windows NT</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Win64" class="mw-redirect" title="Win64">Win64</a> is also available.)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">November 20, 1985<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985-11-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DOS_API" title="DOS API">DOS API</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/apps/">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/apps/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Windows API</b>, informally <b>WinAPI</b>, is the foundational <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">application programming interface (API)</a> that allows a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> to access the features of the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> in which the program is running. Programs access API functionality via <a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">dynamic-link library</a> (DLL) technology. </p><p>Each major version of the Windows API has a distinct name that identifies a compatibility aspect of that version. For example, Win32 is the major version of Windows API that runs on 32-bit systems. The name, Windows API, collectively refers to all versions of this capability of Windows. </p><p>Microsoft provides developer support via a <a href="/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">software development kit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_SDK" title="Microsoft Windows SDK">Microsoft Windows SDK</a>, which includes documentation and tools for building software based on the Windows API. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: The categories are out of date, as are the references for it; see, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/apiindex/windows-api-list">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/apiindex/windows-api-list</a>..<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This section lists notable services provided by the Windows API.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Base_Services">Base Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Base Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Base services include features such as the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">threads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Error_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Error handling">error handling</a>. These functions reside in <samp>kernel.exe</samp>, <samp>krnl286.exe</samp> or <samp>krnl386.exe</samp> files on 16-bit Windows, and <samp><a href="/wiki/Kernel32.dll" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel32.dll">kernel32.dll</a> and KernelBase.dll</samp> on 32 and 64 bit Windows. These files reside in the folder <samp>\Windows\System32</samp> on all versions of Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-msdn-base_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-base-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_Services">Advanced Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advanced Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advanced services include features beyond the kernel like the <a href="/wiki/Windows_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows registry">Windows registry</a>, shutdown/restart the system (or abort), start/stop/create a <a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">Windows service</a>, manage user accounts. These functions reside in <samp>advapi32.dll</samp> and <samp>advapires32.dll</samp> on 32-bit Windows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics_Device_Interface">Graphics Device Interface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graphics Device Interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Graphics Device Interface</a> (GDI) component provides features to output graphics content to <a href="/wiki/Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">monitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printers</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">output devices</a>. It resides in <samp>gdi.exe</samp> on 16-bit Windows, and <samp><a href="/wiki/Gdi32.dll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdi32.dll">gdi32.dll</a></samp> on 32-bit Windows in user-mode. Kernel-mode GDI support is provided by <code>win32k.sys</code> which communicates directly with the graphics driver.<sup id="cite_ref-msdn-gdi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-gdi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_Interface">User Interface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: User Interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Windows_User" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows User">User Interface</a> component provides features to create and manage screen <a href="/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">windows</a> and most basic controls, such as <a href="/wiki/Button_(computing)" title="Button (computing)">buttons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scrollbar" title="Scrollbar">scrollbars</a>, receive mouse and keyboard input, and other functions associated with the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) part of Windows. This functional unit resides in <samp>user.exe</samp> on 16-bit Windows, and <samp><a href="/wiki/User32.dll" class="mw-redirect" title="User32.dll">user32.dll</a></samp> on 32-bit Windows. Since <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> versions, the basic controls reside in <samp>comctl32.dll</samp>, together with the common controls (Common Control Library).<sup id="cite_ref-msdn-ui_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-ui-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_Dialog_Box_Library">Common Dialog Box Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Common Dialog Box Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Common Dialog Box Library provides standard <a href="/wiki/Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">dialog boxes</a> to open and save files, choose color and font, etc. The library resides in a file called <samp>commdlg.dll</samp> on 16-bit Windows, and <samp>comdlg32.dll</samp> on 32-bit Windows. It is grouped under the <i>User Interface</i> category of the API.<sup id="cite_ref-msdn-comdlg_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-comdlg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_Control_Library">Common Control Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common Control Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Common Control Library provides access to advanced user interface controls include things like <a href="/wiki/Status_bar" title="Status bar">status bars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progress_bar" title="Progress bar">progress bars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toolbar" title="Toolbar">toolbars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tab_(GUI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tab (GUI)">tabs</a>. The library resides in a DLL file called <samp>commctrl.dll</samp> on 16-bit Windows, and <samp>comctl32.dll</samp> on 32-bit Windows. It is grouped under the <i>User Interface</i> category of the API.<sup id="cite_ref-msdn-ccl_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-ccl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_Shell">Windows Shell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Windows Shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Windows Shell component provides access to the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system shell">operating system shell</a>. The component resides in <samp>shell.dll</samp> on 16-bit Windows, and <samp>shell32.dll</samp> on 32-bit Windows. The Shell Lightweight Utility Functions are in <samp>shlwapi.dll</samp>. It is grouped under the <i>User Interface</i> category of the API.<sup id="cite_ref-msdn-shell_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-shell-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msdn-shell2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-shell2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_Services">Network Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Network Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Network Services provide access to the various <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> abilities of the operating system. Its subcomponents include <a href="/wiki/NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winsock" title="Winsock">Winsock</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetDDE" class="mw-redirect" title="NetDDE">NetDDE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a> (RPC) and many more. This component resides in <samp>netapi32.dll</samp> on 32-bit Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-msdn-network_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-network-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> (IE) web browser exposes APIs and as such could be considered part of the Windows API. IE has been included with the operating system since <a href="/wiki/Windows_95_OSR2" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 95 OSR2">Windows 95 OSR2</a> and has provided web-related services to applications since <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-msdn-browser_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-browser-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_interaction">Program interaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Program interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Windows API is a <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a>-based API.