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data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="David Bowie (disambiguation)">David Bowie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 – 10 January 2016), known professionally as David Bowie (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈboʊi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BOH-ee</a>),<a href="#cite_note-saybowe-1">[1]</a> was an English singer, songwriter, musician and actor. Regarded as one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Bowie was acclaimed by critics and musicians, particularly for his innovative work during the 1970s. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, and his music and stagecraft has had a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Bowie</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:David-Bowie_Chicago_2002-08-08_photoby_Adam-Bielawski-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David-Bowie_Chicago_2002-08-08_photoby_Adam-Bielawski-cropped.jpg/220px-David-Bowie_Chicago_2002-08-08_photoby_Adam-Bielawski-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David-Bowie_Chicago_2002-08-08_photoby_Adam-Bielawski-cropped.jpg/330px-David-Bowie_Chicago_2002-08-08_photoby_Adam-Bielawski-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/David-Bowie_Chicago_2002-08-08_photoby_Adam-Bielawski-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="400"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Bowie in 2002</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">David Robert Jones</div> (1947-01-08)8 January 1947 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 January 2016(2016-01-10) (aged 69) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Singer</li> <li>songwriter</li> <li>musician</li> <li>actor</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1962–2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_discography" title="David Bowie discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_David_Bowie" title="List of songs recorded by David Bowie">songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_videography" title="David Bowie videography">videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_filmography" title="David Bowie filmography">filmography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Angie_Bowie" title="Angie Bowie">Angie Barnett</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1970; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1980)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(model)" title="Iman (model)">Iman</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1992)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Jones" title="Duncan Jones">Duncan Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_David_Bowie" title="List of awards and nominations received by David Bowie">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Musical career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a></li> <li>pop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instruments</th><td class="infobox-data note"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Vocals</li> <li>guitar</li> <li>keyboards</li> <li>saxophone</li> <li>harmonica</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>ISO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deram_Records" title="Deram Records">Deram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records" title="Arista Records">Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pye_Records" title="Pye Records">Pye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocalion">Vocalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryko">Ryko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>The Konrads</li> <li>The King Bees</li> <li>The Manish Boys</li> <li>The Lower Third</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Riot_Squad" title="The Riot Squad">The Riot Squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hype_(band)" title="The Hype (band)">Hype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Corns" title="Arnold Corns">Arnold Corns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_Machine" title="Tin Machine">Tin Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Past members</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_David_Bowie_band_members" title="List of David Bowie band members">Full list</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidbowie.com">davidbowie.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Bowie developed an interest in music from an early age. He studied art, music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963. He released a string of unsuccessful singles with local bands and <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_(1967_album)" title="David Bowie (1967 album)">a self-titled solo album</a> (1967) before achieving his first top-five entry on the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Space_Oddity" title="Space Oddity">Space Oddity</a>" (1969). After a period of experimentation, he re-emerged in 1972 during the <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> era with the flamboyant and androgynous <a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">alter ego</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(character)" title="Ziggy Stardust (character)">Ziggy Stardust</a>. The character was spearheaded by the success of "<a href="/wiki/Starman_(song)" title="Starman (song)">Starman</a>" and its album <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars" title="The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars">The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars</a> (both 1972), which won him widespread popularity. In 1975, Bowie's style shifted towards a sound he characterised as "<a href="/wiki/Plastic_soul" title="Plastic soul">plastic soul</a>", initially alienating many of his UK fans but garnering his first major US crossover success with the number-one single "<a href="/wiki/Fame_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Fame (David Bowie song)">Fame</a>" and the album <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans" title="Young Americans">Young Americans</a> (both 1975). In 1976, Bowie starred in the cult film <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth" title="The Man Who Fell to Earth">The Man Who Fell to Earth</a> and released <a href="/wiki/Station_to_Station" title="Station to Station">Station to Station</a>. In 1977, he again changed direction with the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a>-inflected album <a href="/wiki/Low_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Low (David Bowie album)">Low</a>, the first of three collaborations with <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Trilogy" title="Berlin Trilogy">Berlin Trilogy</a>. <a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_album)" class="mw-redirect" title='"Heroes" (David Bowie album)'>"Heroes"</a> (1977) and <a href="/wiki/Lodger_(album)" title="Lodger (album)">Lodger</a> (1979) followed; each album reached the UK top five and received lasting critical praise. After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s, Bowie had three number-one hits: the 1980 single "<a href="/wiki/Ashes_to_Ashes_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Ashes to Ashes (David Bowie song)">Ashes to Ashes</a>", its album <a href="/wiki/Scary_Monsters_(and_Super_Creeps)" title="Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)">Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Under_Pressure" title="Under Pressure">Under Pressure</a>" (a 1981 collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>). He achieved his greatest commercial success in the 1980s with <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Let's Dance (David Bowie album)">Let's Dance</a> (1983). Between 1988 and 1992, he fronted the <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Tin_Machine" title="Tin Machine">Tin Machine</a> before resuming his solo career in 1993. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with musical styles, including <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jungle_music" title="Jungle music">jungle</a>. He also continued acting; his roles included Major Jack Celliers in <a href="/wiki/Merry_Christmas,_Mr._Lawrence" title="Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence">Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence</a> (1983), <a href="/wiki/Jareth" title="Jareth">Jareth</a> the Goblin King in <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_film)" title="Labyrinth (1986 film)">Labyrinth</a> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Jeffries" title="Phillip Jeffries">Phillip Jeffries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks:_Fire_Walk_with_Me" title="Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me">Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> in the biopic <a href="/wiki/Basquiat_(film)" title="Basquiat (film)">Basquiat</a> (1996), and <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Prestige_(film)" title="The Prestige (film)">The Prestige</a> (2006), among other film and television appearances and cameos. He ceased touring after 2004 and his last live performance was at a charity event in 2006. He returned from a decade-long recording hiatus in 2013 with <a href="/wiki/The_Next_Day" title="The Next Day">The Next Day</a> and remained musically active until his <a href="/wiki/Death_of_David_Bowie" title="Death of David Bowie">death from liver cancer</a> in 2016. He died two days after both his 69th birthday and the release of his final album, <a href="/wiki/Blackstar_(album)" title="Blackstar (album)">Blackstar</a>. During his lifetime, his record sales, estimated at over 100 million worldwide, made him one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">best-selling musicians of all time</a>. He is the recipient of <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_David_Bowie" title="List of awards and nominations received by David Bowie">numerous accolades</a>, including six <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Awards</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Brit_Awards" title="Brit Awards">Brit Awards</a>. Often dubbed the "chameleon of rock" due to his constant musical reinventions, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> in 1996. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> ranked him among the greatest singers, songwriters and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Artists_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time">artists</a> of all time. As of 2022, Bowie was the best-selling vinyl artist of the 21st century. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Music_career">2 Music career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1962%E2%80%931967:_Early_career_to_debut_album">2.1 1962–1967: Early career to debut album</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1968%E2%80%931971:_Space_Oddity_to_Hunky_Dory">2.2 1968–1971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1972%E2%80%931974:_Glam_rock_era">2.3 1972–1974: Glam rock era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1974%E2%80%931976:_%22Plastic_soul%22_and_the_Thin_White_Duke">2.4 1974–1976: "Plastic soul" and the Thin White Duke</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#1976%E2%80%931979:_Berlin_era">2.5 1976–1979: Berlin era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#1980%E2%80%931988:_New_Romantic_and_pop_era">2.6 1980–1988: New Romantic and pop era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#1989%E2%80%931991:_Tin_Machine">2.7 1989–1991: Tin Machine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#1992%E2%80%931998:_Electronic_period">2.8 1992–1998: Electronic period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#1999%E2%80%932012:_Neoclassicist_era">2.9 1999–2012: Neoclassicist era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#2013%E2%80%932016:_Final_years">2.10 2013–2016: Final years</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Posthumous_releases">2.11 Posthumous releases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Acting_career">3 Acting career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#1960s_and_1970s">3.1 1960s and 1970s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#1980s">3.2 1980s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#1990s">3.3 1990s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#2000s_and_posthumous_notes">3.4 2000s and posthumous notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Other_works">4 Other works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Painter_and_art_collector">4.1 Painter and art collector</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Writings">4.2 Writings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Bowie_Bonds">4.3 Bowie Bonds</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Websites">4.4 Websites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Philanthropy">4.5 Philanthropy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Musicianship">5 Musicianship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Personal_life">6 Personal life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Family">6.1 Family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Other_relationships">6.2 Other relationships</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Coco_Schwab">6.2.1 Coco Schwab</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Sexuality">6.3 Sexuality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Spirituality_and_religion">6.4 Spirituality and religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Political_views">7 Political views</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Death">8 Death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Legacy_and_influence">9 Legacy and influence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#David_Bowie_Is">9.1 David Bowie Is</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Stardust_biopic">9.2 Stardust biopic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Moonage_Daydream">9.3 Moonage Daydream</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Awards_and_achievements">10 Awards and achievements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Commemoration">11 Commemoration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Discography">12 Discography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Selected_filmography">13 Selected filmography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Tours">14 Tours</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#References">16 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Citations">16.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Bibliography">16.2 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Further_reading">17 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> David Robert Jones was born on 8 January 1947 in <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> His mother, Margaret Mary "Peggy" (née Burns),<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-3">[3]</a> was born at <a href="/wiki/Shorncliffe_Army_Camp" title="Shorncliffe Army Camp">Shorncliffe Army Camp</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cheriton,_Kent" title="Cheriton, Kent">Cheriton</a>, Kent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillmanGillman198717:_%22%5BPeggy%5D_was_born_in_the_hospital_at_Shorncliffe_Camp_%5Bnear_Folkestone,_Kent%5D_on_October_2nd,_1913.%22-4">[4]</a> Her paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants who had settled in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillmanGillman198715:_"[Her_father]_Jimmy_Burns's_parents_were_poor_Irish_immigrants_who_had_settled_in_Manchester";_p._16:_"[Jimmy]_had_known_[her_mother]_in_Manchester._Her_name_was_Margaret_Heaton"_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillmanGillman198715:_%22%5BHer_father%5D_Jimmy_Burns's_parents_were_poor_Irish_immigrants_who_had_settled_in_Manchester%22;_p._16:_%22%5BJimmy%5D_had_known_%5Bher_mother%5D_in_Manchester._Her_name_was_Margaret_Heaton%22-5">[5]</a> She worked as a waitress at a cinema in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillmanGillman198744:_%22At_the_end_of_the_war,_Peggy_Burns_was_working_as_a_waitress_at_the_Ritz_cinema_in_Tunbridge_Wells%22-6">[6]</a> His father, Haywood Stenton "John" Jones,<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-3">[3]</a> was from <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>, Yorkshire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillmanGillman198744_%22John_Jones_was_born_in_the_grimy_Yorkshire_town_of_Doncaster_in_1912.%22-7">[7]</a> and worked as a promotions officer for the children's charity <a href="/wiki/Barnardo%27s" title="Barnardo's">Barnardo's</a>. The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road, on the boundary between Brixton and <a href="/wiki/Stockwell" title="Stockwell">Stockwell</a> in the south London borough of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Lambeth" title="Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth">Lambeth</a>. Bowie attended <a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Primary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockwell Primary School">Stockwell Infants School</a> until he was six, acquiring a reputation as a gifted and single-minded child—and a defiant brawler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford19979%E2%80%9316-8">[8]</a> From 1953, Bowie moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Bickley" title="Bickley">Bickley</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Bromley_Common" title="Bromley Common">Bromley Common</a>, before settling in <a href="/wiki/Sundridge_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundridge Park">Sundridge Park</a> in 1955 where he attended Burnt Ash Junior School.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> His voice was considered "adequate" by the school choir, and he demonstrated above-average abilities in playing the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a>. At the age of nine, his dancing during the newly introduced music and movement classes was strikingly imaginative: teachers called his interpretations "vividly artistic" and his poise "astonishing" for a child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199718%E2%80%9319-10">[10]</a> The same year, his interest in music was further stimulated when his father brought home a collection of American <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">45s</a> by artists including <a href="/wiki/The_Teenagers" title="The Teenagers">the Teenagers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Platters" title="The Platters">the Platters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200021-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199719%E2%80%9320-12">[12]</a> Upon listening to Little Richard's song "<a href="/wiki/Tutti_Frutti_(song)" title="Tutti Frutti (song)">Tutti Frutti</a>", Bowie later said that he had "heard God".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Bowie was first impressed with Presley when he saw his cousin Kristina dance to "<a href="/wiki/Hound_Dog_(song)" title="Hound Dog (song)">Hound Dog</a>" soon after its release in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199719%E2%80%9320-12">[12]</a> According to Kristina, she and David "danced like possessed elves" to records of various artists.<a href="#cite_note-Childhood_dreams-14">[14]</a> By the end of the following year, Bowie had taken up the <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea-chest_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea-chest bass">tea-chest bass</a>, begun to participate in <a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">skiffle</a> sessions with friends, and had started to play the piano; meanwhile, his stage presentation of numbers by both Presley and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a>—complete with gyrations in tribute to the original artists—to his local <a href="/wiki/Cub_Scout" title="Cub Scout">Wolf Cub</a> group was described as "mesmerizing ... like someone from another planet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199719%E2%80%9320-12">[12]</a> Having encouraged his son to follow his dreams of being an entertainer since he was a toddler, in the late 1950s David's father took him to meet singers and other performers preparing for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Variety_Performance" title="Royal Variety Performance">Royal Variety Performance</a>, introducing him to <a href="/wiki/Alma_Cogan" title="Alma Cogan">Alma Cogan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Steele" title="Tommy Steele">Tommy Steele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Childhood_dreams-14">[14]</a> After taking his <a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus" title="Eleven-plus">eleven-plus</a> exam at the conclusion of his Burnt Ash Junior education, Bowie went to <a href="/wiki/Bromley_Technical_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromley Technical High School">Bromley Technical High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199721%E2%80%9322-15">[15]</a> It was an unusual technical school, as biographer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sandford_(biographer)" title="Christopher Sandford (biographer)">Christopher Sandford</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Despite its status it was, by the time David arrived in 1958, as rich in arcane ritual as any [English] <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public school</a>. There were <a href="/wiki/House_system" title="House system">houses</a> named after eighteenth-century statesmen like <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">Wilberforce</a>. There was a uniform and an elaborate system of rewards and punishments. There was also an accent on languages, science and particularly design, where a collegiate atmosphere flourished under the tutorship of <a href="/wiki/Owen_Frampton" title="Owen Frampton">Owen Frampton</a>. In David's account, Frampton led through force of personality, not intellect; his colleagues at Bromley Tech were famous for neither and yielded the school's most gifted pupils to the arts, a regime so liberal that Frampton actively encouraged his own son, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Frampton" title="Peter Frampton">Peter</a>, to pursue a musical career with David, a partnership briefly intact thirty years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199721%E2%80%9322-15">[15]</a></blockquote> Bowie's maternal half-brother, Terry Burns, was a substantial influence on his early life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2015chap._4-16">[16]</a> Burns, who was 10 years older than Bowie, had <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>, and lived alternately at home and in psychiatric wards; while living with Bowie, he introduced the younger man to many of his lifelong influences, such as <a href="/wiki/Modern_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern jazz">modern jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beat_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Beat poetry">Beat poetry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2015chap._3%E2%80%934-17">[17]</a> In addition to Burns, a significant proportion of Bowie's extended family members had <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_spectrum_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizophrenia spectrum disorders">schizophrenia spectrum disorders</a>, including an aunt who was institutionalised and another who underwent a <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a>; this has been labelled as an influence on his early work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2015chap._4-16">[16]</a> Bowie studied art, music and design, including layout and typesetting. After Burns introduced him to modern jazz, his enthusiasm for players like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a> led his mother to give him a <a href="/wiki/Grafton_saxophone" title="Grafton saxophone">Grafton saxophone</a> in 1961. He was soon receiving lessons from <a href="/wiki/Baritone_saxophonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baritone saxophonist">baritone saxophonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Ross" title="Ronnie Ross">Ronnie Ross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199725-19">[19]</a> He received a serious injury at school in 1962 when his friend <a href="/wiki/George_Underwood_(artist)" title="George Underwood (artist)">George Underwood</a> punched him in the left eye during a fight over a girl.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After a series of operations during a four-month hospitalisation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200657-21">[21]</a> his doctors determined that the damage could not be fully repaired and Bowie was left with faulty <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anisocoria" title="Anisocoria">anisocoria</a> (a permanently dilated pupil), which gave a false impression of a change in the iris' colour, erroneously suggesting he had <a href="/wiki/Heterochromia_iridum" title="Heterochromia iridum">heterochromia iridum</a> (one iris a different colour to the other); his eye later became one of Bowie's most recognisable features.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Despite their altercation, Bowie remained on good terms with Underwood, who went on to create the artwork for Bowie's early albums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200519-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Music_career">Music career</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1962–1967:_Early_career_to_debut_album">1962–1967: Early career to debut album</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_(1967).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A close-up of a man looking to the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/David_Bowie_%281967%29.png/170px-David_Bowie_%281967%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="547"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/David_Bowie_%281967%29.png/170px-David_Bowie_%281967%29.png" data-alt="A close-up of a man looking to the camera" data-width="170" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/David_Bowie_%281967%29.png/255px-David_Bowie_%281967%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/David_Bowie_%281967%29.png/340px-David_Bowie_%281967%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A trade ad photo of Bowie in 1967</figcaption></figure> Bowie formed his first band, the Konrads, in 1962 at the age of 15. Playing guitar-based <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> at local youth gatherings and weddings, the Konrads had a varying line-up of between four and eight members, Underwood among them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199728-24">[24]</a> When Bowie left the technical school the following year, he informed his parents of his intention to become a pop star. His mother arranged his employment as an electrician's mate. Frustrated by his bandmates' limited aspirations, Bowie left the Konrads and joined another band, the King Bees. He wrote to the newly successful washing-machine entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/John_Bloom_(businessman)" title="John Bloom (businessman)">John Bloom</a> inviting him to "do for us what <a href="/wiki/Brian_Epstein" title="Brian Epstein">Brian Epstein</a> has done for <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>—and make another million." Bloom did not respond to the offer, but his referral to <a href="/wiki/Dick_James" title="Dick James">Dick James</a>'s partner Leslie Conn led to Bowie's first personal management contract.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199729%E2%80%9330-25">[25]</a> Conn quickly began to promote Bowie. His debut single, "<a href="/wiki/Liza_Jane_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Liza Jane (David Bowie song)">Liza Jane</a>", credited to Davie Jones with the King Bees, was not commercially successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016166%E2%80%93167-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2015chaps._1%E2%80%932-27">[27]</a> Dissatisfied with the King Bees and their repertoire of <a href="/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf" title="Howlin' Wolf">Howlin' Wolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willie_Dixon" title="Willie Dixon">Willie Dixon</a> covers, Bowie quit the band less than a month later to join the Manish Boys, another blues outfit, who incorporated folk and soul—"I used to dream of being their <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>", he recalled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199729%E2%80%9330-25">[25]</a> Their cover of <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bland" title="Bobby Bland">Bobby Bland</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/I_Pity_the_Fool" title="I Pity the Fool">I Pity the Fool</a>" was no more successful than "Liza Jane", and Bowie soon moved on again to join the Lower Third, a blues trio strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>. "<a href="/wiki/You%27ve_Got_a_Habit_of_Leaving" title="You've Got a Habit of Leaving">You've Got a Habit of Leaving</a>" fared no better, signalling the end of Conn's contract. Declaring that he would exit the pop music world "to study mime at <a href="/wiki/Sadler%27s_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadler's Wells">Sadler's Wells</a>", Bowie nevertheless remained with the Lower Third. His new manager, Ralph Horton, later instrumental in his transition to solo artist, helped secure him a contract with <a href="/wiki/Pye_Records" title="Pye Records">Pye Records</a>. Publicist <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hatch" title="Tony Hatch">Tony Hatch</a> signed Bowie on the basis that he wrote his own songs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka201165%E2%80%9366-28">[28]</a> Dissatisfied with Davy (and Davie) Jones, which in the mid-1960s invited confusion with <a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(musician)" title="Davy Jones (musician)">Davy Jones</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Monkees" title="The Monkees">the Monkees</a>, he took on the stage name David Bowie after the 19th-century American pioneer <a href="/wiki/James_Bowie" title="James Bowie">James Bowie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowie_knife" title="Bowie knife">the knife he had popularised</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECann201064%E2%80%9367-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka201154%E2%80%9359-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200033-31">[31]</a> His first release under the name was the January 1966 single "<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Help_Thinking_About_Me" title="Can't Help Thinking About Me">Can't Help Thinking About Me</a>", recorded with the Lower Third.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg201655%E2%80%9357-32">[32]</a> It flopped like its predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka201169%E2%80%9370-33">[33]</a> Bowie departed the Lower Third after the single's release, partly due to Horton's influence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg201655%E2%80%9357-32">[32]</a> and released two more singles for Pye, "<a href="/wiki/Do_Anything_You_Say" title="Do Anything You Say">Do Anything You Say</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/I_Dig_Everything" title="I Dig Everything">I Dig Everything</a>", both of which featured a new band called the Buzz, before signing with <a href="/wiki/Deram_Records" title="Deram Records">Deram Records</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2015chaps._1%E2%80%932-27">[27]</a> Around this time Bowie also joined <a href="/wiki/The_Riot_Squad" title="The Riot Squad">the Riot Squad</a>; their recordings, which included one of Bowie's original songs and material by <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">the Velvet Underground</a>, went unreleased. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pitt" title="Kenneth Pitt">Kenneth Pitt</a>, introduced by Horton, took over as Bowie's manager.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199735%E2%80%9339-34">[34]</a> His April 1967 solo single, "<a href="/wiki/The_Laughing_Gnome" title="The Laughing Gnome">The Laughing Gnome</a>", on which speeded-up and high-pitched vocals were used to portray the gnome, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_(1967_album)" title="David Bowie (1967 album)">David Bowie</a>, an amalgam of pop, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a>, met the same fate. It was his last release for two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199741%E2%80%9342-35">[35]</a> In September, Bowie recorded "<a href="/wiki/Let_Me_Sleep_Beside_You" title="Let Me Sleep Beside You">Let Me Sleep Beside You</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Karma_Man" title="Karma Man">Karma Man</a>", both rejected by Deram and left unreleased until 1970. The tracks marked the beginning of Bowie's working relationship with producer <a href="/wiki/Tony_Visconti" title="Tony Visconti">Tony Visconti</a> which, with large gaps, lasted for the rest of Bowie's career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016146,_157-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2015chap._2-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968–1971:_Space_Oddity_to_Hunky_Dory">1968–1971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory</h3></div> Studying the dramatic arts under <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Kemp" title="Lindsay Kemp">Lindsay Kemp</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> theatre and <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mime</a> to <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>, Bowie became immersed in the creation of personae to present to the world. Satirising life in a British prison, his composition "Over the Wall We Go" became a 1967 single for <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nicholas" title="Paul Nicholas">Oscar</a>; another Bowie song, "<a href="/wiki/Silly_Boy_Blue" title="Silly Boy Blue">Silly Boy Blue</a>", was released by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Fury" title="Billy Fury">Billy Fury</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200546-38">[38]</a> Playing acoustic guitar, Hermione Farthingale formed a group with Bowie and guitarist John Hutchinson named Feathers; between September 1968 and early 1969 the trio gave a small number of concerts combining folk, <a href="/wiki/Merseybeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseybeat">Merseybeat</a>, poetry and mime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200549%E2%80%9352-39">[39]</a> After the break-up with Farthingale, Bowie moved in with Mary Finnigan as her lodger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199753-40">[40]</a> In February and March 1969, he undertook a short tour with <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolan" title="Marc Bolan">Marc Bolan</a>'s duo <a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">Tyrannosaurus Rex</a>, as third on the bill, performing a mime act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaytress2009199-41">[41]</a> Continuing the divergence from rock and roll and blues begun by his work with Farthingale, Bowie joined forces with Finnigan, Christina Ostrom and Barrie Jackson to run a folk club on Sunday nights at the Three Tuns pub in <a href="/wiki/Beckenham" title="Beckenham">Beckenham</a> High Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199753-40">[40]</a> The club was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Arts_Lab" title="Arts Lab">Arts Lab</a> movement, developing into the <a href="/wiki/Beckenham_Arts_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Beckenham Arts Lab">Beckenham Arts Lab</a> and became extremely popular. The Arts Lab hosted a free festival in a local park, the subject of his song "<a href="/wiki/Memory_of_a_Free_Festival" title="Memory of a Free Festival">Memory of a Free Festival</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1996188-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_Plaque,_Trident_Studios,_London_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/David_Bowie_Plaque%2C_Trident_Studios%2C_London_copy.jpg/220px-David_Bowie_Plaque%2C_Trident_Studios%2C_London_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2064"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/David_Bowie_Plaque%2C_Trident_Studios%2C_London_copy.jpg/220px-David_Bowie_Plaque%2C_Trident_Studios%2C_London_copy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/David_Bowie_Plaque%2C_Trident_Studios%2C_London_copy.jpg/330px-David_Bowie_Plaque%2C_Trident_Studios%2C_London_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/David_Bowie_Plaque%2C_Trident_Studios%2C_London_copy.jpg/440px-David_Bowie_Plaque%2C_Trident_Studios%2C_London_copy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Plaque at <a href="/wiki/Trident_Studios" title="Trident Studios">Trident Studios</a> in London marking where Bowie recorded six albums between 1969 and 1974</figcaption></figure> Pitt attempted to introduce Bowie to a larger audience with the <a href="/wiki/Love_You_till_Tuesday_(film)" title="Love You till Tuesday (film)">Love You till Tuesday</a> film, which went unreleased until 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016636%E2%80%93638-43">[43]</a> Feeling alienated over his unsuccessful career and deeply affected by his break-up, Bowie wrote "<a href="/wiki/Space_Oddity" title="Space Oddity">Space Oddity</a>", a tale about a fictional astronaut named <a href="/wiki/Major_Tom" title="Major Tom">Major Tom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016255%E2%80%93260-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2009104-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2015chap._3-46">[46]</a> The song earned him a contract with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a> and its UK subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips</a>, who issued "Space Oddity" as a single on 11 July 1969, five days ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> launch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016255%E2%80%93260-44">[44]</a> Reaching the top five in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199749%E2%80%9350-47">[47]</a> it was his first and last hit for three years.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Bowie's second album followed in November. Originally issued in the UK as <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_(1969_album)" title="David Bowie (1969 album)">David Bowie</a>, it caused some confusion with its predecessor of the same name, and the US release was instead titled Man of Words/Man of Music; it was reissued internationally in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> as Space Oddity. Featuring philosophical post-<a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> lyrics on peace, love and morality, its acoustic folk rock occasionally fortified by harder rock, the album was not a commercial success at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199754%E2%80%9360-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECann2010169%E2%80%93171-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016338-51">[51]</a> Bowie met <a href="/wiki/Angela_Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela Barnett">Angela Barnett</a> in April 1969. They married within a year. Her impact on him was immediate—he wrote his 1970 single "<a href="/wiki/The_Prettiest_Star" title="The Prettiest Star">The Prettiest Star</a>" for her<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2009131%E2%80%93132-52">[52]</a>—and her involvement in his career far-reaching, leaving Pitt with limited influence which he found frustrating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199754%E2%80%9360-49">[49]</a> Having established himself as a solo artist with "Space Oddity", Bowie desired a full-time band he could record with and could relate to personally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199762%E2%80%9363-53">[53]</a> The band Bowie assembled comprised John Cambridge, a drummer Bowie met at the Arts Lab, Visconti on bass and <a href="/wiki/Mick_Ronson" title="Mick Ronson">Mick Ronson</a> on electric guitar. Known as <a href="/wiki/Hype_(David_Bowie_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hype (David Bowie band)">Hype</a>, the bandmates created characters for themselves and wore elaborate costumes that prefigured the glam style of the Spiders from Mars. After a disastrous opening gig at the <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(venue)" title="Roundhouse (venue)">London Roundhouse</a>, they reverted to a configuration presenting Bowie as a solo artist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199762%E2%80%9363-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200089%E2%80%9390-54">[54]</a> Their initial studio work was marred by a heated disagreement between Bowie and Cambridge over the latter's drumming style, leading to his replacement by <a href="/wiki/Mick_Woodmansey" title="Mick Woodmansey">Mick Woodmansey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199767-55">[55]</a> Not long after, Bowie fired his manager and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Tony_Defries" title="Tony Defries">Tony Defries</a>. This resulted in years of litigation that concluded with Bowie having to pay Pitt compensation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199767-55">[55]</a> The studio sessions continued and resulted in Bowie's third album, <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_World_(album)" title="The Man Who Sold the World (album)">The Man Who Sold the World</a> (1970), which contained references to schizophrenia, paranoia and delusion.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> It represented a departure from the acoustic guitar and folk rock style established by his second album,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone201290-57">[57]</a> to a more <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> sound.