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<span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_to_18th_century_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_to_18th_century_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>13th to 18th century Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_to_18th_century_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vehicle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vehicle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vehicle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armoured_fighting_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armoured_fighting_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Armoured fighting vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armoured_fighting_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Animal armour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animal_armour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Animal armour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Animal_armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horse_armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Horse armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elephant_armour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elephant_armour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Elephant armour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elephant_armour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="درع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindatge" title="Blindatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blindatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panc%C3%A9%C5%99ov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Pancéřování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pancéřování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panser" title="Panser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Panser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerung" title="Panzerung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panzerung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomus_(s%C3%B5jandus)" title="Soomus (sõjandus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soomus (sõjandus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindaje" title="Blindaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Blindaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindaje" title="Blindaje – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Blindaje" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindage" title="Blindage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blindage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%91%EC%A3%BC" title="갑주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갑주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Զրահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զրահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अक्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अक्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_baja" title="Lapis baja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lapis baja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazzatura" title="Corazzatura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corazzatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="שריון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שריון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D)" title="ჯავშანი (სამხედრო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯავშანი (სამხედრო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Сауыт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сауыт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Зоот – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зоот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC" title="သံချပ်ကာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံချပ်ကာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantser_(militair)" title="Pantser (militair) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pantser (militair)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindatge" title="Blindatge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Blindatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirh" title="Zirh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zirh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindagem" title="Blindagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Blindagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindaj" title="Blindaj – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Blindaj" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Броня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Броня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour" title="Armour – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Armour" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Оклоп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оклоп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panssari" title="Panssari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Panssari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansar" title="Pansar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pansar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1rh" title="Zırh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zırh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Броня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Броня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="بکتر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بکتر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2" title="裝甲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="裝甲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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.ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Armour" title="Special:EditPage/Armour">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Armour%22">"Armour"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Armour%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Armour%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Armour%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Armour%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Armour%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Armour_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Armour (disambiguation)">Armour (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_(41985701161).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Torso-covering mail armour on a black mannequin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg/220px-Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg/330px-Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg/440px-Xixia_Chainmail_Armor_%2841985701161%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> mail armour</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Armour</b> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>) or <b>armor</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>; see <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-our,_-or" title="American and British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a>) is a covering used to protect an object, individual, or vehicle from physical injury or damage, especially direct contact weapons or <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectiles</a> during <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a>, or from a potentially dangerous environment or activity (e.g. cycling, construction sites, etc.). <a href="/wiki/Personal_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal armour">Personal armour</a> is used to protect soldiers and <a href="/wiki/War_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="War animal">war animals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">Vehicle armour</a> is used on <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Combat_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat aircraft">combat aircraft</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Ground_attack_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack aircraft">ground attack aircraft</a>. </p><p>A second use of the term <i>armour</i> describes <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)#Armoured_division" title="Division (military)">armoured forces</a>, <a href="#Armoured_fighting_vehicles">armoured weapons</a>, and their role in combat. After the development of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armoured warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanised_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanised infantry">mechanised infantry</a> and their combat formations came to be referred to collectively as "armour". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_bordone_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An oil painting depicts a partially-armoured man who is assisted by two boys, one of whom is tying on some armour onto his arm while the other holds his helmet. A group of soldiers are amassed in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paris_bordone_016.jpg/220px-Paris_bordone_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paris_bordone_016.jpg/330px-Paris_bordone_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Paris_bordone_016.jpg/440px-Paris_bordone_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6050" data-file-height="4452" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of a Gentleman in Armour with Two Pages</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bordone" title="Paris Bordone">Paris Bordone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The word "armour" began to appear in the Middle Ages as a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a>. It is dated from 1297 as a "mail, defensive covering worn in combat". The word originates from the Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">armure</i></span>, itself derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">armatura</i></span> meaning "arms and/or equipment", with the root <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">armare</i></span> meaning "arms or gear".