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href="#As_Tang_military_governor_of_Wu'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>As Tang military governor of Wu'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Tang_military_governor_of_Wu'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_Later_Liang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Later_Liang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>During Later Liang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-During_Later_Liang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle During Later Liang subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-During_Later_Liang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-During_Emperor_Taizu's_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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data-title="Ma Yin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0_%D0%87%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ма Їнь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ма Їнь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3_%C3%82n" title="Mã Ân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mã Ân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">King Wumu of Chu<br />楚武穆王</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>King of Chu</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Ma Chu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">June 8, 907<sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 927<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – December 2, 930</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a> (Prince of Hengyang)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></i> of Wu'an Circuit<br />(武安軍節度使)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">896 – 930</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jianfeng_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Jianfeng (Tang dynasty)">Liu Jianfeng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Ma Xisheng</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">852<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ67-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 2, 930<sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Mǎ Yīn (馬殷)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era name and dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Tiancheng (天成) (Adopted the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era name</a> of <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a>): 927<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–930</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">King Wǔmù (武穆王, "martial and solemn")</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Ma Chu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ma Yin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">馬殷</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">马殷</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mǎ Yīn</span></i>; c. 853<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ67-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – December 2, 930<sup id="cite_ref-AS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Batu</b> (霸圖), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> as the <b>King Wumu of Chu</b> (楚武穆王), was a Chinese military general and politician who became the founding ruler of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Ma Chu</a> dynasty during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>. He was the only monarch who carried the title of "king" in his dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-king_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initially took control of the <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> region in 896 after the death of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jianfeng_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Jianfeng (Tang dynasty)">Liu Jianfeng</a>, and subsequently increased his territorial hold to roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, which became the territory of Ma Chu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_early_career">Background and early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ma Yin was born in 853, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xu%C4%81nzong_of_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Xuānzong of Tang">Emperor Xuānzong</a>. He was known to be from Yanling (鄢陵, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-HFD133_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD133-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but all that is known about his ancestors is that his great-grandfather was named Ma Yun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬筠</span></span>), his grandfather was named Ma Zheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬正</span></span>), and his father was named Ma Yuanfeng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬元豐</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD66_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD66-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family claimed ancestry from the great <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_dynasty)" title="Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ67-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Yin was a carpenter in his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-HFD133_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD133-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had at least two younger brothers, Ma Cong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬賨</span></span>) and Ma Cun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬存</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ71_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ71-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point, when Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang) stationed an army at Cai Prefecture (蔡州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>) to defend against the major agrarian rebel <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a>, Ma Yin served in the Zhongwu army stationed at Cai, under the officers <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ru" title="Sun Ru">Sun Ru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jianfeng_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Jianfeng (Tang dynasty)">Liu Jianfeng</a>. By that time, Ma had become known for his abilities and bravery. Later, when <a href="/wiki/Qin_Zongquan" title="Qin Zongquan">Qin Zongquan</a> the military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered at Cai Prefecture) rebelled against the rule of Emperor Xuānzong's grandson <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xizong of Tang">Emperor Xizong</a>, Sun and Liu, as well as their army, came under Qin's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ256_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ256-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_under_Sun_Ru">Service under Sun Ru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Service under Sun Ru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 887, Qin Zongquan sent his brother Qin Zongheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦宗衡</span></span>), with Sun as his deputy, to advance into Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), to contend for control of the circuit, which by that point had fallen into an internecine struggle between <a href="/wiki/Qin_Yan" title="Qin Yan">Qin Yan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bi_Shiduo" title="Bi Shiduo">Bi Shiduo</a> on one side, and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xingmi" title="Yang Xingmi">Yang Xingmi</a> on the other. Liu and Ma were both in this army commanded by Qin Zongheng. When they arrived at Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">揚州</span></span>), Yang Xingmi had captured it and forced Qin Yan and Bi to flee. Qin Yan and Bi then joined forces with Qin Zongheng as well. Soon thereafter, when Qin Zongquan, himself facing military pressure from <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Quanzhong</a> the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), tried to recall Qin Zongheng's army, Sun assassinated Qin Zongheng and took over the army, thereafter executing Qin Yan and Bi. Sun soon defeated Yang Xingmi and took over Yang Prefecture, claiming the title of military governor of Huainan.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ257_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ257-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Yang subsequently took Ningguo Circuit (寧國, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou">Xuanzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> and became its military governor.