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2012106-59">[59]</a> Mercury financed a coast-to-coast publicity tour across the US in which Bowie, between January and February 1971, was interviewed by media. Exploiting his <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a> appearance, the original cover of the UK version unveiled two months later depicted Bowie wearing a dress. He took the dress with him and wore it during interviews, to the approval of critics – including <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_Mendelsohn_(musician)" title="John Mendelsohn (musician)">John Mendelsohn</a>, who described him as "ravishing, almost disconcertingly reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199773%E2%80%9374-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016338%E2%80%93343-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tony_Defries_et_David_Bowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man with long blonde hair and a man with an afro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tony_Defries_et_David_Bowie.jpg/220px-Tony_Defries_et_David_Bowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="2327"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tony_Defries_et_David_Bowie.jpg/220px-Tony_Defries_et_David_Bowie.jpg" data-alt="A man with long blonde hair and a man with an afro" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tony_Defries_et_David_Bowie.jpg/330px-Tony_Defries_et_David_Bowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tony_Defries_et_David_Bowie.jpg/440px-Tony_Defries_et_David_Bowie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Defries" title="Tony Defries">Tony Defries</a> at <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol%27s_Pork" title="Andy Warhol's Pork">Andy Warhol's Pork</a> at <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(venue)" title="Roundhouse (venue)">London's Roundhouse</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> During the tour, Bowie's observation of two seminal American <a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">proto-punk</a> artists led him to develop a concept that eventually found form in the Ziggy Stardust character: a melding of the persona of <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a> with the music of <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a>, producing "the ultimate pop idol".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199773%E2%80%9374-60">[60]</a> A girlfriend recalled his "scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character "who looks like he's landed from Mars".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199773%E2%80%9374-60">[60]</a> The "Stardust" surname was a tribute to the "<a href="/wiki/Legendary_Stardust_Cowboy" title="Legendary Stardust Cowboy">Legendary Stardust Cowboy</a>", whose record he was given during the tour. Bowie later covered "I Took a Trip on a Gemini Space Ship" on 2002's <a href="/wiki/Heathen_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Heathen (David Bowie album)">Heathen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2009177-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunky_Dory" title="Hunky Dory">Hunky Dory</a> (1971) found Visconti supplanted in both roles by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Scott" title="Ken Scott">Ken Scott</a> producing and <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bolder" title="Trevor Bolder">Trevor Bolder</a> on bass. It again featured a stylistic shift towards <a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">art pop</a> and melodic <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> with light fare tracks such as "<a href="/wiki/Kooks_(song)" title="Kooks (song)">Kooks</a>", a song written for his son, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Zowie_Haywood_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones">Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones</a>, born on 30 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200595%E2%80%9399-64">[64]</a> Elsewhere, the album explored more serious subjects, and found Bowie paying unusually direct homage to his influences with "<a href="/wiki/Song_for_Bob_Dylan" title="Song for Bob Dylan">Song for Bob Dylan</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_(song)" title="Andy Warhol (song)">Andy Warhol</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Queen_Bitch" title="Queen Bitch">Queen Bitch</a>", the latter a Velvet Underground pastiche.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199785%E2%80%9386-65">[65]</a> His first release through RCA,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2011174-66">[66]</a> it was a commercial failure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005104-67">[67]</a> partly due lack of promotion from the label.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016348%E2%80%93349-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Noone" title="Peter Noone">Peter Noone</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herman%27s_Hermits" title="Herman's Hermits">Herman's Hermits</a> covered the album's track "<a href="/wiki/Oh!_You_Pretty_Things" title="Oh! You Pretty Things">Oh! You Pretty Things</a>", which reached number 12 in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016202%E2%80%93204-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972–1974:_Glam_rock_era">1972–1974: Glam rock era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David-Bowie_Early.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A shot of a man with an acoustic guitar taken from below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/150px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/150px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg" data-alt="A shot of a man with an acoustic guitar taken from below" data-width="150" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/225px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David-Bowie_Early.jpg/300px-David-Bowie_Early.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie during the <a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_Tour" title="Ziggy Stardust Tour">Ziggy Stardust Tour</a>, 1972</figcaption></figure> Dressed in a striking costume, his hair dyed reddish-brown, Bowie launched his Ziggy Stardust stage show with <a href="/wiki/The_Spiders_from_Mars" title="The Spiders from Mars">the Spiders from Mars</a>—Ronson, Bolder, and Woodmansey—at the Toby Jug pub in <a href="/wiki/Tolworth" title="Tolworth">Tolworth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a> on 10 February 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005135%E2%80%93136-70">[70]</a> The show was hugely popular, catapulting him to stardom as he toured the UK over the next six months and creating, as described by David Buckley, a "cult of Bowie" that was "unique—its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005135%E2%80%93136-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars" title="The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars">The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars</a> (1972), combining the hard rock elements of The Man Who Sold the World with the lighter experimental rock and pop of Hunky Dory, was released in June and was considered one of the defining albums of <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Starman_(song)" title="Starman (song)">Starman</a>", issued as an April single ahead of the album, was to cement Bowie's UK breakthrough: both single and album charted rapidly following his July <a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a> performance of the song. The album, which remained in the chart for two years, was soon joined there by the six-month-old Hunky Dory. At the same time, the non-album single "<a href="/wiki/John,_I%27m_Only_Dancing" title="John, I'm Only Dancing">John, I'm Only Dancing</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/All_the_Young_Dudes" title="All the Young Dudes">All the Young Dudes</a>", a song he wrote and produced for <a href="/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople" title="Mott the Hoople">Mott the Hoople</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> were successful in the UK. The <a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_Tour" title="Ziggy Stardust Tour">Ziggy Stardust Tour</a> continued to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199793%E2%80%9395-72">[72]</a> Bowie contributed backing vocals, keyboards and guitar to Reed's 1972 solo breakthrough <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(Lou_Reed_album)" title="Transformer (Lou Reed album)">Transformer</a>, co-producing the album with Ronson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2000156-73">[73]</a> The following year, Bowie co-produced and <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">mixed</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">the Stooges</a>' album <a href="/wiki/Raw_Power" title="Raw Power">Raw Power</a> alongside Iggy Pop.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> His own <a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Sane" title="Aladdin Sane">Aladdin Sane</a> (1973) was his first UK number-one album. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America", it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the US during the earlier part of the Ziggy tour, which now continued to Japan to promote the new album. Aladdin Sane spawned the UK top five singles "<a href="/wiki/The_Jean_Genie" title="The Jean Genie">The Jean Genie</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Drive-In_Saturday" title="Drive-In Saturday">Drive-In Saturday</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016361%E2%80%93364-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997108-76">[76]</a> Bowie's love of acting led to his total immersion in the characters he created for his music. "Offstage I'm a robot. Onstage I achieve emotion. It's probably why I prefer dressing up as Ziggy to being David." With satisfaction came severe personal difficulties: acting the same role over an extended period, it became impossible for him to separate Ziggy Stardust—and later, the Thin White Duke—from his own character offstage. Ziggy, Bowie said, "wouldn't leave me alone for years. That was when it all started to go sour ... My whole personality was affected. It became very dangerous. I really did have doubts about my sanity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997106%E2%80%93107-77">[77]</a> His later Ziggy shows, which included songs from both Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane, were ultra-theatrical affairs filled with shocking stage moments, such as Bowie stripping down to a <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> wrestling loincloth or simulating <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a> with Ronson's guitar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrMurray19817-78">[78]</a> Bowie toured and gave press conferences as Ziggy before a dramatic and abrupt on-stage "retirement" at London's <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Odeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammersmith Odeon">Hammersmith Odeon</a> on 3 July 1973.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005165%E2%80%93167-79">[79]</a> Footage from the final show was incorporated for the film <a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars_(film)" title="Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (film)">Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars</a>, which premiered in 1979 and commercially released in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_-_Ziggy_Stardust.ogg" title="File:David Bowie - Ziggy Stardust.ogg">"Ziggy Stardust"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="David_Bowie_-_Ziggy_Stardust.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/51/David_Bowie_-_Ziggy_Stardust.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/5/51/David_Bowie_-_Ziggy_Stardust.ogg/David_Bowie_-_Ziggy_Stardust.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Sample of "<a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_(song)" title="Ziggy Stardust (song)">Ziggy Stardust</a>" (1972). A pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a>, Bowie performed as the character Ziggy Stardust, backed by the Spiders from Mars.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> After breaking up the Spiders, Bowie attempted to move on from his Ziggy persona. His back catalogue was now highly sought after: The Man Who Sold the World had been re-released in 1972 along with Space Oddity. Hunky Dory's "<a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars?">Life on Mars?</a>" was released in June 1973 and peaked at number three on the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a>. Entering the same chart in September, his 1967 novelty record "The Laughing Gnome" reached number six.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005163-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pin_Ups" title="Pin Ups">Pin Ups</a>, a collection of covers of his 1960s favourites, followed in October, producing a UK number three hit in his version of <a href="/wiki/The_McCoys" title="The McCoys">the McCoys</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(The_McCoys_song)" title="Sorrow (The McCoys song)">Sorrow</a>" and itself peaking at number one, making Bowie the best-selling act of 1973 in the UK. It brought the total number of Bowie albums concurrently on the UK chart to six.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997115-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='1974–1976:_"Plastic_soul"_and_the_Thin_White_Duke'>1974–1976: "Plastic soul" and the Thin White Duke</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_08.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man with an eyepatch playing a guitar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_08.png/220px-David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_08.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="499"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_08.png/220px-David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_08.png" data-alt="A man with an eyepatch playing a guitar" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_08.png/330px-David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_08.png/440px-David_Bowie_-_TopPop_1974_08.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie performing "<a href="/wiki/Rebel_Rebel" title="Rebel Rebel">Rebel Rebel</a>" on <a href="/wiki/TopPop" title="TopPop">TopPop</a> in February 1974</figcaption></figure> Bowie moved to the US in 1974, initially staying in New York City before settling in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley20053-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Dogs" title="Diamond Dogs">Diamond Dogs</a> (1974), parts of which found him heading towards <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, was the product of two distinct ideas: a musical based on a wild future in a post-<a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a> city, and setting <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> to music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005180%E2%80%93183-84">[84]</a> The album went to number one in the UK, spawning the hits "<a href="/wiki/Rebel_Rebel" title="Rebel Rebel">Rebel Rebel</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Diamond_Dogs_(song)" title="Diamond Dogs (song)">Diamond Dogs</a>", and number five in the US. The supporting <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Dogs_Tour" title="Diamond Dogs Tour">Diamond Dogs Tour</a> visited cities in North America between June and December 1974. Choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Toni_Basil" title="Toni Basil">Toni Basil</a>, and lavishly produced with theatrical special effects, the high-budget stage production was filmed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Yentob" title="Alan Yentob">Alan Yentob</a>. The resulting documentary, <a href="/wiki/Cracked_Actor" title="Cracked Actor">Cracked Actor</a>, featured a pasty and emaciated Bowie: the tour coincided with his slide from heavy <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> use into addiction, producing severe physical debilitation, <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a> and emotional problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005204%E2%80%93205-85">[85]</a> He later commented that the accompanying live album, <a href="/wiki/David_Live" title="David Live">David Live</a>, ought to have been titled "David Bowie Is Alive and Well and Living Only in Theory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2015%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailsbowieonbowieinte0000unsepage66mode2up_66%5D-86">[86]</a> David Live nevertheless solidified Bowie's status as a superstar, charting at number two in the UK and number eight in the US. It also spawned a UK number ten hit in a cover of <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Floyd" title="Eddie Floyd">Eddie Floyd</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Knock_on_Wood_(Eddie_Floyd_song)" title="Knock on Wood (Eddie Floyd song)">Knock on Wood</a>". After a break in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where Bowie recorded new material, the tour resumed with a new emphasis on soul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997128-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowie-DD-1974-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man with a robe singing into a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bowie-DD-1974-3.jpg/170px-Bowie-DD-1974-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="428"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bowie-DD-1974-3.jpg/170px-Bowie-DD-1974-3.jpg" data-alt="A man with a robe singing into a microphone" data-width="170" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bowie-DD-1974-3.jpg/255px-Bowie-DD-1974-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Bowie-DD-1974-3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie performing on the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Dogs_Tour" title="Diamond Dogs Tour">Diamond Dogs Tour</a>, July 1974</figcaption></figure> The fruit of the Philadelphia recording sessions was <a href="/wiki/Young_Americans" title="Young Americans">Young Americans</a> (1975). Sandford writes, "Over the years, most British rockers had tried, one way or another, to become black-by-extension. Few had succeeded as Bowie did now."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997138-88">[88]</a> The album's sound, which Bowie identified as "<a href="/wiki/Plastic_soul" title="Plastic soul">plastic soul</a>", constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrMurray198168%E2%80%9374-89">[89]</a> Young Americans was a commercial success in both the US and the UK and yielded Bowie's first US number one, "<a href="/wiki/Fame_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Fame (David Bowie song)">Fame</a>", a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2015chap._9-90">[90]</a> A re-issue of the 1969 single "Space Oddity" became Bowie's first number-one hit in the UK a few months after "Fame" achieved the same in the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2001120-91">[91]</a> He mimed "Fame" and his November single "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Years_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Golden Years (David Bowie song)">Golden Years</a>" on the US variety show <a href="/wiki/Soul_Train" title="Soul Train">Soul Train</a>, earning him the distinction of being one of the first white artists to appear on the programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016565%E2%80%93566-92">[92]</a> The same year, Bowie fired Defries as his manager. At the culmination of the ensuing months-long legal dispute, he watched, as described by Sandford, "millions of dollars of his future earnings being surrendered" in what were "uniquely generous terms for Defries", then "shut himself up in West 20th Street, where for a week his howls could be heard through the locked attic door."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997135%E2%80%93136-93">[93]</a> Michael Lippman, Bowie's lawyer during the negotiations, became his new manager; Lippman, in turn, was awarded substantial compensation when he was fired the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997137,_153-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_and_Cher_1975.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man with a woman holding a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/David_Bowie_and_Cher_1975.JPG/220px-David_Bowie_and_Cher_1975.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="639"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/David_Bowie_and_Cher_1975.JPG/220px-David_Bowie_and_Cher_1975.JPG" data-alt="A man with a woman holding a microphone" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/David_Bowie_and_Cher_1975.JPG/330px-David_Bowie_and_Cher_1975.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/David_Bowie_and_Cher_1975.JPG/440px-David_Bowie_and_Cher_1975.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie performs with <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a> on the variety show <a href="/wiki/Cher_(TV_series)" title="Cher (TV series)">Cher</a>, 1975.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Station_to_Station" title="Station to Station">Station to Station</a> (1976), produced by Bowie and Harry Maslin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016380%E2%80%93382-95">[95]</a> introduced a new Bowie persona, <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_White_Duke" title="The Thin White Duke">the Thin White Duke</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Station_to_Station_(song)" title="Station to Station (song)">title track</a>. Visually, the character was an extension of Thomas Jerome Newton, the extraterrestrial being he portrayed in the film <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth" title="The Man Who Fell to Earth">The Man Who Fell to Earth</a> the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005238-96">[96]</a> Developing the funk and soul of Young Americans, Station to Station's synthesiser-heavy arrangements were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrMurray198178%E2%80%9380-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016380%E2%80%93382-95">[95]</a> Bowie's cocaine addiction during this period was at its peak; he often did not sleep for three to four days at a time during Station to Station's recording sessions and later said he remembered "only flashes" of its making.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2009259%E2%80%93266-98">[98]</a> His sanity—by his own later admission—had become twisted from cocaine;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005204%E2%80%93205-85">[85]</a> he referenced the drug directly in the album's ten-minute title track.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcken20057%E2%80%938-99">[99]</a> The album's release was followed by a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3+1⁄2-month-long concert tour, the <a href="/wiki/Isolar_%E2%80%93_1976_Tour" title="Isolar – 1976 Tour">Isolar Tour</a>, of Europe and North America. The core band that coalesced to record the album and tour—rhythm guitarist <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Alomar" title="Carlos Alomar">Carlos Alomar</a>, bassist <a href="/wiki/George_Murray_(musician)" title="George Murray (musician)">George Murray</a> and drummer <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Davis" title="Dennis Davis">Dennis Davis</a>—continued as a stable unit for the remainder of the 1970s. Bowie performed on stage as the Thin White Duke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016566%E2%80%93568-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrMurray198178%E2%80%9380-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man leaning against a piano holding a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/David_Bowie_1976.jpg/220px-David_Bowie_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="337"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/David_Bowie_1976.jpg/220px-David_Bowie_1976.jpg" data-alt="A man leaning against a piano holding a microphone" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/David_Bowie_1976.jpg/330px-David_Bowie_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/David_Bowie_1976.jpg/440px-David_Bowie_1976.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie as <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_White_Duke" title="The Thin White Duke">the Thin White Duke</a> at <a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Gardens" title="Maple Leaf Gardens">Maple Leaf Gardens</a>, Toronto, 1976</figcaption></figure> The tour was highly successful but mired in political controversy. Bowie was quoted in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> as saying that "Britain could benefit from a Fascist leader", and was detained by customs on the Russian/Polish border for possessing <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> paraphernalia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2000289%E2%80%93291-101">[101]</a> Matters came to a head in London in May in what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria Station</a> incident". Arriving in an open-top <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a> <a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">convertible</a>, Bowie waved to the crowd in a gesture that some alleged was a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a>, which was captured on camera and published in <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a>. Bowie said the photographer caught him in mid-wave.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> He later blamed his pro-fascism comments and his behaviour during the period on his cocaine addiction, the character of the Thin White Duke<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrMurray198111-103">[103]</a> and his life living in Los Angeles, a city he later said "should be wiped off the face of the Earth".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> He later apologised for these statements, and throughout the 1980s and 1990s criticised racism in European politics and the American music industry.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Nevertheless, his comments on fascism, as well as <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>'s alcohol-fuelled denunciations of Pakistani immigrants in 1976, led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976–1979:_Berlin_era">1976–1979: Berlin era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Trilogy" title="Berlin Trilogy">Berlin Trilogy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_155_Berlin-Sch%C3%B6neberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An apartment building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_155_Berlin-Sch%C3%B6neberg.jpg/220px-Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_155_Berlin-Sch%C3%B6neberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_155_Berlin-Sch%C3%B6neberg.jpg/220px-Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_155_Berlin-Sch%C3%B6neberg.jpg" data-alt="An apartment building" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_155_Berlin-Sch%C3%B6neberg.jpg/330px-Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_155_Berlin-Sch%C3%B6neberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_155_Berlin-Sch%C3%B6neberg.jpg/440px-Hauptstra%C3%9Fe_155_Berlin-Sch%C3%B6neberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Apartment building at Hauptstraße 155, <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Schöneberg">Schöneberg</a>, Berlin, where Bowie lived from 1976 to 1978</figcaption></figure> In August 1976, Bowie moved to <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> with his old friend Iggy Pop to rid themselves of their respective drug addictions and escape the spotlight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016384%E2%80%93389-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeabrook200882%E2%80%9388-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005257-109">[109]</a> Bowie's interest in German krautrock and the <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient</a> works of multi-instrumentalist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Eno" title="Brian Eno">Brian Eno</a> culminated in the first of three albums, co-produced with Visconti, that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Trilogy" title="Berlin Trilogy">Berlin Trilogy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016266%E2%80%93267,_384-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997149-111">[111]</a> The album, <a href="/wiki/Low_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Low (David Bowie album)">Low</a> (1977), was recorded in France and took influence from krautrock and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a> and featured both short song-fragments and ambient instrumentals.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Before its recording, Bowie produced Iggy Pop's debut solo album <a href="/wiki/The_Idiot_(album)" title="The Idiot (album)">The Idiot</a>, described by Pegg as "a stepping stone between Station to Station and Low".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016487%E2%80%93488-114">[114]</a> Low was completed in November, but left unreleased for three months. RCA did not see the album as commercially viable and was expecting another success following Young Americans and Station to Station.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2009279%E2%80%93282-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeabrook2008116-116">[116]</a> Bowie's former manager Tony Defries, who maintained a significant financial interest in Bowie's affairs, had tried to prevent the album from being released.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016384%E2%80%93389-107">[107]</a> Upon its release in January 1977, Low yielded the UK number three single "<a href="/wiki/Sound_and_Vision" title="Sound and Vision">Sound and Vision</a>", and its own performance surpassed that of Station to Station in the UK chart, where it reached number two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005272-117">[117]</a> Bowie himself did not promote it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016384%E2%80%93389-107">[107]</a> instead touring with Pop as his keyboardist throughout March and April before recording Pop's follow-up, <a href="/wiki/Lust_for_Life_(Iggy_Pop_album)" title="Lust for Life (Iggy Pop album)">Lust for Life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._2-118">[118]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_-_Heroes.ogg" title="File:David Bowie - Heroes.ogg">"'Heroes'"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="David_Bowie_-_Heroes.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/David_Bowie_-_Heroes.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/a/aa/David_Bowie_-_Heroes.ogg/David_Bowie_-_Heroes.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">Sample of "<a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_song)" title='"Heroes" (David Bowie song)'>'Heroes'</a>" (1977). One of the ambient rock songs to emerge from Bowie's <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Trilogy" title="Berlin Trilogy">Berlin Trilogy</a> era, "'Heroes'" gained lasting popularity.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Echoing Low's minimalist, instrumental approach, the second of the trilogy, <a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_album)" class="mw-redirect" title='"Heroes" (David Bowie album)'>"Heroes"</a> (1977), incorporated pop and rock to a greater extent, seeing Bowie joined by guitarist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fripp" title="Robert Fripp">Robert Fripp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrMurray198191%E2%80%9392-119">[119]</a> It was the only album recorded entirely in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Incorporating ambient sounds from a variety of sources including white noise generators, synthesisers and <a href="/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument)">koto</a>, the album was another hit, reaching number three in the UK. Its <a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_song)" title='"Heroes" (David Bowie song)'>title track</a> was released in both German and French and, though only reached number 24 in the UK singles chart, later became one of his best-known tracks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016111%E2%80%93112-121">[121]</a> In contrast to Low,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005282-122">[122]</a> Bowie promoted "Heroes" extensively, performing the title track on Marc Bolan's television show <a href="/wiki/Marc_(TV_series)" title="Marc (TV series)">Marc</a>, and again two days later for <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>'s final <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> television Christmas special, when he joined Crosby in "<a href="/wiki/Peace_on_Earth/Little_Drummer_Boy" title="Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy">Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy</a>", a version of "<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Drummer_Boy" title="The Little Drummer Boy">The Little Drummer Boy</a>" with a new, <a href="/wiki/Contrapuntal" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrapuntal">contrapuntal</a> verse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016391-123">[123]</a> RCA belatedly released the recording as a single five years later in 1982, charting in the UK at number three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._2-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016208%E2%80%93209-124">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_bowie_05061978_01_150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man on stage singing into a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/David_bowie_05061978_01_150.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="221"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/David_bowie_05061978_01_150.jpg" data-alt="A man on stage singing into a microphone" data-width="150" data-height="221" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie performing in Oslo, Norway, 1978</figcaption></figure> After completing Low and "Heroes", Bowie spent much of 1978 on the <a href="/wiki/Isolar_II_%E2%80%93_The_1978_World_Tour" title="Isolar II – The 1978 World Tour">Isolar II world tour</a>, bringing the music of the first two Berlin Trilogy albums to almost a million people during 70 concerts in 12 countries. By now he had broken his drug addiction; Buckley writes that Isolar II was "Bowie's first tour for five years in which he had probably not anaesthetised himself with copious quantities of cocaine before taking the stage. ... Without the oblivion that drugs had brought, he was now in a healthy enough mental condition to want to make friends."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005293-125">[125]</a> Recordings from the tour made up the live album <a href="/wiki/Stage_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Stage (David Bowie album)">Stage</a>, released the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997189-126">[126]</a> Bowie also recorded narration for an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a>'s classical composition <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_the_Wolf" title="Peter and the Wolf">Peter and the Wolf</a>, which was released as an <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_Narrates_Prokofiev%27s_Peter_and_the_Wolf" title="David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf">album</a> in May 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016489-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeabrook2008191%E2%80%93192-128">[128]</a> The final piece in what Bowie called his "<a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptych</a>", <a href="/wiki/Lodger_(album)" title="Lodger (album)">Lodger</a> (1979), eschewed the minimalist, ambient nature of its two predecessors, making a partial return to the drum- and guitar-based rock and pop of his pre-Berlin era. The result was a complex mixture of <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>, in places incorporating <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_dominant_scale" title="Phrygian dominant scale">Hijaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale#Non-Western_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">non-Western scales</a>. Some tracks were composed using Eno's <a href="/wiki/Oblique_Strategies" title="Oblique Strategies">Oblique Strategies</a> cards: "Boys Keep Swinging" entailed band members swapping instruments, "Move On" used the chords from Bowie's early composition "All the Young Dudes" played backwards, and "Red Money" took backing tracks from The Idiot's "Sister Midnight".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrMurray1981102%E2%80%93107-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._3-130">[130]</a> The album was recorded in Switzerland and New York City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016394%E2%80%93396-131">[131]</a> Ahead of its release, RCA's Mel Ilberman described it as "a concept album that portrays the Lodger as a homeless wanderer, shunned and victimized by life's pressures and technology." Lodger reached number four in the UK and number 20 in the US, and yielded the UK hit singles "<a href="/wiki/Boys_Keep_Swinging" title="Boys Keep Swinging">Boys Keep Swinging</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/DJ_(David_Bowie_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ (David Bowie song)">DJ</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005281-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997191%E2%80%93192-133">[133]</a> Towards the end of the year, Bowie and Angie initiated divorce proceedings, and after months of court battles the marriage was ended in early 1980.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997197-134">[134]</a> The three albums were later adapted into classical music symphonies by American composer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Glass)">first</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Glass)">fourth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._12_(Glass)" title="Symphony No. 12 (Glass)">twelfth</a> symphonies in 1992, 1997 and 2019, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016490%E2%80%93493-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Glass praised Bowie's gift for creating "fairly complex pieces of music, masquerading as simple pieces".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1993xiii-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980–1988:_New_Romantic_and_pop_era">1980–1988: New Romantic and pop era</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Scary_Monsters_(and_Super_Creeps)" title="Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)">Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)</a> (1980) produced the number one single "<a href="/wiki/Ashes_to_Ashes_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Ashes to Ashes (David Bowie song)">Ashes to Ashes</a>", featuring the textural guitar-synthesiser work of <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hammer" title="Chuck Hammer">Chuck Hammer</a> and revisiting the character of Major Tom from "Space Oddity". The song gave international exposure to the underground <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> movement when Bowie visited the London club "Blitz"—the main New Romantic hangout—to recruit several of the regulars (including <a href="/wiki/Steve_Strange" title="Steve Strange">Steve Strange</a> of the band <a href="/wiki/Visage_(band)" title="Visage (band)">Visage</a>) to act in the accompanying video, renowned as one of the most innovative of all time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg201627%E2%80%9330-138">[138]</a> While Scary Monsters used principles established by the Berlin albums, it was considered by critics to be far more direct musically and lyrically. The album's hard rock edge included conspicuous guitar contributions from Fripp and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Townshend" title="Pete Townshend">Pete Townshend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrMurray1981108%E2%80%93114-139">[139]</a> Topping the UK Albums Chart for the first time since Diamond Dogs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997204-140">[140]</a> Buckley writes that with Scary Monsters, Bowie achieved "the perfect balance" of creativity and mainstream success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005321%E2%80%93322-141">[141]</a> Bowie paired with <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> in 1981 for a one-off single release, "<a href="/wiki/Under_Pressure" title="Under Pressure">Under Pressure</a>". The duet was a hit, becoming Bowie's third UK number-one single.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016291-142">[142]</a> Bowie was given the lead role in the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s 1982 televised adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Baal_(play)" title="Baal (play)">Baal</a>. Coinciding with its transmission, a five-track <a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">EP</a> of songs from the play was released as <a href="/wiki/Baal_(EP)" title="Baal (EP)">Baal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._4-143">[143]</a> In March 1982, Bowie's <a href="/wiki/Cat_People_(Putting_Out_Fire)" title="Cat People (Putting Out Fire)">title song</a> for <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schrader" title="Paul Schrader">Paul Schrader</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Cat_People_(1982_film)" title="Cat People (1982 film)">Cat People</a> was released as a single. A collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, it became a minor US hit and charted in the UK top 30.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997208,_211%E2%80%93212-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg201657-145">[145]</a> The same year, he departed RCA, having grown increasingly dissatisfied with them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016397%E2%80%93401-146">[146]</a> and signed a new contract with <a href="/wiki/EMI_America_Records" title="EMI America Records">EMI America Records</a> for a reported $17 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005334%E2%80%93338-147">[147]</a> His 1975 severance settlement with Defries also ended in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoggett2012389-148">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowie_1983_serious_moonlight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man with blonde hair and a white suit holding a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bowie_1983_serious_moonlight.jpg/170px-Bowie_1983_serious_moonlight.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1565"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bowie_1983_serious_moonlight.jpg/170px-Bowie_1983_serious_moonlight.jpg" data-alt="A man with blonde hair and a white suit holding a microphone" data-width="170" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bowie_1983_serious_moonlight.jpg/255px-Bowie_1983_serious_moonlight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bowie_1983_serious_moonlight.jpg/340px-Bowie_1983_serious_moonlight.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serious_Moonlight_Tour" title="Serious Moonlight Tour">Serious Moonlight Tour</a>, 1983</figcaption></figure> Bowie reached his peak of popularity and commercial success in 1983 with <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Let's Dance (David Bowie album)">Let's Dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Co-produced by <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a>, the album went platinum in both the UK and the US. Its three singles became top 20 hits in both countries, where its <a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Let's Dance (David Bowie song)">title track</a> reached number one. "<a href="/wiki/Modern_Love_(song)" title="Modern Love (song)">Modern Love</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/China_Girl_(song)" title="China Girl (song)">China Girl</a>" each made number two in the UK, accompanied by a pair of "absorbing" music videos that Buckley said "activated key archetypes in the pop world... 