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal">Personal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></div> <p>Armour has been used throughout <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>. It has been made from a variety of materials, beginning with the use of leathers or fabrics as protection<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and evolving through <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">chain mail</a> and metal plate into today's modern <a href="/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">composites</a>. For much of <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a> the manufacture of metal personal armour has dominated the technology and employment of armour. </p><p>Armour drove the development of many important technologies of the Ancient World, including wood <a href="/wiki/Laminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminate">lamination</a>, mining, <a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">metal refining</a>, vehicle manufacture, leather processing, and later decorative metal working. Its production was influential in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and furthered commercial development of metallurgy and engineering. Armour was also an important factor in the development of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>, which in turn revolutionised warfare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronze armour and a helmet with pieces of boar's tusk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg/170px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg/255px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg/340px-%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_8005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="4632" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dendra_panoply" title="Dendra panoply">Dendra panoply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greek</a> armour, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400 BC</span> </figcaption></figure> <p>Significant factors in the development of armour include the economic and technological necessities of its production. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">plate armour</a> first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval Europe</a> when <a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer"> water-powered trip hammers</a> made the formation of plates faster and cheaper. At times the development of armour has paralleled the development of increasingly effective weaponry on the battlefield, with armourers seeking to create better protection without sacrificing mobility. </p><p>Well-known armour types in <a href="/wiki/European_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European history">European history</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Lorica_hamata" title="Lorica hamata">lorica hamata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorica_squamata" title="Lorica squamata">lorica squamata</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lorica_segmentata" title="Lorica segmentata">lorica segmentata</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">mail</a> <a href="/wiki/Hauberk" title="Hauberk">hauberk</a> of the early medieval age, and the full steel plate harness worn by later <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>, and breast and back plates worn by heavy cavalry in several European countries until the first year of World War I (1914–1915). The <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> warriors of <a href="/wiki/Feudal_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal Japan">Feudal Japan</a> utilised <a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">many types of armour</a> for hundreds of years up to the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early">Early</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Shanxi_Ming_dynasty_-_Buddhist_deity_GuanGong_or_Guan_Yu_-_wood_IMG_9575_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue depicting a man in colorful armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/China_Shanxi_Ming_dynasty_-_Buddhist_deity_GuanGong_or_Guan_Yu_-_wood_IMG_9575_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/170px-China_Shanxi_Ming_dynasty_-_Buddhist_deity_GuanGong_or_Guan_Yu_-_wood_IMG_9575_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/China_Shanxi_Ming_dynasty_-_Buddhist_deity_GuanGong_or_Guan_Yu_-_wood_IMG_9575_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/255px-China_Shanxi_Ming_dynasty_-_Buddhist_deity_GuanGong_or_Guan_Yu_-_wood_IMG_9575_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/China_Shanxi_Ming_dynasty_-_Buddhist_deity_GuanGong_or_Guan_Yu_-_wood_IMG_9575_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg/340px-China_Shanxi_Ming_dynasty_-_Buddhist_deity_GuanGong_or_Guan_Yu_-_wood_IMG_9575_Museum_of_Asian_Civilisation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Wooden statue of <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a> in mountain pattern armour, 16th c. <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">Cuirasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">helmets</a> were manufactured in Japan as early as the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tankō</i>, worn by foot soldiers and <i>keikō</i>, worn by horsemen were both pre-samurai types of early <a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">Japanese armour</a> constructed from iron plates connected together by leather thongs. Japanese lamellar armour (<i>keiko</i>) passed through Korea and reached Japan around the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early Japanese lamellar armours took the form of a sleeveless jacket, leggings and a helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armour did not always cover all of the body; sometimes no more than a helmet and leg plates were worn. The rest of the body was generally protected by means of a large <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a>. Examples of armies equipping their troops in this fashion were the Aztecs (13th to 15th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In East Asia, many types of armour were commonly used at different times by various cultures, including <a href="/wiki/Scale_armour" title="Scale armour">scale armour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">lamellar armour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laminar_armour" title="Laminar armour">laminar armour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plated_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Plated mail">plated mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">plate armour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brigandine" title="Brigandine">brigandine</a>. Around the dynastic Tang, Song, and early Ming Period, cuirasses and plates (mingguangjia) were also used, with more elaborate versions for officers in war. The Chinese, during that time used partial plates for "important" body parts instead of covering their whole body since too much plate armour hinders their martial arts movement. The other body parts were covered in cloth, leather, lamellar, or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_armor#mountain_pattern_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese armor">mountain pattern armor</a>. In pre-Qin dynasty times, leather armour was made out of various animals, with more exotic ones such as the rhinoceros. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">Mail</a>, sometimes called "chainmail", made of interlocking iron rings is believed to have first appeared some time after 300 BC. Its invention is credited to the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> are thought to have adopted their design.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradually, small additional plates or discs of iron were added to the mail to protect vulnerable areas. Hardened leather and <a href="/wiki/Splint_armour" title="Splint armour">splinted</a> construction were used for arm and leg pieces. The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_plates" title="Coat of plates">coat of plates</a> was developed, an armour made of large plates sewn inside a textile or leather coat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="13th_to_18th_century_Europe">13th to 18th century Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 13th to 18th century Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Components_of_medieval_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Components of medieval armour">Components of medieval armour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armour_in_the_18th_century" title="Armour in the 18th century">Armour in the 18th century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_armour_of_%C5%BDygimantas_Augustas,_exhibited_in_the_Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania_in_Vilnius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Child_armour_of_%C5%BDygimantas_Augustas%2C_exhibited_in_the_Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania_in_Vilnius.jpg/170px-Child_armour_of_%C5%BDygimantas_Augustas%2C_exhibited_in_the_Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania_in_Vilnius.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Child_armour_of_%C5%BDygimantas_Augustas%2C_exhibited_in_the_Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania_in_Vilnius.jpg/255px-Child_armour_of_%C5%BDygimantas_Augustas%2C_exhibited_in_the_Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania_in_Vilnius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Child_armour_of_%C5%BDygimantas_Augustas%2C_exhibited_in_the_Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania_in_Vilnius.jpg/340px-Child_armour_of_%C5%BDygimantas_Augustas%2C_exhibited_in_the_Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania_in_Vilnius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Child armour of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, which was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Ferdinand I</a> for his daughter <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Austria_(1526%E2%80%931545)" title="Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545)">Elizabeth of Austria</a>'s marriage to Sigismund II Augustus<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Early plate in Italy, and elsewhere in the 13th–15th century, were made of iron. Iron armour could be <a href="/wiki/Carburising" class="mw-redirect" title="Carburising">carburised</a> or <a href="/wiki/Case_hardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Case hardening">case hardened</a> to give a surface of harder steel.