Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results | IxDF</title> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://public-media.interaction-design.org"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://public-images.interaction-design.org"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <script src="https://d2wy8f7a9ursnm.cloudfront.net/v7/bugsnag.min.js" async onload="setupBugsnag()"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"user":{"country":"SG"}}); </script> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'}); var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:''; j.async=true;j.src= 'https://t.interaction-design.org/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KJ8XGB'); </script> <script> window.csrfToken = "FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET"; window.termsOfUseRevision = "2025-01-15"; window.privacyContentRevision = "2024-03-12"; window.currentVisitor = {"id":null,"email":null,"name":"Guest","slug":null,"guard":null}; window.currentVisitor.isGuest = () => true; window.flash = []; </script> <script> function setupBugsnag() { window.bugsnagClient = Bugsnag.start({ apiKey: "4fc40517cdca4f44ae67a2e4fbe64d04", appVersion: "4.621.36", appType: "browser", user: {id: window.currentVisitor.id}, onError: function(event) { if (window.location.protocol.indexOf('file') > -1) { return false; } const error = event.errors[0]; for (const frame in error.stacktrace) { const file = frame.file || error.stacktrace[frame].file; if (file && file.indexOf('moz-extension://') > -1) { return false; } } } }); } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather:400,400i,700|Source+Code+Pro|Source+Sans+Pro:400,400i,700&display=swap"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/app-bJDEU0WV.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/app-bJDEU0WV.css" /><link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/tailwind-Bp9YLXwb.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/tailwind-Bp9YLXwb.css" /> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/uxArticle-IKykiiBv.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/uxArticle-IKykiiBv.css" /> <link rel="preload" as="style" id="plyr-css-link" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/plyr-skin-CVUSWwyO.css"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/favicon--48-Q_lJw1G2.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/favicon--32-Bf0vQDz6.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/favicon--16-BFlAiy0t.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" sizes="16x16" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/apple-touch-icon-D34iMvlS.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/web-app-manifest.json"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/favicon__icon--white-D1NzZKPx.svg" color="#404040"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="UX courses"> <meta name="application-name" content="UX courses"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#404040"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/ms-app-browserconfig.xml"/> <link rel="image_src" href="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/og-images/article/0bb4b3d5d0f367478d66d142c94db9fe.jpg"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="142481353231314"/> <meta property="fb:page_id" content="19975077227"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Interaction Design Foundation - UX Feed" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/rss/site_news.xml"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results"/> <meta name="description" content="The second stage of the Design Thinking process involves synthesizing observations about your users from the first, empathize stage to create problem statements."/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="article:author" content="Rikke Friis Dam"> <meta property="article:author" content="Teo Yu Siang"> <meta name="twitter:label1" value="Topics"/> <meta name="twitter:data1" value="Design Thinking (DT), Empathy Mapping, Why-How Laddering, Problem Statements, Affinity Diagrams"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Interaction Design Foundation"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The second stage of the Design Thinking process involves synthesizing observations about your users from the first, empathize stage to create problem statements."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/og-images/article/0bb4b3d5d0f367478d66d142c94db9fe.jpg"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The second stage of the Design Thinking process involves synthesizing observations about your users from the first, empathize stage to create problem statements."/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ixdf_org"/> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@ixdf_org"/> <meta name="csrf-token" content="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET"> </head>  <body class="js-layout--default" > <script> function gtmPush() { window.dataLayer.push({"event":"view_item_list","ecommerce":{"items":[{"item_id":"course::58","item_name":"Design Thinking: The Ultimate Guide","item_category":"Course","item_variant":"Open","quantity":1}],"item_list_name":"CourseCardsOnArticlePage"}}); } addEventListener("load", gtmPush); </script> <noscript> <iframe src="https://t.interaction-design.org/ns.html?id=GTM-KJ8XGB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" ></iframe> </noscript> <div class="hidden icon-sprite-container" id="SVGSpriteWrap"></div> <script> (function(){fetch("/svg/icon-sprite.svg").then(t=>{if(!t||!t.ok)return;const n=document.getElementById("SVGSpriteWrap");t.text().then(e=>{n.innerHTML=e})})})(); //# sourceMappingURL=spriteLoadingScript-CK2zIsQ5.js.map </script> <link href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/video-poster-Bd5DRMDL.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" id="videoPosterCssPath"> <div class="pageContainer"> <header data-secondary-navigation-header class="navigationHeader__secondaryNavigationBar sm:hide hide-print"> <div class="gridContainer"> <div class="gridContent"> <ul class="inlineList navigationHeader__linksList" aria-label="Accessory navigation"> <li class="inlineList__item"><a tabindex="-1" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/turn-passion-into-paycheck">Reviews / Why join our community?</a></li> <li class="inlineList__item"><a tabindex="-1" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/corporate">For companies</a></li> <li class="inlineList__item inlineList__item--right"><a tabindex="-1" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/faq">Frequently asked questions</a></li> <li class="inlineList__item"><a tabindex="-1" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/about/contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="navigationHeader js-navigationHeader sm:hide" aria-label="Main Navigation"> <div class="navigationHeader__primaryNavigationBar gridContainer"> <div class="gridContent"> <div class="primaryNavigationBar"> <a class="primaryNavigationBar__logo" href="https://www.interaction-design.org" title="Interaction Design Foundation logo" aria-label="Home"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1055px)" srcset="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-logo-CLGQqQ8t.svg"> <img width="200" height="65" class="navigationHeaderLogo__image" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-logo-full-expanded-P3oiNsMU.svg" alt="Interaction Design Foundation logo"/> </picture> </a> <div class="primaryNavigationBar__navigation"> <ul class="inlineList text-sans-serif"> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a class="navigationHeader__link link--noUnderline link--animated" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/courses" title="User Experience (UX) Courses">UX Courses </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a class="navigationHeader__link link--noUnderline link--animated" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/master-classes" title="User Experience (UX) Master Classes">Master Classes </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a class="navigationHeader__link link--noUnderline link--animated" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/community" title="User Experience (UX) Community">Community </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a class="navigationHeader__link link--noUnderline link--animated" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature" title="User Experience (UX) Literature">Literature </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a class="navigationHeader__link link--noUnderline link--animated" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/blog" title="User Experience (UX) Literature">Blog </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem sm:hide"> <a href="/search" class="navigationHeader__link flex items-center link--noUnderline link--animated js-modalSearchButton "> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" style="width: 18px; height: 18px;" > <use xlink:href="#magnifying-glass"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Search</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="primaryNavigationBar__searchbar"></div> </div> <div class="primaryNavigationBar__accountDetails"> <div class="accountDetails accountDetails--isGuest accountDetails--right " > <div class="accountDetails__inner"> <ul class="text-sans-serif accountDetails__loginList inlineList"> <li> <a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/login" class="link link--noUnderline accountDetails__login"> Log in </a> </li> <li class="not-flexible"> <a class="button button--primary button--withArrow" href="/join" data-gtm-cta="headerButton" > <span class="md:hide">Join our community</span> <span class="md:show">Join us</span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon button__arrowIcon ml-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header class="pageAnnouncements sm:hide"> <div data-page-announcement data-importance="3" data-dismissible-id="wLBHEvxPBRme3T8m" class="gridContainer pageAnnouncement UITypeStyle" > <div class="gridContent"> <div class="pageAnnouncement__message text-neutral-01 flex justify-center text-left font-bold" role="status"> <div> <span class="sm:show"><a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferer" data-gtm-cta="announcementBar">Get 20% Off Today!</a> </span> <span class="sm:hide"><a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferer" data-gtm-cta="announcementBar">Get 20% Off This Valentine’s Day!</a> </span> <time datetime="2025-02-18T23:59:00+00:00" is="ixdf-countdown"></time> </div> <button type="button" class="pageAnnouncement__button shrink-0 ml-small" data-page-announcement-close-button aria-label="Hide message"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon pageAnnouncementButton__icon" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div>  <div data-page-announcement data-importance="8" data-dismissible-id="outdatedBrowser" class="gridContainer pageAnnouncement UITypeStyle pageAnnouncement--vital hidden-on-supported-browsers" > <div class="gridContent"> <div class="pageAnnouncement__message text-neutral-01 flex justify-center text-left font-bold" role="status"> <div class="sm:hide"> Please <a href="https://updatemybrowser.org/browser" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">upgrade your browser</a> as it’s outdated. You’ll reduce security risks and help make the internet better. </div> <div class="sm:show"> Your browser is outdated—<a href="https://updatemybrowser.org/browser" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow">upgrade it now</a>. </div> <button type="button" class="pageAnnouncement__button shrink-0 ml-small" data-page-announcement-close-button aria-label="Hide message"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon pageAnnouncementButton__icon" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> </header> </nav> <div class="mobileHeader js-mobileHeader"> <div class="mobileHeaderMainNav"> <button class="btn-offcanvas js-openOffCanvas"> <span class="js-openSmallScreenMenu"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=32 height=32 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#hamburger"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Open menu</span> </span> <span class="js-closeSmallScreenMenu hidden"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=32 height=32 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Close menu</span> </span> </button> <div class="mobileHeaderMainNav__logo"> <a href="/" title="Interaction Design Foundation" tabindex="-1"> <img src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-logo-full-expanded-P3oiNsMU.svg" alt="Interaction Design Foundation logo" width="128" height="42"/> </a> </div> <div class="mobileHeaderMainNav__searchMenu"> <a href="/search" class="navigationHeader__link flex items-center link--noUnderline link--animated js-modalSearchButton"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" style="width: 22px; height: 22px;" > <use xlink:href="#magnifying-glass"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Search</span> </a> </div> <div class="mobileHeaderMainNav__userMenu"> <a class="button button--primary" href="/join" data-gtm-cta="headerButton" > Join us </a> </div> </div> <div class="pageAnnouncements--mobileHeader" data-page-announcements-mobile> <div data-page-announcement data-importance="3" data-dismissible-id="wLBHEvxPBRme3T8m" class="gridContainer pageAnnouncement UITypeStyle" > <div class="gridContent"> <div class="pageAnnouncement__message text-neutral-01 flex justify-center text-left font-bold" role="status"> <div> <span class="sm:show"><a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferer" data-gtm-cta="announcementBar">Get 20% Off Today!