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Functions and data structures are consumable via C syntax by including <a href="/wiki/Windows.h" title="Windows.h">windows.h</a>, but the API can be consumed via any programming language that can inter-operate with the API data structures and <a href="/wiki/Calling_convention" title="Calling convention">calling conventions</a> for <a href="/wiki/Function_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Function call">function calls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">callbacks</a>. </p><p>Of note, the implementation of API functions has been developed in several languages other than C.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the fact that C is not an <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP) language, the Windows API is somewhat object-oriented due to its use of handles. Various other technologies from Microsoft and others make this object-oriented aspect more apparent by using an OOP language such as C++ -- see <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">Microsoft Foundation Class Library</a> (MFC), <a href="/wiki/Visual_Component_Library" title="Visual Component Library">Visual Component Library</a> (VCL), <a href="/wiki/GDI%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="GDI+">GDI+</a>. Of note, <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> provides the Windows API and the <a href="/wiki/WinRT" class="mw-redirect" title="WinRT">WinRT</a> API, which is implemented in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a><sup id="cite_ref-rtcpp_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtcpp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is object-oriented by design.<sup id="cite_ref-rtcpp_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtcpp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows.pas is a <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Delphi</a> unit that exposes the features of Windows API – the <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Windows.h" title="Windows.h">windows.h</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_technologies">Related technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Related technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Microsoft technologies use the Windows API -- as most software running on Windows does. As middle-ware between Windows API and an application, the following technologies provide some access to Windows API. Some technologies are described as <a href="/wiki/Wrapper_library" title="Wrapper library">wrapping</a> Windows API, but this is debatable since they don't provide or expose all of the capabilities of Windows API. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">Microsoft Foundation Class Library</a> (MFC) exposes some of Windows API functionality in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, and thus allows a more <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> way to interact with the API</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Template_Library" title="Active Template Library">Active Template Library</a> (ATL) is a <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> <a href="/wiki/Template_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Template (programming)">template</a> library that provides some Windows API access</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library</a> (WTL) was developed as an extension to ATL, and intended as a smaller alternative to MFC</li> <li>Most <a href="/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">application frameworks</a> for Windows provide some access to Windows API; including <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET runtime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java virtual machine</a> and any other <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> targeting Windows</li> <li>Various technologies for communicating between components and applications – starting with <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">Dynamic Data Exchange</a> (DDE), which was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">Object Linking and Embedding</a> (OLE) and later by the <a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">Component Object Model</a> (COM), <a href="/wiki/OLE_Automation" title="OLE Automation">Automation Objects</a>, <a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a> controls, and the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li></ul> <p>Although almost all Windows programs use the Windows API, on the Windows NT line of operating systems, programs that start early in the <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_startup_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows NT startup process">Windows startup process</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Native_API" title="Windows Native API">Native API</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-technet-nativeapi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technet-nativeapi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Windows API has always exposed a large part of the underlying structure of the Windows systems to programmers. This had the advantage of giving them much flexibility and power over their applications, but also creates great responsibility in how applications handle various low-level, sometimes tedious, operations that are associated with a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>. </p><p>For example, a beginning C programmer will often write the simple "hello world" as their first assignment. The working part of the program is only a single printf line within the main subroutine. The overhead for linking to the standard I/O library is also only one line: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Computer_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Computer Programming">Computer Programming</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Computer_Programming/Hello_world#Windows_API_(in_C)" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Computer Programming/Hello world">Hello world#Windows API (in C)</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><stdio.h></span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Hello, World!</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Petzold" title="Charles Petzold">Charles Petzold</a>, who wrote several books about programming for the Windows API, said: "The original <a href="/wiki/Hello_world_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello world program">hello world program</a> in the Windows 1.0 SDK was a bit of a scandal. HELLO.C was about 150 lines long, and the HELLO.RC resource script had another 20 or so more lines. (...) Veteran programmers often curled up in horror or laughter when encountering the Windows hello-world program."<sup id="cite_ref-petzold-47_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petzold-47-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Petzold explains that while it was the first Windows sample programs developers were introduced to, it was quite "fancy" and more complex than needed. Tired of people ridiculing the length of the sample, he eventually reduced it to a simple MessageBox call.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, various changes and additions were made to Windows systems, and the Windows API changed and grew to reflect this.<sup id="cite_ref-winapi-changes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winapi-changes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Windows API for <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a> supported fewer than 450 <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">function calls</a>, whereas modern versions of the Windows API support thousands. However, in general, the interface remained fairly consistent, and an old Windows 1.0 application will still look familiar to a programmer who is used to the modern Windows API.<sup id="cite_ref-petzold-9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petzold-9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft has made an effort to maintain <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>. To achieve this, when developing new versions of Windows, Microsoft sometimes implemented workarounds<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to allow compatibility with third-party software that used the prior version in an undocumented or even inadvisable way. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chen_(Microsoft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Chen (Microsoft)">Raymond Chen</a>, a Microsoft developer who works on the Windows API, has said: "I could probably write for months solely about bad things apps do and what we had to do to get them to work again (often in spite of themselves). Which is why I get particularly furious when people accuse Microsoft of maliciously breaking applications during OS upgrades. If any application failed to run on Windows 95, I took it as a personal failure."<sup id="cite_ref-chen-bozos_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chen-bozos-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the largest changes to the Windows API was the transition from Win16 (shipped in Windows 3.1 and older) to <a href="/wiki/Win32" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32">Win32</a> (Windows NT and Windows 95 and up). While Win32 was originally introduced with <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Win32s" title="Win32s">Win32s</a> allowed use of a Win32 subset before Windows 95, it was not until Windows 95 that widespread porting of applications to Win32 began. To ease the transition, in Windows 95, for developers outside and inside Microsoft, a complex scheme of API <a href="/wiki/Thunk_(compatibility_mapping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunk (compatibility mapping)">thunks</a> was used that could allow 32-bit code to call into 16-bit code (for most of Win16 APIs) and vice versa. <i>Flat thunks</i> allowed 32-bit code to call into 16-bit libraries, and the scheme was used extensively inside Windows 95's libraries to avoid porting the whole OS to Win32 in one batch. In Windows NT, the OS was pure 32-bit, except parts for compatibility with 16-bit applications, and only generic thunks were available to thunk from Win16 to Win32, as for Windows 95. The Platform SDK shipped with a compiler that could produce the code needed for these thunks. Versions of 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> are also able to run 32-bit applications via <a href="/wiki/WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a>. The SysWOW64 folder located in the Windows folder on the OS drive contains several tools to support 32-bit applications.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_versions"><span class="anchor" id="Win16"></span><span class="anchor" id="Win32"></span><span class="anchor" id="Win32c"></span><span class="anchor" id="Win32s"></span><span class="anchor" id="Win64"></span><span class="anchor" id="WinCE"></span>Major versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Major versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each version of Microsoft Windows contains a version of Windows API, and almost every new version of Microsoft Windows has introduced additions and changes to the Windows API.<sup id="cite_ref-win32faq-history_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-win32faq-history-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name, Windows API, refers to essentially the same capability in each version of Windows, but there is another name for this capability that is based on major architectural aspects of the Windows version that contains it. When there was only one version, it was simply called Windows API. Then, when the first major update was made, Microsoft gave it the name Win32 and gave the first version the name Win16. The term Windows API refers to both versions and all subsequently developed major versions.<sup id="cite_ref-msdn-overview2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdn-overview2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Win16</b> is in the <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> versions of Windows. The functions reside mainly in core files of the OS: <i>kernel.exe</i> (or <i>krnl286.exe</i> or <i>krnl386.exe</i>), <i>user.exe</i> and <i>gdi.exe</i>. Despite the <a href="/wiki/File_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="File extension">file extension</a> of <samp>exe</samp>, such a file is accessed as a DLL.</li> <li><b>Win32</b> is in the <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> versions of Windows (NT, 95, and later). The functions are implemented in system DLL files including <a href="/wiki/Kernel32.dll" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel32.dll">kernel32.dll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_USER" title="Windows USER">user32.dll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gdi32.dll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdi32.dll">gdi32.dll</a>. Win32 was introduced with <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, it was initially referred to as Win32c, with <i>c</i> meaning <i>compatibility</i>. This term was later abandoned by Microsoft in favor of Win32.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Win32s" title="Win32s">Win32s</a></b> is an extension for the <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1x#Windows_3.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 3.1x">Windows 3.1x</a> family of Microsoft Windows that implemented a <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subset</a> of the Win32 API for these systems. The "s" stands for "subset".</li> <li><b>Win64</b> is the version in the <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT#Supported_platforms" title="Windows NT">platforms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Windows_NT_operating_system_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Windows NT operating system line">Windows architecture</a> (as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> and <a href="/wiki/AArch64" title="AArch64">AArch64</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-XPx64_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XPx64-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2003x64_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003x64-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of an application can be compiled from one <a href="/wiki/Codebase" title="Codebase">codebase</a>, although some older API functions have been deprecated, and some of the API functions that were deprecated in Win32 were removed. All memory <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a> are 64-bit by default (the <a href="/wiki/LLP64" class="mw-redirect" title="LLP64">LLP64</a> model), so porting Win32-compatible source code includes updating for 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Pointer_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointer arithmetic">pointer arithmetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64bitMigration_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64bitMigration-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>WinCE</b> is the version in the <a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a> operating system.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_implementations">Other implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReactOS_Frankenstein_Email.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ReactOS_Frankenstein_Email.png/220px-ReactOS_Frankenstein_Email.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ReactOS_Frankenstein_Email.png/330px-ReactOS_Frankenstein_Email.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ReactOS_Frankenstein_Email.png/440px-ReactOS_Frankenstein_Email.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source</a> operating system that aims to implement the Windows API</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wine_(software)" title="Wine (software)">Wine</a> project provides a Win32 API <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> platforms, between <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_API" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel API">Linux kernel API</a> and programs written for the Windows API. <a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a> goes a step further and aims to implement the full Windows operating system, working closely with the Wine project to promote code re-use and compatibility. <a href="/wiki/DosWin32" class="mw-redirect" title="DosWin32">DosWin32</a> and <a href="/wiki/HX_DOS_Extender" class="mw-redirect" title="HX DOS Extender">HX DOS Extender</a> are other projects which emulate the Windows API to allow executing simple Windows programs from a <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> command line. <a href="/wiki/Odin_(code_conversion_software)" title="Odin (code conversion software)">Odin</a> is a project to emulate Win32 on <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, superseding the original Win-OS/2 emulation which was based on Microsoft code. Other minor implementations include the MEWEL and <a href="/wiki/Zinc_Application_Framework" title="Zinc Application Framework">Zinc</a> libraries which were intended to implement a subset of the Win16 API on DOS (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_platform-independent_GUI_libraries" title="List of platform-independent GUI libraries">List of platform-independent GUI libraries</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Windows_Interface_Source_Environment" title="Windows Interface Source Environment">Windows Interface Source Environment</a> (WISE) was a licensing program from Microsoft which allowed developers to recompile and run Windows-based applications on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> platforms. WISE