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plate armour became cheaper than mail by the 15th century as it required much less labour and labour had become much more expensive after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, though it did require larger furnaces to produce larger <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">blooms</a>. Mail continued to be used to protect those joints which could not be adequately protected by plate, such as the armpit, crook of the elbow and groin. Another advantage of plate was that a lance rest could be fitted to the breast plate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The small skull cap evolved into a bigger true helmet, the <a href="/wiki/Bascinet" title="Bascinet">bascinet</a>, as it was lengthened downward to protect the back of the neck and the sides of the head. Additionally, several new forms of fully enclosed helmets were introduced in the late 14th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstitution_d%27armures_de_chevaliers_et_de_destriers,_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle,_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three statues of riders and horses in armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Reconstitution_d%27armures_de_chevaliers_et_de_destriers%2C_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-Reconstitution_d%27armures_de_chevaliers_et_de_destriers%2C_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Reconstitution_d%27armures_de_chevaliers_et_de_destriers%2C_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg/330px-Reconstitution_d%27armures_de_chevaliers_et_de_destriers%2C_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Reconstitution_d%27armures_de_chevaliers_et_de_destriers%2C_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg/440px-Reconstitution_d%27armures_de_chevaliers_et_de_destriers%2C_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle%2C_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Heavily armoured riders and their <a href="/wiki/Barding" title="Barding">barded</a> <a href="/wiki/War_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="War horse">war horses</a>, 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Probably the most recognised style of armour in the world became the <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">plate armour</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> of the European <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, but continuing to the early 17th century <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in all European countries. </p><p>By 1400, the full harness of plate armour had been developed in armouries of Lombardy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy cavalry dominated the battlefield for centuries in part because of their armour. </p><p>In the early 15th century, advances in weaponry allowed infantry to defeat armoured knights on the battlefield. The quality of the metal used in armour deteriorated as armies became bigger and armour was made thicker, necessitating breeding of larger cavalry horses. If during the 14–15th centuries armour seldom weighed more than 15 kg, then by the late 16th century it weighed 25 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing weight and thickness of late 16th century armour therefore gave substantial resistance. </p><p>In the early years of low velocity firearms, full suits of armour, or breast plates actually stopped bullets fired from a modest distance. Crossbow bolts, if still in use, would seldom penetrate good plate, nor would any bullet unless fired from close range. In effect, rather than making plate armour obsolete, the use of firearms stimulated the development of plate armour into its later stages. For most of that period, it allowed horsemen to fight while being the targets of defending <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebusiers</a> without being easily killed. Full suits of armour were actually worn by generals and princely commanders right up to the second decade of the 18th century. It was the only way they could be mounted and survey the overall battlefield with safety from distant <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> fire. </p><p>The horse was afforded protection from lances and infantry weapons by steel plate <a href="/wiki/Barding" title="Barding">barding</a>. This gave the horse protection and enhanced the visual impression of a mounted knight. Late in the era, elaborate barding was used in parade armour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later">Later</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elements_of_a_Light-Cavalry_Armor_MET_DT780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Metal armour for torso and arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Elements_of_a_Light-Cavalry_Armor_MET_DT780.jpg/220px-Elements_of_a_Light-Cavalry_Armor_MET_DT780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Elements_of_a_Light-Cavalry_Armor_MET_DT780.jpg/330px-Elements_of_a_Light-Cavalry_Armor_MET_DT780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Elements_of_a_Light-Cavalry_Armor_MET_DT780.jpg/440px-Elements_of_a_Light-Cavalry_Armor_MET_DT780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><i>Elements of a Light-Cavalry Armor</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1510</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Gradually, starting in the mid-16th century, one plate element after another was discarded to save weight for foot soldiers. </p><p>Back and breast plates continued to be used throughout the entire period of the 18th century and through Napoleonic times, in many European <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> units, until the early 20th century. From their introduction, <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> could pierce plate armour, so cavalry had to be far more mindful of the fire. In Japan, armour continued to be used until the late 19th century, with the last major fighting in which armour was used, this occurred in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">Samurai armour</a> had one last short lived use in 1877 during the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the age of the knight was over, armour continued to be used in many capacities. Soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> bought iron and steel vests from peddlers (both sides had considered but rejected body armour for standard issue). The effectiveness of the vests varied widely, some successfully deflected bullets and saved lives, but others were poorly made and resulted in tragedy for the soldiers. In any case the vests were abandoned by many soldiers due to their increased weight on long marches, as well as the stigma they got for being cowards from their fellow troops.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of World War I, thousands of the French <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">Cuirassiers</a> rode out to engage the German Cavalry. By that period, the shiny metallic <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirass</a> was covered in a dark paint and a canvas wrap covered their elaborate Napoleonic style helmets, to help mitigate the sunlight being reflected off the surfaces, thereby alerting the enemy of their location. Their armour was only meant for protection against edged weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a>. Cavalry had to be wary of <a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">repeating rifles</a>, machine guns, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, unlike the foot soldiers, who at least had a <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench</a> to give them some protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic vest">ballistic vests</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Flak_jacket" title="Flak jacket">flak jackets</a>, made of ballistic cloth (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">kevlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyneema" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyneema">dyneema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">twaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">spectra</a> etc.) and ceramic or metal plates are common among police officers, <a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security guards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">corrections officers</a> and some branches of the military. </p><p>The US Army has adopted <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_body_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Interceptor body armour">Interceptor body armour</a>, which uses Enhanced Small Arms Protective Inserts (ESAPIs) in the chest, sides, and back of the armour. Each plate is rated to stop a range of ammunition including 3 hits from a <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9751_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="7.62×51 NATO">7.62×51 NATO</a> AP round at a range of 10 m (33 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Skin" title="Dragon Skin">Dragon Skin</a> is another ballistic vest which is currently in testing with mixed results. As of 2019, it has been deemed too heavy, expensive, and unreliable, in comparison to more traditional plates, and it is outdated in protection compared to modern US IOTV armour, and even in testing was deemed a downgrade from the IBA. </p><p>The British Armed Forces also have their own armour, known as Osprey. It is rated to the same general equivalent standard as the US counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Improved_Outer_Tactical_Vest" title="Improved Outer Tactical Vest">Improved Outer Tactical Vest</a>, and now the <a href="/wiki/Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System" title="Soldier Plate Carrier System">Soldier Plate Carrier System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modular_Tactical_Vest" title="Modular Tactical Vest">Modular Tactical Vest</a>. </p><p>The Russian Armed Forces also have armour, known as the 6B43, all the way to 6B45, depending on variant. Their armour runs on the GOST system, which, due to regional conditions, has resulted in a technically higher protective level overall. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_German_armour_helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medieval German helmet."><img alt="Rusted metal helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ancient_German_armour_helmet.jpg/180px-Ancient_German_armour_helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ancient_German_armour_helmet.jpg/270px-Ancient_German_armour_helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ancient_German_armour_helmet.jpg/360px-Ancient_German_armour_helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medieval German helmet.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armors_for_Man_and_Horse,_Syrian,_Iranian_and_Turkish,_comprehensively_about_1450-1550,The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Modern horse armour on display at Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, New York."><img alt="Statue of horse and rider in armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Armors_for_Man_and_Horse%2C_Syrian%2C_Iranian_and_Turkish%2C_comprehensively_about_1450-1550%2CThe_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg/202px-Armors_for_Man_and_Horse%2C_Syrian%2C_Iranian_and_Turkish%2C_comprehensively_about_1450-1550%2CThe_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Armors_for_Man_and_Horse%2C_Syrian%2C_Iranian_and_Turkish%2C_comprehensively_about_1450-1550%2CThe_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg/304px-Armors_for_Man_and_Horse%2C_Syrian%2C_Iranian_and_Turkish%2C_comprehensively_about_1450-1550%2CThe_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Armors_for_Man_and_Horse%2C_Syrian%2C_Iranian_and_Turkish%2C_comprehensively_about_1450-1550%2CThe_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg/405px-Armors_for_Man_and_Horse%2C_Syrian%2C_Iranian_and_Turkish%2C_comprehensively_about_1450-1550%2CThe_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early Modern horse armour on display at <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City, New York.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustning,_Gustav_Vasa_-_Livrustkammaren_-_32921.