'Let's Dance', with its little narrative surrounding the young <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> couple, targeted 'youth', and 'China Girl', with its bare-bummed (and later partially censored) beach lovemaking scene... was sufficiently sexually provocative to guarantee heavy rotation on MTV".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2000344-150">[150]</a> Then-unknown Texas blues guitarist <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Ray_Vaughan" title="Stevie Ray Vaughan">Stevie Ray Vaughan</a> guested on the album, featuring prominently on the title track.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005340%E2%80%93341-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016400%E2%80%93404-152">[152]</a> Let's Dance was followed by the six-month <a href="/wiki/Serious_Moonlight_Tour" title="Serious Moonlight Tour">Serious Moonlight Tour</a>, which was extremely successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016576%E2%80%93582-153">[153]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1984_MTV_Video_Music_Awards" title="1984 MTV Video Music Awards">1984 MTV Video Music Awards</a> Bowie received two awards including the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Video_Vanguard_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Vanguard Award">Video Vanguard Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tonight_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Tonight (David Bowie album)">Tonight</a> (1984), another dance-oriented album, found Bowie collaborating with Pop and <a href="/wiki/Tina_Turner" title="Tina Turner">Tina Turner</a>. Co-produced by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Padgham" title="Hugh Padgham">Hugh Padgham</a>, it included a number of cover songs, including three Pop covers and the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Beach_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach Boys">Beach Boys</a> hit "<a href="/wiki/God_Only_Knows" title="God Only Knows">God Only Knows</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._5-155">[155]</a> The album bore the transatlantic top 10 hit "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Jean" title="Blue Jean">Blue Jean</a>", itself the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Julien_Temple" title="Julien Temple">Julien Temple</a>-directed short film <a href="/wiki/Jazzin%27_for_Blue_Jean" title="Jazzin' for Blue Jean">Jazzin' for Blue Jean</a>, in which Bowie played the dual roles of romantic protagonist Vic and arrogant rock star Screaming Lord Byron.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The short won Bowie his only non-posthumous <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Best_Short_Form_Music_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Short Form Music Video">Best Short Form Music Video</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In early 1985, Bowie's collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Pat_Metheny_Group" title="Pat Metheny Group">Pat Metheny Group</a>, "<a href="/wiki/This_Is_Not_America" title="This Is Not America">This Is Not America</a>", for the soundtrack of <a href="/wiki/The_Falcon_and_the_Snowman" title="The Falcon and the Snowman">The Falcon and the Snowman</a>, was released as a single and became a top 40 hit in the UK and US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005165%E2%80%93166-158">[158]</a> In July that year, Bowie performed at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)" title="Wembley Stadium (1923)">Wembley Stadium</a> for <a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a>, a multi-venue benefit concert for Ethiopian famine relief.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Bowie and Mick Jagger duetted on a cover of <a href="/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas" title="Martha and the Vandellas">Martha and the Vandellas</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Dancing_in_the_Street" title="Dancing in the Street">Dancing in the Street</a>" as a fundraising single, which went to number one in the UK and number seven in the US; its video premiered during Live Aid. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_(1987).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man sitting on a high-wire chair holding a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/David_Bowie_%281987%29.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_%281987%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="945"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/David_Bowie_%281987%29.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_%281987%29.jpg" data-alt="A man sitting on a high-wire chair holding a microphone" data-width="170" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/David_Bowie_%281987%29.jpg/255px-David_Bowie_%281987%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/David_Bowie_%281987%29.jpg/340px-David_Bowie_%281987%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie performing during the <a href="/wiki/Glass_Spider_Tour" title="Glass Spider Tour">Glass Spider Tour</a>, 1987</figcaption></figure> Bowie took an acting role in the 1986 film <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Beginners_(film)" title="Absolute Beginners (film)">Absolute Beginners</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Beginners_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Absolute Beginners (David Bowie song)">title song</a> rose to number two in the UK charts. He also worked with composer <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jones_(composer)" title="Trevor Jones (composer)">Trevor Jones</a> and wrote five original songs for the 1986 film <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_film)" title="Labyrinth (1986 film)">Labyrinth</a>, which he starred in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._5-155">[155]</a> His final solo album of the decade was 1987's <a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Down" title="Never Let Me Down">Never Let Me Down</a>, where he ditched the light sound of his previous two albums, instead combining pop rock with a harder rock sound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._6-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Peaking at number six in the UK, the album yielded the hits "<a href="/wiki/Day-In_Day-Out" title="Day-In Day-Out">Day-In Day-Out</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Time_Will_Crawl" title="Time Will Crawl">Time Will Crawl</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Down_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Never Let Me Down (David Bowie song)">Never Let Me Down</a>". Bowie later described it as his "nadir", calling it "an awful album".<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> He supported the album on the 86-concert <a href="/wiki/Glass_Spider_Tour" title="Glass Spider Tour">Glass Spider Tour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016584%E2%80%93588-163">[163]</a> The backing band included Peter Frampton on lead guitar. Contemporary critics maligned the tour as overproduced, saying it pandered to the current <a href="/wiki/Stadium_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadium rock">stadium rock</a> trends in its special effects and dancing,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> although in later years critics acknowledged the tour's strengths and influence on concert tours by other artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> and <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016584%E2%80%93588-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989–1991:_Tin_Machine">1989–1991: Tin Machine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tin_Machine" title="Tin Machine">Tin Machine</a></div> Wanting to completely rejuvenate himself following the critical failures of Tonight and Never Let Me Down,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016411%E2%80%93412-166">[166]</a> Bowie placed his solo career on hold after meeting guitarist <a href="/wiki/Reeves_Gabrels" title="Reeves Gabrels">Reeves Gabrels</a> and formed the hard rock quartet <a href="/wiki/Tin_Machine" title="Tin Machine">Tin Machine</a>. The line-up was completed by bassist and drummer <a href="/wiki/Tony_Fox_Sales" title="Tony Fox Sales">Tony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Sales" title="Hunt Sales">Hunt Sales</a>, who had played with Bowie on Iggy Pop's Lust for Life in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005387-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._7-168">[168]</a> Although he intended Tin Machine to operate as a democracy, Bowie dominated, both in songwriting and in decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997274-169">[169]</a> The band's 1989 <a href="/wiki/Tin_Machine_(album)" title="Tin Machine (album)">self-titled debut album</a> received mixed reviews and,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016414%E2%80%93415-170">[170]</a> according to author <a href="/wiki/Paul_Trynka" title="Paul Trynka">Paul Trynka</a>, was quickly dismissed as "pompous, dogmatic and dull".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2011492-171">[171]</a> EMI complained of "lyrics that preach" as well as "repetitive tunes" and "minimalist or no production".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997273-172">[172]</a> It reached number three in the UK and was supported by a twelve-date <a href="/wiki/Tin_Machine_Tour" title="Tin Machine Tour">tour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005391-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016588%E2%80%93589-174">[174]</a> The tour was a commercial success, but there was growing reluctance—among fans and critics alike—to accept Bowie's presentation as merely a band member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005394-175">[175]</a> A series of Tin Machine singles failed to chart, and Bowie, after a disagreement with EMI, left the label. Like his audience and his critics, Bowie himself became increasingly disaffected with his role as just one member of a band.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997278%E2%80%93279-176">[176]</a> Tin Machine began work on a second album, but recording halted while Bowie conducted the seven-month <a href="/wiki/Sound%2BVision_Tour" title="Sound+Vision Tour">Sound+Vision Tour</a>, which brought him commercial success and acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997280%E2%80%93286-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016415%E2%80%93417-178">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_-_Zagreb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man holding a guitar with his back turned" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bowie_-_Zagreb.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_-_Zagreb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="3060"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bowie_-_Zagreb.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_-_Zagreb.jpg" data-alt="A man holding a guitar with his back turned" data-width="170" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bowie_-_Zagreb.jpg/255px-David_Bowie_-_Zagreb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bowie_-_Zagreb.jpg/340px-David_Bowie_-_Zagreb.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sound%2BVision_Tour" title="Sound+Vision Tour">Sound+Vision Tour</a>, 1990</figcaption></figure> In October 1990, Bowie and <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a>-born supermodel <a href="/wiki/Iman_(model)" title="Iman (model)">Iman</a> were introduced by a mutual friend. He recalled, "I was naming the children the night we met ... it was absolutely immediate." They married in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997288%E2%80%93289-179">[179]</a> Tin Machine resumed work the same month, but their audience and critics, ultimately left disappointed by the first album, showed little interest in a second.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997292-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tin_Machine_II" title="Tin Machine II">Tin Machine II</a> (1991) was Bowie's first album to miss the UK top 20 in nearly twenty years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005408%E2%80%93410-181">[181]</a> and was controversial for its cover art. Depicting four ancient nude <a href="/wiki/Kouroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kouroi">Kouroi</a> statues, the new record label, <a href="/wiki/Victory_Records" title="Victory Records">Victory</a>, deemed the cover "a show of wrong, obscene images" and airbrushed the statues' genitalia for the American release.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016415%E2%80%93417-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997292-180">[180]</a> Tin Machine toured again, but after the live album <a href="/wiki/Tin_Machine_Live:_Oy_Vey,_Baby" title="Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby">Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby</a> (1992) failed commercially, Bowie dissolved the band and resumed his solo career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016594%E2%80%93595-182">[182]</a> He continued to collaborate with Gabrels for the rest of the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._7-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992–1998:_Electronic_period">1992–1998: Electronic period</h3></div> On 20 April 1992, Bowie appeared at <a href="/wiki/The_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert" title="The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert">The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert</a>, following the Queen singer's death the previous year. As well as performing "'Heroes'" and "All the Young Dudes", he was joined on "Under Pressure" by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Lennox" title="Annie Lennox">Annie Lennox</a>, who took Mercury's vocal part; during his appearance, Bowie knelt and recited the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> at Wembley Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997298%E2%80%93299-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_Mercury-184">[184]</a> Four days later, Bowie and Iman married in Switzerland. Intending to move to Los Angeles, they flew in to search for a suitable property, but found themselves confined to their hotel, under curfew: the <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a> began the day they arrived. They settled in New York instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005413%E2%80%93414-185">[185]</a> In 1993, Bowie released his first solo offering since his Tin Machine departure, the soul, jazz and <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a> influenced <a href="/wiki/Black_Tie_White_Noise" title="Black Tie White Noise">Black Tie White Noise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone2007107%E2%80%93112-186">[186]</a> Making prominent use of electronic instruments, the album, which reunited Bowie with Let's Dance producer Nile Rodgers, confirmed Bowie's return to popularity, topping the UK chart and spawning three top 40 hits, including the top 10 single "<a href="/wiki/Jump_They_Say" title="Jump They Say">Jump They Say</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997301%E2%80%93308-187">[187]</a> Bowie explored new directions on <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_of_Suburbia_(album)" title="The Buddha of Suburbia (album)">The Buddha of Suburbia</a> (1993), which began as a soundtrack album for the BBC television adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Hanif_Kureishi" title="Hanif Kureishi">Hanif Kureishi</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_of_Suburbia_(novel)" title="The Buddha of Suburbia (novel)">The Buddha of Suburbia</a> before turning into a full album; only the title track "<a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_of_Suburbia_(song)" title="The Buddha of Suburbia (song)">The Buddha of Suburbia</a>" was used in the programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._8-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016421%E2%80%93423-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Referencing his 1970s works with pop, jazz, ambient and experimental material,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._8-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005421%E2%80%93425-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone2007112%E2%80%93114-192">[192]</a> it received a low-key release, had almost no promotion and flopped commercially, reaching number 87 in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016421%E2%80%93423-189">[189]</a> Nevertheless, it later received critical praise as Bowie's "lost great album".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005421%E2%80%93425-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man singing into a microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/David_Bowie_1997.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1967"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/David_Bowie_1997.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_1997.jpg" data-alt="A man singing into a microphone" data-width="170" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/David_Bowie_1997.jpg/255px-David_Bowie_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/David_Bowie_1997.jpg/340px-David_Bowie_1997.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie performing in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland, 1997</figcaption></figure> Reuniting Bowie with Eno, the quasi-industrial <a href="/wiki/Outside_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Outside (David Bowie album)">Outside</a> (1995) was originally conceived as the first volume in a non-linear narrative of art and murder. Featuring characters from a short story written by Bowie, the album achieved UK and US chart success and yielded three top 40 UK singles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2000623%E2%80%93624-194">[194]</a> In a move that provoked mixed reactions from both fans and critics, Bowie chose <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a> as his tour partner for the <a href="/wiki/Outside_Tour" title="Outside Tour">Outside Tour</a>. Visiting cities in Europe and North America between September 1995 and February 1996, the tour saw the return of Gabrels as Bowie's guitarist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2000512%E2%80%93513-195">[195]</a> On 7 January 1997, Bowie celebrated his half century with a 50th birthday concert at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> at which he was joined in playing his songs and those of his guests, Lou Reed, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(musician)" title="Robert Smith (musician)">Robert Smith</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">the Cure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Corgan" title="Billy Corgan">Billy Corgan</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins" title="The Smashing Pumpkins">the Smashing Pumpkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Francis" title="Black Francis">Black Francis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pixies_(band)" title="Pixies (band)">Pixies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Incorporating experiments in <a href="/wiki/Jungle_music" title="Jungle music">jungle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_%27n%27_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum 'n' bass">drum 'n' bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthling_(album)" title="Earthling (album)">Earthling</a> (1997) was a critical and commercial success in the UK and the US, and two singles from the album—"<a href="/wiki/Little_Wonder_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Little Wonder (David Bowie song)">Little Wonder</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Dead_Man_Walking_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Dead Man Walking (David Bowie song)">Dead Man Walking</a>"—became UK top 40 hits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016430%E2%80%93433-197">[197]</a> The song "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Afraid_of_Americans" title="I'm Afraid of Americans">I'm Afraid of Americans</a>" from the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a> film <a href="/wiki/Showgirls" title="Showgirls">Showgirls</a> was re-recorded for the album, and remixed by <a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a> for a single release. The heavy rotation of the accompanying video, also featuring Reznor, contributed to the song's 16-week stay in the US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016128%E2%80%93129-198">[198]</a> Bowie received a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> on 12 February 1997.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Earthling_Tour" title="Earthling Tour">Earthling Tour</a> took place in Europe and North America between June and November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2000533%E2%80%93534-200">[200]</a> In November, Bowie performed on the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Children_in_Need" title="Children in Need">Children in Need</a> charity single "<a href="/wiki/Perfect_Day_97" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect Day 97">Perfect Day</a>", which reached number one in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Bowie reunited with Visconti in 1998 to record "(Safe in This) Sky Life" for <a href="/wiki/The_Rugrats_Movie" title="The Rugrats Movie">The Rugrats Movie</a>. Although the track was edited out of the final cut, it was later re-recorded and released as "Safe" on the B-side of Bowie's 2002 single "<a href="/wiki/Everyone_Says_%27Hi%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Everyone Says 'Hi'">Everyone Says 'Hi'</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._11-202">[202]</a> The reunion led to other collaborations with his old producer, including a limited-edition single release version of <a href="/wiki/Placebo_(band)" title="Placebo (band)">Placebo</a>'s track "<a href="/wiki/Without_You_I%27m_Nothing_(song)" title="Without You I'm Nothing (song)">Without You I'm Nothing</a>" with Bowie's harmonised vocal added to the original recording.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006203,_212-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999–2012:_Neoclassicist_era">1999–2012: Neoclassicist era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heathen_Tour_Bowie_and_Sterling_Campbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Two men on a stage. One is next to a microphone. The other is sitting behind a drum set." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Heathen_Tour_Bowie_and_Sterling_Campbell.jpg/220px-Heathen_Tour_Bowie_and_Sterling_Campbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="824"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Heathen_Tour_Bowie_and_Sterling_Campbell.jpg/220px-Heathen_Tour_Bowie_and_Sterling_Campbell.jpg" data-alt="Two men on a stage. One is next to a microphone. The other is sitting behind a drum set." data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Heathen_Tour_Bowie_and_Sterling_Campbell.jpg/330px-Heathen_Tour_Bowie_and_Sterling_Campbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Heathen_Tour_Bowie_and_Sterling_Campbell.jpg/440px-Heathen_Tour_Bowie_and_Sterling_Campbell.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie on stage with <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Campbell" title="Sterling Campbell">Sterling Campbell</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Heathen_Tour" title="Heathen Tour">Heathen Tour</a>, 2002</figcaption></figure> Bowie, with Gabrels, created the soundtrack for <a href="/wiki/Omikron:_The_Nomad_Soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Omikron: The Nomad Soul">Omikron: The Nomad Soul</a>, a 1999 computer game in which he and Iman also voiced characters based on their likenesses. Released the same year and containing re-recorded tracks from Omikron, his album <a href="/wiki/Hours_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Hours (David Bowie album)">Hours</a> featured a song with lyrics by the winner of his "Cyber Song Contest" Internet competition, Alex Grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005466-204">[204]</a> Making extensive use of live instruments, the album was Bowie's exit from heavy electronica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone2007125-205">[205]</a> Hours and a performance on <a href="/wiki/VH1_Storytellers_(David_Bowie_album)" title="VH1 Storytellers (David Bowie album)">VH1 Storytellers</a> in mid-1999 represented the end of Gabrels' association with Bowie as a performer and songwriter.<a href="#cite_note-wmmr-206">[206]</a> Sessions for <a href="/wiki/Toy_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Toy (David Bowie album)">Toy</a>, a planned collection of remakes of tracks from Bowie's 1960s period, commenced in 2000, but was shelved due to EMI/<a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin</a>'s lack of faith in its commercial appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016438%E2%80%93440-207">[207]</a> Bowie and Visconti continued their collaboration, producing a new album of completely original songs instead: the result of the sessions was the 2002 album <a href="/wiki/Heathen_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Heathen (David Bowie album)">Heathen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005488%E2%80%93489-208">[208]</a> On 25 June 2000, Bowie made his second appearance at the <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a> in England, playing almost 30 years after his first.<a href="#cite_note-210">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> The performance was released as a <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_2000" title="Glastonbury 2000">live album</a> in November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> On 27 June, he performed a concert at the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">BBC Radio Theatre</a> in London, which was released on the compilation album <a href="/wiki/Bowie_at_the_Beeb" title="Bowie at the Beeb">Bowie at the Beeb</a>; this also featured BBC recording sessions from 1968 to 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006257-213">[212]</a> Bowie and Iman's daughter, Alexandra, was born on 15 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005485-214">[213]</a> His interest in Buddhism led him to support the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a> cause by performing at the February 2001 and February 2003 concerts to support <a href="/wiki/Tibet_House_US" title="Tibet House US">Tibet House US</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-lifetimeinterest-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_(135687113).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A man performing on a stage to a crowd of people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/David_Bowie_%28135687113%29.jpeg/220px-David_Bowie_%28135687113%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1462"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/David_Bowie_%28135687113%29.jpeg/220px-David_Bowie_%28135687113%29.jpeg" data-alt="A man performing on a stage to a crowd of people" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/David_Bowie_%28135687113%29.jpeg/330px-David_Bowie_%28135687113%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/David_Bowie_%28135687113%29.jpeg/440px-David_Bowie_%28135687113%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie performing in Dublin, Ireland, in November 2003 during the <a href="/wiki/A_Reality_Tour" title="A Reality Tour">A Reality Tour</a>—his final concert tour</figcaption></figure> In October 2001, Bowie opened <a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_New_York_City" title="The Concert for New York City">the Concert for New York City</a>, a charity event to benefit the victims of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, with a minimalist performance of <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel" title="Simon & Garfunkel">Simon & Garfunkel</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/America_(Simon_%26_Garfunkel_song)" title="America (Simon & Garfunkel song)">America</a>", followed by a full band performance of "'Heroes'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005491-218">[217]</a> 2002 saw the release of Heathen, and, during the second half of the year, the <a href="/wiki/Heathen_Tour" title="Heathen Tour">Heathen Tour</a>. Taking place in Europe and North America, the tour opened at London's annual <a href="/wiki/Meltdown_(festival)" title="Meltdown (festival)">Meltdown</a> festival, for which Bowie was that year appointed artistic director. Among the acts he selected for the festival were Philip Glass, <a href="/wiki/Television_(band)" title="Television (band)">Television</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dandy_Warhols" title="The Dandy Warhols">the Dandy Warhols</a>. As well as songs from the new album, the tour featured material from Bowie's Low era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005493%E2%80%93495-219">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reality_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Reality (David Bowie album)">Reality</a> (2003) followed, and its accompanying world tour, the <a href="/wiki/A_Reality_Tour" title="A Reality Tour">A Reality Tour</a>, with an estimated attendance of 722,000, grossed more than any other in 2004. On 13 June, Bowie headlined the last night of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_2004" title="Isle of Wight Festival 2004">Isle of Wight Festival 2004</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._13-220">[219]</a> On 25 June, he experienced chest pain while performing at the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Festival" title="Hurricane Festival">Hurricane Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schee%C3%9Fel" title="Scheeßel">Scheeßel</a>, Germany. Originally thought to be a pinched nerve in his shoulder, the pain was later diagnosed as an acutely blocked <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary artery</a>, requiring an emergency <a href="/wiki/Angioplasty" title="Angioplasty">angioplasty</a> in Hamburg. The remaining fourteen dates of the tour were cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005504%E2%80%93505-221">[220]</a> In the years following his recuperation from the heart attack, Bowie reduced his musical output, making only one-off appearances on stage and in the studio. He sang in a duet of his 1971 song "<a href="/wiki/Changes_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Changes (David Bowie song)">Changes</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_Boucher" title="Butterfly Boucher">Butterfly Boucher</a> for the 2004 animated film <a href="/wiki/Shrek_2" title="Shrek 2">Shrek 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg201658%E2%80%9359-222">[221]</a> During a relatively quiet 2005, he recorded the vocals for the song "(She Can) Do That", co-written with <a href="/wiki/Brian_Transeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Transeau">Brian Transeau</a>, for the film <a href="/wiki/Stealth_(film)" title="Stealth (film)">Stealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone2007142-223">[222]</a> He returned to the stage on 8 September 2005, appearing with <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Fire" title="Arcade Fire">Arcade Fire</a> for the US nationally televised event Fashion Rocks, and performed with the Canadian band for the second time a week later during the <a href="/wiki/CMJ" title="CMJ">CMJ</a> Music Marathon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006291%E2%80%93292-224">[223]</a> He contributed backing vocals on <a href="/wiki/TV_on_the_Radio" title="TV on the Radio">TV on the Radio</a>'s song "Province" for their album <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Cookie_Mountain" title="Return to Cookie Mountain">Return to Cookie Mountain</a>, and joined with <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a> on Danish alt-rockers <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_(Danish_band)" title="Kashmir (Danish band)">Kashmir</a>'s 2005 album <a href="/wiki/No_Balance_Palace" title="No Balance Palace">No Balance Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._13-220">[219]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duncan_Jones_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Two men looking to the left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duncan_Jones_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg/220px-Duncan_Jones_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1932"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duncan_Jones_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg/220px-Duncan_Jones_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg" data-alt="Two men looking to the left" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duncan_Jones_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg/330px-Duncan_Jones_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Duncan_Jones_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg/440px-Duncan_Jones_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie with his son <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Jones" title="Duncan Jones">Duncan Jones</a> at the premiere of Jones's directorial debut <a href="/wiki/Moon_(2009_film)" title="Moon (2009 film)">Moon</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> Bowie was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a> on 8 February 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006293-225">[224]</a> In April, he announced, "I'm taking a year off—no touring, no albums."<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> He made a surprise guest appearance at <a href="/wiki/David_Gilmour" title="David Gilmour">David Gilmour</a>'s 29 May concert at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._13-220">[219]</a> The event was recorded, and a selection of songs on which he had contributed joint vocals were subsequently released. He performed again in November, alongside <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Keys" title="Alicia Keys">Alicia Keys</a>, at the Black Ball, a benefit event for <a href="/wiki/Keep_a_Child_Alive" title="Keep a Child Alive">Keep a Child Alive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hammerstein_Ballroom" title="Hammerstein Ballroom">Hammerstein Ballroom</a> in New York. The performance marked the last time Bowie performed his music on stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a> Bowie was chosen to curate the 2007 High Line Festival. The musicians and artists he selected for the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> event included electronic pop duo <a href="/wiki/AIR_(French_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIR (French band)">AIR</a>, surrealist photographer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahun" title="Claude Cahun">Claude Cahun</a> and English comedian <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Gervais" title="Ricky Gervais">Ricky Gervais</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchinderSchwartz2007500-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Bowie performed on <a href="/wiki/Scarlett_Johansson" title="Scarlett Johansson">Scarlett Johansson</a>'s 2008 album of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Waits" title="Tom Waits">Tom Waits</a> covers, <a href="/wiki/Anywhere_I_Lay_My_Head" title="Anywhere I Lay My Head">Anywhere I Lay My Head</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._13-220">[219]</a> In June 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Live_Santa_Monica_%2772" title="Live Santa Monica '72">live album</a> was released of a Ziggy Stardust-era concert from 1972.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> On the 40th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">July 1969 Moon landing</a>—and Bowie's accompanying commercial breakthrough with "Space Oddity"—EMI released the individual tracks from the original eight-track studio recording of the song, in a 2009 contest inviting members of the public to create a remix.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> A <a href="/wiki/A_Reality_Tour_(album)" title="A Reality Tour (album)">live album</a> from the A Reality Tour was released in January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> In late March 2011, Toy, Bowie's previously unreleased album from 2001, was leaked onto the internet, containing material used for Heathen and most of its single B-sides, as well as unheard new versions of his early back catalogue.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013–2016:_Final_years">2013–2016: Final years</h3></div> On 8 January 2013, his 66th birthday, his website announced a new studio album—his first in a decade—to be titled <a href="/wiki/The_Next_Day" title="The Next Day">The Next Day</a> and scheduled for release in March;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019chap._14-235">[234]</a> the announcement was accompanied by the immediate release of the single "<a href="/wiki/Where_Are_We_Now%3F" title="Where Are We Now?">Where Are We Now?</a>".<a href="#cite_note-nmenextday-236">[235]</a> A music video for the single was released onto <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a> the same day, directed by New York artist <a href="/wiki/Tony_Oursler" title="Tony Oursler">Tony Oursler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nmenextday-236">[235]</a> The single topped the UK <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> Chart within hours of its release,<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> and debuted in the UK Singles Chart at number six,<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> his first single to enter the Top 10 for two decades (since "Jump They Say" in 1993). A second single and video, "The Stars (Are Out Tonight)", were released at the end of February. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Floria_Sigismondi" title="Floria Sigismondi">Floria Sigismondi</a>, it stars Bowie and <a href="/wiki/Tilda_Swinton" title="Tilda Swinton">Tilda Swinton</a> as a married couple.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> Recorded in secret between 2011 and 2012, 29 songs were recorded during the album's sessions, of which 22 saw official release in 2013, including fourteen on the standard album. Three bonus tracks were later packaged with seven outtakes and remixes on The Next Day Extra, released in November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016461%E2%80%93470-240">[239]</a> On 1 March, the album was made available to stream for free through iTunes.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> Debuting at number one on the UK Albums Chart, The Next Day was his first album to top the chart since Black Tie White Noise, and was the fastest-selling album of 2013 at the time.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> The music video for the song "<a href="/wiki/The_Next_Day_(song)" title="The Next Day (song)">The Next Day</a>" created some controversy due to its Christian themes and messages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016195%E2%80%93198-243">[242]</a> initially being removed from YouTube for <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_service" title="Terms of service">terms-of-service</a> violation, then restored with a warning recommending viewing only by those 18 or over.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> According to The Times, Bowie ruled out ever giving an interview again.<a href="#cite_note-Times-245">[244]</a> Later in 2013, he was featured in a cameo vocal in the Arcade Fire song "<a href="/wiki/Reflektor_(song)" title="Reflektor (song)">Reflektor</a>".<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> A poll carried out by BBC History Magazine in October 2013 named Bowie as the best-dressed Briton in history.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> The success of The Next Day saw Bowie become the oldest ever recipient of a <a href="/wiki/Brit_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Brit Award">Brit Award</a> when he won the award for <a href="/wiki/Brit_Award_for_British_Male_Solo_Artist" title="Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist">British Male Solo Artist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2014_Brit_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Brit Awards">2014 Brit Awards</a>, which was collected on his behalf by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Moss" title="Kate Moss">Kate Moss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> In mid-2014, Bowie was diagnosed with liver cancer, which he kept private.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-249">[248]</a> A new compilation album, <a href="/wiki/Nothing_Has_Changed" title="Nothing Has Changed">Nothing Has Changed</a>, was released in November. The album featured rare tracks and old material from his catalogue in addition to a new song, "<a href="/wiki/Sue_(Or_in_a_Season_of_Crime)" title="Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)">Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)</a>".<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Bowie continued working throughout 2015, secretly recording his final album <a href="/wiki/Blackstar_(album)" title="Blackstar (album)">Blackstar</a> in New York between January and May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016471%E2%80%93475-251">[250]</a> In August, it was announced that he was writing songs for a <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants_(musical)" title="SpongeBob SquarePants (musical)">Broadway musical</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a> cartoon series; the final production included a retooled version of "No Control" from Outside.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016200-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> September saw the release of the box set <a href="/wiki/Five_Years_(1969%E2%80%931973)" title="Five Years (1969–1973)">Five Years (1969–1973)</a>, the first in a series of retrospective releases compiling his albums from 1969 to 1973, and a look to his "transition from folk artist to glam-rock legend".<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> He also wrote and recorded the opening title song to the television series <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Panthers" title="The Last Panthers">The Last Panthers</a>, which aired in November.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> The theme that was used for The Last Panthers was also the <a href="/wiki/Blackstar_(song)" title="Blackstar (song)">title track</a> for Blackstar.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> On 7 December, Bowie's musical <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(musical)" title="Lazarus (musical)">Lazarus</a> debuted in New York; he made his final public appearance at its opening night.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> Blackstar was released on 8 January 2016, Bowie's 69th birthday, and was met with critical acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-MCblackstar-258">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_of_David_Bowie" title="Death of David Bowie">He died two days later</a>, after which Visconti revealed that Bowie had planned the album to be his <a href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">swan song</a>, and a "parting gift" for his fans before his death.