SDKs were based on an emulator of the Windows API that could run on those platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts toward standardization included Sun's <a href="/wiki/Public_Windows_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Windows Interface">Public Windows Interface</a> (PWI) for Win16 (see also: Sun Windows Application Binary Interface (<a href="/wiki/Wabi_(software)" title="Wabi (software)">Wabi</a>)), Willows Software's <a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface_for_Windows" title="Application Programming Interface for Windows">Application Programming Interface for Windows</a> (APIW) for Win16 and Win32 (see also: <a href="/wiki/Willows_TWIN" class="mw-redirect" title="Willows TWIN">Willows TWIN</a>), and <a href="/wiki/ECMA-234" class="mw-redirect" title="ECMA-234">ECMA-234</a>, which attempted to standardize the Windows API bindingly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compiler_support">Compiler support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Compiler support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To develop software that uses the Windows API, a compiler must be able to use the Microsoft-specific DLLs listed above (COM-objects are outside Win32 and assume a certain vtable layout). The compiler must either handle the header files that expose the interior API function names, or supply such files. </p><p>For the language C++, Zortech (later <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Digital_Mars" title="Digital Mars">Digital Mars</a>), <a href="/wiki/Watcom" title="Watcom">Watcom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a> have all produced well known commercial compilers that have been used often with Win16, Win32s, and Win32. Some of them supplied <i>memory extenders</i>, allowing Win32 programs to run on Win16 with Microsoft's redistributable Win32s DLL. The Zortech compiler was probably one of the first stable and usable C++ compilers for Windows programming, before Microsoft had a C++ compiler. </p><p>For certain classes of applications, the compiler system should also be able to handle <a href="/wiki/Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">interface description language</a> (IDL) files. Collectively, these prerequisites (compilers, tools, libraries, and headers) are known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Platform_SDK" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Platform SDK">Microsoft Platform SDK</a></i>. For a time, the Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a>'s integrated development system were the only <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environments</a> (IDEs) that could provide this (although, the SDK is downloadable for free separately from the entire IDE suite, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=8279">Microsoft Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4</a>). </p><p>As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/MinGW" title="MinGW">MinGW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a> projects also provide such an environment based on the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC), using a stand-alone header file set, to make linking against the Win32-specific DLLs simple. <a href="/wiki/LCC-Win32" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC-Win32">LCC-Win32</a> is a C compiler maintained by Jacob Navia, <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> for non-commercial use. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelles_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelles C (page does not exist)">Pelles C</a> is a freeware C compiler maintained by Pelle Orinius. <a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> <a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> compiler that supports the Windows API. The MASM32 package is a mature project providing support for the Windows API under <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Macro_Assembler" title="Microsoft Macro Assembler">Microsoft Macro Assembler</a> (MASM) by using custom made or converted headers and libraries from the Platform SDK. Flat assembler <a href="/wiki/FASM" title="FASM">FASM</a> allows building Windows programs without using an external linker, even when running on Linux. </p><p>Windows specific compiler support is also needed for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft-specific_exception_handling_mechanisms#Structured_Exception_Handling" title="Microsoft-specific exception handling mechanisms">Structured Exception Handling</a> (SEH). This system serves two purposes: it provides a substrate on which language-specific <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> can be implemented, and it is how the kernel notifies applications of exceptional conditions such as dereferencing an invalid pointer or stack overflow. The Microsoft/Borland C++ compilers had the ability to use this system as soon as it was introduced in Windows 95 and NT, however the actual implementation was undocumented and had to be reverse engineered for the Wine project and free compilers. SEH is based on pushing exception handler frames onto the stack, then adding them to a linked list stored in <a href="/wiki/Thread-local_storage" title="Thread-local storage">thread-local storage</a> (the first field of the thread environment block). When an exception is thrown, the kernel and base libraries <a href="/wiki/Stack_unwinding" class="mw-redirect" title="Stack unwinding">unwind the stack</a> running handlers and filters as they are encountered. Eventually, every exception unhandled by the application will be dealt with by the default backstop handler, which pops up the Windows common crash dialog. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Libraries_for_OS/2" title="Windows Libraries for OS/2">Windows Libraries for OS/2</a> – software<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span><span style="display:none" class="category-spaceless-annotation">Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a> – Unix subsystem for Windows NT operating systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_API" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel API">Linux kernel API</a> – An overview and comparison of the Linux kernel API and ABI.<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Microsoft Windows library files</a> – List of main shared-libraries of Microsoft Windows</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_legacy_audio_components" title="Windows legacy audio components">Windows legacy audio components</a> – Obsolete Microsoft Windows audio APIs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a> – C++ library for WinRT platform<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86_assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="X86 assembly">x86 assembly</a> were heavily used in earlier versions, before C became dominant. A reminiscence of this is that the API functions still use the <a href="/wiki/Pascal_calling_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal calling convention">Pascal calling convention</a> to restore the stack from pushed parameters after a call (although they expect parameters pushed from right to left, as most C compilers do, by default).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nomenclature of released 64-bit versions includes <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_Professional_x64_Edition" title="Windows XP Professional x64 Edition">Windows XP Professional x64 Edition</a> and x64 Editions of Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 on the x86-64 (AMD64) platform, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">Windows 2000</a> Server Limited Edition, <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_64-bit_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP 64-bit Edition">Windows XP 64-bit Edition</a>, Windows Advanced Server 2003 for <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> and Windows 2008 Advanced Server for <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a> platform.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/apiindex/windows-api-list">"Windows API Index"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+API+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fwin32%2Fapiindex%2Fwindows-api-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWindows+API" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msdn-base-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msdn-base_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">Microsoft Developer Network</a> (July 2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/winprog/winprog/base_services.asp">Base Services.</a></i> Retrieved August 28, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msdn-gdi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msdn-gdi_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">Microsoft Developer Network</a> (July 2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/winprog/winprog/graphics_device_interface.asp">Graphics Device Interface.