</a> </span> <span class="sm:hide"><a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferer" data-gtm-cta="announcementBar">Get 20% Off This Valentine’s Day!</a> </span> <time datetime="2025-02-18T23:59:00+00:00" is="ixdf-countdown"></time> </div> <button type="button" class="pageAnnouncement__button shrink-0 ml-small" data-page-announcement-close-button aria-label="Hide message"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon pageAnnouncementButton__icon" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="offCanvasWrapper"> <nav class="offCanvasMenu" aria-label="Main Navigation for small screens"> <ul class="offCanvasMenu__list text-sans-serif"> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a tabindex="-1" class="navigationHeader__link " href="https://www.interaction-design.org/courses" title="User Experience (UX) Courses">UX Courses </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a tabindex="-1" class="navigationHeader__link " href="https://www.interaction-design.org/master-classes" title="User Experience (UX) Master Classes">Master Classes </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a tabindex="-1" class="navigationHeader__link " href="https://www.interaction-design.org/community" title="User Experience (UX) Community">Community </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a tabindex="-1" class="navigationHeader__link " href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature" title="User Experience (UX) Literature">Literature </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem"> <a tabindex="-1" class="navigationHeader__link " href="https://www.interaction-design.org/blog" title="User Experience (UX) Literature">Blog </a> </li> <li class="navigationHeader__listItem sm:hide"> <a href="/search" class="navigationHeader__link flex items-center js-modalSearchButton "> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" style="width: 18px; height: 18px;" > <use xlink:href="#magnifying-glass"></use> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Search</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="offCanvas__loginButton"> <a class="button button--ghostDark" href="/login">Log in</a> </div> <ul class="offCanvasMenu__list offCanvasMenu__list--links text-sans-serif"> <li class="inlineList__item"><a tabindex="-1" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/turn-passion-into-paycheck">Reviews / Why join our community?</a></li> <li class="inlineList__item"><a tabindex="-1" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/corporate">For companies</a></li> <li class="inlineList__item inlineList__item--right"><a tabindex="-1" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/faq">Frequently asked questions</a></li> <li class="inlineList__item"><a tabindex="-1" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/about/contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> <div class="socialLinks justify-between flex-no-wrap"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ixdf-interaction-design-foundation" target="_blank" rel="noopener" tabindex="-1" aria-label="LinkedIn page"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon fill-neutral-01" width="44" height="44" > <use xlink:href="#brand-linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ixdf_org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Instagram page"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon fill-neutral-01" width="44" height="44" > <use xlink:href="#brand-instagram"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/InteractionDesignOrg" target="_blank" rel="noopener" tabindex="-1" aria-label="YouTube page"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon fill-neutral-01" width="44" height="44" > <use xlink:href="#brand-youtube"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://x.com/ixdf_org" target="_blank" rel="noopener" tabindex="-1" aria-label="X page"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon fill-neutral-01" width="44" height="44" > <use xlink:href="#brand-x"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ixdf.interaction.design.foundation" target="_blank" rel="noopener" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Facebook page"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon fill-neutral-01" width="44" height="44" > <use xlink:href="#brand-facebook"></use> </svg> </a> </div> </nav> </div> <main class="content-wrapper"> <input type="hidden" id="js-showUpcomingCourses" value="show"> <input type="hidden" id="js-publicationType" value="article"> <input type="hidden" id="js-publicationId" value="130800"> <section class="uxArticle" data-reasons-number="8 "> <div class="gridContainer"> <div class="uxArticle__hero"> <picture> <source srcset="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/5808bcd2bf44a.jpg?tr=w-1200,c-at_max" media="(min-width: 767px)"/> <source srcset="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/5808bcd2bf44a.jpg?tr=w-612" media="(max-width: 766px)"/> <img src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/5808bcd2bf44a.jpg" alt="A selection of post-it notes stucks to a wall. The post-it note in focus says "honest feedback"."> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="gridContainer"> <div class="gridContent uxArticleWithSidebar__content js-publicationContent"> <h1 class="uxArticle__title"> Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results </h1> <div class="uxArticle__main-meta"> by <a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/author/rikke-1">Rikke Friis Dam</a> and <a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/author/teo">Teo Yu Siang</a> | <time datetime="2024-01-12T17:00:00+00:00">1 year ago</time> | <span>13 min read</span> </div> <div class="hide-print"> <div class="sharingPanel"> <div class="sharingPanel__shares"> <div class="sharingPanel__sharesTotalCount"> <span class="sharingPanel__sharesTotalCountNumber">1,359</span> <span class="sharingPanel__sharesTotalMessage">shares</span> </div> </div> <div class="sharingPanel__services"> <button class="button button--ghost button--withIcon button--inline" data-dialog="sharingModal"> <span>Share<span class="lg:show"> this article</span></span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#share"></use> </svg> </button> <button class="button button--ghost button--withIcon button--inline js-citation-button" data-dialog="citationWidget"> <span>Cite<span class="lg:show"> this article</span></span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#blockquote-outline"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <div class="pop hidden" role="tooltip"> <div class="pop__popper"> <button class="popper__citationButton" data-dialog="citationWidget"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=32 height=32 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#block-quote"></use> </svg> Cite this article </button> <div class="popper__arrow" data-popper-arrow></div> </div> </div> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/sharingPanel-BO4sG9rs.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/sharingPanel-BO4sG9rs.css" /> </div> <div class="uxArticle__contentContainer"> <article class="uxArticle__rteContent rteContent rteContent--imageFit rteContent--headingSpacing break-words js-courseAd-area js-citation-widget"> <p><em>An integral part of the <a href="/literature/topics/design-thinking" title="What is Design Thinking (DT)?">Design Thinking</a> process is the definition of a meaningful and actionable problem statement, which the design thinker will focus on solving. This is perhaps the most challenging part of the Design Thinking process, as the definition of a problem (also called a design challenge) will require you to synthesise your observations about your users from the first stage in the Design Thinking process, which is called the <a href="/literature/topics/empathize" title="What is Empathize in UX/UI Design?">Empathise</a> stage.</em></p><p>When you learn how to master the definition of your problem, problem statement, or design challenge, it will greatly improve your Design Thinking process and result. Why? A great definition of your problem statement will guide you and your team’s work and kick start the <a href="/literature/topics/ideation" title="What is Ideation?">ideation</a> process in the right direction. It will bring about clarity and focus to the design space. On the contrary, if you don’t pay enough attention to defining your problem, you will work like a person stumbling in the dark.</p><p><img data-src="https://public-media.interaction-design.org/images/uploads/9a1209679f546ddaba8970e9511ce028.jpg"><em>Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and <a href="/literature/topics/interaction-design" title="What is Interaction Design (IxD)?">Interaction Design</a> Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</em></p><p><em>In the Define stage you synthesise your observations about your users from the first stage, the Empathise stage. A great definition of your problem statement will guide you and your team’s work and kick start the ideation process (third stage) in the right direction. The five stages are not always sequential — they do not have to follow any specific order and they can often occur in parallel and be repeated iteratively. As such, the stages should be understood as different modes that contribute to a project, rather than sequential steps.</em></p><h2>Analysis and Synthesis</h2><p><img data-src="https://public-media.interaction-design.org/images/uploads/4f5d7d26a4aa5b6b79fa19a8c7baf792.jpg"><em>Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</em></p><p>Before we go into what makes a great problem statement, it’s useful to first gain an understanding of the relationship between analysis and synthesis that many design thinkers will go through in their projects. Tim Brown, CEO of the international <a href="/literature/topics/design-agency" title="What are Design Agencies?">design consultancy</a> firm IDEO, wrote in his book <em>Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires <a href="/literature/topics/innovation" title="What is Innovation in UX/UI Design?">Innovation</a></em>, that analysis and synthesis are “equally important, and each plays an essential role in the process of creating options and making choices.”</p><p><strong>Analysis</strong> is about breaking down complex concepts and problems into smaller, easier-to-understand constituents. We do that, for instance, during the first stage of the Design Thinking process, the Empathise stage, when we observe and document details that relate to our users. <strong>Synthesis</strong>, on the other hand, involves creatively piecing the puzzle together to form whole ideas. This happens during the Define stage when we organise, interpret, and make sense of the data we have gathered to create a problem statement.</p><p>Although analysis takes place during the Empathise stage and synthesis takes place during the Define stage, they do not only happen in the distinct stages of Design Thinking. In fact, analysis and synthesis often happen consecutively throughout all stages of the Design Thinking process. Design thinkers often analyse a situation before synthesising new insights, and then analyse their synthesised findings once more to create more detailed syntheses.</p><h2>What Makes a Good Problem Statement?</h2><p>A problem statement is important to a Design Thinking project, because it will guide you and your team and provides a focus on the specific needs that you have uncovered. It also creates a sense of possibility and optimism that allows team members to spark off ideas in the Ideation stage, which is the third and following stage in the Design Thinking process. A good problem statement should thus have the following traits. It should be:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Human-centered.