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class="wst-header-title wst-unknown-title"><span id="header-title-text"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volume_17" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Volume 17">Volume 17</a></span><div class="header-section-text"> - <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Magic" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magic">Magic</a> Magico-religious Force</div></span></div><div class="wst-header-forward searchaux wst-unknown-forward"><div class="wst-header-forward-link"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Magic/Origin_of_Magic" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magic/Origin of Magic">Magic/Origin of Magic</a></div><div class="wst-header-forward-arrow">→</div></div></div><div class="wst-header-notes header_notes searchaux wst-unknown-notes"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14321584">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix">sister projects</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" class="extiw" title="w:Shamanism">Wikipedia article</a>, <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Shamanism" class="extiw" title="q:Shamanism">quotes</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84638404" class="extiw" title="d:Q84638404">Wikidata item</a></li></ul><div class="wst-header-content header_notes_content wst-header-notes-content wst-unknown-notes-content"> <p><b>See also</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" class="extiw" title="w:Shamanism">Shamanism</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="w:Main Page">Wikipedia</a>; and our <a href="/wiki/Wikisource:WikiProject_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Project_Disclaimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource:WikiProject 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Project Disclaimer">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer</a>. </p> </div></div><div class="ws-noexport" id="ws-data" style="speak:none"><span id="ws-article-id">187245</span><span id="ws-title"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volume_17" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Volume 17">Volume 17</a> — - <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Magic" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magic">Magic</a> Magico-religious Force</span></div></div> <div class="prp-pages-output" lang="en"> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14131441/mw-parser-output/.prp-pages-output">.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder,.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablecolhdborder{border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablecolhdborder th{border-bottom:1px solid black;border-left:1px solid black;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder th{border:1px solid black;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder th{border-left:1px solid black;border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablecolhdborder td{border-left:1px solid;padding-left:5px}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder td{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding-left:5px}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._colcenternotfirst tr>td{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._colcenternotfirst tr>td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output .__cellpadding3 td{padding:3px}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output .wst-smallrefs{font-size:90%}</style><span><span class="pagenum ws-pagenum" id="306" data-page-number="306" data-page-name="Page:EB1911 - Volume 17.djvu/321" data-page-index="321" data-page-quality="4" title="Page:EB1911_-_Volume_17.djvu/321"><span id="pageindex_321" class="pagenum-inner ws-noexport"></span></span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14317252">.mw-parser-output .wst-anchor:target{background-color:rgba(100,149,237,0.1);color:#202122;outline:1px solid cornflowerblue}</style><span id="Magico-religious_Force" title="Anchor:Magico-religious_Force" class="wst-anchor"></span><i>Magico-religious Force</i>.—The mere fact that we cannot draw an exact line between magic and religion suggests that they may have some fundamental feature in common. Both terms have greatly changed their connotation in the course of their existence; <i>religio</i> seems to have meant originally <span title="katadesmós"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r13213921">.mw-parser-output .wst-lang-grc{font-family:GentiumPlus;font-feature-settings:"cv78"on,"cv83"on}</style><span lang="grc" dir="ltr" class="wst-lang wst-lang-grc">καταδεσμός</span></span> (magical spell), and Pliny says that <span title="mageía"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r13213921"><span lang="grc" dir="ltr" class="wst-lang wst-lang-grc">μαγεία</span></span> is a deceptive art compounded of medicine, religion and astrology. Among the Greeks, on the other hand, <span title="mageía"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r13213921"><span lang="grc" dir="ltr" class="wst-lang wst-lang-grc">μαγεία</span></span> occupied a respectable position. More important is the fact that <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Taboo" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Taboo">taboo</a> (<i>q.v.