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ257_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ257-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ258_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ258-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring 891, Sun launched the initial phase of an ambitious plan to first destroy Yang Xingmi and then Zhu. He took all of the army available to him and headed for Xuanshe's capital Xuan Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宣州</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ258_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ258-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu was part of Sun's army. Sun's army was initially victorious, and by spring 892 had put Xuan Prefecture under siege. However, Sun was unable to capture Xuan, and soon got bogged down, with Yang sending raiders to cut off his food supplies. Further, his army was soon troubled by torrential floods and illnesses, and Sun himself was suffering from malaria. He was forced to send Liu and Ma out to raid the nearby regions for food. Meanwhile, Yang, hearing that Sun was suffering from malaria, attacked. He crushed Sun's army and killed Sun. Most of Sun's soldiers surrendered to Yang. Liu and Ma took 7,000 soldiers and headed south, toward Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangsi">Jiangsi</a>); the soldiers supported Liu as their leader, with Ma as his forward commander and Zhang Ji (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張佶</span></span>) as his strategist. The army's size eventually ballooned to over 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ259_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ259-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_under_Liu_Jianfeng">Service under Liu Jianfeng</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Service under Liu Jianfeng"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead of attacking Zhennan Circuit, Liu's army continued to head southwest, toward Wu'an Circuit, which was then ruled by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Chuna" title="Deng Chuna">Deng Chuna</a>. When Liu reached Liling (醴陵, in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>) in summer 894, Deng sent his subordinates Jiang Xun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蔣勛</span></span>) and Deng Jichong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鄧繼崇</span></span>) to defend Longhui Pass (龍回關, in modern <a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>) against Liu's advance. Ma Yin advanced to the pass and sent a messenger to Jiang and Deng Jichong. The messenger persuaded Jiang and Deng Jichong that Liu's arrival was foretold by the stars and that their army would be unable to resist his. At the suggestion of the messenger, Jiang and Deng Jichong disbanded their army. Liu then had his soldiers put on the uniforms that Jiang's and Deng Jichong's army wore, and then quickly advanced to Wu'an's capital <a href="/wiki/Tanzhou_(in_modern_Hunan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzhou (in modern Hunan)">Tan Prefecture</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, Hunan). When they arrived there, the Tan Prefecture's defenders mistook them for Jiang's and Deng Jichong's army, and therefore took no precautions. Liu's army directly headed for the headquarters, where Deng Chuna was holding a feast. They captured Deng Chuna, and Liu executed him and claimed the title of acting military governor.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ259_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ259-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer 895, then-reigning <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhaozong of Tang">Emperor Zhaozong</a> commissioned Liu as the military governor of Wu'an.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ260_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ260-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In winter 895, after Jiang's request to be the prefect of Shao Prefecture (邵州, in modern Shaoyang) was rebuffed by Liu, he and Deng Jichong rose to oppose Liu. They quickly captured Shao Prefecture and tried to pressure Tan Prefecture. In spring 896, Liu sent Ma Yin to attack Jiang and Deng, and Ma had initial successes. However, during this campaign, Liu was assassinated by his officer Chen Zhan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳瞻</span></span>), whose wife Liu had been having an affair with. The soldiers initially supported Zhang to succeed Liu. However, as Zhang was riding a horse to headquarters, the horse suddenly got spooked and bit Zhang in the left leg. This caused Zhang to believe that his succeeding Liu was not in accordance with divine will. He thus issued an order to Ma to return to Tan Prefecture, offering to support him as Liu's successor. Ma thus left his subordinate Li Qiong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李瓊</span></span>) at Shao to continue the campaign, while he himself returned to Tan. Once Ma returned to Tan, Zhang turned the governance of the circuit over to him, and Ma accepted; Zhang then left to take over the campaign at Shao. Emperor Zhaozong subsequently confirmed Ma as acting military governor.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ260_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ260-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_Tang_military_governor_of_Wu'an"><span id="As_Tang_military_governor_of_Wu.27an"></span>As Tang military governor of Wu'an</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As Tang military governor of Wu'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Ma Yin took over command of Wu'an, he was apprehensive of the strengths of both Yang Xingmi (who was firmly in control of Huainan by that point) and <a href="/wiki/Cheng_Rui" title="Cheng Rui">Cheng Rui</a> the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), and he considered giving them gold and silk to appease them. His strategist <a href="/wiki/Gao_Yu" title="Gao Yu">Gao Yu</a> pointed out that Cheng was not as strong as he looked, while Yang was a sworn enemy who could never be appeased through gifts. At Gao's suggestion, Ma concentrated on comforting the people and training his army, to strengthen his own army without external aid.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ260_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ260-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 897, Zhang Ji captured Jiang Xun, allowing Shao Prefecture to come under Ma's control. However, it was said that at that point, while Wu'an Circuit legally consisted of seven prefectures, Ma was in actual control of only Tan and Shao; the other five prefectures were all actually controlled by agrarian rebels — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heng_Prefecture_(Hunan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heng Prefecture (Hunan) (page does not exist)">Heng</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>) by Yang Shiyuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楊師遠</span></span>), Yong (永州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>) by Tang Shimin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唐世旻</span></span>); Dao (道州, in modern Yongzhou) by Cai Jie (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蔡結</span></span>); Chēn (郴州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>) by Chen Yanqian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳彥謙</span></span>); and Lian (連州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Qingyuan" title="Qingyuan">Qingyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>) by Lu Jingren (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魯景仁</span></span>). Under the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yanzhang" title="Yao Yanzhang">Yao Yanzhang</a>, Ma sent an army commanded by Li Qiong and Qin Zongquan's cousin Qin Yanhui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秦彥暉</span></span>) to attack Heng and Yong, quickly capturing them; Yang died in flight, while Tang was killed by Ma's army. When Ma sent Li Tang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李唐</span></span>) in 899 to attack Dao, Cai initially repelled Li Tang's attack, but Li Tang subsequently succeeded in capturing Dao and killing Cai, taking Dao under Ma's control as well. By the end of 899, Li Qiong had captured and executed Chen Yanqian, and when he attacked Lian, Lu committed suicide, allowing Ma to control all seven of Wu'an's prefectures.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ261_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ261-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor Zhaozong formally bestowed on Ma the title of military governor.<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD66_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD66-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Liu Shizheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉士政</span></span>) the military governor of Jingjiang Circuit (靜江, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>) heard that Ma had pacified all of Wu'an, he became apprehensive, and he sent his deputy Chen Kefan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳可璠</span></span>) to defend Quanyi Heights (全義嶺, in modern Guilin) against a possible Ma attack. When Ma sent emissaries to Liu to try to establish peaceful relations, Chen refused. Ma, in 900, sent Qin and Li Qiong to attack Jingjiang. They quickly defeated Liu's army, killing Wang Jianwu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王建武</span></span>) and capturing Chen. They put Jingjiang's capital Gui Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">桂州</span></span>) under siege, and after a few days of siege, Liu surrendered, allowing Ma to take Jingjiang's five prefectures under control. Ma commissioned Li Qiong as the military governor of Jingjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ262_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ262-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 902, Emperor Zhaozong, who was then under the controls of the eunuch <a href="/wiki/Han_Quanhui" title="Han Quanhui">Han Quanhui</a> and the warlord <a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a> at Li Maozhen's Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), which was then under siege by Zhu Quanzhong, sent the imperial emissary <a href="/wiki/Li_Yan_(Wu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Yan (Wu)">Li Yan</a> to the southeastern