</strong> This requires you to frame your problem statement according to specific users, their needs and the insights that your team has gained in the Empathise phase. The problem statement should be about the people the team is trying to help, rather than focusing on technology, monetary returns or product specifications.</p></li><li><p><strong>Broad enough for creative freedom.</strong> This means that the problem statement should not focus too narrowly on a specific method regarding the implementation of the solution. The problem statement should also not list technical requirements, as this would unnecessarily restrict the team and prevent them from exploring areas that might bring unexpected value and insight to the project.</p></li><li><p><strong>Narrow enough to make it manageable.</strong> On the other hand, a problem statement such as , “Improve the human condition,” is too broad and will likely cause team members to easily feel daunted. <a href="/literature/topics/problem-statements" title="What are Problem Statements?">Problem statements</a> should have sufficient constraints to make the project manageable.</p></li></ul><p>As well as the three traits mentioned above, it also helps to begin the problem statement with a verb, such as “Create”, “Define”, and “Adapt”, to make the problem become more action-oriented.</p><h2>How to Define a Problem Statement</h2><p>Methods of interpreting results and findings from the observation oriented Empathise phase include:</p><h3>Space Saturate and Group and Affinity Diagrams – Clustering and Bundling Ideas and Facts</h3><p><img data-src="https://public-media.interaction-design.org/images/uploads/faf58547878641ecc195dbc00a3f60ff.jpg"><em>Author/Copyright holder: Giorgio Montersino. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-SA 2.0</em></p><p>In space saturate and group, designers collate their observations and findings into one place, to create a collage of experiences, thoughts, insights, and stories. The term 'saturate' describes the way in which the entire team covers or saturates the display with their collective images, notes, observations, data, experiences, interviews, thoughts, insights, and stories in order to create a wall of information to inform the problem-defining process. It will then be possible to draw connections between these individual elements, or nodes, to connect the dots, and to develop new and deeper insights, which help define the problem(s) and develop potential solutions. In other words: go from analysis to synthesis.</p><h3>Empathy Mapping</h3><p><img data-src="https://public-media.interaction-design.org/images/uploads/1cd9885996214024cceba09218e959aa.jpg"><em>Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</em></p><p>An <a href="/literature/topics/empathy" title="What is Empathy in UX/UI Design?">empathy</a> map consists of four quadrants laid out on a board, paper or table, which reflect the four key traits that the users demonstrated/possessed during the observation stage. The four quadrants refer to what the users: <strong>Said</strong>, <strong>Did</strong>, <strong>Thought</strong>, and <strong>Felt</strong>. Determining what the users said and did are relatively easy; however, determining what they thought and felt is based on careful observation of how they behaved and responded to certain activities, suggestions, conversations etc. (including subtle cues such as body language displayed and the tone of voice used).</p><p> <section class="panel rteContent__isolatedBlock templateWidget"> <div class="h3 mb-medium mt-none capitalize">Get your free template for “Empathy Map”</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <img height="191" width="260" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/templates/thumbnails/template_2JqHkPPWcDlnkZ3LFwxPs.png" alt="Empathy Map" style="max-width: 100%" class="sm:hide image__height--auto"> <img height="191" width="260" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/templates/thumbnails/template_2JqHkPPWcDlnkZ3LFwxPs.png" alt="Empathy Map" style="max-height:200px; width:auto;" class="sm:show image__height--auto"> </div> <div class="col-md-8"> <form class="form" method="POST" action="/templates/empathy-map" target="_blank"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <div class="form__formNote"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#lock"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle">Secure form</span> </div> <div class="form__field"> <label for="ZW1wYXRoeS1tYXA=__name">Name</label> <input type="text" id="ZW1wYXRoeS1tYXA=__name" name="name" autocomplete="name" pattern="^(?!www.|http:|https:)(.*)$" required> <small class="error">Please provide your name.</small> </div> <div class="form__field"> <label for="ZW1wYXRoeS1tYXA=__email">Email</label> <input type="email" id="ZW1wYXRoeS1tYXA=__email" name="email" autocomplete="email" value="" required maxlength="100"> <div class="form__microCopy">We respect your privacy</div> <small class="error">Please provide a valid email address.</small> </div> <input type="hidden" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="0"> <div class="checkboxWithHint"> <input type="checkbox" class="checkboxWithHint__checkbox" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="1" id="ZW1wYXRoeS1tYXA=" checked /> <label for="ZW1wYXRoeS1tYXA=">Get free UX design learning material every week</label> <div class="arrowPointingMessage checkboxWithHint__message"> <img class="p-none image image--tiny" data-src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/checkbox-arrow-CU1HsvUn.svg" loading="lazy" alt=""> <div class="arrowPointingMessage__message"> <i class="text-serif"> <strong>314,352 designers</strong> enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it? </i> </div> </div> </div> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary sm:hide"> Download free template </button> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary button--block sm:show"> Download free template </button> </form> </div> </div> </section>  </p><h3>Point Of View – Problem Statement</h3><p><img data-src="https://public-media.interaction-design.org/images/uploads/aeb1ba56039c0b57ba28343ca3d9ad72.jpg"><em>Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</em></p><p>A Point Of view (POV) is a <strong>meaningful and actionable problem statement,</strong> which will allow you to ideate in a goal-oriented manner. Your POV captures your design vision by defining the RIGHT challenge to address in the ideation sessions. A POV involves reframing a design challenge into an actionable problem statement. You articulate a POV by combining your knowledge about the user you are designing for, his or her needs and the insights which you’ve come to know in your research or Empathise mode. Your POV should be an actionable problem statement that will drive the rest of your design work.</p><p>You articulate a POV by combining these three elements – <strong>user, need, and insight.</strong> You can articulate your POV by inserting your information about your user, the needs and your insights in the following sentence:</p><p>[<strong>User</strong> . . . (descriptive)] needs [<strong>need</strong> . . . (verb)] because [<strong>insight.</strong> . . (compelling)]</p><p> <section class="panel rteContent__isolatedBlock templateWidget"> <div class="h3 mb-medium mt-none capitalize">Get your free template for “Point of View - Problem Statement”</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <img height="191" width="260" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/templates/thumbnails/template_1zqgkNrNM4w6JwNdFJ6stl.png" alt="Point of View - Problem Statement" style="max-width: 100%" class="sm:hide image__height--auto"> <img height="191" width="260" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/templates/thumbnails/template_1zqgkNrNM4w6JwNdFJ6stl.png" alt="Point of View - Problem Statement" style="max-height:200px; width:auto;" class="sm:show image__height--auto"> </div> <div class="col-md-8"> <form class="form" method="POST" action="/templates/point-of-view" target="_blank"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <div class="form__formNote"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#lock"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle">Secure form</span> </div> <div class="form__field"> <label for="cG9pbnQtb2Ytdmlldw==__name">Name</label> <input type="text" id="cG9pbnQtb2Ytdmlldw==__name" name="name" autocomplete="name" pattern="^(?!www.|http:|https:)(.*)$" required> <small class="error">Please provide your name.</small> </div> <div class="form__field"> <label for="cG9pbnQtb2Ytdmlldw==__email">Email</label> <input type="email" id="cG9pbnQtb2Ytdmlldw==__email" name="email" autocomplete="email" value="" required maxlength="100"> <div class="form__microCopy">We respect your privacy</div> <small class="error">Please provide a valid email address.</small> </div> <input type="hidden" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="0"> <div class="checkboxWithHint"> <input type="checkbox" class="checkboxWithHint__checkbox" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="1" id="cG9pbnQtb2Ytdmlldw==" checked /> <label for="cG9pbnQtb2Ytdmlldw==">Get free UX design learning material every week</label> <div class="arrowPointingMessage checkboxWithHint__message"> <img class="p-none image image--tiny" data-src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/checkbox-arrow-CU1HsvUn.svg" loading="lazy" alt=""> <div class="arrowPointingMessage__message"> <i class="text-serif"> <strong>314,352 designers</strong> enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it? </i> </div> </div> </div> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary sm:hide"> Download free template </button> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary button--block sm:show"> Download free template </button> </form> </div> </div> </section>  </p><h3>“How Might We” Questions</h3><p><img data-src="https://public-media.interaction-design.org/images/uploads/754c46b0e2bf2f71d5abfc8a2fbbeca3.jpg"><em>Author/Copyright holder: Teo Yu Siang and Interaction Design Foundation. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0</em></p><p>When you’ve defined your design challenge in a POV, you can start to generate ideas to solve your design challenge. You can start using your POV by asking a specific question starting with: “<strong>How Might We</strong>” or “in what ways might we”. How Might We (<strong><a href="/literature/topics/how-might-we" title="What is How Might We (HMW)?">HMW</a></strong>) questions are questions that have the potential to spark ideation sessions such as brainstorms. They should be broad enough for a wide range of solutions, but narrow enough that specific solutions can be created for them. “How Might We” questions should be based on the observations you’ve gathered in the Empathise stage of the Design Thinking process.</p><p>For example, you have observed that youths tend not to watch TV programs on the TV at home, some questions which can guide and spark your ideation session could be:</p><ul><li><p>How might we make TV more social, so youths feel more engaged?</p></li><li><p>How might we enable TV programs to be watched anywhere, at anytime?</p></li><li><p>How might we make watching TV at home more exciting?</p></li></ul><p>The HMW questions open up to Ideation sessions where you explore ideas, which can help you solve your design challenge in an innovative way.</p><p> <section class="panel rteContent__isolatedBlock templateWidget"> <div class="h3 mb-medium mt-none capitalize">Get your free template for “How Might We Questions”</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <img height="191" width="260" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/templates/thumbnails/template_1FMKq2Ztgg27G81DFrDvCR.png" alt="How Might We Questions" style="max-width: 100%" class="sm:hide image__height--auto"> <img height="191" width="260" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/templates/thumbnails/template_1FMKq2Ztgg27G81DFrDvCR.png" alt="How Might We Questions" style="max-height:200px; width:auto;" class="sm:show image__height--auto"> </div> <div class="col-md-8"> <form class="form" method="POST" action="/templates/how-might-we-questions" target="_blank"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <div class="form__formNote"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#lock"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle">Secure form</span> </div> <div class="form__field"> <label for="aG93LW1pZ2h0LXdlLXF1ZXN0aW9ucw==__name">Name</label> <input type="text" id="aG93LW1pZ2h0LXdlLXF1ZXN0aW9ucw==__name" name="name" autocomplete="name" pattern="^(?!www.|http:|https:)(.*)$" required> <small class="error">Please provide your name.</small> </div> <div class="form__field"> <label for="aG93LW1pZ2h0LXdlLXF1ZXN0aW9ucw==__email">Email</label> <input type="email" id="aG93LW1pZ2h0LXdlLXF1ZXN0aW9ucw==__email" name="email" autocomplete="email" value="" required maxlength="100"> <div class="form__microCopy">We respect your privacy</div> <small class="error">Please provide a valid email address.