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> Several reporters and critics subsequently noted that most of the lyrics on the album seem to revolve around his impending death,<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> with <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> noting that the album "reveals a man who appears to be grappling with his own mortality".<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> Visconti also said that he had been planning a follow-up album, and had written and recorded demos of five songs in his final weeks, suggesting he believed he had a few months left.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> The day following his death, online viewing of Bowie's music skyrocketed, breaking the record for <a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vevo#Record_holders" title="Vevo">most viewed artist in a single day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> Blackstar debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart; nineteen of his albums were in the UK Top 100 Albums Chart, and thirteen singles were in the UK Top 100 Singles Chart.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> Blackstar also debuted at number one on album charts around the world, including Australia, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand and the US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">Billboard 200</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_releases">Posthumous releases</h3></div> In September 2016, <a href="/wiki/Who_Can_I_Be_Now%3F_(1974%E2%80%931976)" title="Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976)">Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976)</a>, the second retrospective box set, was released covering Bowie's mid-1970s soul period; it included The Gouster, a previously unreleased 1974 album that evolved into Young Americans.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> An EP, <a href="/wiki/No_Plan_(EP)" title="No Plan (EP)">No Plan</a>, was released on 8 January 2017, which would have been Bowie's 70th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Apart from "Lazarus", the EP includes three songs that Bowie recorded during the Blackstar sessions, but were left off the album and appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(soundtrack)" title="Lazarus (soundtrack)">soundtrack album</a> for the Lazarus musical in October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-noplan2-270">[269]</a> A music video for the title track was also released.<a href="#cite_note-noplan2-270">[269]</a> In 2017, a third retrospective box set, <a href="/wiki/A_New_Career_in_a_New_Town_(1977%E2%80%931982)" title="A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982)">A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982)</a>, was released, comprising his "Berlin" era.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> Through the following year, a series of posthumous live albums, <a href="/wiki/Cracked_Actor_(Live_Los_Angeles_%2774)" title="Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74)">Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_Nassau_Coliseum_%2776" title="Live Nassau Coliseum '76">Live Nassau Coliseum '76</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Blackout_(Live_London_%2778)" title="Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78)">Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> In the two years following his death, Bowie sold five million records in the UK alone.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> In their top 10 list for the <a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">International Federation of the Phonographic Industry</a> named Bowie the second-bestselling artist worldwide in 2016, behind <a href="/wiki/Drake_(musician)" title="Drake (musician)">Drake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/59th_Annual_Grammy_Awards" title="59th Annual Grammy Awards">59th Annual Grammy Awards</a> in 2017, Bowie won all five nominated awards: <a href="/wiki/Best_Rock_Performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Rock Performance">Best Rock Performance</a>; <a href="/wiki/Best_Alternative_Music_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Alternative Music Album">Best Alternative Music Album</a>; <a href="/wiki/Best_Engineered_Album,_Non-Classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical">Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical</a>; <a href="/wiki/Best_Recording_Package" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Recording Package">Best Recording Package</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Best_Rock_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Rock Song">Best Rock Song</a>. They were Bowie's first Grammy wins in musical categories.<a href="#cite_note-59thGA-277">[276]</a> In September 2018, <a href="/wiki/Loving_the_Alien_(1983%E2%80%931988)" title="Loving the Alien (1983–1988)">Loving the Alien (1983–1988)</a>, the fourth retrospective box set comprising his releases during the 1980s, was released.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> On 8 January 2020, on what would have been Bowie's 73rd birthday, a previously unreleased version of "The Man Who Sold the World" was released and two releases were announced: a streaming-only EP, <a href="/wiki/Is_It_Any_Wonder%3F_(EP)" title="Is It Any Wonder? (EP)">Is It Any Wonder?</a>, and an album, <a href="/wiki/ChangesNowBowie" title="ChangesNowBowie">ChangesNowBowie</a>, released in November 2020 for <a href="/wiki/Record_Store_Day" title="Record Store Day">Record Store Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> In August, another series of live shows were released, including sets from Dallas in 1995 and Paris in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> These and other shows, part of a series of live concerts spanning his tours from 1995 to 1999, was released in late 2020 and early 2021 as part of the box set <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Live_Adventures" title="Brilliant Live Adventures">Brilliant Live Adventures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> In September 2021, Bowie's estate signed a distribution deal with <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a>, beginning in 2023, covering Bowie's recordings from 2000 through 2016.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> That November, the fifth retrospective box set, <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Adventure_(1992%E2%80%932001)" title="Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001)">Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001)</a>, was released, comprising his albums from the decade of 1990, and the official release of his album Toy.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> The latter, which was recorded in 2000, was released separatedly on what would have been Bowie's 75th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> On 3 January 2022, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a> reported that Bowie's estate had sold his publishing catalogue to <a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a>, "for a price upwards of $250 million".<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Acting_career">Acting career</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_filmography" title="David Bowie filmography">David Bowie filmography</a></div> In addition to music, Bowie took acting roles throughout his career, appearing in over 30 films, television shows and theatrical productions. His acting career was "productively selective", largely eschewing starring roles for cameos and supporting parts;<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> he once described his film career as "splashing in the kids' pool".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a> He mostly chose projects with arthouse directors that he felt were outside the Hollywood mainstream, commenting in 2000: "One cameo for <a href="/wiki/Scorsese" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorsese">Scorsese</a> to me brings so much more satisfaction than, say, a James Bond."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a> Critics have believed that, had he not chosen to pursue music, he could have found great success as an actor.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> Others have felt that, while his screen presence was singular, his best contributions to film were the use of his songs in films such as <a href="/wiki/Lost_Highway_(film)" title="Lost Highway (film)">Lost Highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Knight%27s_Tale" title="A Knight's Tale">A Knight's Tale</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Life_Aquatic_with_Steve_Zissou" title="The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou">The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inglourious_Basterds" title="Inglourious Basterds">Inglourious Basterds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_and_1970s">1960s and 1970s</h3></div> Bowie's acting career predated his commercial breakthrough as a musician. His first film was a short fourteen-minute black-and-white film called <a href="/wiki/The_Image_(1969_film)" title="The Image (1969 film)">The Image</a>, shot in September 1967. Concerning a ghostly boy who emerges from a troubled artist's painting to haunt him, Bowie later called the film "awful".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200549-293">[292]</a> From December 1967 to March 1968, Bowie acted in mime Lindsay Kemp's theatrical production Pierrot in Turquoise, during which he performed several songs from his self-titled debut album. The production was later adapted into the 1970 television film The Looking Glass Murders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a> In late January 1968, Bowie filmed a walk-on role for the BBC drama series <a href="/wiki/Theatre_625" title="Theatre 625">Theatre 625</a> that aired in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka201199-294">[293]</a> He also appeared as a walk-on extra in the <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_Soldiers_(film)" title="The Virgin Soldiers (film)">1969 film adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Thomas" title="Leslie Thomas">Leslie Thomas</a>'s 1966 <a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">comic novel</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_Soldiers" title="The Virgin Soldiers">The Virgin Soldiers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200549-293">[292]</a> Bowie's first major film role was in <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Roeg" title="Nicolas Roeg">Nicolas Roeg</a>'s The Man Who Fell to Earth, in which he portrayed Thomas Jerome Newton, an alien from a dying planet.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> The actor's severe cocaine addiction at the time left him in such a fragile state of mind that he barely understood the film;<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> he later said in 1993: "My one snapshot of that film is not having to act. Just being me as I was, was perfectly adequate for the role. I wasn't of this earth at that particular time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a> Bowie's role was particularly singled out for praise by film critics both on release and in later decades; Pegg argues it stands as Bowie's most significant role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a> In 1978, Bowie had a starring role in <a href="/wiki/Just_a_Gigolo_(1978_film)" title="Just a Gigolo (1978 film)">Just a Gigolo</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Hemmings" title="David Hemmings">David Hemmings</a>, portraying Prussian officer Paul von Przygodski, who, returning from World War I, discovers life has changed and becomes a gigolo employed by a Baroness, playing by <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016660%E2%80%93661-297">[296]</a> The film was a critical and commercial failure, and Bowie expressed disappointment in the finished product.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EMP_2015-06_Labrynth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A costume on display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/EMP_2015-06_Labrynth.jpg/170px-EMP_2015-06_Labrynth.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/EMP_2015-06_Labrynth.jpg/170px-EMP_2015-06_Labrynth.jpg" data-alt="A costume on display" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/EMP_2015-06_Labrynth.jpg/255px-EMP_2015-06_Labrynth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/EMP_2015-06_Labrynth.jpg/340px-EMP_2015-06_Labrynth.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie's costume from Labyrinth at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture" title="Museum of Pop Culture">Museum of Pop Culture</a>, Seattle</figcaption></figure> From July 1980 to January 1981, Bowie played <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Merrick" title="Joseph Merrick">Joseph Merrick</a> in the Broadway theatre production <a href="/wiki/The_Elephant_Man_(play)" title="The Elephant Man (play)">The Elephant Man</a>, which he undertook wearing no stage make-up, earning critical praise for his performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016662%E2%80%93664-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005324%E2%80%93325-300">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christiane_F._(film)" title="Christiane F. (film)">Christiane F.</a>, a 1981 biographical film focusing on a young girl's drug addiction in West Berlin, featured Bowie in a cameo appearance as himself at a concert in Germany. Its soundtrack album, <a href="/wiki/Christiane_F._(soundtrack)" title="Christiane F. (soundtrack)">Christiane F.</a> (1981), featured much material from his Berlin albums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997208-301">[300]</a> The following year, he starred in the titular role in a BBC adaptation of the Bertolt Brecht play Baal.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> Bowie made three on-screen appearances in 1983, the first as a <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tony_Scott" title="Tony Scott">Tony Scott</a>'s erotic horror film <a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_(1983_film)" title="The Hunger (1983 film)">The Hunger</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve" title="Catherine Deneuve">Catherine Deneuve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> Bowie later said that he felt "very uncomfortable" with the role, but was happy to work with Scott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016665%E2%80%93667-304">[303]</a> The second was in <a href="/wiki/Nagisa_%C5%8Cshima" title="Nagisa Ōshima">Nagisa Ōshima</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Merry_Christmas,_Mr._Lawrence" title="Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence">Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Laurens_van_der_Post" title="Laurens van der Post">Laurens van der Post</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Seed_and_the_Sower" title="The Seed and the Sower">The Seed and the Sower</a>, in which he played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> While the film itself received mixed reviews, Bowie's performance was praised. Pegg places it among his finest acting performances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016667%E2%80%93669-306">[305]</a> Bowie's third role in 1983 was a small cameo in <a href="/wiki/Mel_Damski" title="Mel Damski">Mel Damski</a>'s pirate comedy <a href="/wiki/Yellowbeard" title="Yellowbeard">Yellowbeard</a>, heralded by several members of the <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016670-307">[306]</a> Bowie also filmed a 30-second introduction to the animated film <a href="/wiki/The_Snowman_(1982_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Snowman (1982 film)">The Snowman</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Briggs" title="Raymond Briggs">Raymond Briggs</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_Snowman_(book)" title="The Snowman (book)">The Snowman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016670-307">[306]</a> In 1985, Bowie had a supporting role as <a href="/wiki/Hitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitman">hitman</a> Colin in <a href="/wiki/John_Landis" title="John Landis">John Landis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Into_the_Night_(1985_film)" title="Into the Night (1985 film)">Into the Night</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> He declined to play the villain <a href="/wiki/Max_Zorin" title="Max Zorin">Max Zorin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> film <a href="/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill" title="A View to a Kill">A View to a Kill</a> (1985).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016692-309">[308]</a> Bowie reteamed with Julian Temple for Absolute Beginners, a <a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">rock musical</a> film adapted from <a href="/wiki/Colin_MacInnes" title="Colin MacInnes">Colin MacInnes</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Beginners_(novel)" title="Absolute Beginners (novel)">Absolute Beginners</a> about life in late 1950s London, in a supporting role as ad man Vendice Partners.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> The same year, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a>'s dark musical fantasy Labyrinth cast him as <a href="/wiki/Jareth" title="Jareth">Jareth</a>, the villainous <a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblin</a> King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997252%E2%80%93253-311">[310]</a> Despite initially performing poorly, the film grew in popularity and became a <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> Two years later, he played <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s critically acclaimed biblical epic <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(film)" title="The Last Temptation of Christ (film)">The Last Temptation of Christ</a> (1988).<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> Despite only appearing for a three-minute sequence, Pegg writes that Bowie "acquits himself well with a thoughtful, unshowy performance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3></div> In 1991, Bowie reteamed with Landis for an episode of the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> sitcom <a href="/wiki/Dream_On_(TV_Series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream On (TV Series)">Dream On</a> and played a disgruntled restaurant employee opposite <a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Arquette" title="Rosanna Arquette">Rosanna Arquette</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Linguini_Incident" title="The Linguini Incident">The Linguini Incident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> Bowie portrayed the mysterious <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> agent <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Jeffries" title="Phillip Jeffries">Phillip Jeffries</a> in <a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks:_Fire_Walk_with_Me" title="Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me">Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me</a> (1992). The prequel to the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks" title="Twin Peaks">television series</a> was poorly received at the time of its release, but has since been critically reevaluated.<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> He took a small but pivotal role as his friend <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basquiat_(film)" title="Basquiat (film)">Basquiat</a>, artist/director <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schnabel" title="Julian Schnabel">Julian Schnabel</a>'s 1996 biopic of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat" title="Jean-Michel Basquiat">Jean-Michel Basquiat</a>, another artist he considered a friend and colleague.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a> Bowie co-starred in <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Veronesi" title="Giovanni Veronesi">Giovanni Veronesi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a> Il Mio West (1998, released as <a href="/wiki/Gunslinger%27s_Revenge" title="Gunslinger's Revenge">Gunslinger's Revenge</a> in the US in 2005) as the most feared gunfighter in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006195-317">[316]</a> He played the ageing gangster Bernie in Andrew Goth's <a href="/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Sunshine" title="Everybody Loves Sunshine">Everybody Loves Sunshine</a> (1999, released in the US as B.U.S.T.E.D.),<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> and appeared as the host in the second season of the television horror anthology series <a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_(TV_series)" title="The Hunger (TV series)">The Hunger</a>. Despite having several episodes which focus on vampires and Bowie's involvement, the show had no plot connection to the 1983 film <a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_(1983_film)" title="The Hunger (1983 film)">The Hunger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> In 1999, Bowie voiced two characters in the <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> game Omikron: The Nomad Soul, his only appearance in a video game.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s_and_posthumous_notes">2000s and posthumous notes</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Mr._Rice%27s_Secret" title="Mr. Rice's Secret">Mr. Rice's Secret</a> (2000), Bowie played the title role as the neighbour of a terminally ill 12-year-old boy.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> Bowie appeared as himself in the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stiller" title="Ben Stiller">Ben Stiller</a> comedy <a href="/wiki/Zoolander" title="Zoolander">Zoolander</a>, judging a "walk-off" between rival male models,<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a>'s 2002 <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Rutles_2:_Can%27t_Buy_Me_Lunch" title="The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch">The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> In 2005, he filmed a commercial with <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a> for <a href="/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio">XM Satellite Radio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> Bowie portrayed a fictionalised version of the inventor <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/The_Prestige_(film)" title="The Prestige (film)">The Prestige</a> (2006), which was about the bitter rivalry between two magicians in the late 19th century. Nolan later claimed that Bowie was his only preference to play Tesla, and that he personally appealed to Bowie to take the role after he initially passed.<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> In the same year, he voice-acted in <a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a>'s animated film <a href="/wiki/Arthur_and_the_Invisibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur and the Invisibles">Arthur and the Invisibles</a> as the powerful villain Maltazard,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016chap._6-227">[226]</a> and appeared as himself in an episode of the Ricky Gervais and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Merchant" title="Stephen Merchant">Stephen Merchant</a> television series <a href="/wiki/Extras_(TV_series)" title="Extras (TV series)">Extras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> In 2007, he voiced the character Lord Royal Highness in the <a href="/wiki/SpongeBob%27s_Atlantis_SquarePantis" title="SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis">SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis</a> television film.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> In the 2008 film <a href="/wiki/August_(2008_film)" title="August (2008 film)">August</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Austin_Chick" title="Austin Chick">Austin Chick</a>, he played a supporting role as Ogilvie, a "ruthless venture capitalist."<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> Bowie's final film appearance was a cameo as himself in the 2009 teen comedy <a href="/wiki/Bandslam" title="Bandslam">Bandslam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> In a 2017 interview with <a href="/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequence of Sound">Consequence of Sound</a>, the director <a href="/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve" title="Denis Villeneuve">Denis Villeneuve</a> revealed his intention to cast Bowie in <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_2049" title="Blade Runner 2049">Blade Runner 2049</a> as the main villain but following his death, Villeneuve was forced to look for talent with similar "rock star" qualities, eventually casting the actor and singer <a href="/wiki/Jared_Leto" title="Jared Leto">Jared Leto</a>. Talking about the casting process, Villeneuve said: "Our first thought [for the character] had been David Bowie, who had influenced <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a> in many ways. When we learned the sad news, we looked around for someone like that. He [Bowie] embodied the Blade Runner spirit."<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> David Lynch also hoped to have Bowie reprise his Fire Walk With Me character for <a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks:_The_Return" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Peaks: The Return">Twin Peaks: The Return</a> but Bowie's illness prevented this. His character was portrayed via archival footage. At Bowie's request, Lynch overdubbed Bowie's original dialogue with a different actor's voice, as Bowie was unhappy with his <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a> accent in the original film.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Other_works">Other works</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painter_and_art_collector">Painter and art collector</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie%27s_art_collection" title="David Bowie's art collection">David Bowie's art collection</a></div> Bowie was a painter and artist. He moved to Switzerland in 1976, purchasing a chalet in the hills north of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a>. In the new environment, his cocaine use decreased,<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> and he devoted more time to his painting, producing a number of <a href="/wiki/Post-modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernist">post-modernist</a> pieces. When on tour, he took to sketching in a notebook, and photographing scenes for later reference. Visiting galleries in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BCcke_Museum" title="Brücke Museum">Brücke Museum</a> in Berlin, Bowie became, in the words of Sandford, "a prolific producer and collector of contemporary art. ... Not only did he become a well-known patron of <a href="/wiki/Expressionist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Expressionist art">expressionist art</a>: locked in Clos des Mésanges he began an intensive self-improvement course in classical music and literature, and started work on an autobiography."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997154%E2%80%93155-333">[332]</a> One of Bowie's paintings sold at auction in late 1990 for $500,<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> and the cover for his 1995 album Outside is a close-up of a self-portrait he painted that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016698-335">[334]</a> His first solo show, titled New Afro/Pagan and Work: 1975–1995, was in 1995 at The Gallery in <a href="/wiki/Cork_Street" title="Cork Street">Cork Street</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016697-336">[335]</a> In 1997, he founded the publishing company 21 Publishing, whose first title was Blimey! – From Bohemia to Britpop: London Art World from Francis Bacon to Damien Hirst by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Collings" title="Matthew Collings">Matthew Collings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016698-335">[334]</a> A year later, Bowie was invited to join the editorial board of the journal <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters_(magazine)" title="Modern Painters (magazine)">Modern Painters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TGS-337">[336]</a> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Nat_Tate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Tate">Nat Tate</a> art hoax later that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016698-335">[334]</a> The same year, during an interview with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmelman" title="Michael Kimmelman">Michael Kimmelman</a> for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, he said "Art was, seriously, the only thing I'd ever wanted to own."<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> Subsequently, in a 1999 interview for the BBC, he said "The only thing I buy obsessively and addictively is art".<a href="#cite_note-ibt-339">[338]</a> His art collection, which included works by <a href="/wiki/Damien_Hirst" title="Damien Hirst">Damien Hirst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Boshier" title="Derek Boshier">Derek Boshier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Auerbach" title="Frank Auerbach">Frank Auerbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, and Jean-Michel Basquiat among others, was valued at over £10 million in mid-2016.<a href="#cite_note-TGS-337">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> After his death, his family decided to sell most of the collection because they "didn't have the space" to store it.<a href="#cite_note-TGS-337">[336]</a> On 10 and 11 November, three auctions were held at <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-sh-341">[340]</a> The items on sale represented about 65 per cent of the collection.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> Exhibition of the works in the auction attracted 51,470 visitors, the auction itself was attended by 1,750 bidders, with over 1,000 more bidding online. The auctions has overall sale total £32.9 million (app. $41.5 million), while the highest-selling item, Basquiat's graffiti-inspired painting Air Power, sold for £7.09 million.<a href="#cite_note-sh-341">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3></div> Outside of music, Bowie dabbled in several forms of writings during his life. In the late 1990s, Bowie was commissioned for writings of various media, including an essay on Jean-Michel Basquiat for the 2001 anthology book Writers on Artists and forewords to Jo Levin's 2001 publication GQ Cool, Mick Rock's 2001 photography portfolio Blood and Glitter, his wife Iman's 2001 book I Am Iman, Q magazine's 2002 special The 100 Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Photographs and Jonathan Barnbrook's artwork portfolio Barnbrook Bible: The Graphic Design of Jonathan Barnbrook.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016698-335">[334]</a> He also heavily contributed to the 2002 Genesis Publications memoir of the Ziggy Stardust years, Moonage Daydream, which was rereleased in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> Bowie also wrote liner notes for several albums, including Too Many Fish in the Sea by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Clark" title="Robin Clark">Robin Clark</a>, the wife of his guitarist Carlos Alomar, Stevie Ray Vaughan's posthumous <a href="/wiki/Live_at_Montreux_1982_%26_1985" title="Live at Montreux 1982 & 1985">Live at Montreux 1982 & 1985</a> (2002), <a href="/wiki/The_Spinners_(American_group)" title="The Spinners (American group)">the Spinners</a>' compilation The Chrome Collection (2003), the tenth anniversary reissue of Placebo's <a href="/wiki/Placebo_(Placebo_album)" title="Placebo (Placebo album)">debut album</a> (2006) and <a href="/wiki/Neu!" title="Neu!">Neu!</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Neu!_Vinyl_Box" title="Neu! Vinyl Box">Vinyl Box</a> (2010).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016698-335">[334]</a> Bowie also wrote an appreciation piece in Rolling Stone for Nine Inch Nails in 2005 and an essay for the booklet accompanying Iggy Pop's <a href="/wiki/A_Million_in_Prizes:_The_Anthology" title="A Million in Prizes: The Anthology">A Million in Prizes: The Anthology</a> the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016698-335">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bowie_Bonds">Bowie Bonds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_bond" title="Celebrity bond">Celebrity bond</a></div> "Bowie Bonds", the first modern example of <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_bond" title="Celebrity bond">celebrity bonds</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Asset-backed_securities" class="mw-redirect" title="Asset-backed securities">asset-backed securities</a> of current and future revenues of the 25 albums that Bowie recorded before 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Investment-345">[344]</a> Issued in 1997, the bonds were bought for US$55 million by the <a href="/wiki/Prudential_Insurance_Company_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Prudential Insurance Company of America">Prudential Insurance Company of America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP97-347">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">Royalties</a> from the 25 albums generated the cash flow that secured the bonds' interest payments.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> By forfeiting 10 years worth of royalties, Bowie received a payment of US$55 million up front. Bowie used this income to buy songs owned by Defries.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> The bonds liquidated in 2007 and the rights to the income from the songs reverted to Bowie.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3></div> Bowie launched two personal websites during his lifetime. The first, an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> titled <a href="/wiki/BowieNet" title="BowieNet">BowieNet</a>, was developed in conjunction with Robert Goodale and Ron Roy and launched in September 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart-351">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hogan-352">[351]</a> Subscribers to the <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> service were offered exclusive content as well as a BowieNet email address and Internet access. The service was closed by 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart-351">[350]</a> The second, www.bowieart.com, allowed fans to view and purchase selected paintings, prints and sculptures from his private collection. The service, which ran from 2000 to 2008, also offered a showcase for young art students, in Bowie's words, "to show and sell their work without having to go through a dealer. Therefore, they really make the money they deserve for their paintings."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016698-335">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</h3></div> Bowie was involved in philanthropic and charitable efforts for HIV/AIDS research in Africa, as well as other humanitarian projects helping disadvantaged children and developing nations, ending poverty and hunger, promoting human rights, and providing education and health care to children affected by war.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> A portion of the proceeds from the <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a> showing of Bowie's 50th birthday concert in 1997 was donated to <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Musicianship">Musicianship</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie%27s_Vox_Mark_VI_guitar,_HRC_Warsaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A guitar hanging on a wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/David_Bowie%27s_Vox_Mark_VI_guitar%2C_HRC_Warsaw.jpg/220px-David_Bowie%27s_Vox_Mark_VI_guitar%2C_HRC_Warsaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/David_Bowie%27s_Vox_Mark_VI_guitar%2C_HRC_Warsaw.jpg/220px-David_Bowie%27s_Vox_Mark_VI_guitar%2C_HRC_Warsaw.jpg" data-alt="A guitar hanging on a wall" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/David_Bowie%27s_Vox_Mark_VI_guitar%2C_HRC_Warsaw.jpg/330px-David_Bowie%27s_Vox_Mark_VI_guitar%2C_HRC_Warsaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/David_Bowie%27s_Vox_Mark_VI_guitar%2C_HRC_Warsaw.jpg/440px-David_Bowie%27s_Vox_Mark_VI_guitar%2C_HRC_Warsaw.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie's <a href="/wiki/Vox_(musical_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox (musical equipment)">Vox</a> <a href="/wiki/Vox_Mark_III" title="Vox Mark III">Mark VI guitar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hard_Rock_Cafe" title="Hard Rock Cafe">Hard Rock Cafe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> From the time of his earliest recordings in the 1960s, Bowie employed a wide variety of musical styles. His early compositions and performances were strongly influenced by rock and roll singers like Little Richard and Elvis Presley, and also the wider world of show business. He particularly strove to emulate the British musical theatre singer-songwriter and actor <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Newley" title="Anthony Newley">Anthony Newley</a>, whose vocal style he frequently adopted, and made prominent use of for his 1967 debut release, David Bowie (to the disgust of Newley himself, who destroyed the copy he received from Bowie's publisher).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199741%E2%80%9342-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone20074-355">[354]</a> Bowie's fascination with music hall continued to surface sporadically alongside such diverse styles as hard rock and heavy metal, soul, psychedelic folk and pop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone200722,_36%E2%80%9337-356">[355]</a> The musicologist James E. Perone observes Bowie's use of octave switches for different repetitions of the same melody, exemplified in "Space Oddity", and later in "'Heroes'" to dramatic effect; the author writes that "in the lowest part of his vocal register ... his voice has an almost crooner-like richness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone200712-357">[356]</a> The voice instructor Jo Thompson describes Bowie's vocal vibrato technique as "particularly deliberate and distinctive".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200476-358">[357]</a> The authors Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz call him "a vocalist of extraordinary technical ability, able to pitch his singing to particular effect."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchinderSchwartz2007483-359">[358]</a> Here, too, as in his stagecraft and songwriting, Bowie's roleplaying is evident: the historiographer Michael Campbell says that Bowie's lyrics "arrest our ear, without question. But Bowie continually shifts from person to person as he delivers them ... His voice changes dramatically from section to section."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2008254-360">[359]</a> In addition to the guitar, Bowie also played a variety of keyboards, including piano, Mellotron, Chamberlin, and synthesisers; harmonica; alto and baritone saxophones; <a href="/wiki/Stylophone" title="Stylophone">stylophone</a>; viola; cello; koto (on the "Heroes" track "Moss Garden"); <a href="/wiki/Thumb_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumb piano">thumb piano</a>; drums (on the Heathen track "Cactus"), and various percussion instruments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006346-361">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone200717%E2%80%9344,_152%E2%80%93160-363">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200448-364">[363]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A white man and a black woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg/220px-Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="2036"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg/220px-Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg" data-alt="A white man and a black woman" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg/330px-Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg/440px-Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie and wife <a href="/wiki/Iman_(model)" title="Iman (model)">Iman</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> Bowie married his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Angie_Bowie" title="Angie Bowie">Mary Angela Barnett</a>, on 19 March 1970 at <a href="/wiki/Bromley_Town_Hall" title="Bromley Town Hall">Bromley Register Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bromley" title="Bromley">Bromley</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-Saner-365">[364]</a> Their son <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Jones" title="Duncan Jones">Duncan</a>, born on 30 May 1971, was at first known as Zowie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016147%E2%80%93148-366">[365]</a> Angie later described her and David's union as a marriage of convenience. "We got married so that I could [get a permit to] work. I didn't think it would last and David said, before we got married, 'I'm not really in love with you' and I thought that's probably a good thing," she said. Bowie said about Angie that "living with her is like living with a blow torch".<a href="#cite_note-Saner-365">[364]</a> The couple divorced on 8 February 1980;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford2009197-367">[366]</a> David received custody of Duncan. After the gag order that was part of their divorce agreement ended, Angie wrote a memoir of their turbulent marriage, titled Backstage Passes: Life on the Wild Side with David Bowie.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> David met Somali-American model Iman in Los Angeles following the Sound+Vision Tour in October 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997288%E2%80%93289-179">[179]</a> They married in a private ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> on 24 April 1992. The wedding was solemnised on 6 June in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016304%E2%80%93305-369">[368]</a> The couple's marriage influenced the content of Black Tie White Noise, particularly on tracks such as "The Wedding"/"The Wedding Song" and "Miracle Goodnight".