circuits to encourage the warlords there to join under Yang's command and attack Zhu. As part of the edicts that Li Yan promulgated, Ma was given the honorary <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Tang Dynasty">chancellor</a> title of <i>Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">同中書門下平章事</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ263_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ263-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg/500px-End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="495" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg/960px-End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Map of warlords ("jiedushi") in 902, showing Ma Yin and contemporaries</figcaption></figure> <p>By 903, Zhu had prevailed over Li Maozhen, forcing Li Maozhen to seek peace by killing Han and giving control of the emperor to Zhu. Thereafter, Yang sent emissaries to Ma, accusing Zhu of inappropriate actions, and offering an alliance to Ma if Ma would cut off his relationship with Zhu. Ma's general <a href="/wiki/Xu_Dexun" title="Xu Dexun">Xu Dexun</a> pointed out that Zhu controlled the emperor and that it would not be advantageous to Ma to end that relationship. Ma agreed and did not accept Yang's proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ264_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ264-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, an ally of Zhu's, <a href="/wiki/Du_Hong" title="Du Hong">Du Hong</a> the military governor of Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), had been under attack by Yang for several years and was in a desperate situation. Zhu sent his general Han Qing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">韓勍</span></span>) south to try to save Du, while also requesting Cheng, Ma, and <a href="/wiki/Lei_Yanwei" title="Lei Yanwei">Lei Yanwei</a> the military governor of Wuzhen Circuit (武貞, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>) to launch troops to save Du. Cheng agreed and launched a fleet, which he himself commanded, toward Wuchang. However, after Cheng left his capital <a href="/wiki/Jiangling_County" title="Jiangling County">Jiangling</a>, Ma sent Xu to join forces with Lei's officer Ouyang Si (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">歐陽思</span></span>) to attack Jiangling. They captured it, pillaged it for its population and wealth, and then withdrew. Cheng's army, hearing that their families and wealth had been captured, lost its morale, and was subsequently defeated by Yang's general <a href="/wiki/Li_Shenfu" title="Li Shenfu">Li Shenfu</a>; Cheng committed suicide by drowning. On the way back to Tan, Xu met with Deng Jinzhong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鄧進忠</span></span>) the prefect of Yue Prefecture (岳州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>) and persuaded Deng that he should submit to Ma. Deng agreed, surrendered the prefecture, and moved his entire family to Tan to show submission to Ma. Ma made Xu the prefect of Yue and Deng the prefect of Heng.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ264_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ264-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 904, Yang realized that Ma Cong, who remained at Huainan and served in his army for a number of years after Yang defeated Sun Ru, was Ma Yin's brother. He offered to send Ma Cong to Ma Yin. Ma Cong initially declined, indicating that he was grateful for Yang's not killing him at the time of Sun's death and making him a Huainan officer, but Yang insisted. After Ma Cong arrived at Tan, Ma Yin made him the deputy military governor. Ma Cong subsequently advocated an alliance between Ma Yin and Yang, but Ma Yin rejected Ma Cong's proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ265_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 906, Yang's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Yang_Wo" title="Yang Wo">Yang Wo</a> sent his officer Chen Zhixin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳知新</span></span>) to attack Yue Prefecture. Chen was successful, forcing Xu to flee, and Yue fell to Huainan control. During the same year, Peng Gan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彭玕</span></span>) the prefect of Ji Prefecture (吉州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Ji%27an" title="Ji'an">Ji'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>) surrendered Ji to Ma, after Yang Wo had conquered most of Zhennan Circuit (which Ji Prefecture belonged to) and captured its military governor <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Kuangshi" title="Zhong Kuangshi">Zhong Kuangshi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ265_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Later_Liang">During Later Liang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: During Later Liang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Emperor_Taizu's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Taizu.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Taizu's reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: During Emperor Taizu's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Tang" title="Emperor Ai of Tang">Emperor Ai</a> yield the throne to him, ending Tang and establishing a new <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> as its Emperor Taizu. Several Tang warlords, including Yang Wo, Li Maozhen, <a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Former_Shu)" title="Wang Jian (Former Shu)">Wang Jian</a>, refused to recognize him as emperor, but the rest of the formerly Tang realm did, including Ma Yin's Wu'an Circuit. Shortly thereafter, the new Later Liang emperor created Ma the Prince of Chu. Emperor Taizu also gave him the title of military governor of Wuchang, even though he did not control Wuchang.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year, Yang Wo (whose state became known as Hongnong by that point as he carried the title of Prince of Hongnong) sent his general Liu Cun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉存</span></span>) with 30,000 men to attack Chu. Ma sent Qin Yanhui and Huang Fan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">黃璠</span></span>) to resist Liu. Liu's fleet soon ran into difficulties due to torrential rains and was repeatedly defeated by Qin. Liu thus sent letters to Ma, offering to surrender, but Qin, arguing to Ma that Liu's surrender offers were deceitful, continued attacking. Qin thoroughly defeated Liu and captured Liu and his deputy Chen Zhixin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳知新</span></span>). Initially, Ma tried to persuade Liu and Chen to submit to him and serve him, but after they refused, he executed them. This battle allowed Ma to regain Yue Prefecture. Ma then joined forces with Peng Gan to try to capture Zhennan's capital Hong Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">洪州</span></span>), but they could not do so. Subsequently, he and Lei Yanwei's brother and successor <a href="/wiki/Lei_Yangong" title="Lei Yangong">Lei Yangong</a> jointly attacked Jingnan, which was then under the control of the Later Liang general <a href="/wiki/Gao_Jixing" title="Gao Jixing">Gao Jixing</a>, but they were repelled.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 907, when Lei again made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Jiangling and entered into an alliance with Hongnong, Emperor Taizu stripped him of his titles and ordered Gao and Ma to attack him. Gao sent his general Ni Kefu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">倪可福</span></span>), while Ma sent Qin, to put Wuzhen's capital Lang Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朗州</span></span>) under siege. When Lei sought aid from Huainan, Yang sent Ling Ye (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">泠業</span></span>) and Li Rao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李饒</span></span>) to try to save Lei. Ma sent Xu Dexun to resist Ling and Li Rao, and he defeated and captured them; Ma then executed them. In summer 908, without Hongnong aid, Lang Prefecture fell. Lei fled to Hongnong territory, allowing Ma to take over Lang and Li (澧州, in modern Changde) Prefectures.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Gao Yu pointed out to Ma that one way to enrich his state was to sell tea to territory directly under Later Liang control. Thereafter, Ma requested and received permission from Emperor Taizu to establish tea trade offices at Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern Kaifeng), Jiangling, Xiang Prefecture (襄州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), Tang Prefecture (唐州, in modern Zhumadian), Ying (郢州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Jingmen" title="Jingmen">Jingmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), and Fù Prefecture (復州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Tianmen" title="Tianmen">Tianmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), for the purpose of selling Chu tea and purchasing silk and horses, with part of the tea offered to the Later Liang imperial government as tribute. It was said that Chu began to be enriched after this trade began.