</small> </div> <input type="hidden" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="0"> <div class="checkboxWithHint"> <input type="checkbox" class="checkboxWithHint__checkbox" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="1" id="aG93LW1pZ2h0LXdlLXF1ZXN0aW9ucw==" checked /> <label for="aG93LW1pZ2h0LXdlLXF1ZXN0aW9ucw==">Get free UX design learning material every week</label> <div class="arrowPointingMessage checkboxWithHint__message"> <img class="p-none image image--tiny" data-src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/checkbox-arrow-CU1HsvUn.svg" loading="lazy" alt=""> <div class="arrowPointingMessage__message"> <i class="text-serif"> <strong>314,352 designers</strong> enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it? </i> </div> </div> </div> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary sm:hide"> Download free template </button> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary button--block sm:show"> Download free template </button> </form> </div> </div> </section>  </p><h3>Why-How Laddering</h3><blockquote><p>"As a general rule, asking 'why’ yields more abstract statements and asking 'how’yields specific statements. Often times abstract statements are more meaningful but not as directly actionable, and the opposite is true of more specific statements." <br>– d.school, Method Card, <a href="/literature/topics/why-how-laddering" title="What is Why-How Laddering?">Why-How Laddering</a></p></blockquote><p>For this reason, during the Define stage designers seek to define the problem, and will generally ask <em>why</em>. Designers will use <em>why </em>to progress to the top of the so-called <strong>Why-How Ladder</strong> where the ultimate aim is to find out <em>how</em> you can solve one or more problems. Your <strong>How Might We</strong> questions will help you move from the Define stage and into the next stage in Design Thinking, the Ideation stage, where you start looking for specific <a href="/literature/topics/creative-problem-solving" title="What is Creative Problem Solving?">innovative solutions</a>. In other words you could say that the Why-How Laddering starts with asking <em>Why</em> to work out <em>How </em>they can solve the specific problem or design challenge.</p><p> <section class="panel rteContent__isolatedBlock templateWidget"> <div class="h3 mb-medium mt-none capitalize">Get your free template for “What-How-Why Method”</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <img height="191" width="260" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/templates/thumbnails/template_2qXmD7vGkcWc3CFv8KdVpX.png" alt="What-How-Why Method" style="max-width: 100%" class="sm:hide image__height--auto"> <img height="191" width="260" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/templates/thumbnails/template_2qXmD7vGkcWc3CFv8KdVpX.png" alt="What-How-Why Method" style="max-height:200px; width:auto;" class="sm:show image__height--auto"> </div> <div class="col-md-8"> <form class="form" method="POST" action="/templates/what-how-why-method" target="_blank"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <div class="form__formNote"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#lock"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle">Secure form</span> </div> <div class="form__field"> <label for="d2hhdC1ob3ctd2h5LW1ldGhvZA==__name">Name</label> <input type="text" id="d2hhdC1ob3ctd2h5LW1ldGhvZA==__name" name="name" autocomplete="name" pattern="^(?!www.|http:|https:)(.*)$" required> <small class="error">Please provide your name.</small> </div> <div class="form__field"> <label for="d2hhdC1ob3ctd2h5LW1ldGhvZA==__email">Email</label> <input type="email" id="d2hhdC1ob3ctd2h5LW1ldGhvZA==__email" name="email" autocomplete="email" value="" required maxlength="100"> <div class="form__microCopy">We respect your privacy</div> <small class="error">Please provide a valid email address.</small> </div> <input type="hidden" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="0"> <div class="checkboxWithHint"> <input type="checkbox" class="checkboxWithHint__checkbox" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="1" id="d2hhdC1ob3ctd2h5LW1ldGhvZA==" checked /> <label for="d2hhdC1ob3ctd2h5LW1ldGhvZA==">Get free UX design learning material every week</label> <div class="arrowPointingMessage checkboxWithHint__message"> <img class="p-none image image--tiny" data-src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/checkbox-arrow-CU1HsvUn.svg" loading="lazy" alt=""> <div class="arrowPointingMessage__message"> <i class="text-serif"> <strong>314,352 designers</strong> enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it? </i> </div> </div> </div> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary sm:hide"> Download free template </button> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary button--block sm:show"> Download free template </button> </form> </div> </div> </section>  </p><h2>The Take Away</h2><p>The second stage in a typical Design Thinking process is called the <strong>Define</strong> phase. It involves collating data from the observation stage (first stage called <strong>Empathise</strong>) to define the design problems and challenges. By using methods for <strong>synthesising</strong> raw data into a meaningful and <a href="/literature/topics/usability" title="What is Usability?">usable</a> body of knowledge — such as <strong><a href="/literature/topics/empathy-mapping" title="What is Empathy Mapping?">empathy mapping</a></strong> and <strong>space saturate and group</strong> — we will be able to create an actionable design problem statement or <strong>Point of View </strong>that inspire the generation of ideas to solve it. The <strong>How Might We </strong>questions open up to Ideation sessions where you explore ideas, which can help you solve your design challenge in an innovative way.</p><h2>References & Where to Learn More</h2><p>Course: <a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/courses/design-thinking-the-ultimate-guide">“Design Thinking - The Ultimate Guide”</a>.</p><p>d.school: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924110552/https://dschool-old.stanford.edu/groups/k12/wiki/65da6/Space_Saturation_and_Group.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Space Saturation and Group</a>.</p><p>d.school: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023155329/https://dschool-old.stanford.edu/groups/k12/wiki/3d994/empathy_map.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Empathy Map</a>.</p><p>d.school: <a href="http://crowdresearch.stanford.edu/w/img_auth.php/f/ff/How_might_we.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">“How might we” questions</a>.</p><p>Hero Image: Author/Copyright holder: gdsteam. Copyright terms and licence: CC BY 2.0</p> </article> <div class="uxArticleWithSidebar__sidebar hide-print"> <div class="ux-stick-to-article"> <div class="uxArticle__upcomingCourses"> <div class="card--isLink card card--course card--clearerHeader card--new" title="Design Thinking: The Ultimate Guide" data-course-id="58" data-schedule-id="9895" data-close-timestamp="1741132800" data-location-pathname="/courses/design-thinking-the-ultimate-guide"> <a class="card__link" href="/courses/design-thinking-the-ultimate-guide" data-gtm-click><h3>Design Thinking: The Ultimate Guide</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <source media="(max-width: 768px)" data-srcset="https://public-media.interaction-design.org/images/courses/hds/course_58--square_thumbnail.jpg?tr=w-232,fo-auto"/> <source media="(min-width: 767px)" data-srcset="https://public-media.interaction-design.org/images/courses/hds/course_58--square_thumbnail.jpg?tr=w-464,fo-auto"/> <img data-src="https://public-media.interaction-design.org/images/courses/hds/course_58--square_thumbnail.jpg?tr=fo-auto" src="" class="w-full h-full object-cover object-position-top" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">Design Thinking: The Ultimate Guide </div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <div class="flex justify-between items-center"> <div class="countdown flex-auto pr-small"> <div class="title">Closes in</div> <div class="js-countdownClock"> <div class="flex items-stretch flex-no-wrap clock"> <div class="box clock-item day"> <div class="number">-15</div> <div class="unit">days</div> </div> <div class="box clock-item hour"> <div class="number">-16</div> <div class="unit">hrs</div> </div> <div class="box clock-item minute"> <div class="number">-49</div> <div class="unit">mins</div> </div> <div class="box clock-item second"> <div class="number">-10</div> <div class="unit">secs</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card__bookingProgress"> <div class="progressCircular js-progressCircular progressCircular--hidePercentage " data-percentage="12" data-latest-shown-progress="0"> <svg class="progressCircular__indicatorContainer" width="100%" height="69.734" viewBox="0 0 65 65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <circle class="progressCircular__potentialIndicator" r=29 cx="50%" cy="50%" fill="transparent" stroke-dasharray=182.12 stroke-dashoffset="0"></circle> <circle class="progressCircular__filledOutIndicator js-filledOutIndicator" r=29 cx="50%" cy="50%" fill="transparent" stroke-dasharray=182.12 stroke-dashoffset="0"></circle> </svg> </div> <div class="card__bookingProgressValue" data-percentage="12"></div> <div class="card__bookingProgressUnit">booked</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card__footer" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> View Course <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="getWeeklyInsightsSidebar js-getWeeklyInsightsSidebar panel hide-print js-nonSubscriberOnly" hidden> <h2 class="h5 mt-0">Get Weekly Design Insights</h2> <div class="getWeeklyInsightsSidebar__description"> Join <b>314,352</b> designers who get useful UX / UI Design tips from our newsletter. </div> <form class="getWeeklyInsightsSidebar__form js-getWeeklyInsightsSidebar__form" action="https://www.interaction-design.org/newsletter/subscribe" method="POST" > <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <label class="hidden" aria-hidden="true">Name <input type="text" name="name" value="" aria-hidden="true" autocomplete="off"> </label> <input type="hidden" name="list_id" value="1"> <div class="getWeeklyInsightsSidebar__input"> <input type="email" name="email" value="" placeholder="Your email" title="Get weekly insights form" autocomplete="email" required minlength="5" maxlength="100"> <small class="error">A valid email address is required.</small> </div> <div class="getWeeklyInsightsSidebar__button"> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary getWeeklyInsightsSidebar__submit"> Go </button> </div> </form> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tagsWidget"> <div class="mb-small hide-print"> <h2 class="tagsWidget__heading">Topics in This Article</h2> <div class="tagsWidget__taglist-items mt-medium"> <a class="tagsWidget__taglist-item" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/design-thinking"> Design Thinking (DT) </a> <a class="tagsWidget__taglist-item" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/empathy-mapping"> Empathy Mapping </a> <a class="tagsWidget__taglist-item" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/why-how-laddering"> Why-How Laddering </a> <a class="tagsWidget__taglist-item" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/problem-statements"> Problem Statements </a> <a class="tagsWidget__taglist-item" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/affinity-diagrams"> Affinity Diagrams </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ux-share-panel-bottom hide-print mb-medium"> <div class="ux-share-panel-bottom__panel"> <div class="sharingPanel"> <div class="sharingPanel__shares"> <div class="sharingPanel__sharesTotalCount"> <span class="sharingPanel__sharesTotalCountNumber">1,359</span> <span class="sharingPanel__sharesTotalMessage">shares</span> </div> </div> <div class="sharingPanel__services"> <button class="button button--ghost button--withIcon button--inline" data-dialog="sharingModal"> <span>Share<span class="lg:show"> this article</span></span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#share"></use> </svg> </button> <button class="button button--ghost button--withIcon button--inline js-citation-button" data-dialog="citationWidget"> <span>Cite<span class="lg:show"> this article</span></span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#blockquote-outline"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="gridContainer relatedArticles background-neutral-03"> <section class="gridContent ux-related-articles hide-print"> <h2 class="ux-related--articles__title m-none">What You Should Read Next</h2> <div class="ux-related-articles__items-with-sidebar"> <div class="uxDaily__content mb-large"> <div class="row"> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-8"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/5-stages-in-the-design-thinking-process" ><h3>The 5 Stages in the Design Thinking Process</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/article_130798_hero_6284cbba0530b4.18444542.