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016417%E2%80%93421-370">[369]</a> They had one daughter, Alexandria "Lexi" Zahra Jones, born on 15 August 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016438%E2%80%93440-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> The couple resided primarily in New York City and London as well as owning an apartment in Sydney's <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bay,_New_South_Wales" title="Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales">Elizabeth Bay</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> and Britannia Bay House on the island of <a href="/wiki/Mustique" title="Mustique">Mustique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> Following Bowie's death, Iman expressed gratitude that the two were able to maintain separate identities during their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianIman-375">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_relationships">Other relationships</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TonyDanaBowie_1971_LoRes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/TonyDanaBowie_1971_LoRes.jpg/220px-TonyDanaBowie_1971_LoRes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5902" data-file-height="4322"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/TonyDanaBowie_1971_LoRes.jpg/220px-TonyDanaBowie_1971_LoRes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/TonyDanaBowie_1971_LoRes.jpg/330px-TonyDanaBowie_1971_LoRes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/TonyDanaBowie_1971_LoRes.jpg/440px-TonyDanaBowie_1971_LoRes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Dana_Gillespie" title="Dana Gillespie">Dana Gillespie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Defries" title="Tony Defries">Tony Defries</a> and David Bowie at <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol%27s_Pork" title="Andy Warhol's Pork">Andy Warhol's Pork</a> at <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(venue)" title="Roundhouse (venue)">London's Roundhouse</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> Bowie began a personal and professional relationship with the singer <a href="/wiki/Dana_Gillespie" title="Dana Gillespie">Dana Gillespie</a> in 1964 when he was 17 and she was 14.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECann201043-376">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201722,_28-377">[376]</a> Their relationship lasted a decade; Bowie wrote the song "<a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_(song)" title="Andy Warhol (song)">Andy Warhol</a>" for her, Gillespie sang backing vocals on Ziggy Stardust, and Bowie and Mick Ronson produced her 1973 album Weren't Born a Man. Bowie ended contact with Gillespie following his split from Angie. Gillespie looked back on her time with Bowie fondly.<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> Bowie met the dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the <a href="/wiki/The_Dance_Centre" title="The Dance Centre">London Dance Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp-379">[378]</a> He commented in 1972 that meeting Kemp was when his interest in image "really blossomed":<a href="#cite_note-Kemp-379">[378]</a> "He lived on his emotions, he was a wonderful influence. His day-to-day life was the most theatrical thing I had ever seen, ever. It was everything I thought Bohemia probably was. I joined the circus."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200541%E2%80%9342-380">[379]</a> In January 1968, Kemp choreographed a dance scene for a BBC play, The Pistol Shot, and used Bowie with a dancer, Hermione Farthingale;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016655%E2%80%93656-381">[380]</a> the pair began dating and moved into a London flat together. Bowie and Farthingale broke up in early 1969 when she went to Norway to take part in a film, <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Norway_(film)" title="Song of Norway (film)">Song of Norway</a>;<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> this affected him, and several songs, such as "<a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Hermione" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to Hermione">Letter to Hermione</a>" and "An Occasional Dream", reference her;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016160%E2%80%93161-383">[382]</a> and, for the video accompanying "Where Are We Now?", he wore a T-shirt with the words "m/s Song of Norway".<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> Bowie blamed himself for their break-up, saying in 2002 that he "was totally unfaithful and couldn't for the life of me keep it zipped".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016160%E2%80%93161-383">[382]</a> Farthingale, who spoke of deep affection for him in an interview with Pegg, said they last saw each other in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016160%E2%80%93161-383">[382]</a> David and Angie had an <a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">open marriage</a> and dated other people during it: David had relationships with the models <a href="/wiki/Cyrinda_Foxe" title="Cyrinda Foxe">Cyrinda Foxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lulu_(singer)" title="Lulu (singer)">Lulu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bebe_Buell" title="Bebe Buell">Bebe Buell</a> and the Young Americans backing singer <a href="/wiki/Ava_Cherry" title="Ava Cherry">Ava Cherry</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2011205-386">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005178-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> Angie had encounters with the Stooges' members <a href="/wiki/Ron_Asheton" title="Ron Asheton">Ron Asheton</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Williamson_(musician)" title="James Williamson (musician)">James Williamson</a>, and the Ziggy Stardust Tour bodyguard Anton Jones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2011211%E2%80%93212-389">[388]</a> In 1983, Bowie briefly dated the New Zealand model <a href="/wiki/Geeling_Ng" title="Geeling Ng">Geeling Ng</a>, who starred in the video for "China Girl".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg201661-390">[389]</a> While filming The Hunger the same year, Bowie had a sexual relationship with his co-star Susan Sarandon, who stated in 2014 "He's worth idolising. He's extraordinary."<a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a> Between 1987 and 1990, Bowie dated the Glass Spider Tour dancer Melissa Hurley. The two began their relationship at the end of the tour when she was 22 years old. Bowie's Tin Machine collaborator <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Armstrong_(guitarist)" title="Kevin Armstrong (guitarist)">Kevin Armstrong</a> remembered her as "a genuinely kind, sweet person".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2011414%E2%80%93415,_422-392">[391]</a> She inspired the song "Amazing" on <a href="/wiki/Tin_Machine_(album)" title="Tin Machine (album)">Tin Machine</a> (1989).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClerc2021391-393">[392]</a> They announced their engagement in May 1989 but never married; Bowie broke the relationship off during the latter half of the Sound+Vision Tour, primarily due to the age difference—he was 43 at the time. He later spoke of Hurley as "such a wonderful, lovely, vibrant girl".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016584%E2%80%93588-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2011414%E2%80%93415,_422-392">[391]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coco_Schwab">Coco Schwab</h4></div> Corinne "Coco" Schwab was Bowie's personal assistant for 43 years, from 1973 until his death in 2016. Originally a receptionist at the London office of MainMan, Schwab assisted in extracting Bowie from MainMan's financial grip, after which he invited her to be his personal assistant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016367%E2%80%93372-394">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-CocoTelegraph-395">[394]</a> Bowie referred to Schwab as his best friend and credited her for saving his life in the 1970s by helping him quit his drug addiction;<a href="#cite_note-CocoTelegraph-395">[394]</a> he dedicated the 1987 song "<a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Down_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Never Let Me Down (David Bowie song)">Never Let Me Down</a>" to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016192%E2%80%93193-396">[395]</a> Schwab maintained close guard of him and did not get along with Angie, who later blamed Schwab for the downfall of her and Bowie's marriage.<a href="#cite_note-CocoTelegraph-395">[394]</a> Bowie left $2 million to Schwab in his will. Upon his death, friends of Bowie, including Tony Zanetta and Robin Clark, offered tributes to Schwab.<a href="#cite_note-CocoTelegraph-395">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3></div> Bowie's sexuality has been the subject of debate.<a href="#cite_note-SlateLowder-397">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTRogers-398">[397]</a> While married to Angie,<a href="#cite_note-BillboardWalters-399">[398]</a> he famously declared himself gay in a 1972 interview with <a href="/wiki/Melody_Maker" title="Melody Maker">Melody Maker</a> journalist Michael Watts,<a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a> which generated publicity in both America and Britain;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECann2010239%E2%80%93240-401">[400]</a> Bowie was adopted as a gay icon in both countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016351%E2%80%93360-402">[401]</a> According to Buckley, "If Ziggy confused both his creator and his audience, a big part of that confusion centred on the topic of sexuality."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005140-403">[402]</a> He affirmed his stance in a 1976 interview with <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, stating: "It's true—I am a <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>. But I can't deny that I've used that fact very well. I suppose it's the best thing that ever happened to me."<a href="#cite_note-playboy-404">[403]</a> His claim of bisexuality has been supported by Angie.<a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a> In 1983, Bowie told Rolling Stone writer <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Loder" title="Kurt Loder">Kurt Loder</a> that his public declaration of bisexuality was "the biggest mistake I ever made" and "I was always a closet heterosexual".<a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a> On other occasions, he said his interest in homosexual and bisexual culture had been more a product of the times and the situation in which he found himself than of his own feelings.<a href="#cite_note-408">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005106-409">[407]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blender_(magazine)" title="Blender (magazine)">Blender</a> asked Bowie in 2002 whether he still believed his public declaration was his biggest mistake. After a long pause, he said, "I don't think it was a mistake in Europe, but it was a lot tougher in America. I had no problem with people knowing I was bisexual. But I had no inclination to hold any banners nor be a representative of any group of people." Bowie said he wanted to be a songwriter and performer rather than a headline for his bisexuality, and in "<a href="/wiki/Puritans#Terminology" title="Puritans">puritanical</a>" America, "I think it stood in the way of so much I wanted to do."<a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a> Buckley wrote that Bowie "mined sexual intrigue for its ability to shock".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005141-411">[409]</a> According to Mary Finnigan—a brief girlfriend of Bowie's in 1969<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016182%E2%80%93183-412">[410]</a>—David and Angie "created their bisexual fantasy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199748-413">[411]</a> Sandford wrote that David "made a positive fetish of repeating the quip that he and his wife had met while 'fucking the same bloke' ... Gay sex was always an anecdotal and laughing matter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199748-413">[411]</a> The BBC's Mark Easton stated in 2016 that Britain was "far more tolerant of difference", and that <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> would not have "enjoyed the broad support they do today without Bowie's androgynous challenge all those years ago".<a href="#cite_note-easton-414">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality_and_religion">Spirituality and religion</h3></div> Beginning in 1967 from the influence of his half-brother,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2015chap._4-16">[16]</a> Bowie became interested in Buddhism and, with commercial success eluding him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz200983-415">[413]</a> he considered becoming a Buddhist monk.<a href="#cite_note-416">[414]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Spitz" title="Marc Spitz">Marc Spitz</a> states that the religion reminded the young artist that other goals in life existed outside fame and material gain and one can learn about themselves through meditation and chanting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz200983-415">[413]</a> After a few months' study at Tibet House in London, he was told by his <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chime_Rinpoche" title="Chime Rinpoche">Chime Rinpoche</a>, "You don't want to be Buddhist. ... You should follow music."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECann2010113%E2%80%93114-417">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[416]</a> By 1975, Bowie admitted, "I felt totally, absolutely alone. And I probably was alone because I pretty much had abandoned God."<a href="#cite_note-Arena1993-419">[417]</a> In his will, Bowie stipulated that he be <a href="/wiki/Cremated" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremated">cremated</a> and his ashes scattered in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> "in accordance with the Buddhist rituals".<a href="#cite_note-lifetimeinterest-215">[214]</a> After Bowie married Iman in a private ceremony in 1992, he said they knew that their "real marriage, sanctified by God, had to happen in a church in Florence".<a href="#cite_note-PJ-420">[418]</a> Earlier that year, he knelt on stage at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recited the Lord's Prayer before a television audience.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_Mercury-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[c]</a> In 1993, Bowie said he had an "undying" belief in the "unquestionable" existence of God.<a href="#cite_note-Arena1993-419">[417]</a> In a separate 1993 interview, while describing the genesis of the music for his album Black Tie White Noise, he said "it was important for me to find something [musically] that also had no sort of representation of institutionalized and organized religion, of which I'm not a believer, I must make that clear."<a href="#cite_note-422">[419]</a> Interviewed in 2005, Bowie said whether God exists "is not a question that can be answered. ... I'm not quite an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> and it worries me. There's that little bit that holds on: 'Well, I'm almost an atheist. Give me a couple of months. ... I've nearly got it right.'"<a href="#cite_note-DeCurtis2005-423">[420]</a> He had a tattoo of the <a href="/wiki/Serenity_Prayer" title="Serenity Prayer">Serenity Prayer</a> in Japanese on his left calf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley2016437-424">[421]</a> Bowie stated that "questioning [his] spiritual life [was] always ... germane" to his songwriting.<a href="#cite_note-DeCurtis2005-423">[420]</a> The song "Station to Station" is "very much concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a>"; the song also specifically references <a href="/wiki/Christian_Kabbalah" title="Christian Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>. Bowie called the album "extremely dark ... the nearest album to a <a href="/wiki/Magick" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick">magick</a> treatise that I've written".<a href="#cite_note-426">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cavanaugh-427">[423]</a> Earthling showed "the abiding need in me to vacillate between atheism or a kind of <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnosticism</a> ... What I need is to find a balance, spiritually, with the way I live and my demise."<a href="#cite_note-Cavanaugh-427">[423]</a> Hours boasted overtly Christian themes, with its artwork inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016433%E2%80%93437-428">[424]</a> Blackstar's "<a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(David_Bowie_song)" title="Lazarus (David Bowie song)">Lazarus</a>" began with the words, "Look up here, I'm in Heaven" while the rest of the album deals with other matters of mysticism and mortality.<a href="#cite_note-429">[425]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> In his first ever television interview, Bowie, under the name Davie Jones, spoke out about prejudice against long-haired men after he and his then-band the Manish Boys were asked to cut their hair before a BBC television appearance. He and the Manish Boys were interviewed on the network's 12 November 1964 instalment of <a href="/wiki/Tonight_(1957_TV_programme)" title="Tonight (1957 TV programme)">Tonight</a> to champion their cause, where Bowie claimed to be a spokesperson for the nonexistent Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Long-Haired Men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016521-430">[426]</a> He stated on the programme, "I think we all like long hair and we don't see why other people should persecute us because of it."<a href="#cite_note-431">[427]</a> In 1976, speaking as the Thin White Duke persona and "at least partially tongue-in-cheek", he made statements that expressed support for <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and perceived admiration for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in interviews with Playboy, NME and a Swedish publication. Bowie was quoted as saying: "Britain is ready for a fascist leader ... I think Britain could benefit from a fascist leader. After all, fascism is really nationalism... I believe very strongly in fascism, people have always responded with greater efficiency under a regimental leadership." He was also quoted as saying: "Adolf Hitler was one of the first rock stars" and "You've got to have an extreme right front come up and sweep everything off its feet and tidy everything up."<a href="#cite_note-432">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[429]</a> These comments, along with <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>'s comments in support of <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a> at that time, have been named as an inspiration for the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-434">[430]</a> Bowie retracted his comments in an interview with Melody Maker in October 1977, blaming them on mental instability caused by his drug problems, saying: "I was out of my mind, totally, completely crazed."<a href="#cite_note-435">[431]</a> In the same interview, Bowie described himself as "apolitical", stating "the more I travel and the less sure I am about exactly which political philosophies are commendable. The more government systems I see, the less enticed I am to give my allegiance to any set of people, so it would be disastrous for me to adopt a definitive point of view, or to adopt a party of people and say 'these are my people'."<a href="#cite_note-436">[432]</a> In the 1980s and 1990s, Bowie's public statements shifted sharply towards <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascism</a>. In an interview with <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> anchor <a href="/wiki/Mark_Goodman" title="Mark Goodman">Mark Goodman</a> in 1983, Bowie criticised the channel for not providing enough coverage of Black musicians, becoming visibly uncomfortable when Goodman suggested that the network's fear of backlash from the <a href="/wiki/American_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Midwest">American Midwest</a> was one reason for such a lack of coverage.<a href="#cite_note-437">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[434]</a> The music videos for "China Girl" and "Let's Dance" were described by Bowie as a "very simple, very direct" statement against racism.<a href="#cite_note-LoderMV-439">[435]</a> The album Tin Machine took a more direct stance against fascism and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a>, and was criticised for being too preachy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997275-440">[436]</a> In 1993 he released the single "<a href="/wiki/Black_Tie_White_Noise_(song)" title="Black Tie White Noise (song)">Black Tie White Noise</a>" which dealt with the <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-441">[437]</a> In 2007 Bowie donated $10,000 to the defence fund for the <a href="/wiki/Jena_Six" title="Jena Six">Jena Six</a> saying, "there is clearly a separate and unequal judicial process going on in the town of Jena".<a href="#cite_note-442">[438]</a> When Bowie won the British Male Solo Artist award at the <a href="/wiki/2014_Brit_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Brit Awards">2014 Brit Awards</a>, he referenced the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish independence referendum">Scottish independence referendum</a> by saying, "Scotland, stay with us."<a href="#cite_note-443">[439]</a> This garnered a significant reaction throughout the UK on social media.<a href="#cite_note-444">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[441]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_David_Bowie" title="Death of David Bowie">Death of David Bowie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_Death_New_York_Apartment_Memorial_2016_7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A woman placing a bouquet of flowers onto a swarm of other bouquets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/David_Bowie_Death_New_York_Apartment_Memorial_2016_7.JPG/220px-David_Bowie_Death_New_York_Apartment_Memorial_2016_7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/David_Bowie_Death_New_York_Apartment_Memorial_2016_7.JPG/220px-David_Bowie_Death_New_York_Apartment_Memorial_2016_7.JPG" data-alt="A woman placing a bouquet of flowers onto a swarm of other bouquets" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/David_Bowie_Death_New_York_Apartment_Memorial_2016_7.JPG/330px-David_Bowie_Death_New_York_Apartment_Memorial_2016_7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/David_Bowie_Death_New_York_Apartment_Memorial_2016_7.JPG/440px-David_Bowie_Death_New_York_Apartment_Memorial_2016_7.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A woman places flowers outside Bowie's apartment in New York on <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Street" title="Lafayette Street">Lafayette Street</a> the day after his death was announced.</figcaption></figure> Bowie died of <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a> in his New York City apartment on 10 January 2016.<a href="#cite_note-446">[442]</a> He had been diagnosed 18 months earlier, but he had not made his condition public.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-249">[248]</a> The Belgian theatre director <a href="/wiki/Ivo_van_Hove" title="Ivo van Hove">Ivo van Hove</a>, who had worked with Bowie on his <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">off-Broadway</a> musical Lazarus, explained that while Bowie was unable to attend its rehearsals due to the progression of the disease, he had otherwise continued to work during his illness.<a href="#cite_note-447">[443]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Visconti" title="Tony Visconti">Tony Visconti</a> wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He always did what he wanted to do. And he wanted to do it his way and he wanted to do it the best way. His death was no different from his life – a work of art. He made Blackstar for us, his parting gift. I knew for a year this was the way it would be. I wasn't, however, prepared for it. He was an extraordinary man, full of love and life. He will always be with us. For now, it is appropriate to cry.<a href="#cite_note-448">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[445]</a></blockquote> Following Bowie's death, fans gathered at impromptu street shrines.<a href="#cite_note-450">[446]</a> At the mural of Bowie in his birthplace of Brixton, South London, which shows him in his Aladdin Sane character, fans laid flowers and sang his songs.<a href="#cite_note-451">[447]</a> Other memorial sites included Berlin, Los Angeles, and outside his apartment in New York.<a href="#cite_note-452">[448]</a> After news of his death, sales of his albums and singles soared.<a href="#cite_note-453">[449]</a> Bowie had insisted that he did not want a funeral, and according to his death certificate he was cremated in New Jersey on 12 January.<a href="#cite_note-454">[450]</a> As he wished in his will, his ashes were scattered in a Buddhist ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ashes-455">[451]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Legacy_and_influence">Legacy and influence</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_holywood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A star bearing the name David Bowie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/David_Bowie_holywood.jpg/220px-David_Bowie_holywood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/David_Bowie_holywood.jpg/220px-David_Bowie_holywood.jpg" data-alt="A star bearing the name David Bowie" data-width="220" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/David_Bowie_holywood.jpg/330px-David_Bowie_holywood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/David_Bowie_holywood.jpg/440px-David_Bowie_holywood.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bowie's star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner_Gedenktafel_Hauptstr_155_(Sch%C3%B6n)_David_Bowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A memorial plaque to David Bowie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Berliner_Gedenktafel_Hauptstr_155_%28Sch%C3%B6n%29_David_Bowie.jpg/220px-Berliner_Gedenktafel_Hauptstr_155_%28Sch%C3%B6n%29_David_Bowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="2612"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Berliner_Gedenktafel_Hauptstr_155_%28Sch%C3%B6n%29_David_Bowie.jpg/220px-Berliner_Gedenktafel_Hauptstr_155_%28Sch%C3%B6n%29_David_Bowie.jpg" data-alt="A memorial plaque to David Bowie" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Berliner_Gedenktafel_Hauptstr_155_%28Sch%C3%B6n%29_David_Bowie.jpg/330px-Berliner_Gedenktafel_Hauptstr_155_%28Sch%C3%B6n%29_David_Bowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Berliner_Gedenktafel_Hauptstr_155_%28Sch%C3%B6n%29_David_Bowie.jpg/440px-Berliner_Gedenktafel_Hauptstr_155_%28Sch%C3%B6n%29_David_Bowie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berlin_memorial_plaque" title="Berlin memorial plaque">Berlin memorial plaque</a>, Hauptstraße 155, in <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg" title="Schöneberg">Schöneberg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> Bowie is generally regarded as one of the most influential musicians of all time.<a href="#cite_note-456">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-ParelesNYT-457">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-458">[454]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Petridis" title="Alexis Petridis">Alexis Petridis</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, by 1980 he was "the most important and influential artist since the Beatles".<a href="#cite_note-459">[455]</a> His influence was wide-reaching due to constant reinvention,<a href="#cite_note-460">[456]</a> leading him to be dubbed the "chameleon of rock".<a href="#cite_note-business_insider-461">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[458]</a> The biographer Thomas Forget said in 2002: "Because he succeeded in so many different styles of music, it is almost impossible to find a popular artist today that has not been influenced by David Bowie."<a href="#cite_note-463">[459]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_McCormick" title="Neil McCormick">Neil McCormick</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> stated that Bowie had "one of the supreme careers in popular music, art and culture of the 20th century" and "he was too inventive, too mercurial, too strange for all but his most devoted fans to keep up with".<a href="#cite_note-464">[460]</a> Bowie's songs and stagecraft brought a new dimension to popular music in the early 1970s, strongly influencing its immediate forms and subsequent development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchinderSchwartz2007482-465">[461]</a> Perone credited Bowie with having "brought sophistication to rock music", and critical reviews frequently acknowledged the intellectual depth of his work and influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchinderSchwartz2007482-465">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone2007183-466">[462]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaytress2003218-467">[463]</a> The BBC's arts editor <a href="/wiki/Will_Gompertz" title="Will Gompertz">Will Gompertz</a> likened Bowie to <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, writing that he was "an innovative, visionary, restless artist who synthesised complex avant garde concepts into beautifully coherent works that touched the hearts and minds of millions".<a href="#cite_note-468">[464]</a> Schinder and Schwartz credited Bowie and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Bolan" title="Marc Bolan">Marc Bolan</a> as the founders of the glam rock genre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchinderSchwartz2007482-465">[461]</a> He also inspired the innovators of the <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> movement<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2011345-469">[465]</a> and explored <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> styles with the band Tin Machine before those styles became popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerone200799%E2%80%93103-470">[466]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016414%E2%80%93415-170">[170]</a> In The New York Times, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Pareles" title="Jon Pareles">Jon Pareles</a> said Bowie "transcended music, art and fashion", and introduced his audiences to Philadelphia funk, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Japanese fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">German electronica</a> and drum-and-bass dance music.<a href="#cite_note-ParelesNYT-457">[453]</a> Billboard's Joe Lynch argued Bowie "influenced more musical genres than any other rock star", from glam rock, folk rock and hard rock, to electronic, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">industrial rock</a> and synth-pop, to even <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lynch-458">[454]</a> Broadcaster <a href="/wiki/John_Peel" title="John Peel">John Peel</a> contrasted Bowie with his <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> contemporaries, arguing that Bowie was "an interesting kind of fringe figure... on the outskirts of things". Peel said he "liked the idea of him reinventing himself... the one distinguishing feature about early-70s progressive rock was that it didn't progress. Before Bowie came along, people didn't want too much change"; then Bowie "subverted the whole notion of what it was to be a rock star".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005524,_529-471">[467]</a> Buckley called Bowie "both star and icon. The vast body of work he has produced ... has created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture. ... His influence has been unique in popular culture—he has permeated and altered more lives than any comparable figure."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005516%E2%80%93517-472">[468]</a> The BBC's <a href="/wiki/Mark_Easton" title="Mark Easton">Mark Easton</a> argued that Bowie provided fuel for "the creative powerhouse that Britain has become" by challenging future generations "to aim high, to be ambitious and provocative, to take risks", concluding that he had "changed the way the world sees Britain. And the way Britain sees itself".<a href="#cite_note-easton-414">[412]</a> In 2006, Bowie was voted the fourth greatest living British icon in a poll held by the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Culture_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture Show">Culture Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[469]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Zaleski" title="Annie Zaleski">Annie Zaleski</a> wrote, "Every band or solo artist who's decided to rip up their playbook and start again owes a debt to Bowie".<a href="#cite_note-474">[470]</a> Numerous figures from the music industry whose careers Bowie had influenced paid tribute to him following his death; <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyrics</a> on Twitter (tweets about him peaked at 20,000 a minute an hour after the announcement of his death)<a href="#cite_note-475">[471]</a> also came from outside the entertainment industry and <a href="/wiki/Pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture">pop culture</a>, such as those from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, namely Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ravasi" title="Gianfranco Ravasi">Gianfranco Ravasi</a>, who quoted "Space Oddity", and the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Federal Foreign Office</a>, which thanked Bowie for his part in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> and referenced "'Heroes'".<a href="#cite_note-476">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[473]</a> On 7 January 2017, the BBC broadcast the 90-minute documentary David Bowie: The Last Five Years.<a href="#cite_note-478">[474]</a> A day later, which would have been Bowie's 70th birthday, a charity concert in his birthplace of Brixton was hosted by close friend and actor <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-479">[475]</a> A David Bowie walking tour through Brixton was also launched, and other events marking his birthday weekend included concerts in New York, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-480">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Bowie_Is">David Bowie Is</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_Is" title="David Bowie Is">David Bowie Is</a></div> An exhibition of Bowie artefacts, called David Bowie Is, was organised by the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> in London, and shown there in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-481">[477]</a> The London exhibit was visited by over 300,000 people, making it one of the most successful exhibitions ever staged at the museum.<a href="#cite_note-482">[478]</a> Later that year the exhibition began a world tour which started in <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Ontario" title="Art Gallery of Ontario">Toronto</a> and included stops lasting a few months each throughout Europe, Asia and North America before the exhibit ended in 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-483">[479]</a> The exhibition hosted around 2,000,000 visitors over its run.<a href="#cite_note-484">[480]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stardust_biopic">Stardust biopic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(2020_film)" title="Stardust (2020 film)">Stardust (2020 film)</a></div> The biopic <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(2020_film)" title="Stardust (2020 film)">Stardust</a> was announced on 31 January 2019, with musician and actor <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Flynn" title="Johnny Flynn">Johnny Flynn</a> as Bowie, <a href="/wiki/Jena_Malone" title="Jena Malone">Jena Malone</a> as his wife Angie, and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Maron" title="Marc Maron">Marc Maron</a> as his publicist.<a href="#cite_note-485">[481]</a> Written by Christopher Bell and directed by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Range" title="Gabriel Range">Gabriel Range</a>, the film follows Bowie on his first trip to the United States in 1971. Bowie's son <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Jones" title="Duncan Jones">Duncan Jones</a> spoke out against the film, saying he was not consulted and that the film would not have permission to use Bowie's music.<a href="#cite_note-486">[482]</a> The film was set to premiere at the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribeca Film Festival">Tribeca Film Festival</a>, but the festival was postponed due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[483]</a> Critics were generally unfavourable in their reviews.<a href="#cite_note-488">[484]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moonage_Daydream">Moonage Daydream</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moonage_Daydream_(film)" title="Moonage Daydream (film)">Moonage Daydream (film)</a></div> A film based on Bowie's musical journey throughout his career was announced on 23 May 2022. Titled <a href="/wiki/Moonage_Daydream_(film)" title="Moonage Daydream (film)">Moonage Daydream</a>, after the song "<a href="/wiki/Moonage_Daydream" title="Moonage Daydream">Moonage Daydream</a>", the film is written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Brett_Morgen" title="Brett Morgen">Brett Morgen</a> and features never-before-seen footage, performances and music framed by Bowie's own narration. Morgan stated that "Bowie cannot be defined, he can be experienced... That is why we crafted 'Moonage Daydream' to be a unique cinematic experience." The documentary is the first posthumous film about Bowie to be approved by his estate. After spending five years in production, the film premiered at the <a href="/wiki/2022_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2022 Cannes Film Festival">2022 Cannes Film Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-489">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[486]</a> and was released theatrically in the US in <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> on 16 September.<a href="#cite_note-491">[487]</a> It received positive reviews.<a href="#cite_note-492">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[489]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Awards_and_achievements">Awards and achievements</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_David_Bowie" title="List of awards and nominations received by David Bowie">List of awards and nominations received by David Bowie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie%27s_Outfits_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_(2014-12-30_13.09.55_by_Sam_Howzit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Costumes on display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/David_Bowie%27s_Outfits_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_%282014-12-30_13.09.55_by_Sam_Howzit%29.jpg/220px-David_Bowie%27s_Outfits_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_%282014-12-30_13.09.55_by_Sam_Howzit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/David_Bowie%27s_Outfits_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_%282014-12-30_13.09.55_by_Sam_Howzit%29.jpg/220px-David_Bowie%27s_Outfits_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_%282014-12-30_13.09.55_by_Sam_Howzit%29.jpg" data-alt="Costumes on display" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/David_Bowie%27s_Outfits_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_%282014-12-30_13.09.55_by_Sam_Howzit%29.jpg/330px-David_Bowie%27s_Outfits_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_%282014-12-30_13.09.55_by_Sam_Howzit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/David_Bowie%27s_Outfits_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_%282014-12-30_13.09.55_by_Sam_Howzit%29.jpg/440px-David_Bowie%27s_Outfits_-_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_%282014-12-30_13.09.55_by_Sam_Howzit%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Variety of Bowie's outfits on display at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</figcaption></figure> Bowie's 1969 commercial breakthrough, "Space Oddity", won him an <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Awards" title="Ivor Novello Awards">Ivor Novello</a> Special Award For Originality.<a href="#cite_note-494">[490]</a> For his performance in The Man Who Fell to Earth, he won the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Saturn Award for Best Actor">Saturn Award for Best Actor</a>. In the ensuing decades he received six Grammy Awards<a href="#cite_note-495">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-59thGA-277">[276]</a> and four Brit Awards, including Best British Male Artist twice; the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 1996; and the Brits Icon award for his "lasting impact on British culture", given posthumously in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Icon_2016-497">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[495]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_David_Bowie_(geograph_5942789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A statue against a wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Statue_of_David_Bowie_%28geograph_5942789%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_David_Bowie_%28geograph_5942789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="3622"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Statue_of_David_Bowie_%28geograph_5942789%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_David_Bowie_%28geograph_5942789%29.jpg" data-alt="A statue against a wall" data-width="170" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Statue_of_David_Bowie_%28geograph_5942789%29.jpg/255px-Statue_of_David_Bowie_%28geograph_5942789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Statue_of_David_Bowie_%28geograph_5942789%29.jpg/340px-Statue_of_David_Bowie_%28geograph_5942789%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Bowie" title="Statue of David Bowie">Statue of Bowie</a> in different guises in <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a>, Buckinghamshire, the town where he debuted Ziggy Stardust in 1972</figcaption></figure> In 1999, Bowie was made a Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> by the French government,<a href="#cite_note-500">[496]</a> and received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-501">[497]</a> He declined the royal honour of <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE) in 2000, and turned down a <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighthood</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-502">[498]</a> Bowie later stated "I would never have any intention of accepting anything like that. I seriously don't know what it's for. It's not what I spent my life working for."<a href="#cite_note-503">[499]</a> During his lifetime, Bowie sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">best-selling music artists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-505">[e]</a> In the UK, he was awarded nine platinum, eleven gold and eight silver albums, and in the US, five platinum and nine gold.