</a></i> Retrieved August 28, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windows_API&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 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International">ECMA</a> standard for a subset of the Windows API</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news://comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.win32">Advanced Win32 API newsgroup</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news://fr.comp.os.ms-windows.programmation">French Win32 API newsgroup</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectMusic" title="DirectMusic">DirectMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectSound" title="DirectSound">DirectSound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_plugin" title="DirectX plugin">DirectX plugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_Audio_Creation_Tool" title="Cross-platform Audio Creation Tool">XACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Speech_API" title="Microsoft Speech API">Speech API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAudio2" title="XAudio2">XAudio2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> <ul><li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Data_Access_Components" title="Microsoft Data Access Components">Data Access Components (MDAC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objects" title="ActiveX Data Objects">ADO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_DB" title="OLE DB">OLE DB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Sync_Framework" title="Microsoft Sync Framework">Sync Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Database_Engine" title="Access Database Engine">Access Database Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Packaging_Conventions" title="Open Packaging Conventions">OPC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winsock" title="Winsock">Winsock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Layered_Service_Provider" title="Layered Service Provider">LSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Winsock_Kernel" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">Winsock Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Filtering_Platform" title="Windows Filtering Platform">Filtering Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">NDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Rally" title="Windows Rally">Windows Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Peer-to-peer_communication" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">P2P API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messaging_Passing_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Messaging Passing Interface">MS MPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectPlay" title="DirectPlay">DirectPlay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAPI" title="MAPI">Messaging API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephony_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Telephony Application Programming Interface">Telephony API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Administration and<br />management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Win32_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32 console">Win32 console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI (extensions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_I/O_technologies#Offline_Files" title="Windows Vista I/O technologies">Offline Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">Distributed Component Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Template_Library" title="Active Template Library">Active Template Library (ATL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library (WTL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model" title="Windows Driver Model">WDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">WDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="Kernel-Mode Driver Framework">KMDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="User-Mode Driver Framework">UMDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model" title="Windows Display Driver Model">WDDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">NDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Audio_Architecture" title="Universal Audio Architecture">UAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Driver_Architecture" title="Broadcast Driver Architecture">BDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VxD" title="VxD">VxD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_CryptoAPI" title="Microsoft CryptoAPI">Crypto API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAPICOM" title="CAPICOM">CAPICOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">Windows CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_API" title="Data Protection API">Data Protection API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Parallel_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Parallel Library">TPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">WCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">WPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">WF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Software_Factory_(Microsoft_.NET)" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Factory (Microsoft .NET)">Software factories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Enterprise Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_UI_Application_Block" title="Composite UI Application Block">Composite UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Customer_Care_Framework" title="Microsoft Customer Care Framework">CCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Connected_Services_Framework" title="Microsoft Connected Services Framework">CSF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_RPC" title="Microsoft RPC">MSRPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Accessibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Active Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_UI_Automation" title="Microsoft UI Automation">UI Automation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Text and multilingual<br />support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectWrite" title="DirectWrite">DirectWrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Services_Framework" title="Text Services Framework">Text Services Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Object_Model" title="Text Object Model">Text Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_method" title="Input method">Input method editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Interface_Pack" title="Language Interface Pack">Language Interface Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniscribe" title="Uniscribe">Uniscribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Windows_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Template:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Template talk:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_Windows_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft Windows components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Windows_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">Microsoft Windows components</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_application_programming_interfaces_and_frameworks" title="List of Microsoft Windows application programming interfaces and frameworks">APIs</a></li> <li>Architecture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_9x" title="Architecture of Windows 9x">9x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" title="Architecture of Windows NT">NT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows" title="Booting process of Windows">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_included_with_Windows" title="List of games included with Windows">Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management<br />tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Installer" title="App Installer">App Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Panel_(Windows)" title="Control Panel (Windows)">Control Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Manager" title="Device Manager">Device Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Diagnostic_Tool" title="DirectX Diagnostic Tool">DirectX Diagnostic Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Cleanup" title="Disk Cleanup">Disk Cleanup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Drive_Optimizer" title="Microsoft Drive Optimizer">Drive Optimizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_Verifier" title="Driver Verifier">Driver Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">Event Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IExpress" title="IExpress">IExpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Management_Console" title="Microsoft Management Console">Management Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsh" title="Netsh">Netsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Monitor" title="Performance Monitor">Performance Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Monitor" title="Resource Monitor">Resource Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settings_(Windows)" title="Settings (Windows)">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysprep" title="Sysprep">Sysprep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSConfig" title="MSConfig">System Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">System File Checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Windows)" title="System Information (Windows)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Policy_Editor" title="System Policy Editor">System Policy Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Restore" title="System Restore">System Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Manager_(Windows)" title="Task Manager (Windows)">Task Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Windows Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ink" title="Windows Ink">Windows Ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Update" title="Windows Update">Windows Update</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Insider" title="Windows Insider">Windows Insider</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Preinstallation_Environment#Windows_Recovery_Environment" title="Windows Preinstallation Environment">WinRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_3D_Viewer" title="Microsoft 3D Viewer">3D Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Windows)" title="Calendar (Windows)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Camera" title="Windows Camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_Map_(Windows)" title="Character Map (Windows)">Character Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Clock" title="Windows Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Fax_and_Scan" title="Windows Fax and Scan">Fax and Scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_Hub" title="Feedback Hub">Feedback Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Help" title="Get Help">Get Help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifier_(Windows)" title="Magnifier (Windows)">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(Windows)" title="Mail (Windows)">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Maps" title="Windows Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Media Player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Player_(2022)" title="Windows Media Player (2022)">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mesh" title="Microsoft Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messaging" title="Microsoft Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobility_Center" title="Windows Mobility Center">Mobility Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Money" title="MSN">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Movies_%26_TV" title="Microsoft Movies & TV">Movies & TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrator_(Windows)" title="Narrator (Windows)">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Notepad" title="Windows Notepad">Notepad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote" title="Microsoft OneNote">OneNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_(Windows)" title="People (Windows)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Link" title="Phone Link">Phone Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Windows)" title="Photos (Windows)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Assist" title="Quick Assist">Quick Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Desktop Connection">Remote Desktop Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snipping_Tool" title="Snipping Tool">Snipping Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Speech_Recognition" title="Windows Speech Recognition">Speech Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Sports" title="MSN">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_Notes" title="Sticky Notes">Sticky Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tips" title="Microsoft Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Recorder_(Windows)" title="Sound Recorder (Windows)">Voice Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN#Weather" title="MSN">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_(app)" title="Xbox (app)">Xbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_shell" title="Windows shell">Shell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Center" title="Action Center">Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Aero" title="Windows Aero">Aero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoPlay" title="AutoPlay">AutoPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoRun" title="AutoRun">AutoRun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClearType" title="ClearType">ClearType</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Search" title="Windows Search">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFilter" title="IFilter">IFilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_Service" title="Indexing Service">Indexing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Shell_namespace" title="Windows Shell namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#Windows" title="Virtual folder">Saved search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_folder" title="Special folder">Special folder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_menu" title="Start menu">Start menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_View" title="Task View">Task View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">Taskbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Spotlight" title="Windows Spotlight">Windows Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_visual_styles" title="Windows XP visual styles">Windows XP visual styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">CLFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Class_Scheduler_Service" title="Multimedia Class Scheduler Service">Multimedia Class Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Control_Manager" title="Service Control Manager">Service Control Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Zero_Configuration" title="Wireless Zero Configuration">Wireless Zero Configuration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">IFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_volume_mount_point" title="NTFS volume mount point">Mount Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">Reparse point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">TxF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory_Rights_Management_Services" title="Active Directory Rights Management Services">Active DRM Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Replication_Service" title="File Replication Service">DFS Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator" title="Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator">Distributed Transaction Coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_DNS" title="Microsoft DNS">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Domains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folder_redirection" title="Folder redirection">Folder redirection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Protection" title="Network Access Protection">Network Access Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Services_for_UNIX" title="Print Services for UNIX">Print Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Personal_Web_Server" title="Microsoft Personal Web Server">PWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Differential_Compression" title="Remote Differential Compression">Remote Differential Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming_user_profile" title="Roaming user profile">Roaming user profiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Core" title="Server Core">Server Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharePoint" title="SharePoint">SharePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Resource_Manager" title="Windows System Resource Manager">System Resource Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Deployment_Services" title="Windows Deployment Services">Windows Deployment Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Services" title="Windows Media Services">Windows Media Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">WSUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client/Server_Runtime_Subsystem" title="Client/Server Runtime Subsystem">CSRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Write_Filter" title="Enhanced Write Filter">Enhanced Write Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Graphics Device Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files#Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Hardware Abstraction Layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_request_packet" title="I/O request packet">I/O request packet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">Imaging Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Transaction_Manager" title="Kernel Transaction Manager">Kernel Transaction Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Library files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Security_Authority_Subsystem_Service" title="Local Security Authority Subsystem Service">LSASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinWin" title="MinWin">MinWin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntoskrnl.exe" title="Ntoskrnl.exe">Ntoskrnl.exe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Manager" title="Object