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">The 5 Stages in the Design Thinking Process</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">Design thinking is a methodology that provides a solution-based approach to solving problems. It’s extremely useful when</span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.9k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 11 mths ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-4"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/what-is-design-thinking-and-why-is-it-so-popular" ><h3>What is Design Thinking and Why Is It So Popular?</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/article_130794_hero_6256d891661f06.39964597.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">What is Design Thinking and Why Is It So Popular?</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">Design Thinking is not an exclusive property of designers—all great innovators in literature, art, music, science, engin</span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.6k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 2 mths ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-4"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/personas-why-and-how-you-should-use-them" ><h3>Personas – A Simple Introduction</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/582daf7b3bcdd.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">Personas – A Simple Introduction</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">Personas are fictional characters, which you create based upon your research to represent the different user types that </span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.6k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 1 year ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-8"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/what-is-ideation-and-how-to-prepare-for-ideation-sessions" ><h3>What is Ideation – and How to Prepare for Ideation Sessions</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/583881aca2fd2.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">What is Ideation – and How to Prepare for Ideation Sessions</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">Ideation is the process where you generate ideas and solutions through sessions such as Sketching, Prototyping, Brainsto</span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.3k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 1 year ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-8"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/affinity-diagrams-learn-how-to-cluster-and-bundle-ideas-and-facts" ><h3>Affinity Diagrams: How to Cluster Your Ideas and Reveal Insights</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/582da684bff80.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">Affinity Diagrams: How to Cluster Your Ideas and Reveal Insights</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">Affinity diagrams are a great method to use when you want to make sense of a large volume of mixed information and data—</span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.3k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 2 years ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-4"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/empathy-map-why-and-how-to-use-it" ><h3>Empathy Map – Why and How to Use It</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/article_130835_hero_65f892293254d3.22231091.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">Empathy Map – Why and How to Use It</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">Here’s an interesting fact you may—or may not—know: users are more likely to choose, buy, and use products that meet the</span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.3k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 4 days ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-4"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-4-in-the-design-thinking-process-prototype" ><h3>Stage 4 in the Design Thinking Process: Prototype</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/5808dba1829e4.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">Stage 4 in the Design Thinking Process: Prototype</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">One of the best ways to gain insights in a Design Thinking process is to carry out some form of prototyping. This method</span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.3k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 4 years ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-8"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-1-in-the-design-thinking-process-empathise-with-your-users" ><h3>Stage 1 in the Design Thinking Process: Empathise with Your Users</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/article_130799_hero_5aa02f2f6419a3.84370295.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">Stage 1 in the Design Thinking Process: Empathise with Your Users</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">Design Thinking cannot begin without a deeper understanding of the people you are designing for. In order to gain those </span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.2k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 4 years ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-8"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-3-in-the-design-thinking-process-ideate" ><h3>Stage 3 in the Design Thinking Process: Ideate</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/5808caa7ec64d.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">Stage 3 in the Design Thinking Process: Ideate</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">In the Ideation stage, design thinkers spark off ideas — in the form of questions and solutions — through creative and c</span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.2k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 5 years ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="card-wrapper col-md-4"> <article class="card card--isLink card--isLink"> <a class="card__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/design-thinking-get-a-quick-overview-of-the-history" ><h3>The History of Design Thinking</h3></a> <div class="card__header"> <picture class="card__picture"> <img data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/articles/heros/5808e22cb87ef.jpg?tr=w-1000" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-lazy-placeholder-T9lGXJ41.png" class="w-full h-full object-cover" alt=""> </picture> <div class="card__title js-cardTitle truncate-6" aria-hidden="true">The History of Design Thinking</div> </div> <div class="card__contents"> <span class="card__copy card__description truncate-2">We need to appreciate the roots and origins of a concept to truly understand it—we need to know how it came to be. Let’s</span> <ul class="card__copy inlineList inlineList--withSeparator text-sans-serif"> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.2k shares </li> <li class="flex"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=16 height=16 class="svg-icon mr-tiny" > <use xlink:href="#clock"></use> </svg> 2 years ago </li> </ul> </div> <div class="card__footer"> <div class="button button--primary cardFooter__button"> <div class="cardFooter__buttonText js-countdownDependentCardState"> Read article <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon cardFooter__icon" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-right-bold"></use> </svg> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="ux-related-articles__sidebar"> <section class="sidebar-widget"> <h2 class="sidebar-widget__header heading heading--componentHeading">Top Articles</h2> <ul class="list-none pl-none "> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/literature/article/5-stages-in-the-design-thinking-process" title="The 5 Stages in the Design Thinking Process"> <div class="textItem"> <span class="textItem__main">The 5 Stages in the Design Thinking Process</span> <span class="flex items-center textItem__complementary"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.9k shares </span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/literature/article/what-is-design-thinking-and-why-is-it-so-popular" title="What is Design Thinking and Why Is It So Popular?"> <div class="textItem"> <span class="textItem__main">What is Design Thinking and Why Is It So Popular?</span> <span class="flex items-center textItem__complementary"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.6k shares </span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/literature/article/personas-why-and-how-you-should-use-them" title="Personas – A Simple Introduction"> <div class="textItem"> <span class="textItem__main">Personas – A Simple Introduction</span> <span class="flex items-center textItem__complementary"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.6k shares </span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/literature/article/bad-design-vs-good-design" title="Bad Design vs. Good Design: 5 Examples We Can Learn From"> <div class="textItem"> <span class="textItem__main">Bad Design vs. Good Design: 5 Examples We Can Learn From</span> <span class="flex items-center textItem__complementary"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.5k shares </span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/literature/article/what-is-interaction-design" title="What is Interaction Design?"> <div class="textItem"> <span class="textItem__main">What is Interaction Design?</span> <span class="flex items-center textItem__complementary"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#arrow-share"></use> </svg> 1.4k shares </span> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="sidebar-widget"> <h2 class="sidebar-widget__header heading heading--componentHeading">Top Topics</h2> <div class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link linkStrip__list--fullWidth" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/design-thinking" title="Design Thinking (DT)"> <div class="textItem"> <span>Design Thinking (DT)</span> <span class="textItem__complementary mt-small"> <span> <span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#book"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 51 articles </span> </span> <span class="ml-small"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#multimedia"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 10 videos </span> </span> </span> </span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link linkStrip__list--fullWidth" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/ux-design" title="User Experience (UX) Design"> <div class="textItem"> <span>User Experience (UX) Design</span> <span class="textItem__complementary mt-small"> <span> <span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#book"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 155 articles </span> </span> <span class="ml-small"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#multimedia"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 8 videos </span> </span> </span> </span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link linkStrip__list--fullWidth" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/graphic-design" title="Graphic Design"> <div class="textItem"> <span>Graphic Design</span> <span class="textItem__complementary mt-small"> <span> <span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#book"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 19 articles </span> </span> <span class="ml-small"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#multimedia"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 4 videos </span> </span> </span> </span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link linkStrip__list--fullWidth" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/color-theory" title="Color Theory"> <div class="textItem"> <span>Color Theory</span> <span class="textItem__complementary mt-small"> <span> <span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#book"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 7 articles </span> </span> <span class="ml-small"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#multimedia"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 6 videos </span> </span> </span> </span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link"> <a class="linkStrip__link linkStrip__list--fullWidth" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/ui-design" title="User Interface (UI) Design"> <div class="textItem"> <span>User Interface (UI) Design</span> <span class="textItem__complementary mt-small"> <span> <span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#book"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 64 articles </span> </span> <span class="ml-small"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=20 height=20 class="svg-icon align-middle" > <use xlink:href="#multimedia"></use> </svg> <span class="align-middle"> 9 videos </span> </span> </span> </span> </div> </a> </div> </section> </aside> </div> </section> </div> <section class="landingSection gridContainer pt-medium pb-large featureBanner"> <div class="gridContent"> <div class="featureBanner__content"> <h2>Open Access—Link to us!