<a href="#cite_note-506">[501]</a> Since 2015, <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a> has remastered Bowie's catalogue through the "Era" box set series, starting with <a href="/wiki/Five_Years_(1969%E2%80%931973)" title="Five Years (1969–1973)">Five Years (1969–1973)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-507">[502]</a> Bowie was announced as the best-selling vinyl artist of the 21st century in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-508">[503]</a> The 2020 revision of Rolling Stone's <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time">500 Greatest Albums of All Time</a> list includes The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars at number 40,<a href="#cite_note-509">[504]</a> Station to Station at 52,<a href="#cite_note-510">[505]</a> Hunky Dory at 88,<a href="#cite_note-511">[506]</a> Low at 206,<a href="#cite_note-512">[507]</a> and Scary Monsters at 443.<a href="#cite_note-513">[508]</a> On the 2021 revision of the same magazine's <a href="/wiki/500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="500 Greatest Songs of All Time">500 Greatest Songs of All Time</a> list, Bowie's songs include "'Heroes'" at number 23,<a href="#cite_note-514">[509]</a> "Life on Mars?" at 105,<a href="#cite_note-515">[510]</a> "Space Oddity" at 189,<a href="#cite_note-516">[511]</a> "Changes" at 200,<a href="#cite_note-517">[512]</a> "Young Americans" at 204,<a href="#cite_note-518">[513]</a> "Station to Station" at 400,<a href="#cite_note-519">[514]</a> and "Under Pressure" at 429.<a href="#cite_note-520">[515]</a> Four of his songs are included in <a href="/wiki/The_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame%27s_500_Songs_that_Shaped_Rock_and_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll">The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-521">[516]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A wax figure of a red-haired man with a lightning bolt across his face." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4805" data-file-height="6120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg/170px-David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg" data-alt="A wax figure of a red-haired man with a lightning bolt across his face." data-width="170" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg/255px-David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg/340px-David_Bowie_Madame_Tussauds_London.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wax figure of Bowie at <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a>, London</figcaption></figure> In the BBC's 2002 poll of the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>, Bowie was ranked 29.<a href="#cite_note-522">[517]</a> In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him 39th on their list of the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone%27s_100_Greatest_Artists_of_All_Time" title="Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time">100 Greatest Artists of All Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-523">[518]</a> Bowie was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> in 1996 and into the <a href="/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame" title="Songwriters Hall of Fame">Songwriters Hall of Fame</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-524">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[520]</a> He was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame">Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-526">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-527">[522]</a> Days after Bowie's death, Rolling Stone contributor <a href="/wiki/Rob_Sheffield" title="Rob Sheffield">Rob Sheffield</a> proclaimed him "the greatest rock star ever".<a href="#cite_note-528">[523]</a> The magazine also listed him as the 39th greatest songwriter of all time.<a href="#cite_note-529">[524]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Sky_Arts" title="Sky Arts">Sky Arts</a> ranked him the most influential artist in Britain of the last 50 years "owing to his transcendent influence on British culture".<a href="#cite_note-Graye-530">[525]</a> He ranked 32nd on the 2023 Rolling Stone list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.<a href="#cite_note-531">[526]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li>In 2008, the spider <a href="/wiki/Heteropoda_davidbowie" title="Heteropoda davidbowie">Heteropoda davidbowie</a> was named in Bowie's honour.<a href="#cite_note-ARKive-532">[527]</a></li> <li>In 2011, his image was chosen by popular vote for the B£10m note of the <a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">local currency</a> of his birthplace, the <a href="/wiki/Brixton_Pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Brixton Pound">Brixton Pound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-showme-533">[528]</a></li> <li>On 5 January 2015, a main-belt <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> was named <a href="/wiki/342843_Davidbowie" title="342843 Davidbowie">342843 Davidbowie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-534">[529]</a></li> <li>On 13 January 2016, Belgian amateur astronomers at MIRA Public Observatory created a "Bowie asterism" of seven stars which had been in the vicinity of Mars at the time of Bowie's death; the "constellation" forms the lightning bolt on Bowie's face from the cover of his Aladdin Sane album.<a href="#cite_note-kreps-535">[530]</a></li> <li>In March 2017, Bowie featured on a <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_commemorative_stamps_2010%E2%80%932019#2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain commemorative stamps 2010–2019">series of UK postage stamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-536">[531]</a></li> <li>On 25 March 2018, a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Bowie" title="Statue of David Bowie">statue of Bowie</a> was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a>, Buckinghamshire, the town where he debuted Ziggy Stardust.<a href="#cite_note-537">[532]</a> The statue features a likeness of Bowie in 2002 accompanied with various characters and looks from over his career, with Ziggy Stardust at the front.<a href="#cite_note-538">[533]</a></li> <li>Rue David Bowie in Paris is a short street near the <a href="/wiki/Gare_d%27Austerlitz" title="Gare d'Austerlitz">Gare d'Austerlitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-539">[534]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_discography" title="David Bowie discography">David Bowie discography</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_David_Bowie" title="List of songs recorded by David Bowie">List of songs recorded by David Bowie</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_(1967_album)" title="David Bowie (1967 album)">David Bowie</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_(1969_album)" title="David Bowie (1969 album)">David Bowie</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[f]</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_World_(album)" title="The Man Who Sold the World (album)">The Man Who Sold the World</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunky_Dory" title="Hunky Dory">Hunky Dory</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars" title="The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars">The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_Sane" title="Aladdin Sane">Aladdin Sane</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_Ups" title="Pin Ups">Pin Ups</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Dogs" title="Diamond Dogs">Diamond Dogs</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans" title="Young Americans">Young Americans</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_to_Station" title="Station to Station">Station to Station</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Low (David Bowie album)">Low</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_album)" class="mw-redirect" title='"Heroes" (David Bowie album)'>"Heroes"</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodger_(album)" title="Lodger (album)">Lodger</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scary_Monsters_(and_Super_Creeps)" title="Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)">Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Dance_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Let's Dance (David Bowie album)">Let's Dance</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonight_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Tonight (David Bowie album)">Tonight</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Down" title="Never Let Me Down">Never Let Me Down</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tie_White_Noise" title="Black Tie White Noise">Black Tie White Noise</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_of_Suburbia_(album)" title="The Buddha of Suburbia (album)">The Buddha of Suburbia</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Outside (David Bowie album)">Outside</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthling_(album)" title="Earthling (album)">Earthling</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hours_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Hours (David Bowie album)">Hours</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Heathen (David Bowie album)">Heathen</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Reality (David Bowie album)">Reality</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Next_Day" title="The Next Day">The Next Day</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackstar_(album)" title="Blackstar (album)">Blackstar</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_(David_Bowie_album)" title="Toy (David Bowie album)">Toy</a> (posthumous, 2021)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Selected_filmography">Selected filmography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie_filmography" title="David Bowie filmography">David Bowie filmography</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth" title="The Man Who Fell to Earth">The Man Who Fell to Earth</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_a_Gigolo_(1978_film)" title="Just a Gigolo (1978 film)">Just a Gigolo</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_(1983_film)" title="The Hunger (1983 film)">The Hunger</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Christmas,_Mr._Lawrence" title="Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence">Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Beginners_(film)" title="Absolute Beginners (film)">Absolute Beginners</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(1986_film)" title="Labyrinth (1986 film)">Labyrinth</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(film)" title="The Last Temptation of Christ (film)">The Last Temptation of Christ</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Linguini_Incident" title="The Linguini Incident">The Linguini Incident</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Peaks:_Fire_Walk_with_Me" title="Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me">Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basquiat_(film)" title="Basquiat (film)">Basquiat</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunslinger%27s_Revenge" title="Gunslinger's Revenge">Gunslinger's Revenge</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Sunshine" title="Everybody Loves Sunshine">Everybody Loves Sunshine</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Rice%27s_Secret" title="Mr. Rice's Secret">Mr. Rice's Secret</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prestige_(film)" title="The Prestige (film)">The Prestige</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_and_the_Minimoys_(film)" title="Arthur and the Minimoys (film)">Arthur and the Minimoys</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_(2008_film)" title="August (2008 film)">August</a> (2008)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Tours">Tours</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_Tour" title="Ziggy Stardust Tour">Ziggy Stardust Tour</a> (1972–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Dogs_Tour" title="Diamond Dogs Tour">Diamond Dogs Tour</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolar_%E2%80%93_1976_Tour" title="Isolar – 1976 Tour">Isolar – 1976 Tour</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolar_II_%E2%80%93_The_1978_World_Tour" title="Isolar II – The 1978 World Tour">Isolar II – The 1978 World Tour</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_Moonlight_Tour" title="Serious Moonlight Tour">Serious Moonlight Tour</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_Spider_Tour" title="Glass Spider Tour">The Glass Spider Tour</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound%2BVision_Tour" title="Sound+Vision Tour">Sound+Vision Tour</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_Tour" title="Outside Tour">The Outside Tour</a> (1995–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthling_Tour" title="Earthling Tour">Earthling Tour</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hours_Tour" title="Hours Tour">Hours Tour</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Tour_(David_Bowie)" title="Mini Tour (David Bowie)">Mini Tour</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Tour" title="Heathen Tour">Heathen Tour</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Reality_Tour" title="A Reality Tour">A Reality Tour</a> (2003–04)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> He first played at Glastonbury in June 1971 shortly after the Hunky Dory sessions commenced. Performing alone, his set was warmly received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016537%E2%80%93538-209">[209]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> In 1993, Bowie recalled having read <a href="/wiki/City_of_Night" title="City of Night">City of Night</a> in the 1960s, and it connected with his loneliness. "And that led me a merry dance in the early Seventies, when <a href="/wiki/Gay_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay club">gay clubs</a> really became my lifestyle and all my friends were gay".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2009185-407">[406]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> Asked why he knelt and prayed, Bowie said he had a friend who was dying of AIDS. "He was just dropping into a coma that day. And just before I went on stage something just told me to say the Lord's Prayer. The great irony is that he died two days after the show".<a href="#cite_note-Arena1993-419">[417]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> He later said he was influenced by his cocaine addiction and the "psychological terror" from making The Man Who Fell To Earth, marking "the first time I'd really seriously thought about Christ and God ... I very nearly got suckered into that narrow [view of] finding the Cross as the salvation of mankind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgan2015116-425">[422]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-505"><a href="#cite_ref-505">^</a> Additional sources place this figure somewhere between 100 million and 150 million.<a href="#cite_note-504">[500]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-541"><a href="#cite_ref-541">^</a> David Bowie (1969) was the original name for the album in the UK, while in the US it was released a few months later with the subtitle Man of Words / Man of Music (1969), colloquially used as an unofficial retitle to differentiate the release.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016338-51">[51]</a> Following the success of Ziggy Stardust, the album was rereleased worldwide as Space Oddity, after Bowie's well known song of the same name that opened the album. The David Bowie title was reinstated for a 2009 worldwide reissue and <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a>'s 2015 remaster,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016338-51">[51]</a> before the album's 2019 mix reverted back to the Space Oddity title.<a href="#cite_note-540">[535]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-saybowe-1"><a href="#cite_ref-saybowe_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185641/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/magazinemonitor/2007/01/how_to_say_bowie.shtml">"How to say: Bowie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 8 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/magazinemonitor/2007/01/how_to_say_bowie.shtml">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+say%3A+Bowie&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fmagazinemonitor%2F2007%2F01%2Fhow_to_say_bowie.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/musician/david-bowie">"David Bowie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biography.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography.com">Biography.com</a> (<a href="/wiki/FYI_(American_TV_channel)" title="FYI (American TV channel)">FYI</a>/<a href="/wiki/A%26E_Networks" title="A&E Networks">A&E Networks</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314180329/https://www.biography.com/musician/david-bowie">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/david-bowie-planned-post-blackstar-album-thought-he-had-few-more-months-20160113">the original</a> on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+Planned+Post-Blackstar+Album%2C+%27Thought+He+Had+Few+More+Months%27&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Hiatt&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fdavid-bowie-planned-post-blackstar-album-thought-he-had-few-more-months-20160113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelinwalla2016" class="citation web cs1">Lelinwalla, Mark (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techtimes.com/articles/124452/20160114/david-bowie-breaks-vevo-record-51-million-video-views-one.htm">"David Bowie Breaks Vevo Record with 51 Million Video Views in One Day"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 January 2016. <q>Bowie's catalog generated 51 million video views on Vevo on Monday, Jan. 11, the day after he died, making him the most viewed artist in a single day in the video-streaming platform's history, the company reported Thursday morning via a press release.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+Times&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+Breaks+Vevo+Record+with+51+Million+Video+Views+in+One+Day&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Lelinwalla&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techtimes.com%2Farticles%2F124452%2F20160114%2Fdavid-bowie-breaks-vevo-record-51-million-video-views-one.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopsey2016" class="citation web cs1">Copsey, Rob (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/david-bowie-is-the-starman-of-this-weeks-official-chart-as-the-nation-pays-tribute-to-a-music-icon__13562/">"David Bowie is the Starman of this week's Official Chart as the nation pays tribute to a music icon"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Charts+Company&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+is+the+Starman+of+this+week%27s+Official+Chart+as+the+nation+pays+tribute+to+a+music+icon&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Copsey&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialcharts.com%2Fchart-news%2Fdavid-bowie-is-the-starman-of-this-weeks-official-chart-as-the-nation-pays-tribute-to-a-music-icon__13562%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsone2016" class="citation news cs1">Gibsone, Harriet (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/15/david-bowie-dominates-uk-album-charts-blackstar-adele">"David Bowie dominates UK album charts as latest album hits No 1"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 January 2016. <q>Elsewhere, 19 Bowie albums and 13 singles have entered the top 100</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+dominates+UK+album+charts+as+latest+album+hits+No+1&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Gibsone&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fjan%2F15%2Fdavid-bowie-dominates-uk-album-charts-blackstar-adele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-16/bowie-last-album-rockets-to-top-of-british-charts/7092934">"David Bowie's final album Blackstar rockets to top of charts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a>. 17 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117024324/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-16/bowie-last-album-rockets-to-top-of-british-charts/7092934">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2016. 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Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%27s+Blackstar+Album+Debuts+at+No.+1+on+Billboard+200+Chart&rft.date=2016-01-17&rft.aulast=Caulfield&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Fchart-beat%2F6844036%2Fdavid-bowie-blackstar-album-debuts-no-1-on-billboard-200-charts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlate2016" class="citation web cs1">Slate, Jeff (23 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/music/a48869/the-making-of-david-bowies-lost-soul-album/">"The Making of David Bowie's Lost Soul Album"</a>. Esquire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428204202/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/music/a48869/the-making-of-david-bowies-lost-soul-album/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+David+Bowie%27s+Lost+Soul+Album&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft.aulast=Slate&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquire.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fa48869%2Fthe-making-of-david-bowies-lost-soul-album%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2017" class="citation web cs1">Young, Alex (8 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consequence.net/2017/01/final-david-bowie-songs-collected-on-new-ep-released-for-his-70th-birthday/">"Final David Bowie songs collected on new EP released for his 70th birthday"</a>. Consequence of Sound. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170523182154/https://consequence.net/2017/01/final-david-bowie-songs-collected-on-new-ep-released-for-his-70th-birthday/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consequence+of+Sound&rft.atitle=Final+David+Bowie+songs+collected+on+new+EP+released+for+his+70th+birthday&rft.date=2017-01-08&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconsequence.net%2F2017%2F01%2Ffinal-david-bowie-songs-collected-on-new-ep-released-for-his-70th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-noplan2-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noplan2_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-noplan2_270-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreps2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Kreps, Daniel (8 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-david-bowies-mysterious-no-plan-video-w459603">"Watch David Bowie's Mysterious 'No Plan' Video"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233625/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-david-bowies-mysterious-no-plan-video-w459603">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Watch+David+Bowie%27s+Mysterious+%27No+Plan%27+Video&rft.date=2017-01-08&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fwatch-david-bowies-mysterious-no-plan-video-w459603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreps2017" class="citation web cs1">Kreps, Daniel (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-bowies-berlin-trilogy-highlights-11-disc-box-set-205754/">"David Bowie's Berlin Trilogy Highlights 11-Disc Box Set"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 28 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%E2%80%99s+Berlin+Trilogy+Highlights+11-Disc+Box+Set&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fdavid-bowies-berlin-trilogy-highlights-11-disc-box-set-205754%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandle2017" class="citation web cs1">Randle, Chris (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/david-bowie-cracked-actor-live-los-angeles-74/">"David Bowie: Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) Album Review"</a>. Pitchfork. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711225233/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/david-bowie-cracked-actor-live-los-angeles-74/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%3A+Cracked+Actor+%28Live+Los+Angeles+%2774%29+Album+Review&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.aulast=Randle&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Freviews%2Falbums%2Fdavid-bowie-cracked-actor-live-los-angeles-74%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/live-nassau-coliseum-76-mw0003015315">"Live Nassau Coliseum '76 – David Bowie"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117143208/https://www.allmusic.com/album/live-nassau-coliseum-76-mw0003015315">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Live+Nassau+Coliseum+%2776+%E2%80%93+David+Bowie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Flive-nassau-coliseum-76-mw0003015315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlewine" class="citation web cs1">Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/welcome-to-the-blackout-live-london-78-mw0003173016">"Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78) – David Bowie"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117143206/https://www.allmusic.com/album/welcome-to-the-blackout-live-london-78-mw0003173016">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+Blackout+%28Live+London+%2778%29+%E2%80%93+David+Bowie&rft.aulast=Erlewine&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fwelcome-to-the-blackout-live-london-78-mw0003173016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/david-bowie-forever-record-sales-blackstar-hunky-dory-life-on-mars-best-songs-albums-tributes-a8151181.html">"Two years since his death, Bowie is still selling millions of records"</a>. The Independent. 10 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021335/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/david-bowie-forever-record-sales-blackstar-hunky-dory-life-on-mars-best-songs-albums-tributes-a8151181.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Two+years+since+his+death%2C+Bowie+is+still+selling+millions+of+records&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fdavid-bowie-forever-record-sales-blackstar-hunky-dory-life-on-mars-best-songs-albums-tributes-a8151181.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandle2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Brandle, Lars (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7685065/drake-ifpi-global-recording-artist-2016">"Drake Named IFPI Global Recording Artist of 2016"</a>. Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814182124/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7685065/drake-ifpi-global-recording-artist-2016">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Drake+Named+IFPI+Global+Recording+Artist+of+2016&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.aulast=Brandle&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F7685065%2Fdrake-ifpi-global-recording-artist-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59thGA-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-59thGA_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-59thGA_277-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2017" class="citation news cs1">Kelley, Seth (12 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2017/music/news/grammys-david-bowie-wins-early-1201986057/">"David Bowie's 'Blackstar' Wins All Five Nominated Categories at 2017 Grammys"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220105444/http://variety.com/2017/music/news/grammys-david-bowie-wins-early-1201986057/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%27s+%27Blackstar%27+Wins+All+Five+Nominated+Categories+at+2017+Grammys&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2017%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fgrammys-david-bowie-wins-early-1201986057%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye2018" class="citation web cs1">Kaye, Ben (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consequence.net/2018/07/david-bowie-80s-box-set/">"New 80's-era David Bowie box set, Loving the Alien, to feature unreleased music"</a>. Consequence. Retrieved 28 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consequence&rft.atitle=New+80%E2%80%99s-era+David+Bowie+box+set%2C+Loving+the+Alien%2C+to+feature+unreleased+music&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconsequence.net%2F2018%2F07%2Fdavid-bowie-80s-box-set%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrisco2020" class="citation web cs1">Prisco, Jacopo (9 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/david-bowie-posthumous-albums-2020/index.html">"Rare and unreleased music by David Bowie is coming this year"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109152343/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/david-bowie-posthumous-albums-2020/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+and+unreleased+music+by+David+Bowie+is+coming+this+year&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.aulast=Prisco&rft.aufirst=Jacopo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Fdavid-bowie-posthumous-albums-2020%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2020" class="citation web cs1">Tan, Emily (6 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/david-bowie-something-air-live-142502384.html">"David Bowie's Something in the Air (Live Paris 99) Set for Digital Release"</a>. Yahoo! Entertainment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022230607/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/david-bowie-something-air-live-142502384.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+Entertainment&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%27s+Something+in+the+Air+%28Live+Paris+99%29+Set+for+Digital+Release&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdavid-bowie-something-air-live-142502384.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theseconddisc.com/2021/02/24/ch-ch-ch-changes-david-bowies-brilliant-live-adventures-series-continues-with-live-paris-99/">"Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes: David Bowie's 'Brilliant Live Adventures' Series Continues with 'Live Paris 99'"</a>. The Second Disc. 24 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224191120/https://theseconddisc.com/2021/02/24/ch-ch-ch-changes-david-bowies-brilliant-live-adventures-series-continues-with-live-paris-99/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Second+Disc&rft.atitle=Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes%3A+David+Bowie%27s+%27Brilliant+Live+Adventures%27+Series+Continues+with+%27Live+Paris+99%27&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheseconddisc.com%2F2021%2F02%2F24%2Fch-ch-ch-changes-david-bowies-brilliant-live-adventures-series-continues-with-live-paris-99%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandle2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Brandle, Lars (16 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/record-labels/9630897/david-bowie-catalog-deal-warner-music">"David Bowie Estate and Warner Music Partner to Bring Icon's Entire Catalog to Label"</a>. Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916133652/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/record-labels/9630897/david-bowie-catalog-deal-warner-music/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+Estate+and+Warner+Music+Partner+to+Bring+Icon%27s+Entire+Catalog+to+Label&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.aulast=Brandle&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2Frecord-labels%2F9630897%2Fdavid-bowie-catalog-deal-warner-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair2021" class="citation web cs1">Sinclair, Paul (18 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://superdeluxeedition.com/news/next-david-bowie-era-box-confirmed-as-brilliant-adventure-1992-2001/">"Next David Bowie era box confirmed as 'Brilliant Adventure 1992-2001'"</a>. Super Deluxe Edition. 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BBC News. 29 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929164100/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-58739175">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%3A+%27Lost%27+album+Toy+set+for+birthday+release&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-58739175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnapes2021" class="citation web cs1">Snapes, Laura (29 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/sep/29/david-bowie-unreleased-2001-album-toy-to-get-official-issue">"David Bowie: unreleased 2001 album Toy to get official issue"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929141225/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/sep/29/david-bowie-unreleased-2001-album-toy-to-get-official-issue">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%3A+unreleased+2001+album+Toy+to+get+official+issue&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft.aulast=Snapes&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2021%2Fsep%2F29%2Fdavid-bowie-unreleased-2001-album-toy-to-get-official-issue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAswad2022" class="citation web cs1">Aswad, Jem (3 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2022/music/news/david-bowie-publishing-catalog-acquired-warner-chappell-1235145941/">"David Bowie's Estate Sells His Publishing Catalog to Warner Chappell (Exclusive)"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103134743/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/david-bowie-publishing-catalog-acquired-warner-chappell-1235145941/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%27s+Estate+Sells+His+Publishing+Catalog+to+Warner+Chappell+%28Exclusive%29&rft.date=2022-01-03&rft.aulast=Aswad&rft.aufirst=Jem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2022%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fdavid-bowie-publishing-catalog-acquired-warner-chappell-1235145941%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Kenny, Glenn (11 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/01/david-bowie-acting">"David Bowie in Movies: The Definition of Screen Presence"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Sound+and+vision%3A+the+best+and+the+worst+of+David+Bowie%27s+acting+career&rft.date=2019-01-12&rft.aulast=Whitington&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fsound-and-vision-the-best-and-the-worst-of-david-bowies-acting-career-37700388.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/ent-columns-blogs/state-of-the-art/article54172320.html">"David Bowie – The man who could have been a movie star"</a>. Charlotte Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110150249/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/entertainment/ent-columns-blogs/state-of-the-art/article54172320.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2019. 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The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/04/movies/the-man-who-fell-into-movie-acting.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. 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Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+in+Baal%2C+Alan+Clarke%27s+1982+Bertolt+Brecht+adaptation+%E2%80%93+video&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2Fvideo%2F2016%2Fjun%2F09%2Fdavid-bowie-baal-alan-clarke-bertolt-brecht-bbc-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanby1983" class="citation web cs1">Canby, Vincent (29 April 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/29/movies/vampires-and-chic.html">"Vampires and Chic"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523170000/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/26/movies/david-bowie-in-merry-christmas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+in+Merry+Christmas&rft.date=1983-08-26&rft.aulast=Maslin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F08%2F26%2Fmovies%2Fdavid-bowie-in-merry-christmas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016667–669-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016667%E2%80%93669_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, pp. 667–669. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016670-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016670_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016670_307-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, p. 670. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanby1985" class="citation web cs1">Canby, Vincent (22 February 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524174044/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/22/movies/film-john-landis-s-into-the-night.html">"Film: John Landis's Into the Night"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+we+made+Absolute+Beginners&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.aulast=Beaumont-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2015%2Fsep%2F21%2Fhow-we-made-absolute-beginners-julien-temple-patsy-kensit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford1997252–253-311"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandford1997252%E2%80%93253_311-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandford1997">Sandford 1997</a>, pp. 252–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPai2016" class="citation web cs1">Pai, Tanya (27 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/1/12/10755050/labyrinth-david-bowie">"Labyrinth is now 30 years old. Here's how this gloriously weird movie became a cult classic"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021141459/https://www.vox.com/2016/1/12/10755050/labyrinth-david-bowie">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Labyrinth+is+now+30+years+old.+Here%27s+how+this+gloriously+weird+movie+became+a+cult+classic.&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F1%2F12%2F10755050%2Flabyrinth-david-bowie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolworthy2016" class="citation web cs1">Stolworthy, Jacob (13 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/martin-scorsese-pays-tribute-to-the-late-david-bowie-a6809986.html">"Martin Scorsese pays tribute to the late David Bowie"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dazed+Digital&rft.atitle=That+time+David+Bowie+and+Goldie+starred+in+a+gangster+film&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.aulast=Bulut&rft.aufirst=Selim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dazeddigital.com%2Fmusic%2Farticle%2F38053%2F1%2Fthat-time-david-bowie-and-goldie-starred-in-a-gangster-film&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1998" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Brendan (16 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/bowie-sates-hunger-1117488581/">"Bowie sates 'Hunger'"</a>. 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029144909/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/gaming/david-bowie-dead-singer-and-actor-appeared-in-bizarre-dreamcast-video-game-omikron-the-nomad-soul-a6806071.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+dead%3A+Singer+and+actor+appeared+in+bizarre+Dreamcast+video+game+%27Omikron%3A+The+Nomad+Soul%27&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Fgaming%2Fdavid-bowie-dead-singer-and-actor-appeared-in-bizarre-dreamcast-video-game-omikron-the-nomad-soul-a6806071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2000" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Elvis (22 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/22/movies/david-bowie-with-a-secret-and-a-power.html">"David Bowie With a Secret and a Power"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+With+a+Secret+and+a+Power&rft.date=2000-12-22&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Elvis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F12%2F22%2Fmovies%2Fdavid-bowie-with-a-secret-and-a-power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuby2016" class="citation web cs1">Ruby, Jennifer (1 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/ben-stiller-livetweets-zoolander-i-can-t-believe-david-bowie-actually-did-this-a3170296.html">"Ben Stiller live-tweets Zoolander: I can't believe David Bowie actually did this"</a>. Evening Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021151815/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/ben-stiller-livetweets-zoolander-i-can-t-believe-david-bowie-actually-did-this-a3170296.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Ben+Stiller+live-tweets+Zoolander%3A+I+can%27t+believe+David+Bowie+actually+did+this&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.aulast=Ruby&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fshowbiz%2Fcelebrity-news%2Fben-stiller-livetweets-zoolander-i-can-t-believe-david-bowie-actually-did-this-a3170296.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2005/digital/features/the-rutles-2-can-t-buy-me-lunch-1200527441/">"The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch"</a>. Variety. 6 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029144309/https://variety.com/2005/digital/features/the-rutles-2-can-t-buy-me-lunch-1200527441/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=The+Rutles+2%3A+Can%27t+Buy+Me+Lunch&rft.date=2005-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2005%2Fdigital%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-rutles-2-can-t-buy-me-lunch-1200527441%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambHairMcDaniel2007" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Charles W.; Hair, Joseph F.; McDaniel, Carl (2007). Marketing. 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Retrieved 5 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%27s+first+wife+Angie+on+her+fiery+marriage+to+%27one+in+a+million%27+music+genius&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.aulast=Bowie&rft.aufirst=Angie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2F3am%2Fcelebrity-news%2Fdavid-bowies-first-wife-angie-7155221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016304–305-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016304%E2%80%93305_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, pp. 304–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016417–421-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016417%E2%80%93421_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, pp. 417–421. </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930185211/http://www.eonline.com/news/40304/first-look-the-news-in-brief-august-15-2000">"First Look: The News in Brief, 15 August 2000"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Bowie+Down+Under%3A+star+hooked+on+Sydney&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft.aulast=Dumas&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fbowie-down-under-star-hooked-on-sydney-20160115-gm6f3v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/city-east/who-knew-pop-superstar-david-bowie-was-once-a-secret-resident-of-sydneys-elizabeth-bay/story-fngr8h22-1226908685763">"Who knew? 