Manager">Object Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">DLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.exe" title=".exe">EXE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Resource_Protection" title="Windows Resource Protection">Resource Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Account_Manager" title="Security Account Manager">Security Account Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">Server Message Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Manager_Subsystem" title="Session Manager Subsystem">SMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Idle_Process" title="System Idle Process">System Idle Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_USER" title="Windows USER">USER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Error_Architecture" title="Windows Hardware Error Architecture">WHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winlogon" title="Winlogon">Winlogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_Maintenance" title="Security and Maintenance">Security and Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppLocker" title="AppLocker">AppLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credential_Guard" title="Credential Guard">Credential Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Execution_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Execution Prevention">Data Execution Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">Defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_family_features" title="Microsoft family features">Family features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Patch_Protection" title="Kernel Patch Protection">Kernel Patch Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Integrity_Control" title="Mandatory Integrity Control">Mandatory Integrity Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_Media_Path" title="Protected Media Path">Protected Media Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Interface_Privilege_Isolation" title="User Interface Privilege Isolation">User Interface Privilege Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Firewall" title="Windows Firewall">Windows Firewall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compatibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Scripting" title="Active Scripting">Active Scripting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">WSH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Document" title="ActiveX Document">ActiveX Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">DCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">OLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_Automation" title="OLE Automation">OLE Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Transaction_Server" title="Microsoft Transaction Server">Transaction Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Native_API" title="Windows Native API">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">WinAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire_Collection" title="Microsoft Solitaire Collection">Solitaire Collection</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surf_(video_game)" title="Surf (video game)">Surf</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Full_Tilt!_Pinball#3D_Pinball_for_Windows_–_Space_Cadet" title="Full Tilt! Pinball">3D Pinball</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chess_Titans" title="Chess Titans">Chess Titans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FreeCell" title="Microsoft FreeCell">FreeCell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Hearts" title="Microsoft Hearts">Hearts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extras" title="Windows Ultimate Extras">Hold 'Em</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InkBall" title="InkBall">InkBall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purble_Place" title="Purble Place">Purble Place</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Solitaire">Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Spider_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Spider Solitaire">Spider Solitaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tinker" title="Microsoft Tinker">Tinker</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveMovie" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Address_Book" title="Windows Address Book">Address Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade" title="Windows Anytime Upgrade">Anytime Upgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_and_Restore" title="Backup and Restore">Backup and Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardfile" title="Cardfile">Cardfile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Player_(Windows)" title="CD Player (Windows)">CD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Chat" title="Windows Chat">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Contacts" title="Windows Contacts">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortana_(virtual_assistant)" title="Cortana (virtual assistant)">Cortana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Gadgets" title="Windows Desktop Gadgets">Desktop Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Diagnostics" title="Microsoft Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_DVD_Maker" title="Windows DVD Maker">DVD Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Easy_Transfer" title="Windows Easy Transfer">Easy Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Fax" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Food_%26_Drink" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Food & Drink">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Music" title="Groove Music">Groove Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Health_%26_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Health & Fitness">Health & Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_and_Support_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Help and Support Center">Help and Support Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperACCESS" title="HyperACCESS">HyperTerminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_for_Windows" title="Imaging for Windows">Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Journal" title="Windows Journal">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Compatible" title="Make Compatible">Make Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Meeting_Space" title="Windows Meeting Space">Meeting Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_Device_Center" title="Windows Mobile Device Center">Mobile Device Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Movie_Maker" title="Windows Movie Maker">Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Dial-up" title="MSN Dial-up">MSN Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">NTBackup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_3D" title="Paint 3D">Paint 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pay" title="Microsoft Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Companion" title="Phone Companion">Phone Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Gallery" title="Windows Photo Gallery">Photo Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Viewer" title="Windows Photo Viewer">Photo Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Steps_Recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem Steps Recorder">Steps Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syskey" title="Syskey">Syskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel (Windows)">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinHelp" title="WinHelp">WinHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Write" title="Microsoft Write">Write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Cleanup_Wizard" title="Desktop Cleanup Wizard">Desktop Cleanup Wizard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Protection" title="Windows File Protection">File Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows" title="Games for Windows">Games for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Control_Interface" title="Media Control Interface">Media Control Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Secure_Computing_Base" title="Next-Generation Secure Computing Base">Next-Generation Secure Computing Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">POSIX subsystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">ScanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_on_Windows" title="Windows on Windows">Windows on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_SideShow" title="Windows SideShow">Windows SideShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">Windows System Assessment Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spun off to<br /><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(Windows)" title="DVD Player (Windows)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Manager" title="Windows File Manager">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover!" title="Hover!">Hover!