</h2> <p>We believe in Open Access and the <b>democratization of knowledge</b>. Unfortunately, world-class educational materials such as this page are normally hidden behind paywalls or in expensive textbooks.</p> <p><b>If you want this to change</b>, <button class="link text-neutral-06 js-citation-button" data-dialog="citationWidget">cite this article</button>, link to us, or <a class="text-neutral-06" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/join">join us</a> to help us <a class="text-neutral-06" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/help">democratize design knowledge</a>!</p> </div> <img src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-free-knowledge-logo-PaIPjBXU.svg" width="380" height="380" alt="" class="featureBanner__background sm:hide md:hide" loading="lazy"/> </div> </section> </main> <nav id="modalSearch" class="modalSearch landingSection"> <h2 class="visually-hidden">Search</h2> <div class="content-wrapper"> <div class="gridContainer"> <div class="gridContent"> <button class="searchToolbar__closeButton"><span class="visually-hidden">Close</span><span aria-hidden="true"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" style="width: 33px; height: 33px;" width="100%" height="100%" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> </span></button> <div id="searchbox" class="sm:show mb-large"></div> <div class="searchToolbar"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3 sm:hide"> <div class="searchToolbar__content"> <div class="searchToolbar__suggestions"> <h3 class="searchToolbar__heading mt-small"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" style="width: 22px; height: 22px;" > <use xlink:href="#magnifying-glass-bold"></use> </svg> Popular related searches </h3> <div id="modalSearch-suggestions"></div> </div> <div class="searchToolbar__filters"> <h3 class="searchToolbar__heading"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" style="width: 22px; height: 22px;" > <use xlink:href="#tick-bold"></use> </svg> Filters </h3> <div class="searchToolbar__filterList"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h3 class="visually-hidden">Search Results</h3> <div id="modalSearch-hits" class="col-md-9" style="order: -1;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <footer class="footer hide-print"> <h2 class="visually-hidden">Footer navigation</h2> <div class="gridContainer"> <div class="gridContent"> <div class="footer__inner"> <div class="text-center"> <img class="footer__logo" data-src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-logo-full-inverse-DRRNxntd.svg" alt="Interaction Design Foundation Logo" width="320" height="110"> <div class="row mt-none mb-large"> <p class="centeredSmallContainer mt-medium text-left"> With 185,448 graduates, the Interaction Design Foundation is the biggest online design school globally. We were founded in 2002. </p> </div> </div> <div class="footer__separator"></div> <div class="row mb-large"> <div class="col-md-6"> <h3>Connect With Us</h3> <p> Reach us at <a href="mailto:hello@interaction-design.org">hello@interaction-design.org</a> or through our <a class="whitespace-no-wrap" href="/about/contact" title="Contact the Interaction Design Foundation" >online contact form</a>. </p> <div class="socialLinks socialLinks--white "> <a class="socialLinks__item" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ixdf-interaction-design-foundation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="visually-hidden">LinkedIn page</span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=32 height=32 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#brand-linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> <a class="socialLinks__item" href="https://www.instagram.com/ixdf_org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="visually-hidden">Instagram page</span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=32 height=32 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#brand-instagram"></use> </svg> </a> <a class="socialLinks__item" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/InteractionDesignOrg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="visually-hidden">YouTube page</span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=32 height=32 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#brand-youtube"></use> </svg> </a> <a class="socialLinks__item" href="https://x.com/ixdf_org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="visually-hidden">X page</span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=32 height=32 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#brand-x"></use> </svg> </a> <a class="socialLinks__item" href="https://www.facebook.com/ixdf.interaction.design.foundation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook page</span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=32 height=32 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#brand-facebook"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <p class="connectWithUs__faq"> Have questions? Check our <a href="/faq">frequently asked questions</a>. </p> </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <h3>Get Inspired Weekly</h3> <p> Join <span class="js-subscriberCount">314,352</span> designers and get <a class="whitespace-no-wrap" href="/newsletter" title="Design Tips">weekly inspiration and design tips</a> in your inbox. </p> <form method="POST" data-test="newsletterSubscription" class="form" name="newsletter-subscription-form" action="https://www.interaction-design.org/newsletter/subscribe"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <label class="hidden" aria-hidden="true">Name <input type="text" name="name" value="" aria-hidden="true" autocomplete="off"> </label> <input type="hidden" name="list_id" value="1"> <div class="form__field"> <div class="inputGroup"> <label for="email-for-newsletter-subscription" class="visually-hidden">Email</label> <input name="email" type="email" id="email-for-newsletter-subscription" placeholder="Your email" autocomplete="off" title="Subscription form" required maxlength="100"/> <div class="inputGroup__addon inputGroup__addon--noBorder" style="margin-left: -5px; border-radius: var(--border-radius-large)"> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary" style="border-radius: 0 var(--border-radius-large) var(--border-radius-large) 0"> Subscribe </button> </div> </div> <small class="error">Please write a valid email address.</small> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="footer__separator footer__bottomSpacer"></div> <h3 class="mt-small">Browse UX / UI Design Topics</h3> <nav class="topicNavigator mb-huge"> <div class="topicNavigator__list"> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#A" >A</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#B" >B</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#C" >C</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#D" >D</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#E" >E</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#F" >F</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#G" >G</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#H" >H</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#I" >I</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" >J</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#K" >K</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#L" >L</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#M" >M</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#N" >N</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#O" >O</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#P" >P</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#Q" >Q</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#R" >R</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#S" >S</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#T" >T</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#U" >U</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#V" >V</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#W" >W</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" >X</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" >Y</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" >Z</a> </div> <div class="topicNavigator__listItem"> <a class="topicNavigator__link" href="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics#other" >#</a> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="footer__separator footer__bottomSpacer"></div> <div class="row footer__sitemapLinks"> <div class="col-md-3"> <h3 class="mt-none">UX Courses</h3> <ul class="list-none pl-none genericList__listItem--onDarkBackground"> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/courses#beginner-courses"> Beginner UX Courses </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/courses#intermediate-courses"> Intermediate UX Courses </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/courses#advanced-courses"> Advanced UX Courses </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <h3 class="mt-none">Community</h3> <ul class="list-none pl-none genericList__listItem--onDarkBackground"> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/master-classes"> Master Classes </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/community"> Local Groups </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/conversations"> Conversations </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <h3 class="mt-none">Literature</h3> <ul class="list-none pl-none genericList__listItem--onDarkBackground"> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/literature/article/overview"> UX Daily Articles </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/literature/topics"> UX Topics </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/literature/book/overview"> UX Books </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <h3 class="mt-none">About</h3> <ul class="list-none pl-none genericList__listItem--onDarkBackground"> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/about"> About Us </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/about/people-behind"> The People Behind </a> </li> <li class="genericList__listItem genericList__listItem--link "> <a class="linkStrip__link" href="/about/contact"> Contact Us </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__links gridContainer"> <div class="gridContent"> <ul class="inlineList footerLinks__list text-small"> <li class="footerLinks__listItem"><a href="/about/terms-of-use">Terms of Use / Privacy</a></li> <li class="footerLinks__listItem"><a href="/corporate">For companies</a></li> <li class="footerLinks__listItem hideMinimalLayout"> <button type="button" class="button-link" data-dialog="freeEbookDialog"> What is UX Design? </button> </li> <li class="footerLinks__listItem"><a href="/gift-of-learning">Give as gift</a></li> <li class="footerLinks__listItem"><a href="/about/careers">Careers</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <consent-banner class="consentBanner" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" data-current-revision="2024-03-12" data-consents="["security_storage","functional_storage","referral_program","error_reporting","analytics_storage","google_bot","ad_storage","personalization_storage","ad_personalization","ad_user_data","meta_tag","meta_capi","linkedin_tag","linkedin_capi","google_ads_tag"]" > <button class="consentBanner__button"> <span class="visually-hidden">Open</span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=24 height=24 class="svg-icon consentBanner__icon fill-neutral-01 shrink-0" > <use xlink:href="#cookie"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="consentBanner__container"> <div class="consentBanner__content"> <div class="flex justify-between"> <h5 class="mt-none">Privacy Settings</h5> <button class="consentBanner__closeButton"> <span class="visually-hidden">Close</span> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=24 height=24 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> </button> </div> <div class="mt-small"> By using this site, you accept our <a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/about/privacy">Cookie Policy</a> and <a href="https://www.interaction-design.org/about/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a>. </div> </div> <form class="consentBanner__form" aria-expanded="false"> <div> <label class="text-neutral-01 mt-small mb-small" aria-controls="consentBanner__settingsPanel" > <input type="radio" value="customize" name="consentType"> Customize </label> <div class="consentBanner__privacySettingContainer consentBanner__settingsPanel" id="consentBanner__settingsPanel"> <p class="text-small mb-none"> Our digital services use necessary tracking technologies, including third-party cookies, for security, functionality, and to uphold user rights. Optional cookies offer enhanced features, and analytics. </p> <accordion-list role="list"> <details class="accordionList__item overflow-hidden" role="listitem"> <summary class="summary--noStyle"> <div class="accordionItem__titleContent"> <div class="accordionItem__title UITypeStyle m-none"> Essential </div> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon accordionItem__chevron" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-down"></use> </svg> </div> </summary> <div class="accordionItem__content js-accordionItem__content "> <p class="text-small"> Experience the full potential of our site that remembers your preferences and supports secure sign-in. </p> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Security</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Security" checked="checked" disabled="disabled" name="security_storage" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Governs the storage of data necessary for maintaining website security, user authentication, and fraud prevention mechanisms.