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214174307/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/dec/14/hes-not-my-late-husband-iman-talks-of-grief-over-death-of-david-bowie">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27He%27s+not+my+%22late%22+husband%27%3A+Iman+speaks+of+grief+over+death+of+David+Bowie&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft.aulast=Khomani&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffashion%2F2022%2Fdec%2F14%2Fhes-not-my-late-husband-iman-talks-of-grief-over-death-of-david-bowie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECann201043-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECann201043_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCann2010">Cann 2010</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201722,_28-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201722,_28_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2017">Jones 2017</a>, pp. 22, 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartright2021" class="citation web cs1">Cartright, Garth (12 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/aug/12/bowie-bed-hopping-and-the-blues-the-wild-times-of-dana-gillespie">"Bowie, bed-hopping and the blues: the wild times of Dana Gillespie"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bowie%2C+bed-hopping+and+the+blues%3A+the+wild+times+of+Dana+Gillespie&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft.aulast=Cartright&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2021%2Faug%2F12%2Fbowie-bed-hopping-and-the-blues-the-wild-times-of-dana-gillespie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp-379">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_379-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_379-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThian2015" class="citation book cs1">Thian, Helene Marie (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQ2UBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">"Moss Garden"</a>. In Eoin Devereux (ed.). David Bowie: Critical Perspectives. 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926000724/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/david-bowie-has-gone-from-new-to-old--and-what-a-beautiful-thing-it-is-8443239.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+has+gone+from+new+to+old+%E2%80%93+and+what+a+beautiful+thing+it+is&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.aulast=Heawood&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcomment%2Fdavid-bowie-has-gone-from-new-to-old--and-what-a-beautiful-thing-it-is-8443239.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016160–161-383">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016160%E2%80%93161_383-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016160%E2%80%93161_383-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016160%E2%80%93161_383-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeale2013" class="citation web cs1">Seale, Jack (8 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-01-08/david-bowie-rocks-music-world-with-where-are-we-now-video/">"David Bowie rocks music world with Where Are We Now?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Times" title="Radio Times">Radio Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063238/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-01-08/david-bowie-rocks-music-world-with-where-are-we-now---video">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Times&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+rocks+music+world+with+Where+Are+We+Now%3F&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.aulast=Seale&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013-01-08%2Fdavid-bowie-rocks-music-world-with-where-are-we-now-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> Lulu 2002, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2011205-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrynka2011205_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrynka2011">Trynka 2011</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005178-387"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005178_387-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2005">Buckley 2005</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeitelberg2016" class="citation web cs1">Feitelberg, Rosemary (12 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwd.com/feature/david-bowies-beb-buell-early-rock-n-roll-days-in-new-york-city-10312467/">"Bebe Buell Details David Bowie's Early Rock 'n' Roll Days in New York"</a>. Women's Wear Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604140907/https://wwd.com/feature/david-bowies-beb-buell-early-rock-n-roll-days-in-new-york-city-10312467/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Wear+Daily&rft.atitle=Bebe+Buell+Details+David+Bowie%27s+Early+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Days+in+New+York&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Feitelberg&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwd.com%2Ffeature%2Fdavid-bowies-beb-buell-early-rock-n-roll-days-in-new-york-city-10312467%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2011211–212-389"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrynka2011211%E2%80%93212_389-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrynka2011">Trynka 2011</a>, pp. 211–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg201661-390"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg201661_390-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2014" class="citation web cs1">Hickey, Shane (26 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jul/26/susan-sarandon-past-sexual-relationship-david-bowie">"Susan Sarandon reveals past sexual relationship with David Bowie"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118125140/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jul/26/susan-sarandon-past-sexual-relationship-david-bowie">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Susan+Sarandon+reveals+past+sexual+relationship+with+David+Bowie&rft.date=2014-07-26&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2014%2Fjul%2F26%2Fsusan-sarandon-past-sexual-relationship-david-bowie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrynka2011414–415,_422-392">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrynka2011414%E2%80%93415,_422_392-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrynka2011414%E2%80%93415,_422_392-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrynka2011">Trynka 2011</a>, pp. 414–415, 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClerc2021391-393"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClerc2021391_393-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClerc2021">Clerc 2021</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016367–372-394"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016367%E2%80%93372_394-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, pp. 367–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-CocoTelegraph-395">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CocoTelegraph_395-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CocoTelegraph_395-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CocoTelegraph_395-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CocoTelegraph_395-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNulty2016" class="citation web cs1">McNulty, Bernadette (30 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/david-bowies-pa-coco-schwab-the-woman-who-saved-his-life/">"David Bowie's PA Coco Schwab: the woman who saved his life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130163005/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/david-bowies-pa-coco-schwab-the-woman-who-saved-his-life/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%27s+PA+Coco+Schwab%3A+the+woman+who+saved+his+life&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft.aulast=McNulty&rft.aufirst=Bernadette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Fartists%2Fdavid-bowies-pa-coco-schwab-the-woman-who-saved-his-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016192–193-396"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016192%E2%80%93193_396-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, pp. 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-SlateLowder-397"><a href="#cite_ref-SlateLowder_397-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowder2016" class="citation web cs1">Lowder, J. Bryan (11 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/01/was-david-bowie-dead-at-69-gay-the-glam-rocker-had-a-complicated-relationship-with-queerness.html">"Was David Bowie Gay?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324201121/https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/01/was-david-bowie-dead-at-69-gay-the-glam-rocker-had-a-complicated-relationship-with-queerness.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Was+David+Bowie+Gay%3F&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.aulast=Lowder&rft.aufirst=J.+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2016%2F01%2Fwas-david-bowie-dead-at-69-gay-the-glam-rocker-had-a-complicated-relationship-with-queerness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTRogers-398"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTRogers_398-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2016" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, Katie (13 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/14/style/was-he-gay-bisexual-or-bowie-yes.html">"Was He Gay, Bisexual or Bowie? Yes"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331105944/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/14/style/was-he-gay-bisexual-or-bowie-yes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Was+He+Gay%2C+Bisexual+or+Bowie%3F+Yes&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F14%2Fstyle%2Fwas-he-gay-bisexual-or-bowie-yes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BillboardWalters-399"><a href="#cite_ref-BillboardWalters_399-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Walters, Barry (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/music/features/david-bowie-sexuality-gender-rebellion-changing-music-6843021/">"David Bowie, Sexuality and Gender: A Rebel Who Changed the Face of Music"</a>. Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108134330/https://www.billboard.com/music/features/david-bowie-sexuality-gender-rebellion-changing-music-6843021/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%2C+Sexuality+and+Gender%3A+A+Rebel+Who+Changed+the+Face+of+Music&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fmusic%2Ffeatures%2Fdavid-bowie-sexuality-gender-rebellion-changing-music-6843021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2006" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Michael (22 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/jan/22/popandrock.davidbowie">"On the cusp of fame, Bowie tells Melody Maker he's gay – and changes pop for ever"</a>. The Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707111030/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/jan/22/popandrock.davidbowie">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=On+the+cusp+of+fame%2C+Bowie+tells+Melody+Maker+he%27s+gay+%E2%80%93+and+changes+pop+for+ever&rft.date=2006-01-22&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2006%2Fjan%2F22%2Fpopandrock.davidbowie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECann2010239–240-401"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECann2010239%E2%80%93240_401-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCann2010">Cann 2010</a>, pp. 239–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016351–360-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016351%E2%80%93360_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, pp. 351–360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005140-403"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005140_403-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2005">Buckley 2005</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-playboy-404"><a href="#cite_ref-playboy_404-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801045250/http://www.playboy.com/articles/david-bowie-interview/index.html?page=2">"Interview: David Bowie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>. September 1976. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playboy.com/articles/david-bowie-interview/index.html?page=2">the original</a> on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Playboy&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+David+Bowie&rft.date=1976-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.playboy.com%2Farticles%2Fdavid-bowie-interview%2Findex.html%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkinson2017" class="citation web cs1">Hodgkinson, Will (19 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/angie-bowie-i-didnt-care-about-davids-lovers-as-long-as-they-realised-i-was-the-queen-m7t93x6w9">"Angie Bowie: 'I didn't care about David's lovers as long as they realised I was the queen'"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410093518/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/angie-bowie-i-didnt-care-about-davids-lovers-as-long-as-they-realised-i-was-the-queen-m7t93x6w9">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Angie+Bowie%3A+%27I+didn%27t+care+about+David%27s+lovers+as+long+as+they+realised+I+was+the+queen%27&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft.aulast=Hodgkinson&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fangie-bowie-i-didnt-care-about-davids-lovers-as-long-as-they-realised-i-was-the-queen-m7t93x6w9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoder1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Loder, Kurt (12 May 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-bowie-straight-time-69334/">"David Bowie: Straight Time"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408113353/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-bowie-straight-time-69334/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=David+Bowie%3A+Straight+Time&rft.date=1983-05-12&rft.aulast=Loder&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fdavid-bowie-straight-time-69334%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz2009185-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz2009185_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitz2009">Spitz 2009</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005106-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005106_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2005">Buckley 2005</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollis2002" class="citation news cs1">Collis, Clark (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510103103/http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=366">"Dear Superstar: David Bowie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blender_(magazine)" title="Blender (magazine)">Blender</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=366">the original</a> on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blender&rft.atitle=Dear+Superstar%3A+David+Bowie&rft.date=2002-08&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blender.com%2Fguide%2Farticles.aspx%3Fid%3D366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005141-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2005141_411-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2005">Buckley 2005</a>, pp. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPegg2016182–183-412"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPegg2016182%E2%80%93183_412-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPegg2016">Pegg 2016</a>, pp. 182–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandford199748-413">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandford199748_413-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandford199748_413-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandford1997">Sandford 1997</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-easton-414">^ <a href="#cite_ref-easton_414-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-easton_414-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston2016" class="citation web cs1">Easton, Mark (12 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35290677">"Bowie: the creative force who changed Britain"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130043855/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35290677">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bowie%3A+the+creative+force+who+changed+Britain&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-35290677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpitz200983-415">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz200983_415-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpitz200983_415-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpitz2009">Spitz 2009</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223038/https://pitchfork.com/news/62878-thurston-moore-reflects-on-david-bowie/">"Thurston Moore Reflects on David Bowie"</a>. Pitchfork. 12 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/news/62878-thurston-moore-reflects-on-david-bowie/">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Thurston+Moore+Reflects+on+David+Bowie&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fnews%2F62878-thurston-moore-reflects-on-david-bowie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECann2010113–114-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECann2010113%E2%80%93114_417-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCann2010">Cann 2010</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamboa2001" class="citation news cs1">Gamboa, Glenn (21 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115075226/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/stardust-memories-without-tibet-house-david-bowie-never-may-have-gotten-ziggy-with-it-now-the-pop-star-returns-the-favor-by-performing-at-the-annual-benefit-concert-1.396658">"Stardust Memories – Without Tibet House, David Bowie never may have gotten Ziggy with it. Now the pop star returns the favor ..."</a> <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/stardust-memories-without-tibet-house-david-bowie-never-may-have-gotten-ziggy-with-it-now-the-pop-star-returns-the-favor-by-performing-at-the-annual-benefit-concert-1.396658">the original</a> on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Stardust+Memories+%E2%80%93+Without+Tibet+House%2C+David+Bowie+never+may+have+gotten+Ziggy+with+it.+Now+the+pop+star+returns+the+favor+...&rft.date=2001-02-21&rft.aulast=Gamboa&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fstardust-memories-without-tibet-house-david-bowie-never-may-have-gotten-ziggy-with-it-now-the-pop-star-returns-the-favor-by-performing-at-the-annual-benefit-concert-1.396658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arena1993-419">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arena1993_419-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arena1993_419-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arena1993_419-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Parsons, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exploringdavidbowie.wordpress.com/2013/02/14/bowie-what-is-he-like/">"Bowie, what is he like?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arena_(magazine)" title="Arena (magazine)">Arena</a>. Vol. Spring/Summer 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111353/https://exploringdavidbowie.wordpress.com/2013/02/14/bowie-what-is-he-like/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2016 – via Exploring David Bowie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arena&rft.atitle=Bowie%2C+what+is+he+like%3F&rft.volume=Spring%2FSummer+1993&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexploringdavidbowie.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F02%2F14%2Fbowie-what-is-he-like%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PJ-420"><a href="#cite_ref-PJ_420-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moredarkthanshark.org/eno_int_hello-jun92.html">THE WEDDING OF DAVID BOWIE AND IMAN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025161012/https://www.moredarkthanshark.org/eno_int_hello-jun92.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Hello!, 13 June 1992 </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bates" title="Simon Bates">Simon Bates</a> radio interviews, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a>, 29–31 March 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-DeCurtis2005-423">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeCurtis2005_423-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeCurtis2005_423-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeCurtis2005" class="citation book cs1">DeCurtis, Anthony (5 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inotherwordsarti0000decu">In Other Words: Artists Talk About Life And Work</a>. 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Retrieved 24 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Touring+Exhibition%3A+David+Bowie+is&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Ft%2Ftouring-exhibition-david-bowie-is&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Aue2018" class="citation magazine cs1">von Aue, Mary (1 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174240/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/musicnews/david-bowie-retrospective-starts-its-final-bow-at-brooklyn-museum/ar-BBJLzJ3">"David Bowie Retrospective Starts Its Final Bow at Brooklyn Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/musicnews/david-bowie-retrospective-starts-its-final-bow-at-brooklyn-museum/ar-BBJLzJ3">the original</a> on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+Retrospective+Starts+Its+Final+Bow+at+Brooklyn+Museum&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft.aulast=von+Aue&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fmusicnews%2Fdavid-bowie-retrospective-starts-its-final-bow-at-brooklyn-museum%2Far-BBJLzJ3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Clarke, Stewart (31 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042218/https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/news/johnny-flynn-to-play-david-bowie-in-stardust-marc-maron-also-attached/ar-BBT0Tue?OCID=ansmsnnews11">"Johnny Flynn to Play David Bowie in 'Stardust,' Marc Maron Also Attached"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/news/johnny-flynn-to-play-david-bowie-in-stardust-marc-maron-also-attached/ar-BBT0Tue?OCID=ansmsnnews11">the original</a> on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Johnny+Flynn+to+Play+David+Bowie+in+%27Stardust%2C%27+Marc+Maron+Also+Attached&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2Fjohnny-flynn-to-play-david-bowie-in-stardust-marc-maron-also-attached%2Far-BBT0Tue%3FOCID%3Dansmsnnews11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2019" class="citation web cs1">Arnold, Ben (1 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/david-bowies-son-duncan-jones-slams-plans-planned-biopic-dad-104411494.html?bcmt=1">"David Bowie's son Duncan Jones slams plans for planned biopic about his dad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042025/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/david-bowies-son-duncan-jones-slams-plans-planned-biopic-dad-104411494.html?bcmt=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Bowie%27s+son+Duncan+Jones+slams+plans+for+planned+biopic+about+his+dad&rft.pub=Yahoo%21&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fentertainment%2Fdavid-bowies-son-duncan-jones-slams-plans-planned-biopic-dad-104411494.html%3Fbcmt%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Reed, Ryan (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/tribeca-film-festival-postponed-coronavirus-966636/">"Tribeca Film Festival Postponed Over Coronavirus Precautions"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805140218/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/tribeca-film-festival-postponed-coronavirus-966636/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Tribeca+Film+Festival+Postponed+Over+Coronavirus+Precautions&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie-news%2Ftribeca-film-festival-postponed-coronavirus-966636%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/movie/stardust-2020">"Stardust"</a>. Metacritic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110132017/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/stardust-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stardust&rft.pub=Metacritic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Fmovie%2Fstardust-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroll2022" class="citation web cs1">Kroll, Charlotte (23 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/news/film/david-bowie-muses-on-lifes-meaning-in-moonage-daydream-documentary-teaser-trailer-3231554">"David Bowie muses on life's meaning in 'Moonage Daydream' documentary teaser trailer"</a>. NME. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829174808/https://www.nme.com/news/film/david-bowie-muses-on-lifes-meaning-in-moonage-daydream-documentary-teaser-trailer-3231554">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+muses+on+life%27s+meaning+in+%27Moonage+Daydream%27+documentary+teaser+trailer&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft.aulast=Kroll&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fnews%2Ffilm%2Fdavid-bowie-muses-on-lifes-meaning-in-moonage-daydream-documentary-teaser-trailer-3231554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2022" class="citation web cs1">Garcia, Thania (23 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2022/music/news/moonage-daydream-trailer-1235274642/">"'Moonage Daydream' Trailer Unveils Dazzling David Bowie Footage Ahead of Cannes Premiere"</a>. Variety. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829174808/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/moonage-daydream-trailer-1235274642/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=%27Moonage+Daydream%27+Trailer+Unveils+Dazzling+David+Bowie+Footage+Ahead+of+Cannes+Premiere&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Thania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2022%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fmoonage-daydream-trailer-1235274642%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP2022" class="citation web cs1">P, Maddie (17 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collider.com/moonage-daydream-release-date-details-trailer-everything-we-know-so-far-david-bowie/">"'Moonage Daydream': Release Date, Details, Trailer, and Everything We Know So Far"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collider_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collider (website)">Collider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709192642/https://collider.com/moonage-daydream-release-date-details-trailer-everything-we-know-so-far-david-bowie/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collider&rft.atitle=%27Moonage+Daydream%27%3A+Release+Date%2C+Details%2C+Trailer%2C+and+Everything+We+Know+So+Far&rft.date=2022-07-17&rft.aulast=P&rft.aufirst=Maddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollider.com%2Fmoonage-daydream-release-date-details-trailer-everything-we-know-so-far-david-bowie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/moonage_daydream">"Moonage Daydream (2022)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815182046/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/moonage_daydream">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Moonage+Daydream+%282022%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fmoonage_daydream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/movie/moonage-daydream">"Moonage Daydream Reviews"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815182235/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/moonage-daydream">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022. 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Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivor+Novello+Awards&rft.pub=Bucks+Music+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bucksmusicgroup.com%2Fabout%2FIvor_Novello_Awards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=%22David+Bowie%22&field_nominee_work_value=&year=All&genre=All">"Grammy Award Winners"</a>. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025052/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=%22David+Bowie%22&field_nominee_work_value=&year=All&genre=All">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grammy+Award+Winners&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Recording+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fnominees%2Fsearch%3Fartist%3D%2522David%2BBowie%2522%26field_nominee_work_value%3D%26year%3DAll%26genre%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-496"><a href="#cite_ref-496">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826002047/http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards">"Lifetime Achievement Award: Past Recipients"</a>. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 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The Independent. 11 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721175803/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/brit-awards-2014-david-bowie-wins-best-male-and-kate-ziggy-moss-collects-it-for-him-9139637.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Brit+Awards+2014%3A+David+Bowie+wins+Best+Male+and+wades+into+Scottish+independence+debate+via+Kate+%27Ziggy%27+Moss&rft.date=2015-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fbrit-awards-2014-david-bowie-wins-best-male-and-kate-ziggy-moss-collects-it-for-him-9139637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-499"><a href="#cite_ref-499">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/read-annie-lennox-and-gary-oldmans-david-bowie-tribute-speeches-at-the-brit-awards-2016">"Read Annie Lennox And Gary Oldman's David Bowie Tribute Speeches at the Brit Awards 2016"</a>. NME. 4 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005130539/http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/read-annie-lennox-and-gary-oldmans-david-bowie-tribute-speeches-at-the-brit-awards-2016">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=Read+Annie+Lennox+And+Gary+Oldman%27s+David+Bowie+Tribute+Speeches+at+the+Brit+Awards+2016&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fblogs%2Fnme-blogs%2Fread-annie-lennox-and-gary-oldmans-david-bowie-tribute-speeches-at-the-brit-awards-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-500"><a href="#cite_ref-500">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichfield2009" class="citation news cs1">Lichfield, John (8 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-big-question-how-does-the-french-honours-system-work-and-why-has-kylie-been-decorated-822752.html">"The Big Question: How does the French honours system work, and why has Kylie been decorated?"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121211190241/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-big-question-how-does-the-french-honours-system-work-and-why-has-kylie-been-decorated-822752.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Big+Question%3A+How+does+the+French+honours+system+work%2C+and+why+has+Kylie+been+decorated%3F&rft.date=2009-05-08&rft.aulast=Lichfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fthe-big-question-how-does-the-french-honours-system-work-and-why-has-kylie-been-decorated-822752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-501"><a href="#cite_ref-501">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326155914/http://www.berklee.edu/news/1999/grad99.html">"ChChChChanges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berklee.edu/news/1999/grad99.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ChChChChanges&rft.pub=Berklee+College+of+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berklee.edu%2Fnews%2F1999%2Fgrad99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-502"><a href="#cite_ref-502">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Jody (8 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6230201.stm">"Sixty things about David Bowie"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124015738/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6230201.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sixty+things+about+David+Bowie&rft.date=2007-01-08&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jody&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F6230201.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-503"><a href="#cite_ref-503">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music-news.com/news/UK/88765/Read">"David Bowie turns down knighthood"</a>. music-news.com. 18 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617220037/http://www.music-news.com/news/UK/88765/Read">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Bowie+turns+down+knighthood&rft.pub=music-news.com&rft.date=2015-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music-news.com%2Fnews%2FUK%2F88765%2FRead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-504"><a href="#cite_ref-504">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2013" class="citation news cs1">Wilkinson, Peter (22 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/showbiz/uk-david-bowie-exhibition/">"Bowie exhibition charts life of pop's ultimate Starman"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730121712/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/22/showbiz/uk-david-bowie-exhibition/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bowie+exhibition+charts+life+of+pop%27s+ultimate+Starman&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F03%2F22%2Fshowbiz%2Fuk-david-bowie-exhibition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Anderson, Kyle (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/2016/01/21/david-bowie-ew-cover-story/">"David Bowie EW cover story: How the singer, style icon, and eternal chameleon, ch-ch-ch-changed pop culture forever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622015131/http://ew.com/article/2016/01/21/david-bowie-ew-cover-story/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+EW+cover+story%3A+How+the+singer%2C+style+icon%2C+and+eternal+chameleon%2C+ch-ch-ch-changed+pop+culture+forever&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F01%2F21%2Fdavid-bowie-ew-cover-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2016" class="citation news cs1">Gill, Andy (2 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/rebel-rebel-we-profile-singing-legend-david-bowie-34329294.html">"Rebel, rebel: We profile singing legend David Bowie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151338/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/rebel-rebel-we-profile-singing-legend-david-bowie-34329294.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Rebel%2C+rebel%3A+We+profile+singing+legend+David+Bowie&rft.date=2016-01-02&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Flife%2Frebel-rebel-we-profile-singing-legend-david-bowie-34329294.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-506"><a href="#cite_ref-506">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=David+bowie#search_section">"RIAA Searchable Database: search for David Bowie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112083653/http://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=David+Bowie#search_section">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIAA+Searchable+Database%3A+search+for+David+Bowie&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fgold-platinum%2F%3Ftab_active%3Ddefault-award%26se%3DDavid%2Bbowie%23search_section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAswad2021" class="citation web cs1">Aswad, Jem (8 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027064815/https://variety.com/2021/music/news/david-bowie-best-archival-recordings-albums-reissues-1234880912/">"The Best David Bowie Archival Recordings, From 'Space Oddity' to 'Lazarus'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2021/music/news/david-bowie-best-archival-recordings-albums-reissues-1234880912/">the original</a> on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=The+Best+David+Bowie+Archival+Recordings%2C+From+%27Space+Oddity%27+to+%27Lazarus%27&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.aulast=Aswad&rft.aufirst=Jem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2021%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fdavid-bowie-best-archival-recordings-albums-reissues-1234880912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrol2022" class="citation web cs1">Krol, Charlotte (17 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/news/music/david-bowie-is-best-selling-vinyl-artist-of-the-21st-century-3139491">"David Bowie is best-selling vinyl artist of the 21st Century"</a>. NME. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214213128/https://www.nme.com/news/music/david-bowie-is-best-selling-vinyl-artist-of-the-21st-century-3139491">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+is+best-selling+vinyl+artist+of+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft.aulast=Krol&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fnews%2Fmusic%2Fdavid-bowie-is-best-selling-vinyl-artist-of-the-21st-century-3139491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/david-bowie-the-rise-and-fall-of-ziggy-stardust-1063193/">"Ziggy Stardust ranked no. 40"</a>. Rolling Stone. 22 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305163419/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531/david-bowie-the-rise-and-fall-of-ziggy-stardust-and-the-spiders-from-mars-20120524">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Ziggy+Stardust+ranked+no.+40&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-albums-of-all-time-1062063%2Fdavid-bowie-the-rise-and-fall-of-ziggy-stardust-1063193%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/david-bowie-station-to-station-2-1063181/">"Station to Station ranked no. 52"</a>. Rolling Stone. 22 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807011045/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/david-bowie-station-to-station-2-1063181/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Station+to+Station+ranked+no.+52&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-albums-of-all-time-1062063%2Fdavid-bowie-station-to-station-2-1063181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/david-bowie-hunky-dory-2-1063145/">"Hunky Dory ranked no. 88"</a>. Rolling Stone. 22 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223600/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/david-bowie-hunky-dory-2-1063145/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Hunky+Dory+ranked+no.+88&rft.date=2020-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-albums-of-all-time-1062063%2Fdavid-bowie-hunky-dory-2-1063145%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/david-bowie-low-2-1063027/">"Low ranked no. 206"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926151644/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/david-bowie-low-2-1063027/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Low+ranked+no.+206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-albums-of-all-time-1062063%2Fdavid-bowie-low-2-1063027%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/david-bowie-scary-monsters-1062790/">"Scary Monsters ranked no. 443"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924234739/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/david-bowie-scary-monsters-1062790/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Scary+Monsters+ranked+no.+443&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-albums-of-all-time-1062063%2Fdavid-bowie-scary-monsters-1062790%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-heroes-3-1225315/">"Heroes no. 23"</a>. Rolling Stone. 15 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108165346/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-heroes-3-1225315/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Heroes+no.+23&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-songs-of-all-time-1224767%2Fdavid-bowie-heroes-3-1225315%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-life-on-mars-2-1225233/">"Life on Mars no. 105"</a>. Rolling Stone. 15 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915204954/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-life-on-mars-2-1225233/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Life+on+Mars+no.+105&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-songs-of-all-time-1224767%2Fdavid-bowie-life-on-mars-2-1225233%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-516"><a href="#cite_ref-516">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-space-oddity-1225149/">"Space Oddity no. 189"</a>. Rolling Stone. 15 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916200050/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-space-oddity-1225149/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Space+Oddity+no.+189&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-songs-of-all-time-1224767%2Fdavid-bowie-space-oddity-1225149%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-517"><a href="#cite_ref-517">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-changes-2-1225138/">"Changes no. 200"</a>. Rolling Stone. 15 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916071134/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-changes-2-1225138/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Changes+no.+200&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-songs-of-all-time-1224767%2Fdavid-bowie-changes-2-1225138%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-518"><a href="#cite_ref-518">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-young-americans-2-1225134/">"Young Americans no. 204"</a>. Rolling Stone. 15 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108165352/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-young-americans-2-1225134/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Young+Americans+no.+204&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-songs-of-all-time-1224767%2Fdavid-bowie-young-americans-2-1225134%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-519"><a href="#cite_ref-519">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/david-bowie-station-to-station-3-1224938/">"Station to Station no. 400"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Station+to+Station+no.+400&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-lists%2Fbest-songs-of-all-time-1224767%2Fdavid-bowie-station-to-station-3-1224938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-520"><a href="#cite_ref-520">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/queen-and-david-bowie-under-pressure-1224909/">"Under Pressure no. 429"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Bowie%3A+Fabled+innovator+in+popular+music.&rft.pub=Songwriters+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.songhall.org%2Fprofile%2Fdavid_bowie1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130818180527/http://empmuseum.org/about-emp/emp-news/emp-newsflash/science-fiction-and-fantasy-hall-of-fame-emp-welcomes-five-major-players.aspx">"Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame: EMP welcomes five major players"</a>. EMP Museum. June 2013. 