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Plate armour"><img alt="Full set of plate metal armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rustning%2C_Gustav_Vasa_-_Livrustkammaren_-_32921.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Rustning%2C_Gustav_Vasa_-_Livrustkammaren_-_32921.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rustning%2C_Gustav_Vasa_-_Livrustkammaren_-_32921.tif/lossy-page1-270px-Rustning%2C_Gustav_Vasa_-_Livrustkammaren_-_32921.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rustning%2C_Gustav_Vasa_-_Livrustkammaren_-_32921.tif/lossy-page1-360px-Rustning%2C_Gustav_Vasa_-_Livrustkammaren_-_32921.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="4992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plate armour</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riot_Policeman_in_Piccadilly_Gardens,_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riot police with body protection against physical impact. However, it does not provide very much protection against firearms."><img alt="Uniformed police officer wearing body armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Riot_Policeman_in_Piccadilly_Gardens%2C_Manchester.jpg/180px-Riot_Policeman_in_Piccadilly_Gardens%2C_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Riot_Policeman_in_Piccadilly_Gardens%2C_Manchester.jpg/270px-Riot_Policeman_in_Piccadilly_Gardens%2C_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Riot_Policeman_in_Piccadilly_Gardens%2C_Manchester.jpg/360px-Riot_Policeman_in_Piccadilly_Gardens%2C_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Riot_police" title="Riot police">Riot police</a> with body protection against physical impact. However, it does not provide very much protection against firearms. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicle">Vehicle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">Vehicle armour</a></div> <p>The first modern production technology for armour plating was used by navies in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a>, reaching its pinnacle of development with the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> were produced during World War I. Aerial armour has been used to protect pilots and aircraft systems since the First World War. </p><p>In modern ground forces' usage, the meaning of armour has expanded to include the role of troops in combat. After the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armoured warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanised_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanised infantry">mechanised infantry</a> were mounted in armoured fighting vehicles and replaced <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> in many situations. In modern armoured warfare, armoured units equipped with tanks and <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicles</a> serve the historic role of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a>, and belong to the armoured branch of warfare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ships">Ships</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_armour" title="Naval armour">Naval armour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Warrior_(1860).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A ship with an iron hull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/HMS_Warrior_%281860%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Warrior_%281860%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/HMS_Warrior_%281860%29.jpg/330px-HMS_Warrior_%281860%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/HMS_Warrior_%281860%29.jpg/440px-HMS_Warrior_%281860%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS <i>Warrior</i></a> during her third commission between 1867 and 1871</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a> battleship, with <a href="/wiki/Iron_armour" title="Iron armour">iron armour</a> over a wooden hull, <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Gloire" title="French ironclad Gloire"><i>Gloire</i></a>, was launched by the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> in 1859<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompting the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to build a counter. The following year they launched <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS <i>Warrior</i></a>, which was twice the size and had iron armour over an iron hull. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">first battle between two ironclads</a> took place in 1862 during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, it became clear that the ironclad had replaced the <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">unarmoured line-of-battle ship</a> as the most powerful warship afloat.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ironclads were designed for several roles, including as high seas battleships, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship" title="Coastal defence ship">coastal defence ships</a>, and long-range <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>. The rapid evolution of warship design in the late 19th century transformed the ironclad from a wooden-hulled vessel which carried sails to supplement its steam engines into the steel-built, turreted battleships and cruisers familiar in the 20th century. This change was pushed forward by the development of heavier naval guns (the ironclads of the 1880s carried some of the heaviest guns ever mounted at sea),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> more sophisticated steam engines, and advances in metallurgy which made steel <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> possible. </p><p>The rapid pace of change in the ironclad period meant that many ships were obsolete as soon as they were complete, and that naval tactics were in a state of flux. Many ironclads were built to make use of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">ram</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a>, which a number of naval designers considered the crucial weapons of naval combat. There is no clear end to the ironclad period, but towards the end of the 1890s the term <i>ironclad</i> dropped out of use. New ships were increasingly constructed to a standard pattern and designated battleships or <a href="/wiki/Armoured_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured cruiser">armoured cruisers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trains">Trains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagon_pancerny_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A train with metal plates affixed to the exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wagon_pancerny_s.jpg/170px-Wagon_pancerny_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wagon_pancerny_s.jpg/255px-Wagon_pancerny_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wagon_pancerny_s.jpg/340px-Wagon_pancerny_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>An armoured train from 1915</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Armoured_train" title="Armoured train">Armoured trains</a> saw use from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, including the American Civil War (1861–1865), the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–1871), the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second</a> Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902), the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921), the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> (1914–1918) and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World Wars</a> (1939–1945) and the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (1946–1954). The most intensive use of armoured trains was during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1918–1920). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armoured_fighting_vehicles">Armoured fighting vehicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Armoured fighting vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armoured fighting vehicle</a></div> <p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a> were usually protected by wooden armour, often covered with wet hides or thin metal to prevent being easily burned. </p><p>Medieval <a href="/wiki/War_wagon" title="War wagon">war wagons</a> were horse-drawn wagons that were similarly armoured. These contained guns or crossbowmen that could fire through gun-slits. </p><p>The first modern <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured fighting vehicles</a> were <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured cars</a>, developed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>. These started as ordinary wheeled motor-cars protected by iron shields, typically mounting a machine gun.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the First World War, the stalemate of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> during on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> spurred the development of the <a href="/wiki/Tanks_in_World_War_I" title="Tanks in World War I">tank</a>. It was envisioned as an armoured machine that could advance under fire from enemy rifles and machine guns, and respond with its own heavy guns. It used <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar track">caterpillar tracks</a> to cross ground broken up by shellfire and trenches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the development of effective <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">anti-aircraft artillery</a> in the period before the Second World War, military pilots, once the "knights of the air" during the First World War, became far more vulnerable to ground fire. <a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">As a response</a>, armour plating was added to aircraft to protect aircrew and vulnerable areas such as engines and fuel tanks. <a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tanks</a> functioned like armour in that they added protection but also increased weight and cost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_2">Present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abrams-transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Abrams-transparent.png/220px-Abrams-transparent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Abrams-transparent.png/330px-Abrams-transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Abrams-transparent.png/440px-Abrams-transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military">US Military</a>'s <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">MBT</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">composite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reactive_armour" title="Reactive armour">reactive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cage_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Cage armour">cage armour</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tank armour has progressed from the Second World War armour forms, now incorporating not only harder <a href="/wiki/Composite_armour" title="Composite armour">composites</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Reactive_armour" title="Reactive armour">reactive armour</a> designed to defeat <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charges</a>. As a result of this, the <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> (MBT) conceived in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era can survive multiple <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenade</a> strikes with minimal effect on the crew or the operation of the vehicle. The <a href="/wiki/Light_tank" title="Light tank">light tanks</a> that were the last descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> during the Second World War have almost completely disappeared from the world's militaries due to increased lethality of the weapons available to the vehicle-mounted infantry. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carrier</a> (APC) was devised during the First World War. It allows the safe and rapid movement of infantry in a combat zone, minimising casualties and maximising mobility. APCs are fundamentally different from the previously used armoured <a href="/wiki/Half-track" title="Half-track">half-tracks</a> in that they offer a higher level of protection from artillery <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">burst</a> fragments, and greater mobility in more terrain types. The basic APC design was substantially expanded to an <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicle</a> (IFV) when properties of an APC and a light tank were combined in one vehicle. </p><p>Naval armour has fundamentally changed from the Second World War doctrine of thicker plating to defend against <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a> and torpedoes. Passive defence naval armour is limited to <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">kevlar</a> or steel (either single layer or as <a href="/wiki/Spaced_armour" title="Spaced armour">spaced armour</a>) protecting particularly vital areas from the effects of nearby impacts. Since ships cannot carry enough armour to completely protect against <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missiles</a>, they depend more on defensive weapons destroying incoming missiles, or causing them to miss by confusing their guidance systems with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a>. </p><p>Although the role of the ground attack aircraft significantly diminished after the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, it re-emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and in the recognition of this, the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a> authorised the design and production of what became the <a href="/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10</a> dedicated anti-armour and <a href="/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-attack aircraft">ground-attack aircraft</a> that first saw action in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_transformer_fire_barriers" title="High-voltage transformer fire barriers">High-voltage transformer fire barriers</a> are often required to defeat <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a> from small arms as well as projectiles from <a href="/wiki/Bushing_(electrical)" title="Bushing (electrical)">transformer bushings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lightning_arrester" title="Lightning arrester">lightning arresters</a>, which form part of large electrical <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a>, per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=850">NFPA 850</a>. Such fire barriers may be designed to inherently function as armour, or may be <a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">passive fire protection</a> materials <i>augmented by armour</i>, where care must be taken to ensure that the armour's reaction to fire does not cause issues with regards to the fire barrier being armoured to defeat explosions and projectiles in addition to fire, especially since both functions must be provided simultaneously, meaning they must be fire-tested together to provide realistic evidence of fitness for purpose. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">Combat drones</a> use little to no vehicular armour as they are not crewed vessels, this results in them being lightweight and small in size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_armour">Animal armour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Animal armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_armour">Horse armour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Horse armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barding" title="Barding">Barding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden-Zwinger-Armoury-Armor.02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of horse and rider in armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dresden-Zwinger-Armoury-Armor.02.JPG/220px-Dresden-Zwinger-Armoury-Armor.02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dresden-Zwinger-Armoury-Armor.02.JPG/330px-Dresden-Zwinger-Armoury-Armor.02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Dresden-Zwinger-Armoury-Armor.02.JPG/440px-Dresden-Zwinger-Armoury-Armor.02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century knight with a horse in full barding</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Body_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Body armour">Body armour</a> for <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">war horses</a> has been used since at least 2000 BC. Cloth, leather, and metal protection covered cavalry horses in ancient civilisations, including ancient Egypt, Assyria, Persia, and Rome. Some formed <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> units of armoured horses and riders used to attack infantry and mounted archers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armour for horses is called <i>barding</i> (also spelled <i>bard</i> or <i>barb</i>) especially when used by European <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>. </p><p>During the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> as armour protection for knights became more effective, their mounts became targets. This vulnerability was exploited by the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scots</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a> in the 14th century, when horses were killed by the infantry, and for the English at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> in the same century where <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">longbowmen</a> shot horses and the then dismounted <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> knights were killed by <a href="/wiki/Heavy_infantry" title="Heavy infantry">heavy infantry</a>. Barding developed as a response to such events. </p><p>Examples of armour for horses could be found as far back as <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cataphracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataphracts">Cataphracts</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Scale_armour" title="Scale armour">scale armour</a> for both rider and horse, are believed by many historians to have influenced the later European knights, via contact with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nell,_Grant_S._1995_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nell,_Grant_S._1995-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surviving period examples of barding are rare; however, complete sets are on display at the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a> in London, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Armouries" title="Royal Armouries">Royal Armouries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City. Horse armour could be made in whole or in part of <a href="/wiki/Cuir_bouilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuir bouilli">cuir bouilli</a> (hardened leather), but surviving examples of this are especially rare.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elephant_armour">Elephant armour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Elephant armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Armouries,_Leeds_20190201_123036_(49307523651).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="War elephant display in a museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Royal_Armouries%2C_Leeds_20190201_123036_%2849307523651%29.jpg/220px-Royal_Armouries%2C_Leeds_20190201_123036_%2849307523651%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Royal_Armouries%2C_Leeds_20190201_123036_%2849307523651%29.jpg/330px-Royal_Armouries%2C_Leeds_20190201_123036_%2849307523651%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Royal_Armouries%2C_Leeds_20190201_123036_%2849307523651%29.jpg/440px-Royal_Armouries%2C_Leeds_20190201_123036_%2849307523651%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Model of an armoured elephant at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Armouries_Museum" title="Royal Armouries Museum">Royal Armouries Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">War elephants</a> were first used in ancient times without armour,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler20079_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler20079-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but armour was introduced because elephants injured by enemy weapons would often flee the battlefield. Elephant armour was often made from hardened leather, which was fitted onto an individual elephant while moist, then dried to create a hardened shell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler200713_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler200713-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, metal armour pieces were sometimes sewn into heavy cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler200722_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler200722-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later <a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">lamellar armour</a> (small overlapping metal plates) was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler2007211_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler2007211-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full plate armour was not typically used due to its expense and the danger of the animal overheating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler200721_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler200721-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battledress" class="mw-redirect" title="Battledress">Battledress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinspired_armor" title="Bioinspired armor">Bioinspired armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_suit" title="Bomb suit">Bomb suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_transformer_fire_barriers" title="High-voltage transformer fire barriers">High-voltage transformer