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the year, when Gao Jixing tried to cut off this trade by stationing forces at Hankou (漢口, in modern Wuhan), Ma sent Xu to attack him, and Gao Jixing, in fear, sought peace. Ma also sent Lü Shizhou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">呂師周</span></span>) to attack the territory of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yin_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Yin (Southern Han)">Liu Yin</a> the military governor of Qinghai Circuit (清海, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>), capturing Zhao (昭州, in modern Guilin), He (賀州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Hezhou" title="Hezhou">Hezhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>), Wu (梧州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>), Meng (蒙州, in modern Wuzhou), Gong (龔州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Guigang" title="Guigang">Guigang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>), and Fù (富州, in modern Hezhou, note different character than the prefecture in Tianmen) Prefectures from Liu Yin.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ267-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 909, <a href="/wiki/Wei_Quanfeng" title="Wei Quanfeng">Wei Quanfeng</a>, who had been controlling four Zhennan prefectures centered around Fǔ Prefecture (撫州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Jiangxi" title="Fuzhou, Jiangxi">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, note different tone than the prefectures in Tianmen and Hezhou) for years, claimed the title of military governor of Zhennan and set out to attack Hong Prefecture. When Wei sought support from Ma, Ma sent Wan Mei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苑玫</span></span>) and Peng Gan's nephew Peng Yanzhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彭彥章</span></span>) to put Gao'an (高安, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi" title="Yichun, Jiangxi">Yichun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>) under siege to divert Hongnong forces. Subsequently, after Wei was defeated and captured by the Hongnong general <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Ben" title="Zhou Ben">Zhou Ben</a>, Chu forces withdrew. Further, Peng Gan abandoned Ji Prefecture and fled to Tan, thus allowing Hongnong to take over Ji. Ma made Peng Gan the prefect of Chēn Prefecture, and took one of Peng's daughters as the wife of his son <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Ma Xifan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ267-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 910, after Ma requested the title of <i>Tiance Shangjiang</i> (天策上將, literally "Grand General of Heavenly Strategies"), a title that had previously been held by the great Tang emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a>, Emperor Taizu granted him that title. Ma thereafter established an <i>Tiance</i> Office and made Ma Cong and Ma Cun its directors.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ267-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Song Ye (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宋鄴</span></span>) and Pan Jinsheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">潘金盛</span></span>), the chieftains of non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples at Chén Prefecture (辰州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, note different tone than the prefecture in Chenzhou) and Xu Prefecture (漵州, in modern Huaihua), had been harassing cities under Chu control. In late 910, when Song attacked Xiangxiang (湘鄉, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), and Pan attacked Wugang (武岡, in modern Shaoyang), Ma sent Lü to attack them. Lü soon killed Pan,<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ267-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by 912, Song and another non-Han chieftain, Chang Shiyi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昌師益</span></span>), had submitted to Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ268-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 910, Pang Juzhao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">龐巨昭</span></span>) the military governor of Ningyuan Circuit (寧遠, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Guangxi" title="Yulin, Guangxi">Yulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>), and Liu Changlu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉昌魯</span></span>) the defender of Gao Prefecture (高州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Maoming" title="Maoming">Maoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>), who had just recently repelled an attack by Liu Yin but believed that they had no strength to stand against Liu Yin long term, wrote to Ma, offering their territory to him. Ma sent Yao Yanzhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">姚彥章</span></span>) to their territory to escort them to Chu proper. He had Yao serve as the prefect of Ningyuan's capital Rong Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">容州</span></span>) to defend the territory,<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ267-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently had him made the deputy military governor of Ningyuan. However, in 911, when Liu Yin attacked again, Yao judged the situation untenable despite a relief force commanded by Xu. He therefore took the people of Rong Prefecture and returned to Chu proper, allowing Liu Yin to take over Rong and Gao Prefectures. Despite this setback, Emperor Taizu still bestowed on Ma the titles of military governor of Wu'an, Wuchang, Jingjiang, and Ningyuan, as well as the commanders of the forces against Hong and E (鄂州, Wuchang's capital) Prefectures. However, not wanting to see prolonged warfare between Ma and Liu Yin, both of whom were his vassals, he sent a number of emissaries to try to broker peace between them.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ268-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Emperor_Taizu's_reign"><span id="After_Emperor_Taizu.27s_reign"></span>After Emperor Taizu's reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After Emperor Taizu's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 912, the Wu (i.e., Hongnong, which was now referred to in historical accounts as Wu, as Yang Wo's brother and successor <a href="/wiki/Yang_Longyan" title="Yang Longyan">Yang Longyan</a>, while initially carrying the title of Prince of Hongnong as well, later took on the title of Prince of Wu, which Yang Xingmi had carried at the time of his death) general Chen Zhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳璋</span></span>) attacked Yue Prefecture, capturing Wan, who was then the prefect of Yue. When Ma sent Yang Dingzhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楊定真</span></span>) to try to recapture Yue, the Wu forces headed toward Jingnan instead. To prevent Ma from aiding Jingnan, the Wu general Liu Xin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉信</span></span>), who governed Wei's old territory of Fǔ Prefecture and its surroundings, stationed himself at Ji Prefecture to pressure Ma. Subsequently, though, after Chen was unable to capture Jiangling, he withdrew. In 913, apparently in response, Yao, who carried the title of military governor of Ningyuan by that point despite Chu's loss of Ningyuan, attacked E Prefecture, but when the Wu general Lü Shizao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">呂師造</span></span>) responded, Yao withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ268-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 913, Liu Yin's brother and successor <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(emperor)" title="Liu Yan (emperor)">Liu Yan</a> requested that Ma Yin give a daughter to him in marriage. Ma agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ268-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The marriage alliance was eventually concluded in 915, when Ma Yin had Ma Cun escort his daughter to Liu Yan's territory to marry Liu Yan.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ269_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ269-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 914, the Wu prefect of Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern Yichun), Liu Chongjing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉崇景</span></span>), surrendered the prefecture to Ma. Ma sent Xu Zhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">許貞</span></span>) to support him. After the Wu generals Chai Zaiyong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">柴再用</span></span>) and Mi Zhicheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">米志誠</span></span>) attacked, however, Liu and Xu abandoned Yuan Prefecture and returned to Chu territory.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ269_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ269-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 916, hearing that Li Keyong's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhuangzong_of_Later_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang">Li Cunxu</a> the Prince of Jin had conquered all of the territory north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> in his continued war with Later Liang<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ269_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ269-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which was then ruled by Emperor Taizu's son <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Youzhen" title="Zhu Youzhen">Zhu Zhen</a> after Emperor Taizu was assassinated in 912 by another son, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yougui" title="Zhu Yougui">Zhu Yougui</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ268-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma, despite his status as a Later Liang vassal, sent emissaries to Jin as a peace overture; Li Cunxu reciprocated.