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Enhanced Functionality</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Enhanced Functionality" checked="checked" disabled="disabled" name="functional_storage" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Saves your settings and preferences, like your location, for a more personalized experience.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Referral Program</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Referral Program" checked="checked" disabled="disabled" name="referral_program" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">We use cookies to enable our referral program, giving you and your friends discounts.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Error Reporting</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Error Reporting" checked="checked" disabled="disabled" name="error_reporting" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">We share user ID with Bugsnag and NewRelic to help us track errors and fix issues.</p> </div> </div> </details> </accordion-list> <accordion-list role="list"> <details class="accordionList__item overflow-hidden" role="listitem"> <summary class="summary--noStyle"> <div class="accordionItem__titleContent"> <div class="accordionItem__title UITypeStyle m-none"> Analytics </div> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon accordionItem__chevron" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-down"></use> </svg> </div> </summary> <div class="accordionItem__content js-accordionItem__content "> <p class="text-small"> Optimize your experience by allowing us to monitor site usage. You’ll enjoy a smoother, more personalized journey without compromising your privacy. </p> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Analytics Storage</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Analytics Storage" checked="checked" disabled="disabled" name="analytics_storage" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Collects anonymous data on how you navigate and interact, helping us make informed improvements.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Google</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Google" checked="checked" disabled="disabled" name="google_bot" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Differentiates real visitors from automated bots, ensuring accurate usage data and improving your website experience.</p> </div> </div> </details> </accordion-list> <accordion-list role="list"> <details class="accordionList__item overflow-hidden" role="listitem"> <summary class="summary--noStyle"> <div class="accordionItem__titleContent"> <div class="accordionItem__title UITypeStyle m-none"> Personalization </div> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon accordionItem__chevron" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-down"></use> </svg> </div> </summary> <div class="accordionItem__content js-accordionItem__content "> <p class="text-small"> Lets us tailor your digital ads to match your interests, making them more relevant and useful to you. </p> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Advertising Storage</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Advertising Storage" name="ad_storage" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Stores information for better-targeted advertising, enhancing your online ad experience.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Personalization Storage</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Personalization Storage" checked="checked" disabled="disabled" name="personalization_storage" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Permits storing data to personalize content and ads across Google services based on user behavior, enhancing overall user experience.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Advertising Personalization</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Advertising Personalization" name="ad_personalization" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Allows for content and ad personalization across Google services based on user behavior. This consent enhances user experiences.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">User Data</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="User Data" name="ad_user_data" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Enables personalizing ads based on user data and interactions, allowing for more relevant advertising experiences across Google services.</p> </div> </div> </details> </accordion-list> <accordion-list role="list"> <details class="accordionList__item overflow-hidden" role="listitem"> <summary class="summary--noStyle"> <div class="accordionItem__titleContent"> <div class="accordionItem__title UITypeStyle m-none"> Advertising </div> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon accordionItem__chevron" > <use xlink:href="#chevron-down"></use> </svg> </div> </summary> <div class="accordionItem__content js-accordionItem__content "> <p class="text-small"> Receive more relevant advertisements by sharing your interests and behavior with our trusted advertising partners. </p> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Meta Pixel</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Meta Pixel" name="meta_tag" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Enables better ad targeting and measurement on Meta platforms, making ads you see more relevant.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Meta CAPI</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Meta CAPI" name="meta_capi" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Allows for improved ad effectiveness and measurement through Meta’s Conversions API, ensuring privacy-compliant data sharing.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">LinkedIn Insights</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="LinkedIn Insights" name="linkedin_tag" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Tracks conversions, retargeting, and web analytics for LinkedIn ad campaigns, enhancing ad relevance and performance.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">LinkedIn CAPI</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="LinkedIn CAPI" name="linkedin_capi" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Enhances LinkedIn advertising through server-side event tracking, offering more accurate measurement and personalization.</p> </div> <div class="consentBanner__cookie"> <div class="flex justify-between mb-medium"> <h6 class="flex-1 font-bold mt-none items-center">Google Ads Tag</h6> <label class="toggleInput consentBanner__cookieConsent ml-auto"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Google Ads Tag" name="google_ads_tag" /> <span class="toggleInput__slider"></span> </label> </div> <p class="text-small mb-none">Tracks ad performance and user engagement, helping deliver ads that are most useful to you.</p> </div> </div> </details> </accordion-list> </div> <div class="mt-small mb-small"> <label class="text-neutral-01 mb-none"> <input type="radio" value="all" name="consentType"> Accept all </label> </div> </div> <button class="button button--primary button--block button--small" type="submit">Save Settings</button> </form> </div> </consent-banner> <dialog data-cancelable="true" id="sharingModal" class="dialog--small"> <button type="reset" aria-label="Close dialog" class="dialog__buttonClose"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" width="100%" height="100%" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> </button> <form method="DIALOG" name="dialog-form-sharingModal"> <h2 class="dialog__title js-dialogTitle">Share Knowledge, Get Respect!</h2> <article class="dialog__body"><div> <p>Share on:</p> <div class="iconButtonGrid mb-medium-large"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results?utm_source=linkedin&utm_medium=share-button&utm_campaign=%2Fliterature%2Farticle%2Fstage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results" class="iconButtonGrid__button js-shareLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconButtonGrid__icon" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="#brand-linkedin"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?display=popup&u=https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=share-button&utm_campaign=%2Fliterature%2Farticle%2Fstage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results&quote=Another+great+UX+article%3A+Stage+2+in+the+Design+Thinking+Process%3A+Define+the+Problem+and+Interpret+the+Results" class="iconButtonGrid__button js-shareLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconButtonGrid__icon" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="#brand-facebook"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="https://x.com/share?url=https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results?utm_source=x&utm_medium=share-button&utm_campaign=%2Fliterature%2Farticle%2Fstage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results&text=Another+great+UX+article%3A+Stage+2+in+the+Design+Thinking+Process%3A+Define+the+Problem+and+Interpret+the+Results&hashtags=ux" class="iconButtonGrid__button js-shareLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconButtonGrid__icon" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="#brand-x"></use> </svg> </a> <a href="http://pinterest.com/pin/create/link/?url=https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results?utm_source=pinterest&utm_medium=share-button&utm_campaign=%2Fliterature%2Farticle%2Fstage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results" class="iconButtonGrid__button js-shareLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon iconButtonGrid__icon" aria-hidden="true" > <use xlink:href="#brand-pinterest"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <p>or copy link</p> <div class="inputGroup"> <input type="text" id="name" name="name" required maxlength="70" placeholder="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results" value="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results" disabled> <div class="inputGroup__addon inputGroup__addon--noBorder"> <button type="button" class="button button--primary js-copyText" data-text-to-copy="https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results">Copy link</button> </div> </div> </div></article> </form> </dialog> <dialog data-cancelable="true" id="citationWidget" class="dialog--large"> <button type="reset" aria-label="Close dialog" class="dialog__buttonClose"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" width="100%" height="100%" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> </button> <form method="DIALOG" name="dialog-form-citationWidget"> <h2 class="dialog__title js-dialogTitle">Cite according to academic standards</h2> <article class="dialog__body"><p> Simply copy and paste the text below into your bibliographic reference list, onto your blog, or anywhere else. You can also just hyperlink to this article. </p> <div class="citationSection"> <div class="row citationSection__header"> <div class="citationSection__selectorArea"> <label for="citationFormat" class="visually-hidden">Citation format</label> <select class="citationSection__formatSelector" id="citationFormat"> <option value="APA"> APA (recommended) </option> <option value="MLA"> MLA </option> <option value="IEEE"> IEEE </option> <option value="ACM"> ACM </option> </select> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <button class="link citationSection__helpLink" formmethod="POST" formaction="https://www.interaction-design.org/how-to-cite">What is this?