</i>) is both religious and magical. There is a universal tendency to regard as magical the religions of alien races, as well as national religions which have been superseded; Leland tells us that witchcraft in Italy is known as <i>la vecchia religione</i>. An examination of the ideas of primitive peoples shows that there is a widely found notion of a power which manifests itself both in religion and magic. Observers have often been content to describe ceremonies without attempting to penetrate to the fundamental ideas which underlie them; this is particularly the case with magic, and only recently have anthropologists realized that in many primitive societies exists a fairly well-defined idea of magico-religious power, to which the generic name of <i>mana</i>, from the Melanesian word, has been given. </p> <div style="font-size: 92%; line-height: 1.3em"> <p><i>a. Mana</i> in Melanesia is a force, a being, an action, a quality, or a state; it is transmissible and contagious, and is hence associated with taboo; it may be regarded as material and seen in the form of flames or heard; it is the power which is inherent in certain spirits, among which are included such of the dead as are denominated <i>tindalos</i>; it may also be a force inherent in some inanimate object, such as a stone which causes the yams to grow, but it is a spiritual force and does not act mechanically; it is the power of the magician and of the rite; the magic formula is itself <i>mana</i>. There seem to be a variety of <i>manas</i>, but probably the underlying idea is essentially one, though it does not follow that the Melanesians have arrived at the consciousness of this unity. Hubert and Mauss go even further and regard all force as <i>mana</i>; it is a quality added to objects without prejudice to their other qualities, one which supplements without destroying their mechanical action. </p><p><i>b.</i> Similar ideas are found in other areas. (i) The continental Malays have a word <i>Kramât</i> (<i>hrm</i>), which means sacred or magical; in Indo-China the Bahnars use the word <i>deng</i>; in Madagascar <i>hasina</i> seems to embody in part the same notion. (ii) In Africa the idea is less apparent; perhaps the <i>ngai</i> of the Tanganika tribes comes nearest to the notion of <i>mana</i>; on the Congo <i>nkici</i> has a similar but more restricted sense. (iii) In Australia there are two, or perhaps three, kinds of magical power distinguished by the aborigines; all over the continent we find the maleficent power, <i>boolya</i> in West Australia, <i>arungquiltha</i> in the central tribes, <i>koochie</i> in New South Wales; the central tribes have certain objects termed <i>churinga</i>, to which magical power (which we may term <i>churinga</i>) is attributed; the power of magicians is held to reside in certain stones, called <i>atnongara</i>, and in this we must, provisionally at any rate, see a third kind of magical power: <i>churinga</i> is beneficent and seems to originate with the mythical ancestors, whereas <i>arungquiltha</i> is of immediate origin, created by means of incantations or acquired by contact with certain objects; the power of the magicians seems to proceed from the ancestors in like manner. (iv) In America these ideas are widely found; the <i>orenda</i> of the Hurons has been elaborately described by J. N. B. Hewitt; everything in nature, and particularly all animate objects, have their <i>orenda</i>; so have gods and spirits; and natural phenomena are the product of the <i>orenda</i> of their spirits. <i>Orenda</i> is distinct from the things to which it is attached; the cry of birds, the rustle of the trees, the soughing of the wind, are expressions of their <i>orenda</i>; the voice of the magician is <i>orenda</i>, so are the prayer and the spell, and in fact all rites; <i>orenda</i> is above all the power of the medicine man. Among the Algonquins we find the word <i>manitu</i>, among the Sioux <i>wakanda</i>, <i>mahowa</i>, &c., among the Shoshones <i>pokunt</i>; all of which seem to carry, at least in part, the same signification. In Central America, according to Hubert and Mauss, <i>naual</i> or <i>nagual</i> is the corresponding term. (v) Traces of similar ideas may be found in more advanced nations; the Hindu <i>brahman</i> is identified by Hubert and Mauss as the correlative of <i>mana</i>; in Greece <span title="phýsis"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r13213921"><span lang="grc" dir="ltr" class="wst-lang wst-lang-grc">φύσις</span></span> is possibly the echo of a similar idea; but we are yet far from having adequately fathomed the dynamical theories of pre-scientific days. </p> </div> <p>  </p> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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