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ269_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ269-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 918, Liu Xin put Qian Prefecture (虔州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Ganzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>), which was then ruled by the warlord <a href="/wiki/Tan_Quanbo" title="Tan Quanbo">Tan Quanbo</a>, whose territory was wedged between Wu, Chu, and the territories of the Later Liang vassals Liu Yan and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shenzhi" title="Wang Shenzhi">Wang Shenzhi</a> the Prince of Min, under siege. Tan sought aid from three states which were Later Liang vassals — <a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a>, and Chu. In response, Wuyue's prince <a href="/wiki/Qian_Liu" title="Qian Liu">Qian Liu</a> sent his son Qian Chuanqiu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錢傳球</span></span>) to attack Wu's Xin Prefecture (信州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Shangrao" title="Shangrao">Shangrao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>); Ma sent his officer Zhang Keqiu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張可求</span></span>) to advance to Gutting (古亭, in modern Ganzhou); and Wang sent an army to advance to Yudu (雩都, in modern Ganzhou), all seeking to aid Tan. The Wuyue forces, however, were repelled by Xin's prefect <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Ben" title="Zhou Ben">Zhou Ben</a>. Subsequently, Liu sent part of his army to repel the Chu army. When the Wuyue and Min forces heard that the Chu army had been repelled, they withdrew, leaving Tan without external aid.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ270_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ270-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 919, Chu forces attacked Jingnan, and Gao Jixing sought aid from Wu. Wu had Liu Xin head directly toward Tan Prefecture, while Li Jian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李簡</span></span>) attacked Chu's Fù Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">復州</span></span>). Li Jian captured Fù's prefect Bao Tang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鮑唐</span></span>), and the Chu forces, hearing of Liu Xin's advances, withdrew from Jingnan.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ270_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ270-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 920, Qian sought to have Ma give a daughter to his son Qian Chuansu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錢傳璛</span></span>) in marriage, and Ma agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ271_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ271-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_Later_Tang">During Later Tang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: During Later Tang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Emperor_Zhuangzong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Zhuangzong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Zhuangzong's reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: During Emperor Zhuangzong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 923, Li Cunxu claimed himself to be the legitimate successor to Tang, establishing a new <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> as its Emperor Zhuangzong. Thereafter, he made a surprise attack on the Later Liang capital Daliang (大梁, i.e., formerly Bian Prefecture), catching it defenseless. Zhu Zhen, not wanting to be captured, committed suicide before the city fell to Later Tang forces, ending Later Liang. The circuits that had previously been controlled by Later Liang came under Later Tang control. Ma Yin, hearing of the Later Tang victory, sent Ma Xifan to Daliang to pay tribute to Emperor Zhuangzong.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ272_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ272-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ma Xifan met Emperor Zhuangzong, Emperor Zhuangzong asked him about the events in the Chu realm and was impressed. Wanting to praise Ma Xifan while, at the same time, sow seeds of suspicion by Ma Yin against Gao Yu, he stated to Ma Xifan, "I had often heard that one day Gao Yu would take over the Hunan region. If the Prince of Chu has a son like you, how could Gao do so?"<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ67-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this attempt by Emperor Zhuangzong to cause Ma Yin to suspect Gao, Ma Yin refused to do so and continued to trust Gao.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, it was said that it was Gao's suggestion that Ma, who was enticing merchants to come to Chu by collecting no transactional taxes from them, coined money out of iron and lead — two metals that were not used for money outside of the Chu realm. As a result, the merchants were forced to spend the money by purchasing items from Chu, thus allowing Chu to enrich itself through these commercial activities. Further, also at Gao's suggestion, to encourage <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">sericulture</a>, Ma also allowed the people of his realm to pay taxes with silk in lieu of money, and it was said that after several years of this policy, Chu had become a major producer of silk.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ274_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 924, Emperor Zhuangzong bestowed on Ma Yin the title of <i>Shangshu Ling</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">尚書令</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ273_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ273-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 925, Emperor Zhuangzong sent his son <a href="/wiki/Li_Jiji" title="Li Jiji">Li Jiji</a> the Prince of Wei and the major general <a href="/wiki/Guo_Chongtao" title="Guo Chongtao">Guo Chongtao</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a> (which was then ruled by Wang Jian's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zongyan" title="Wang Zongyan">Wang Zongyan</a>. Former Shu quickly fell and was absorbed into Later Tang. Hearing of Former Shu's destruction, Ma, in fear, submitted a report to Emperor Zhuangzong, stating:<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ274_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have started managing a mansion at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Heng_(Hunan)" title="Mount Heng (Hunan)">Mount Heng</a> to be my place of retirement. I am willing to surrender my seal and commission to preserve my old years.</p></blockquote> <p>Emperor Zhuangzong sent Ma a reply comforting him and declining his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ274_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, despite the apparent Later Tang strength that the destruction of Former Shu showed, Emperor Zhuangzong's rule was actually becoming destabilized due to the soldiers' discontent toward his failure to implement his prior promises of rewards to them for their achievements in destroying Later Liang and Former Shu, and the discontent was further exacerbated by the subsequent executions of Guo and another major general, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Youqian" title="Zhu Youqian">Li Jilin</a> the Prince of Xiping by Emperor Zhuangzong and his wife <a href="/wiki/Empress_Liu_(Li_Cunxu%27s_wife)" title="Empress Liu (Li Cunxu's wife)">Empress Liu</a>. Thereafter, Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother <a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a> rebelled at Daming (大名, in modern <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ274_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By summer 926, another mutiny at the capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> caused Emperor Zhuangzong to die in battle. Li Siyuan subsequently declared himself emperor (as Emperor Mingzong).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Emperor_Mingzong's_reign"><span id="During_Emperor_Mingzong.27s_reign"></span>During Emperor Mingzong's reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: During Emperor Mingzong's reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Emperor Mingzong took the throne, he confirmed Ma Yin's title of <i>Shangshu Ling</i>. Meanwhile, with Gao Jixing taking an increasingly confrontational attitude with the Later Tang court, including seizure of a major shipment of Former Shu wealth that Li Jiji (prior to Emperor Zhuangzong's death and his own suicide) sent toward Luoyang, as well as the seizure of three prefectures that formerly belonged to Former Shu, Emperor Mingzong sent the general Liu Xun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉訓</span></span>) to attack Jingnan. Ma sent Xu Dexun with a fleet toward Jingnan, but stopped Xu's fleet at Yue Prefecture. Meanwhile, Gao defended Jiangling and refused to engage Liu, who soon became bogged down in his attack due to rains and illnesses afflicting his army. Emperor Mingzong sent the chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Kong_Xun" title="Kong Xun">Kong Xun</a> to the front to examine the situation, and Kong tried to entice Ma to join the battle as well by sending a gift of clothes to the Chu army and horses and jade belts to Ma personally, and requesting that Ma send food supplies to Liu's army — a request that Ma apparently did not openly reject but never carried out. Eventually, Liu was forced to withdraw, and Jingnan became effectively independent of Later Tang after that point.