fire barriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linothorax" title="Linothorax">Linothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolled_homogeneous_armour" title="Rolled homogeneous armour">Rolled homogeneous armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_uses_of_armor" title="Commercial uses of armor">Commercial uses of armor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729011510/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/armour">"Definition of armour in English"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/armour">the original</a> on 29 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+armour+in+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Farmour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/armour-protective-clothing">"armour | History, Types, Definition, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=armour+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Types%2C+Definition%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Farmour-protective-clothing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farris 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCNioYQ1HfsC&pg=PA75">p. 75</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson 2002, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson 2002, pp. 169–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fagan 2004, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriel 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HscIwvtkq2UC&pg=PA79">p. 79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valdovurumai.lt/lt/naujienos/i/2635/intriguojanti-vieno-sedevro-istorija-zygimanto-augusto-vaikisku-sarvu-paroda/">"Intriguojanti vieno šedevro istorija – Žygimanto Augusto vaikiškų šarvų paroda"</a>. <i>Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palace+of+the+Grand+Dukes+of+Lithuania&rft.atitle=Intriguojanti+vieno+%C5%A1edevro+istorija+%E2%80%93+%C5%BDygimanto+Augusto+vaiki%C5%A1k%C5%B3+%C5%A1arv%C5%B3+paroda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valdovurumai.lt%2Flt%2Fnaujienos%2Fi%2F2635%2Fintriguojanti-vieno-sedevro-istorija-zygimanto-augusto-vaikisku-sarvu-paroda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams 2003, pp. 740–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams 2003, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams 2003, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams 2003, p. 916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson 1951, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh-to448NTEC&pg=PA208">p. 208</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, pp. 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ArmorUP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sondhaus, pp. 73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sondhaus, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macksey, Kenneth (1980). <i>The Guinness Book of Tank Facts and Feats</i>. Guinness Superlatives Limited, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-204-3">0-85112-204-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyhrrLaRoccaBreiding2005" class="citation book cs1">Pyhrr, Stuart W.; LaRocca, Donald J.; Breiding, Dirk H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8WFr7Fjdi8C"><i>The Armored Horse in Europe, 1480–1620</i></a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588391506" title="Special:BookSources/9781588391506"><bdi>9781588391506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armored+Horse+in+Europe%2C+1480%E2%80%931620&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781588391506&rft.aulast=Pyhrr&rft.aufirst=Stuart+W.&rft.au=LaRocca%2C+Donald+J.&rft.au=Breiding%2C+Dirk+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8WFr7Fjdi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nell,_Grant_S._1995-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nell,_Grant_S._1995_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nell, Grant S. (1995) <i>The Savaran: The Original Knights</i>. University of Oklahoma Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/309965.html">Horse Armor of Duke Ulrich of Württemberg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phyrr et al., 57–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler20079-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler20079_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKistler2007">Kistler 2007</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler200713-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler200713_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKistler2007">Kistler 2007</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler200722-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler200722_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKistler2007">Kistler 2007</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler2007211-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler2007211_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKistler2007">Kistler 2007</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKistler200721-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKistler200721_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKistler2007">Kistler 2007</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>"Ballistic Protection Levels." BulletproofME.com Body Armor. ArmorUP L.P., n.d. 19 October 2014</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiNardo1986" class="citation journal cs1">DiNardo, R.L. (January 1986). "The First Modern Tank: Gunther Burstyn and His Motorgeschutz". <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 12–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1988528">10.2307/1988528</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3931">0026-3931</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1988528">1988528</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/477932108">477932108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+First+Modern+Tank%3A+Gunther+Burstyn+and+His+Motorgeschutz&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-15&rft.date=1986-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F477932108&rft.issn=0026-3931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1988528%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1988528&rft.aulast=DiNardo&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2004" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Brian (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seventygreatinve0000unse"><i>The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05130-6"><bdi>978-0-500-05130-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventy+Great+Inventions+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05130-6&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseventygreatinve0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris1998" class="citation book cs1">Farris, William (1998). <i>Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2030-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Texts+and+Buried+Treasures&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2030-5&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2007" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Richard (2007). <i>The Ancient World</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33348-4"><bdi>978-0-313-33348-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33348-4&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKistler2007" class="citation book cs1">Kistler, John M. (2007). <i>War Elephants</i>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6004-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6004-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-6004-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Elephants&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6004-7&rft.aulast=Kistler&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Regan1993" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Geoffrey (1993). <i>The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders</i>. Enfield: Guinness. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-728-6"><bdi>978-0-85112-728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+More+Military+Blunders&rft.place=Enfield&rft.pub=Guinness&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-85112-728-6&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2007" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Peter (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalwarfaret0000reid"><i>Medieval Warfare</i></a></span>. New York: Carrol & Graf Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1859-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-1859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carrol+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1859-7&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalwarfaret0000reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1951" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Basil William (1951). <i>Arms and Armour of Old Japan</i>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290074-0"><bdi>978-0-11-290074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+and+Armour+of+Old+Japan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-11-290074-0&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Basil+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2002" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Henry (2002). <i>Oriental Armour</i>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41818-6"><bdi>978-0-486-41818-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Armour&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-486-41818-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2001" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). <i>Naval Warfare 1815–1914</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21478-0"><bdi>978-0-415-21478-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21478-0&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2000" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Gail B. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weaponsofwar00stew"><i>The Civil War: Weapons of War</i></a></span>. San Diego: Lucent Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56006-626-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56006-626-2"><bdi>978-1-56006-626-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War%3A+Weapons+of+War&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Lucent+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56006-626-2&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Gail+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweaponsofwar00stew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Alan (2003). <i>The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period</i>. Vol. 12. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12498-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12498-1"><bdi>978-90-04-12498-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knight+and+the+Blast+Furnace%3A+A+History+of+the+Metallurgy+of+Armour+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+Early+Modern+Period&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12498-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Willmott2003" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H.P. (2003). <i>First World War</i>. New York: DK Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-9627-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-9627-0"><bdi>978-0-7894-9627-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7894-9627-0&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmour" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_armour" title="Template:Types of armour"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_armour" title="Template talk:Types of armour"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_armour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of armour"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armour_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armour</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">Vehicle armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barding" title="Barding">Barding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historical armour types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linothorax" title="Linothorax">Linothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambeson" title="Gambeson">Gambeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buff_coat" title="Buff coat">Buff coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_segmentata" title="Lorica segmentata">Lorica segmentata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manica_(armguard)" title="Manica (armguard)">Manica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_hamata" title="Lorica hamata">Lorica hamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_plumata" title="Lorica plumata">Lorica plumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorica_squamata" title="Lorica squamata">Lorica squamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">Lamellar armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminar_armour" title="Laminar armour">Laminar armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_armour" title="Scale armour">Scale armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">Chain mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauberk" title="Hauberk">Hauberk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_armour" title="Transitional armour">Transitional armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_plate_armour" title="Mail and plate armour">Mail and plate armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_plates" title="Coat of plates">Coat of plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandine" title="Brigandine">Brigandine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_plate" title="Jack of plate">Jack of plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splint_armour" title="Splint armour">Splint armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_armour" title="Mirror armour">Mirror armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klivanion" title="Klivanion">Klivanion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate" title="Breastplate">Breastplate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">Cuirass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_cuirass" title="Muscle cuirass">Muscle cuirass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">Plate armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munition_armour" title="Munition armour">Munition armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_armour" title="Greenwich armour">Greenwich armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almain_rivet" title="Almain rivet">Almain rivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasten-brust_armour" title="Kasten-brust armour">Kasten-brust armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_armour" title="White armour">White armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_plate_armour" title="Gothic plate armour">Gothic plate armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_armour" title="Maximilian armour">Maximilian armour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_(armor)" title="Lame (armor)">Lame (armor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuta_(Japanese_armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karuta (Japanese armour)">Karuta (Japanese armour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikko_(Japanese_armour)" title="Kikko (Japanese armour)">Kikko (Japanese armour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusari_(Japanese_mail_armour)" title="Kusari (Japanese mail armour)">Kusari (Japanese mail armour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi" title="Ō-yoroi">Ō-yoroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D-maru" title="Dō-maru">Dō-maru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haramaki_(armour)" title="Haramaki (armour)">Haramaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatami_(Japanese_armour)" title="Tatami (Japanese armour)">Tatami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_leather" title="Boiled leather">Boiled leather (cuir bouilli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Modern armour types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Bullet-resistant_armour" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest" title="Bulletproof vest">Bullet-resistant armour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_plate" title="Ballistic plate">Ballistic plate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic plate">Ceramic plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doron_plate" title="Doron plate">Doron plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel plate">Steel plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ballistic fabrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Flex" title="Gold Flex">Gold Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar_KM2" title="Kevlar KM2">Kevlar KM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE/HPPE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectra_Shield" title="Spectra Shield">Spectra Shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Armor_systems" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Armor systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armour_of_the_Kelly_gang" title="Armour of the Kelly gang">Armour of the Kelly gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Body_Shield" title="Brewster Body Shield">Brewster Body Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_Bib" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Bib">Steel Bib</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops" title="Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops">PASGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_Body_Armor" title="Ranger Body Armor">Ranger Body Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interceptor_Body_Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interceptor Body Armor">IBA/OTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Skin" title="Dragon Skin">Dragon Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Integrated_Releasable_Armor_System" title="Combat Integrated Releasable Armor System">CIRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Spectrum_Battle_Equipment_Amphibious_Assault_Vest" title="Full Spectrum Battle Equipment Amphibious Assault Vest">FSBE AAV QR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Risk_Modular_tactical_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="High Risk Modular tactical vest">HRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_Outer_Tactical_Vest" title="Improved Outer Tactical Vest">IOTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Tactical_Vest" title="Modular Tactical Vest">MTV/IMTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRU-70" title="PRU-70">PRU-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osprey_body_armour" title="Osprey body armour">Osprey body armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_Plate_Carrier_System" title="Soldier Plate Carrier System">SPCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Plate_Carrier" title="Scalable Plate Carrier">SPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Scalable_Vest" title="Modular Scalable Vest">MSV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_armor_performance_standards" title="List of body armor performance standards">Body armor performance standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BA_9000" title="BA 9000">BA 9000</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_jacket" title="Flak jacket">Flak jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Riot gear">Riot gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_suit" title="Bomb suit">Bomb suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab_vest" title="Stab vest">Stab vest</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_armour_components" title="List of medieval armour components">Medieval</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fictional armour types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mail" title="Banded mail">Banded mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_armour" title="Ring armour">Ring armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton#Fictional_depictions" title="Powered exoskeleton">Power armor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Helmets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Helmets" title="Template:Helmets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Helmets" title="Template talk:Helmets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Helmets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Helmets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Helmets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">Helmets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual<br />historical<br />helmets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Agighiol" title="Helmet of Agighiol">Agighiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agris_Helmet" title="Agris Helmet">Agris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange_helmet" title="Benty Grange helmet">Benty Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broe_helmet" title="Broe helmet">Broe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_helmet" title="Canterbury helmet">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania#Helmet_of_Ciumeşti" title="Celts in Transylvania">Ciumeşti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppergate_Helmet" title="Coppergate Helmet">Coppergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Co%C8%9Bofene%C8%99ti" title="Helmet of Coțofenești">Coțofenești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Sallet" title="Coventry Sallet">Coventry Sallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosby_Garrett_Helmet" title="Crosby Garrett Helmet">Crosby Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa_helmet" title="Emesa