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Retrieved 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brixton+Pound&rft.atitle=Show+Me+the+Money&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrixtonpound.org%2Fshowmemoney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://denver.cbslocal.com/2016/01/11/its-no-space-oddity-mile-wide-david-bowie-asteroid-to-forever-float-in-outer-space/">"It's no 'Space Oddity': Mile-Wide David Bowie Asteroid to Forever Float in Outer Space"</a>. denver.cbslocal.com. 11 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180111110303/http://denver.cbslocal.com/2016/01/11/its-no-space-oddity-mile-wide-david-bowie-asteroid-to-forever-float-in-outer-space/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+no+%27Space+Oddity%27%3A+Mile-Wide+David+Bowie+Asteroid+to+Forever+Float+in+Outer+Space&rft.pub=denver.cbslocal.com&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdenver.cbslocal.com%2F2016%2F01%2F11%2Fits-no-space-oddity-mile-wide-david-bowie-asteroid-to-forever-float-in-outer-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kreps-535"><a href="#cite_ref-kreps_535-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreps2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Kreps, Daniel (16 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308145841/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/belgian-astronomers-pay-tribute-to-david-bowie-with-new-constellation-159279/">"Belgian Astronomers Pay Tribute to David Bowie With New Constellation"</a>. Rolling Stone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/belgian-astronomers-pay-tribute-to-david-bowie-with-new-constellation-20160116">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Belgian+Astronomers+Pay+Tribute+to+David+Bowie+With+New+Constellation&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fbelgian-astronomers-pay-tribute-to-david-bowie-with-new-constellation-20160116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jan/26/david-bowie-commemorated-stamps-hunky-dory-heroes-blackstar-royal-mail">"David Bowie commemorated by Royal Mail stamps"</a>. The Guardian. 26 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171329/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2017/jan/26/david-bowie-commemorated-stamps-hunky-dory-heroes-blackstar-royal-mail">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+commemorated+by+Royal+Mail+stamps&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2017%2Fjan%2F26%2Fdavid-bowie-commemorated-stamps-hunky-dory-heroes-blackstar-royal-mail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaca2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Gaca, Anna (27 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327174003/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8262345/david-bowie-statue-unveiled-england-ziggy-stardust">"David Bowie Statue Unveiled in English Town Where Ziggy Stardust Debuted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>. 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Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+Statue+Unveiled+in+English+Town+Where+Ziggy+Stardust+Debuted&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft.aulast=Gaca&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F8262345%2Fdavid-bowie-statue-unveiled-england-ziggy-stardust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325231013/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-43513296">"Musical David Bowie statue unveiled in Aylesbury"</a>. BBC News. 25 March 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-43513296">the original</a> on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Musical+David+Bowie+statue+unveiled+in+Aylesbury&rft.date=2018-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-beds-bucks-herts-43513296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-539"><a href="#cite_ref-539">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240108-paris-gets-rue-david-bowie-on-77th-birthday-of-late-rock-icon">"Paris gets 'Rue David Bowie' on 77th birthday of late rock icon"</a>. France 24 English. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paris+gets+%27Rue+David+Bowie%27+on+77th+birthday+of+late+rock+icon&rft.date=2024-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ffrance%2F20240108-paris-gets-rue-david-bowie-on-77th-birthday-of-late-rock-icon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-540"><a href="#cite_ref-540">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreps2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Kreps, Daniel (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124072138/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-bowie-conversation-piece-space-oddity-2019-box-set-880355/">"David Bowie Box Set Collects Early Home Demos, 'Space Oddity' 2019 Mix"</a>. Rolling Stone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-bowie-conversation-piece-space-oddity-2019-box-set-880355/">the original</a> on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=David+Bowie+Box+Set+Collects+Early+Home+Demos%2C+%27Space+Oddity%27+2019+Mix&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.aulast=Kreps&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fdavid-bowie-conversation-piece-space-oddity-2019-box-set-880355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2000" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, David (2000) [1999]. Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story. London: <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Books" title="Virgin Books">Virgin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0457-4"><bdi>978-0-7535-0457-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Fascination+%E2%80%93+David+Bowie%3A+The+Definitive+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-0457-4&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2004" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, David (2004). David Bowie: The Complete Guide To His Music. London: Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84449-423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84449-423-1"><bdi>978-1-84449-423-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie%3A+The+Complete+Guide+To+His+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84449-423-1&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2005" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, David (2005) [1999]. Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story. London: Virgin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1002-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1002-5"><bdi>978-0-7535-1002-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Fascination+%E2%80%93+David+Bowie%3A+The+Definitive+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-1002-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Michael (2008). Popular Music in America: And The Beat Goes On. Schirmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50530-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50530-3"><bdi>978-0-495-50530-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+in+America%3A+And+The+Beat+Goes+On&rft.pub=Schirmer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50530-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Michael (2011). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. New York City: <a href="/wiki/G._Schirmer,_Inc." title="G. Schirmer, Inc.">G. Schirmer, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-84002-976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-84002-976-8"><bdi>978-0-84002-976-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+in+America%3A+The+Beat+Goes+On&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=G.+Schirmer%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-84002-976-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCann2010" class="citation book cs1">Cann, Kevin (2010). Any Day Now – David Bowie: The London Years: 1947–1974. Croydon, Surrey: Adelita. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9552017-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9552017-7-6"><bdi>978-0-9552017-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Any+Day+Now+%E2%80%93+David+Bowie%3A+The+London+Years%3A+1947%E2%80%931974&rft.place=Croydon%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Adelita&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9552017-7-6&rft.aulast=Cann&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrMurray1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Carr" title="Roy Carr">Carr, Roy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Shaar_Murray" title="Charles Shaar Murray">Murray, Charles Shaar</a> (1981). Bowie: An Illustrated Record. 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Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Sold+the+World%3A+David+Bowie+and+the+1970s&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-202466-4&rft.aulast=Doggett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De27t-ag4NakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2015" class="citation book cs1">Egan, Sean (2015). Bowie on Bowie: Interviews and Encounters. London: Souvenir Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-977-5"><bdi>978-1-56976-977-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowie+on+Bowie%3A+Interviews+and+Encounters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Souvenir+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-56976-977-5&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Mike (2006). Rock 'n' Roll's Strangest Moments: Extraordinary Tales from Over Fifty Years. Chicago: Anova Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-923-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86105-923-9"><bdi>978-1-86105-923-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+%27n%27+Roll%27s+Strangest+Moments%3A+Extraordinary+Tales+from+Over+Fifty+Years&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Anova+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86105-923-9&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillmanGillman1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gillman" title="Peter Gillman">Gillman, Peter</a>; Gillman, Leni (1987) [1986]. Alias David Bowie. New English Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-450-41346-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-450-41346-9"><bdi>978-0-450-41346-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alias+David+Bowie&rft.pub=New+English+Library&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-450-41346-9&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Gillman%2C+Leni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Jones" title="Dylan Jones">Jones, Dylan</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpAODgAAQBAJ">David Bowie: A Life</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-49783-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-49783-3"><bdi>978-0-451-49783-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-451-49783-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpAODgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1996" class="citation book cs1">McKay, George (1996). Senseless Acts of Beauty: Cultures of Resistance. Miamisburg, Ohio: <a href="/wiki/Verso" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso">Verso</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-908-8"><bdi>978-1-85984-908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senseless+Acts+of+Beauty%3A+Cultures+of+Resistance&rft.place=Miamisburg%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-908-8&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorley2016" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Paul (2016). The Age of Bowie. London: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47114-810-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47114-810-1"><bdi>978-1-47114-810-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Bowie&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-47114-810-1&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2015" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, Chris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggTmBwAAQBAJ">Rebel Rebel: All the Songs of David Bowie from '64 to '76</a>. Winchester: <a href="/wiki/Zero_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero Books">Zero Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-244-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-244-0"><bdi>978-1-78099-244-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebel+Rebel%3A+All+the+Songs+of+David+Bowie+from+%2764+to+%2776&rft.place=Winchester&rft.pub=Zero+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78099-244-0&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DggTmBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2019" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, Chris (2019). Ashes to Ashes: The Songs of David Bowie 1976–2016. London: <a href="/wiki/Repeater_Books" title="Repeater Books">Repeater Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-91224-830-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-91224-830-8"><bdi>978-1-91224-830-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashes+to+Ashes%3A+The+Songs+of+David+Bowie+1976%E2%80%932016&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Repeater+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-91224-830-8&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaytress2003" class="citation book cs1">Paytress, Mark (2003). Bolan: The Rise and Fall of a 20th Century Superstar. London: Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7119-9293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7119-9293-1"><bdi>978-0-7119-9293-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolan%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+20th+Century+Superstar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7119-9293-1&rft.aulast=Paytress&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaytress2009" class="citation book cs1">Paytress, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yk4U2LILeMC&pg=PT199">Bolan: The Rise and Fall of a 20th Century Superstar</a>. London: Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-023-6"><bdi>978-0-85712-023-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830151623/https://books.google.com/books?id=-yk4U2LILeMC&pg=PT199">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolan%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+20th+Century+Superstar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85712-023-6&rft.aulast=Paytress&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-yk4U2LILeMC%26pg%3DPT199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegg2016" class="citation book cs1">Pegg, Nicholas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LqFkDQAAQBAJ">The Complete David Bowie</a> (Revised and Updated ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Titan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan Books">Titan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78565-365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78565-365-0"><bdi>978-1-78565-365-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+David+Bowie&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised+and+Updated&rft.pub=Titan+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78565-365-0&rft.aulast=Pegg&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqFkDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerone2007" class="citation book cs1">Perone, James E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6bz2BFdPawC&pg=PA44">The Words and Music of David Bowie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99245-3"><bdi>978-0-275-99245-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+and+Music+of+David+Bowie&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99245-3&rft.aulast=Perone&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6bz2BFdPawC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerone2012" class="citation book cs1">Perone, James E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5Dh_Owq0agC&pg=RA1-PA90">The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37906-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37906-2"><bdi>978-0-313-37906-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830151621/https://books.google.com/books?id=M5Dh_Owq0agC&pg=RA1-PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Album%3A+A+Guide+to+Pop+Music%27s+Most+Provocative%2C+Influential%2C+and+Important+Creations&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37906-2&rft.aulast=Perone&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5Dh_Owq0agC%26pg%3DRA1-PA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2001" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, David, ed. (2001). Guinness World Records: British Hit Singles. Guinness World Records Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85156-156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85156-156-1"><bdi>978-0-85156-156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records%3A+British+Hit+Singles&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85156-156-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandford1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sandford_(biographer)" title="Christopher Sandford (biographer)">Sandford, Christopher</a> (1997) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bowielovingalien00sand">Bowie: Loving the Alien</a>. London: Time Warner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80854-8"><bdi>978-0-306-80854-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowie%3A+Loving+the+Alien&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Time+Warner&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80854-8&rft.aulast=Sandford&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbowielovingalien00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandford2009" class="citation book cs1">Sandford, Christopher (5 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OomyGN_btTQC">Bowie: Loving The Alien</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-5096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-5096-2"><bdi>978-0-7867-5096-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830151624/https://books.google.com/books?id=OomyGN_btTQC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowie%3A+Loving+The+Alien&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-5096-2&rft.aulast=Sandford&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOomyGN_btTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeabrook2008" class="citation book cs1">Seabrook, Thomas Jerome (2008). Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town. London: Jawbone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90600-208-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90600-208-4"><bdi>978-1-90600-208-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowie+in+Berlin%3A+A+New+Career+in+a+New+Town&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jawbone+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-90600-208-4&rft.aulast=Seabrook&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchinderSchwartz2007" class="citation book cs1">Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2007). Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33845-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33845-8"><bdi>978-0-313-33845-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Rock%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Legends+Who+Changed+Music+Forever&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33845-8&rft.aulast=Schinder&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitz2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Spitz" title="Marc Spitz">Spitz, Marc</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Bowie:_A_Biography" title="Bowie: A Biography">Bowie: A Biography</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71699-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-71699-6"><bdi>978-0-307-71699-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowie%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-71699-6&rft.aulast=Spitz&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2017" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Steve (2017). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44225-449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44225-449-7"><bdi>978-1-44225-449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Great+Popular+Song+Recordings&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-44225-449-7&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1993" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Elizabeth (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bowiecompanion0000thom">The Bowie Companion</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-06262-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-06262-9"><bdi>978-0-283-06262-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bowie+Companion&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-283-06262-9&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbowiecompanion0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2004" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Jo (2004). Find Your Voice: A Self-Help Manual for Singers. Chamalières, France: Artemis Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-634-07435-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-634-07435-6"><bdi>978-0-634-07435-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Find+Your+Voice%3A+A+Self-Help+Manual+for+Singers&rft.place=Chamali%C3%A8res%2C+France&rft.pub=Artemis+Editions&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-634-07435-6&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Thompson_(author)" title="Dave Thompson (author)">Thompson, Dave</a> (2006). Hallo Spaceboy: The Rebirth of David Bowie. Ecw Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-733-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-733-8"><bdi>978-1-55022-733-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hallo+Spaceboy%3A+The+Rebirth+of+David+Bowie&rft.pub=Ecw+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55022-733-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrynka2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Trynka" title="Paul Trynka">Trynka, Paul</a> (2011). David Bowie – Starman: The Definitive Biography. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31603-225-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31603-225-4"><bdi>978-0-31603-225-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie+%E2%80%93+Starman%3A+The+Definitive+Biography&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-31603-225-4&rft.aulast=Trynka&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcken2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilcken, Hugo (2005). David Bowie's Low (33 1/3). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-826-41684-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-826-41684-1"><bdi>978-0-826-41684-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie%27s+Low+%2833+1%2F3%29&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-826-41684-1&rft.aulast=Wilcken&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about David Bowie <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=David+Bowie">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=David+Bowie&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Auliac, Philippe (2004). Passenger – David Bowie Photobook. Venezia: Sound & Vision. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passenger+%E2%80%93+David+Bowie+Photobook&rft.place=Venezia&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Sound+%26+Vision&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Auliac&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cole, Shaun (2000). 'Don We Now Our Gay Apparel': Gay Men's Dress in the Twentieth Century. London: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-415-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-415-5"><bdi>978-1-85973-415-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Don+We+Now+Our+Gay+Apparel%27%3A+Gay+Men%27s+Dress+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-415-5&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32970-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32970-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32970-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Prostitution+and+Sex+Work&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32970-8&rft.aulast=Ditmore&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Hope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Chris; Cann, Kevin (2014). Duffy/Bowie Five Sessions (1st UK ed.). ACC Editions. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85149-765-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85149-765-2"><bdi>978-1-85149-765-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duffy%2FBowie+Five+Sessions&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=1st+UK&rft.pub=ACC+Editions&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-85149-765-2&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Cann%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Egan, Sean (2015). Bowie on Bowie. Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-977-5"><bdi>978-1-56976-977-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowie+on+Bowie&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-56976-977-5&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Greco, Nicholas P. (2015). David Bowie in Darkness: A Study of 1. Outside and the Late Career. McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9410-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9410-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-9410-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie+in+Darkness%3A+A+Study+of+1.+Outside+and+the+Late+Career&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9410-1&rft.aulast=Greco&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hendrikse, Wim (2004). Never Get Old. Man of Ch-Ch-Changes Part 1 and Part 2. Gopher Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Get+Old.+Man+of+Ch-Ch-Changes+Part+1+and+Part+2&rft.pub=Gopher+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hendrikse&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hendrikse, Wim (2013). David Bowie: The Man Who Changed the World. Authors Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie%3A+The+Man+Who+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Authors+Online&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hendrikse&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jacke, Andreas (2011). David Bowie – Station To Station. Psychosozial- Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie+%E2%80%93+Station+To+Station&rft.pub=Psychosozial-+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jacke&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, Rob (2016). On Bowie. Dey Street Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062562708" title="Special:BookSources/9780062562708"><bdi>9780062562708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Bowie&rft.pub=Dey+Street+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780062562708&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tremlett, George (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/davidbowieliving00trem">David Bowie: Living on the Brink</a>. Carroll and Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786704651" title="Special:BookSources/9780786704651"><bdi>9780786704651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie%3A+Living+on+the+Brink&rft.pub=Carroll+and+Graf&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780786704651&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdavidbowieliving00trem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Waldrep, Shelton, "Phenomenology of Performance", The Aesthetics of Self-Invention: Oscar Wilde to David Bowie, University of Minnesota Press, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Welch" title="Chris Welch">Welch, Chris</a> (1999). David Bowie: We Could Be Heroes: The Stories Behind Every David Bowie Song. Da Capo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bowie%3A+We+Could+Be+Heroes%3A+The+Stories+Behind+Every+David+Bowie+Song&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> David Bowie at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:David_Bowie" class="extiw" title="c:Category:David Bowie">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/David_Bowie" class="extiw" title="q:David Bowie">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5383" class="extiw" title="d:Q5383">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidbowie.com/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5383#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000309/">David Bowie</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/20269%7C*">David Bowie</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/78985">David Bowie</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5383#P1220" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/david-bowie">"David Bowie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Bowie&rft.pub=Rock+and+Roll+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockhall.com%2Finductees%2Fdavid-bowie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bowie" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5383#P3162" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp06534">Portraits of David Bowie</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5383#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span 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wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 7px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="7" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/19px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/19px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/29px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/38px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bowie&oldid=1260051289">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bowie&oldid=1260051289</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bowie&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 November 2024, at 15:44 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ديفيد بوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد بوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A7%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%BF_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB" title="Տէյվիտ Պոուի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տէյվիտ Պոուի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devid_Boui" title="Devid Boui – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Devid Boui" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دیوید بویی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیوید بویی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF" title="ডেভিড বোয়ি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড বোয়ি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Дэвид Боуи – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дэвид Боуи" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%96" title="Дэвід Боўі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэвід Боўі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%96" title="Дэйвід Боўі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэйвід Боўі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="डेविड बोवी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डेविड बोवी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Дейвид Боуи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дейвид Боуи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Боуи Дэвид – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Боуи Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9" title="Ντέιβιντ Μπόουι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντέιβιντ Μπόουι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دیوید بویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید بویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%B3%B4%EC%9C%84" title="데이비드 보위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 보위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB" title="Դեյվիդ Բոուի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեյվիդ Բոուի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="डेविड बोवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेविड बोवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="דייוויד בואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דייוויד בואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98" title="დეივიდ ბოუი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეივიდ ბოუი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Дэвид Боуи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дэвид Боуи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deivids_Bovijs" title="Deivids Bovijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deivids Bovijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Дејвид Боуви – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дејвид Боуви" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF" title="ഡേവിഡ് ബോയി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡേവിഡ് ബോയി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98" title="დევიდ ბოუი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დევიდ ბოუი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="ديفيد باوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد باوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4" title="デヴィッド・ボウイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デヴィッド・ボウイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80" title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਬੋਵੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਬੋਵੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Боуи, Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боуи, Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دەیڤد بویی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەیڤد بویی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Дејвид Боуи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дејвид Боуи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="டேவிட் போவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டேவிட் போவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devid_Bowi" title="Devid Bowi – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Devid Bowi" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5" title="เดวิด โบอี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดวิด โบอี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%97" title="Девід Боуї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Девід Боуї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="ڈیوڈ بوئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈیوڈ بوئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E4%BC%8A" title="大卫·鲍伊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大卫·鲍伊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E5%AF%B6%E5%85%92" title="大衛寶兒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大衛寶兒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="David Bowie" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E4%BC%8A" title="大卫·鲍伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大卫·鲍伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 15:44 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-mcwt9","wgBackendResponseTime":6883,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.833","walltime":"6.381","ppvisitednodes":{"value":42657,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1055569,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":141944,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1427073,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5372.528 1 -total"," 39.14% 2103.033 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.93% 1178.272 313 Template:Sfn"," 17.37% 933.113 147 Template:Cite_web"," 9.09% 488.360 78 Template:Cite_news"," 7.98% 428.693 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 5.93% 318.521 52 Template:Cite_magazine"," 5.91% 317.576 51 Template:Cite_book"," 3.60% 193.357 18 Template:Pluralize_from_text"," 3.38% 181.410 348 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[\"CITEREFCanby1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanby1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrMurray1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartright2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatsoulis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaulfield2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavanagh1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClement2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClerc2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConterio2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopsey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDansby2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeCurtis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiver2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoggett2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoggett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDombal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaston2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElder2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlewine\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeitelberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilicky2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForget2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurness2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFyfe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaca2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallucci2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamboa2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibsone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillmanGillman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmore2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGompertz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraye2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriggs2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeawood2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiatt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgkinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonze2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaye1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaye2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeefe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhomani2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmelman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKollmeyer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKot1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreps2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreps2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreps2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKreps2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrol2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroll2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambHairMcDaniel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLelinwalla2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLibbey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichfield2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoder1983\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLonkevich\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowder2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyne2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKinnon1980\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFManzoor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaslin1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcManus2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNair2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNulty2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaels2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPai2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPareles2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaytress2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaytress2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaytress2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPegg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerone2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerone2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerpetua2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetridis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrisco2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuby2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandford1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandford2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandleFaulconbridge2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawerMcNulty2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchinderSchwartz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeabrook2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeale2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheffield2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSilva2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinclair2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlate2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnapes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpanos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpanos2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpicer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpitz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolworthy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaysom2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeeman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTilden2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrynka2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValdesolo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanDerWerff2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenkataraghavan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeitzman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitington2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcken2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaleski2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Lisle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Aue2018\"] = 1,\n [\"Hermione_Farthingale\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\"] = 4,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"'-\"] = 8,\n [\"'s\"] = 5,\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"-'\"] = 8,\n [\"1996 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Brit British Album\"] = 1,\n [\"Brit British Male\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 51,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 146,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Bowie, David\"] = 1,\n [\"David Bowie\"] = 1,\n [\"David Bowie singles\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 6,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album\"] = 1,\n [\"Grammy Award for Best Music Film\"] = 1,\n [\"Grammy Award for Best Music Video\"] = 1,\n [\"Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IBDB name\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox musical artist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Major Tom\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rockhall\"] = 1,\n [\"Saturn Award for Best Actor\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 313,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Spnd\"] = 1,\n [\"Tcmdb name\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","680","18.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","600","16.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","8.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","180","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","2.1"],["type","60","1.6"],["[others]","1100","29.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-mcwt9","timestamp":"20241130110012","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> 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