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 927, Emperor Mingzong bestowed the greater title of King of Chu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楚國王</span></span>) on Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ275_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ275-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After accepting the title, Ma took on greater royal trappings, including referring to his residence as palace and establishing the various offices for his officials like an imperial regime, only changing the official titles somewhat to show deference to the Later Tang emperor. He made Yao Yanzhang and Xu his chancellors. He assumed all responsibilities for commissioning officials within his reign, except that he would submit reports after commissioning the military governors of Wuping (武平, i.e., formerly Wuzhen) and Jingjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 928, Ma sent Yuan Quan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁詮</span></span>), Wang Huan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王環</span></span>), and his son Ma Xizhan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希瞻</span></span>), to attack Jingnan. After the Chu forces dealt the Jingnan forces a major defeat at Liulang Ford (劉郎洑, in modern Jingzhou), Gao, in fear, returned the Chu emissary to Later Tang, Shi Guangxian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">史光憲</span></span>) (whom Gao had seized after turning against Later Tang). When Ma subsequently blamed Wang for not further destroying Jingnan, Wang responded:<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Jiangling is between the Central Dynasty [(i.e., Later Tang)], Wu, and Shu, and everyone wants it. It is best that we let it stand so that it can serve as our defense.</p></blockquote> <p>Ma understood the point and thereafter did not speak of capturing Jingnan any further.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, also in 928, Ma sent a fleet to attack Feng Prefecture (封州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>), which belonged to Liu Yan — who, by that point, had declared himself emperor of a new state of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>. The fleet, however, was defeated by the Southern Han general Su Zhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蘇章</span></span>) and forced to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 928, Wu launched a major attack on Yue Prefecture, commanded by Miao Lin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">苗璘</span></span>) and Wang Yanzhang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王彥章</span></span>). Ma sent Xu to face them. Xu secretly sent Wang Huan with a smaller fleet to get behind the Wu fleet, and then attacked the Wu fleet from both ends. The result was a major Chu victory, and both Miao and Wang Yanzhang were captured. Subsequently, though, to try to make peace with Wu, Ma sent both Miao and Wang Yanzhang back to Wu. When sending them off at a feast, Xu, who had by this point had become concerned that Ma's sons were fighting over succession rights, made what was later viewed as a prophetic statement:<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While Chu is small, its senior officials and generals are still present. I hope that the Wu Dynasty will not again think of it. For you to consider attacking us, you have to wait until the ponies [(i.e., Ma's sons, with Xu employing a double entendre given that "Ma" meant "horse")] are fighting over the stable.</p></blockquote> <p>Meanwhile, Gao, after breaking with Emperor Mingzong, submitted to Wu, and the Wu emperor <a href="/wiki/Yang_Pu" title="Yang Pu">Yang Pu</a> (Yang Longyan's brother and successor) created Gao the Prince of Qin. Emperor Mingzong ordered Ma to attack Jingnan. Ma sent Xu and Ma Xifan to attack Jingnan. When the two armies met, Gao Jixing's nephew Gao Congsi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">高從嗣</span></span>) challenged Ma Xifan to single combat, but the Chu officer Liao Kuangqi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">廖匡齊</span></span>) came out and engaged Gao Congsi instead, killing him. Gao Jixing then sued for peace, and Xu and Ma Xifan withdrew. However, for some time, there continued to be border skirmishes between Chu and Jingnan.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, as Xu perceived, there was a struggle over succession rights. Ma Yin's oldest son, Ma Xizhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希振</span></span>), was born of his wife (whose name was not recorded in history), but his favorite son was his second son <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a>, who was born of his favorite <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> <a href="/wiki/Consort_Yuan_(Ma_Yin)" title="Consort Yuan (Ma Yin)">Consort Yuan</a>. Ma Xizhen, not wanting to fight over the succession with Ma Xisheng, became a <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> and retired from politics.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ67-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 929, Ma formally put Ma Xisheng, who then carried the title of deputy military governor of Wu'an and acting mayor of the capital <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, in charge of the Chu administration. From this point on, all matters of state were to be reported to Ma Xisheng first, before being reported to Ma Yin, and this effectively designated Ma Xisheng as Ma Yin's heir.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ma Xifan, who was born on the same day as (but apparently later in the day than) Ma Xisheng, resented Ma Xisheng for not even showing any sign of deferring to him. He hated Ma Xisheng and Consort Yuan from this point on.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ71_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ71-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 928, Gao Jixing died and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Gao_Conghui" title="Gao Conghui">Gao Conghui</a>. Gao Conghui, believing that his small state could not withstand Later Tang military pressure if it continued to confront Later Tang, resubmitted to Emperor Mingzong through Ma Yin and the Later Tang military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangyang), An Yuanxin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安元信</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Ma Xisheng took the reins of the state, he began to run into conflicts with Gao Yu, and he was also suspicious of Gao due to the prior seeds of suspicion sewn by Emperor Zhuangzong and Gao Jixing (who, while alive, had publicly stated that he wanted to enter into a <a href="/wiki/Blood_brother" title="Blood brother">blood brotherhood</a> with Gao because he believed that Gao would become Chu's ruler). In 929, with Ma Xisheng repeatedly requesting it, Ma Yin ordered Gao into retirement. Gao, in frustration, stated, "I am going to build a mansion in the hills to the west, for retirement. The pony [(employing a similar double entendre as Xu did)] has grown up and can bite now." Ma Xisheng heard the remark and became angry — so angry that he falsely announced that Gao had committed treason, and he slaughtered Gao and his family, without first informing Ma Yin. When Ma Yin heard this, he cried bitterly, but did not punish Ma Xisheng.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ma Yin died in 930. He left instructions that his sons were to pass the throne to their younger brothers, and further ordered that anyone who spoke against this succession principle be put to death. Ma Xisheng thereafter took over control of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ277_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ277-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_information">Personal information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Father <ul><li>Ma Yuanfeng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬元豐</span></span>), posthumously honored King Jingzhuang of Chu</li></ul></li> <li>Wife <ul><li>Name unknown, mother of Ma Xizhen</li></ul></li> <li>Major Concubines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Yuan_(Ma_Yin)" title="Consort Yuan (Ma Yin)">Consort Yuan</a>, mother of Ma Xisheng and Ma Xiwang</li> <li>Lady Chen, mother of Ma Xifan</li> <li>Lady Hua, mother of Ma Xigao</li></ul></li> <li>Children (Ma Yin had at least 35 sons, but the names of most of them were lost to history)<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ71_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ71-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Ma Xizhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希振</span></span>), became Taoist monk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希聲</span></span>) (899–932), later prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Ma Xifan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希範</span></span>) (899–947), later prince</li> <li>Ma Xiwang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希旺</span></span>) (d. ~933)</li> <li>Ma Xigao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希杲</span></span>) (poisoned by Ma Xifan 945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Ma Xi'e</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希萼</span></span>), later prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希廣</span></span>), later prince (died 950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Ma Xichong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希崇</span></span>), later prince</li> <li>Ma Xizhan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希瞻</span></span>) (died 949)</li> <li>Ma Xineng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希能</span></span>)</li> <li>Ma Xiguan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希貫</span></span>)</li> <li>Ma Xiyin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希隱</span></span>)</li> <li>Ma Xijun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希濬</span></span>)</li> <li>Ma