</button> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="Article"/> <input type="hidden" name="id" value="130800"/> </div> <div class="citationSection__copyButtonArea"> <button class="button citationSection__copyButton" type="button"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" width=32 height=32 class="svg-icon" > <use xlink:href="#copy"></use> </svg> Copy citation </button> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 citationSection__divider"></div> <div class="col-12"> <div id="APA" class="citationSection__text"> Dam, R. F. and Teo, Y. S. (2024, January 12). <i>Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results</i>. Interaction Design Foundation - IxDF. <span class="citationSection__referenceUrl"></span> </div> <div id="MLA" class="citationSection__text hidden"> Dam, Rikke Friis. and Teo, Yu Siang. <i>“Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results”</i> Interaction Design Foundation - IxDF. 17 Feb. 2025 <span class="citationSection__referenceUrl"></span> </div> <div id="IEEE" class="citationSection__text hidden"> R. F. Dam. and Y. S. Teo. <i>“Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results”</i> Interaction Design Foundation - IxDF. <span class="citationSection__referenceUrl"></span> (accessed Feb. 17, 2025). </div> <div id="ACM" class="citationSection__text hidden"> Rikke Friis Dam. and Yu Siang Teo. 2024. <i>Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results</i> Retrieved February 17, 2025 from <span class="citationSection__referenceUrl"></span> </div> <div class="mt-medium" id="citationFullLinkContainer"> <input type="checkbox" id="citationFullLink"/> <label for="citationFullLink">Cite selection</label> </div> </div> </div> <div class="inlineNotification hidden" role="tooltip"> Copied to clipboard! </div></article> </form> </dialog> <dialog data-cancelable="true" id="roadblockModal"> <button type="reset" aria-label="Close dialog" class="dialog__buttonClose"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" width="100%" height="100%" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> </button> <form method="POST" name="dialog-form-roadblockModal" action="https://www.interaction-design.org/newsletter/subscribe-for-ebook"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <h2 class="dialog__title js-dialogTitle">New to UX Design? We're Giving You a Free eBook!</h2> <article class="dialog__body"><div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4 sm-only:center"> <img class="roadblock__productImage" alt="The Basics of User Experience Design" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/books/covers/v4/basics-of-ux-design.png"> </div> <div class="col-md-8"> <p> Download our free ebook “<i>The Basics of User Experience Design</i>” to learn about core concepts of UX design. </p> <p> In 9 chapters, we’ll cover: conducting user interviews, design thinking, interaction design, mobile UX design, usability, UX research, and many more! </p> <div class="form__field"> <div class="inputGroup"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <label class="hidden" aria-hidden="true">Name <input type="text" name="name" value="" aria-hidden="true" autocomplete="off"> </label> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Your email" required maxlength="100" autofocus autocomplete="email"> <div class="inputGroup__addon"> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary" formmethod="POST" formaction="https://www.interaction-design.org/newsletter/subscribe-for-ebook"> <span class="sm:hide">Download free ebook</span> <span class="sm:show">Go</span> </button> </div> </div> <small class="error">A valid email address is required.</small> </div> <div class="mt-small"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="0"> <div class="checkboxWithHint"> <input type="checkbox" class="checkboxWithHint__checkbox" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="1" id="ebook-newsletter-dialog" checked /> <label for="ebook-newsletter-dialog">Get free UX design learning material every week</label> <div class="arrowPointingMessage checkboxWithHint__message"> <img class="p-none image image--tiny" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/checkbox-arrow-CU1HsvUn.svg" loading="lazy" alt=""> <div class="arrowPointingMessage__message"> <i class="text-serif"> <strong>314,352 designers</strong> enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it? </i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></article> </form> </dialog> <dialog data-cancelable="true" id="freeEbookDialog"> <button type="reset" aria-label="Close dialog" class="dialog__buttonClose"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="svg-icon" width="100%" height="100%" > <use xlink:href="#x"></use> </svg> </button> <form method="DIALOG" name="dialog-form-freeEbookDialog"> <h2 class="dialog__title js-dialogTitle">New to UX Design? We're Giving You a Free eBook!</h2> <article class="dialog__body"><div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4 sm-only:center"> <img class="roadblock__productImage" alt="The Basics of User Experience Design" data-src="https://public-images.interaction-design.org/literature/books/covers/v4/basics-of-ux-design.png"> </div> <div class="col-md-8"> <p> Download our free ebook “<i>The Basics of User Experience Design</i>” to learn about core concepts of UX design. </p> <p> In 9 chapters, we’ll cover: conducting user interviews, design thinking, interaction design, mobile UX design, usability, UX research, and many more! </p> <div class="form__field"> <div class="inputGroup"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="FZla54ObKvWPdIhBo51l2MJcYm0kPx1vepdZldET" autocomplete="off"> <label class="hidden" aria-hidden="true">Name <input type="text" name="name" value="" aria-hidden="true" autocomplete="off"> </label> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Your email" required maxlength="100" autofocus autocomplete="email"> <div class="inputGroup__addon"> <button type="submit" class="button button--primary" formmethod="POST" formaction="https://www.interaction-design.org/newsletter/subscribe-for-ebook"> <span class="sm:hide">Download free ebook</span> <span class="sm:show">Go</span> </button> </div> </div> <small class="error">A valid email address is required.</small> </div> <div class="mt-small"> <input type="hidden" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="0"> <div class="checkboxWithHint"> <input type="checkbox" class="checkboxWithHint__checkbox" name="subscribe_newsletter" value="1" id="ebook-newsletter-dialog" checked /> <label for="ebook-newsletter-dialog">Get free UX design learning material every week</label> <div class="arrowPointingMessage checkboxWithHint__message"> <img class="p-none image image--tiny" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/checkbox-arrow-CU1HsvUn.svg" loading="lazy" alt=""> <div class="arrowPointingMessage__message"> <i class="text-serif"> <strong>314,352 designers</strong> enjoy our newsletter—sure you don’t want to receive it? </i> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></article> </form> </dialog> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/app-BgMk1Cln.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/preload-helper-DN51Ybus.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/button-BjbRRxXY.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/notification-B5TTRaXd.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/spinner-CLdCLIMy.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/cookie-BFQe4teI.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/auth-S67ULf_r.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/modalSearch-C3_o_tIN.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/breakpoint-urG6POAk.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/stickyToBottomContainer-DByvcwDi.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/httpClient-BeG5LUzB.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/tocContainer-BOARb0i0.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/dialog-DAeHgpWX.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/flip-B1IIYfMO.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/markupHelpers-B-h850f4.js" /><script type="module" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/app-BgMk1Cln.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/citationWidget-ClG04t0w.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/preload-helper-DN51Ybus.js" /><script type="module" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/citationWidget-ClG04t0w.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/consentBanner-DqTb80vQ.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/cookie-BFQe4teI.js" /><script type="module" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/consentBanner-DqTb80vQ.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/sharingPanel-B7pInGRv.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/listenOnce-xIm6ZULO.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/windowOpener-VLT4yaVB.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/copyToClipboard-tYVIzyiG.js" /><script type="module" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/sharingPanel-B7pInGRv.js"></script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BlogPosting", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/stage-2-in-the-design-thinking-process-define-the-problem-and-interpret-the-results" }, "headline": "Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results", "description": "The second stage of the Design Thinking process involves synthesizing observations about your users from the first, empathize stage to create problem statements.", "image": "https://public-images.interaction-design.org/og-images/article/0bb4b3d5d0f367478d66d142c94db9fe.jpg", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Rikke Friis Dam", "url": "https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/author/rikke-1" } , { "@type": "Person", "name": "Teo Yu Siang", "url": "https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/author/teo" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Interaction Design Foundation", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/ixdf-logo-full-expanded-P3oiNsMU.svg" } }, "datePublished": "2016-10-20T12:34:27+00:00", "dateModified": "2025-02-17T08:01:13+00:00" } </script> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/__roadblock-XSRXdVbZ.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/cookie-BFQe4teI.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/debounce-Brf6PMz0.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/dialog-DAeHgpWX.js" /><script type="module" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/__roadblock-XSRXdVbZ.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/publication-DpwIbnxY.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/preload-helper-DN51Ybus.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/cookie-BFQe4teI.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/imageLightbox-D-Plfnin.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/auth-S67ULf_r.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/tableOfContentsInjector-CDwTxG4W.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/course-v1xBjDSM.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/_commonjsHelpers-Cpj98o6Y.js" /><link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/countdown-CmVz2Sgd.js" /><script type="module" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/publication-DpwIbnxY.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/accordionList-CbQFqLf9.js" /><script type="module" src="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/accordionList-CbQFqLf9.js"></script> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/iconButtonGrid-COeilXcn.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/iconButtonGrid-COeilXcn.css" /> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/citationWidget-CVhBJpQT.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/citationWidget-CVhBJpQT.css" /> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/search-CbHtU8Pb.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.interaction-design.org/build/assets/search-CbHtU8Pb.css" /> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Stage 2 in the Design Thinking Process: Define the Problem and Interpret the Results | IxDF