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mahjong" title="Microsoft Mahjong">Mahjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper" title="Microsoft Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Windows_components" title="Category:Windows components">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_widget_toolkits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Widget_toolkits" title="Template:Widget toolkits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Widget_toolkits" title="Template talk:Widget toolkits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Widget_toolkits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Widget toolkits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_widget_toolkits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_widget_toolkits" title="List of widget toolkits">List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">widget toolkits</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Low-level platform-specific</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Amiga)" title="Intuition (Amiga)">Intuition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Toolbox" title="Macintosh Toolbox">Macintosh Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windows API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">UWP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">WinRT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>,<br />under <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xlib" title="Xlib">Xlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCB" title="XCB">XCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Toolkit_Intrinsics" title="X Toolkit Intrinsics">X Toolkit Intrinsics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiku_(operating_system)" title="Haiku (operating system)">Haiku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeOS_API" class="mw-redirect" title="BeOS API">BeOS API</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="CLI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">CLI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)#Xamarin.Android" title="Mono (software)">Xamarin.Android</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Low Level Cross-platform</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">CLI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenTK" title="OpenTK">OpenTK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDK" title="GDK">GDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">Simple DirectMedia Layer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_OpenGL" title="Java OpenGL">JOGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Java_Game_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight Java Game Library">LWJGL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>High-level, platform-specific</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BOOPSI" title="BOOPSI">BOOPSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_User_Interface" title="Magic User Interface">MUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReAction_GUI" title="ReAction GUI">ReAction GUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune_(widget_toolkit)" title="Zune (widget toolkit)">Zune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacApp" title="MacApp">MacApp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa Touch">Cocoa Touch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacApp" title="MacApp">MacApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPlant" title="PowerPlant">PowerPlant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THINK_C" title="THINK C">THINK C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">CLI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xamarin#Xamarin.Mac" title="Xamarin">Xamarin.Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)#Xamarin.iOS" title="Mono (software)">Xamarin.iOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">CLI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language">XAML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">Windows UI Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_XNA" title="Microsoft XNA">Microsoft XNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">MFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Template_Library" title="Active Template Library">Active Template Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Windows_Library" title="Object Windows Library">Object Windows Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Component_Library" title="Visual Component Library">Visual Component Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>,<br />under <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_Athena_Widgets" title="X Athena Widgets">Athena (Xaw)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LessTif" title="LessTif">LessTif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(software)" title="Motif (software)">Motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLIT" title="OLIT">OLIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms_(toolkit)" title="XForms (toolkit)">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XView" title="XView">XView</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_software_development#Qt_for_Android" title="Android software development">Qt for Android</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>High-level, cross-platform</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries" title="Enlightenment Foundation Libraries">Enlightenment Foundation Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUP_(software)" title="IUP (software)">IUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms_(toolkit)" title="XForms (toolkit)">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVT" title="XVT">XVT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_(framework)" title="Bedrock (framework)">Bedrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEGUI" title="CEGUI">CEGUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Library_for_Cross_Platform" title="Component Library for Cross Platform">Component Library for Cross Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLTK" title="FLTK">FLTK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_toolkit" title="Fox toolkit">FOX toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenGL_User_Interface_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenGL User Interface Library">OpenGL User Interface Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gtkmm" title="Gtkmm">gtkmm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUCE" title="JUCE">JUCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_Wave_Software" title="Rogue Wave Software">Rogue Wave Views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TnFOX" class="mw-redirect" title="TnFOX">TnFOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate%2B%2B" title="Ultimate++">U++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wt_(web_toolkit)" title="Wt (web toolkit)">Wt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WxWidgets" title="WxWidgets">wxWidgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_and_Fast_Multimedia_Library" title="Simple and Fast Multimedia Library">Simple and Fast Multimedia Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">CLI</a></th><td 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title=".NET">.NET MAUI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Flex" title="Apache Flex">Apache Flex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MXML" title="MXML">MXML</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fyne_(software)" title="Fyne (software)">Fyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Component_Library" title="Lazarus Component Library">Lazarus Component Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_Library_for_Cross_Platform" title="Component Library for Cross Platform">Component Library for Cross Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FpGUI" title="FpGUI">fpGUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Pascal" title="IP Pascal">IP Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FireMonkey" title="FireMonkey">FireMonkey</a></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2BBuilder" title="C++Builder">C++Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadPHP" class="mw-redirect" title="RadPHP">RadPHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_Kylix" title="Borland Kylix">Borland Kylix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Proprietary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xojo" title="Xojo">Xojo</a> (on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FLUID" title="FLUID">FLUID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorm_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorm (computing)">Gorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUP_(software)" title="IUP (software)">IUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QB64" title="QB64">InForm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphic_(software)" title="Morphic (software)">Morphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate%2B%2B" title="Ultimate++">TheIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBasic" title="XBasic">XBasic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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