Xizhi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希知</span></span>)</li> <li>Ma Xilang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希朗</span></span>)</li> <li>daughter, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Ma_(Southern_Han)" title="Empress Ma (Southern Han)">Empress Ma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(emperor)" title="Liu Yan (emperor)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li>daughter, wife of Qian Chuansu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錢傳璛</span></span>), son of <a href="/wiki/Qian_Liu" title="Qian Liu">Qian Liu</a> the King of Wuyue</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/">Chinese-Western Calendar Converter</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7266" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷266">vol. 266</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ276-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7276" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷276">vol. 276</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The start of Ma Yin's reign as depends on one's view of what constitutes "reigning." Ma Yin was created the Prince of Chu (楚王) by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a> in 907; whether he or his state should be considered, from that point, a separate state or a vassal under <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> was debatable. Ma continued to be a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> after Later Liang's conquest by Later Tang in 923. In 927, <a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang</a> created Ma the greater title of King of Chu (楚國王), from which point Ma, while still serving as a Later Tang vassal, was also issuing emperor-like edicts on his own. His reign could thus be considered to have begun in 907 or 927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ67-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ67_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i> (十國春秋), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06080957.cn#page/n76/mode/2up">vol. 67</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ277-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ277_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7277" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷277">vol. 277</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">927 was the 2nd year of <i>Tiancheng</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-king-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-king_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma Yin's title was <i>Wang</i> (王) in Chinese, which could be translated as either "Prince" or "King" in English. The translation of "Prince" will be used here during the time that he carried the title of <i>Wang</i> of Chu during Later Liang and most of Later Tang. The translation of "King" will be used after he was created the <i>Guowang</i> (literally, "State King/Prince") of Chu by <a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a>, a title that carried for the rest of his life.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFD133-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HFD133_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFD133_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7133" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷133">vol. 133</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHFD66-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD66_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD66_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B766" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新五代史/卷66">vol. 66</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ71-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ71_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ71_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ71_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06080958.cn#page/n24/mode/2up">vol. 71</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ256-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ256_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7256" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷256">vol. 256</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ257-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ257_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ257_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7257" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷257">vol. 257</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ258-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ258_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ258_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7258" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷258">vol. 258</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ259-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ259_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ259_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7259" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷259">vol. 259</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ260-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ260_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ260_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ260_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7260" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷260">vol. 260</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ261-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ261_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7261" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷261">vol. 261</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ262-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ262_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7262" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷262">vol. 262</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ263-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ263_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7263" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷263">vol. 263</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ264-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ264_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ264_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7264" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷264">vol. 264</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ265-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ265_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ265_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7265" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷265">vol. 265</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ267-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ267_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7267" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷267">vol. 267</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ268-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ268_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7268" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷268">vol. 268</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ269-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ269_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ269_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ269_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ269_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7269" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷269">vol. 269</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ270-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ270_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ270_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7270" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷270">vol. 270</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ271-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ271_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7271" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷271">vol. 271</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ272-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ272_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7272" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷272">vol. 272</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ274-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ274_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ274_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ274_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ274_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7274" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷274">vol. 274</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ273-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ273_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7273" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷273">vol. 273</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ275-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ275_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7275" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷275">vol. 275</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Yin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7133" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷133">vol. 133</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B766" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新五代史/卷66">vol. 66</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">十國春秋</span></span>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06080957.cn#page/n76/mode/2up">vol. 67</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7256" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷256">256</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7257" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷257">257</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7258" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷258">258</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7259" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷259">259</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7260" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷260">260</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7261" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷261">261</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7262" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷262">262</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7263" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷263">263</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7264" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷264">264</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7265" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷265">265</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7266" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷266">266</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7267" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷267">267</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7268" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷268">268</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7269" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷269">269</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7270" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷270">270</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7271" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷271">271</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7272" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷272">272</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7273" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷273">273</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7274" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷274">274</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7275" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷275">275</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7276" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷276">276</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7277" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷277">277</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">Chinese nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu (Ten Kingdoms)">Prince/King of Chu</a> </b><br />907–930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a> (as Prince of Hengyang)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jianfeng_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Jianfeng (Tang dynasty)">Liu Jianfeng</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruler of China (<a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> region) (<i>de facto</i>) </b><br />896–930 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruler of China (<a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> region) (<i>de jure</i>) </b><br />927–930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yougui" title="Zhu Yougui">Zhu Yougui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Youzhen" title="Zhu Youzhen">Zhu Youzhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concurrent warlords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shouguang" title="Liu Shouguang">Liu Shouguang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Rong_(warlord)" title="Wang Rong (warlord)">Wang Rong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Zhao (Five Dynasties period)">Zhao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen's state)">Qi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jin34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)" title="Jin (Later Tang precursor)">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Cunxu" title="Li Cunxu">Li Cunxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Conghou" title="Li Conghou">Li Conghou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Congke" title="Li Congke">Li Congke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jingtang" title="Shi Jingtang">Shi Jingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Chonggui" title="Shi Chonggui">Shi Chonggui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interregnum<br />(<a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a> occupation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Emperor Shizong of Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiyuan" title="Liu Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chengyou" title="Liu Chengyou">Liu Chengyou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chong" title="Liu Chong">Liu Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jun_(Northern_Han)" title="Liu Jun (Northern Han)">Liu Chengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ji%27en" title="Liu Ji'en">Liu Ji'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiyuan" title="Liu Jiyuan">Liu Jiyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Rong" title="Chai Rong">Chai Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Zongxun" title="Guo Zongxun">Guo Zongxun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ten Kingdoms<br />(other than Northern Han)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Former_Shu)" title="Wang Jian (Former Shu)">Wang Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zongyan" title="Wang Zongyan">Wang Zongyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Zhixiang" title="Meng Zhixiang">Meng Zhixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jixing" title="Gao Jixing">Gao Jixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Conghui" title="Gao Conghui">Gao Conghui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baorong" title="Gao Baorong">Gao Baorong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baoxu" title="Gao Baoxu">Gao Baoxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jichong" title="Gao Jichong">Gao Jichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Chu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ma Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xifan" title="Ma Xifan">Ma Xifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Ma Xi'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Ma Xichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Southern_Han)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yan (Southern Han)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bin_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Bin (Southern Han)">Liu Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Sheng_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Sheng (Southern Han)">Liu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chang_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Chang (Southern Han)">Liu Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wu" title="Yang Wu">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xingmi" title="Yang Xingmi">Yang Xingmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wo" title="Yang Wo">Yang Wo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Longyan" title="Yang Longyan">Yang Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Pu" title="Yang Pu">Yang Pu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Li Bian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Jing (Southern Tang)">Li Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chao_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)">Wang Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shenzhi" title="Wang Shenzhi">Wang Shenzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanhan" title="Wang Yanhan">Wang Yanhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanjun" title="Wang Yanjun">Wang Yanjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jipeng" title="Wang Jipeng">Wang Jipeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanxi" title="Wang Yanxi">Wang Yanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wenjin" title="Zhu Wenjin">Zhu Wenjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanzheng" title="Wang Yanzheng">Wang Yanzheng</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Liu" title="Qian Liu">Qian Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yuanguan" title="Qian Yuanguan">Qian Yuanguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzuo" title="Qian Hongzuo">Qian Hongzuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzong" title="Qian Hongzong">Qian Hongzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Chu" title="Qian Chu">Qian Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071598#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata856" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071598#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata856" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071598#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063986883">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29074374">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/447322/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfMjRQ4Jf7YVhm7d7y68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00030824">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1385595">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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