helmet">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevninge_helmet_fragment" title="Gevninge helmet fragment">Gevninge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilden_Morden_boar" title="Guilden Morden boar">Guilden Morden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guisborough_Helmet" title="Guisborough Helmet">Guisborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallaton_Helmet" title="Hallaton Helmet">Hallaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellvi_helmet_eyebrow" title="Hellvi helmet eyebrow">Hellvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet_of_Henry_VIII" title="Horned helmet of Henry VIII">Henry VIII's Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horncastle_boar%27s_head" title="Horncastle boar's head">Horncastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Iron_Gates" title="Helmet of Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokrume_helmet_fragment" title="Lokrume helmet fragment">Lokrume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyrick_Helmet" title="Meyrick Helmet">Meyrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemiya_Helmet" title="Nemiya Helmet">Nemiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newstead_Helmet" title="Newstead Helmet">Newstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen_Helmet" title="Nijmegen Helmet">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_of_Peretu" title="Helmet of Peretu">Peretu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Helmet" title="Pioneer Helmet">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribchester_Helmet" title="Ribchester Helmet">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorwell_helmet" title="Shorwell helmet">Shorwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_helmet" title="Staffordshire helmet">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjele_helmet_fragment" title="Tjele helmet fragment">Tjele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veks%C3%B8_helmets" class="mw-redirect" title="Veksø helmets">Veksø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_the_Magnificent%27s_Venetian_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleyman the Magnificent's Venetian Helmet">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Helmet" title="Waterloo Helmet">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witcham_Gravel_helmet" title="Witcham Gravel helmet">Witcham Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">Combat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_helmet" title="Attic helmet">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_tusk_helmet" title="Boar's tusk helmet">Boar's tusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotian_helmet" title="Boeotian helmet">Boeotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_helmet" title="Chalcidian helmet">Chalcidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolus_helmet" title="Coolus helmet">Coolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_helmet" title="Corinthian helmet">Corinthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galea_(helmet)" title="Galea (helmet)">Galea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet" title="Illyrian type helmet">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_helmet" title="Imperial helmet">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegelhelm" title="Kegelhelm">Kegelhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konos" title="Konos">Konos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_ridge_helmet" title="Late Roman ridge helmet">Late Roman ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montefortino_helmet" title="Montefortino helmet">Montefortino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negau_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Negau helmet">Negau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_helmet" title="Phrygian helmet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmarjet" title="Shmarjet">Shmarjet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armet" title="Armet">Armet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventail" title="Aventail">Aventail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbute" title="Barbute">Barbute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bascinet" title="Bascinet">Bascinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgonet" title="Burgonet">Burgonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervelliere" title="Cervelliere">Cervelliere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_helmet" title="Close helmet">Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoon_helmet" title="Dragoon helmet">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_helmet" title="Enclosed helmet">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_buffe" title="Falling buffe">Falling buffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog-mouth_helm" title="Frog-mouth helm">Frog-mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_boar_helmet" title="Germanic boar helmet">Germanic boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_helm" title="Great helm">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bascinet#Hounskull" title="Bascinet">Hounskull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingasa">Jingasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuto" title="Kabuto">Kabuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapu" title="Katapu">Katapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_hat" title="Kettle hat">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulah_khud" title="Kulah khud">Kulah khud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellenhelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellenhelm">Lamellenhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster-tailed_pot_helmet" title="Lobster-tailed pot helmet">Lobster-tailed pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men-yoroi" title="Men-yoroi">Mempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morion_(helmet)" title="Morion (helmet)">Morion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_helmet" title="Nasal helmet">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseki" title="Paseki">Paseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">Pickelhaube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallet" title="Sallet">Sallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrete_(helmet)" title="Secrete (helmet)">Secrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spangenhelm" title="Spangenhelm">Spangenhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takula_tofao" title="Takula tofao">Takula tofao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban_helmet" title="Turban helmet">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour#Helmet" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragoon_helmet" title="Dragoon helmet">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">Pickelhaube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">Pith helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarleton_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarleton helmet">Tarleton helmet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1914–1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_helmet" title="Adrian helmet">Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodie_helmet" title="Brodie helmet">Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_M36_helmet" title="Bulgarian M36 helmet">M36 (Bulgaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakian_M32_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakian M32 helmet">M32 (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1923_helmet_(Denmark)" title="M1923 helmet (Denmark)">M1923 (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm" title="Stahlhelm">Stahlhelm (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_M1934/39_helmet" title="Greek M1934/39 helmet">M1934/39 (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_Steel_Airborne_Troop" title="Helmet Steel Airborne Troop">Helmet Steel Airborne Troop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M33_helmet" title="M33 helmet">M33 (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M42_Duperite_helmet" title="M42 Duperite helmet">M42 Duperite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_helmet" title="M1 helmet">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1C_helmet" title="M1C helmet">M1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_Mk_II_talker_helmet" title="US Navy Mk II talker helmet">Mk II talker helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_III_helmet" title="Mk III helmet">Mk III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_M34" title="Netherlands M34">Netherlands M34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._31" title="Hełm wz. 31">Hełm wz. 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_M1940_helmet" title="Portuguese M1940 helmet">M1940 (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAC_helmet" title="RAC helmet">RAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-36" title="SSh-36">SSh-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-39_and_SSh-40" title="SSh-39 and SSh-40">SSh-39 and SSh-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1921_helmet_(Spain)" title="M1921 helmet (Spain)">M1921 (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1926_helmet_(Spain)" title="M1926 helmet (Spain)">M1926 (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1934_helmet_(Spain)" title="M1934 helmet (Spain)">M1934 (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1942_Modelo_Z" title="M1942 Modelo Z">M1942 Modelo Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSK_90_helmet" title="SSK 90 helmet">SSK 90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1926_helmet_(Sweden)" title="M1926 helmet (Sweden)">M1926 (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1937_helmet_(Sweden)" title="M1937 helmet (Sweden)">M1937 (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Eplattenier_helmet" title="L'Eplattenier helmet">L'Eplattenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_M1918_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss M1918 Helmet">M1918 (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army">Type 92 Tetsubo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangtan_Helmet" title="Bangtan Helmet">Bangtan Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CABAL_II" title="CABAL II">CABAL II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Vz._53_Helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet">Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GK80" title="GK80">GK80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_M70" title="Hungarian M70">Hungarian M70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_M73_helmet" title="Romanian M73 helmet">Romanian M73 helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C2%BA_44_E.T.A._de_Paracaidista" class="mw-redirect" title="Mº 44 E.T.A. de Paracaidista">Mº 44 E.T.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M59/85" title="M59/85">M59/85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._50" title="Hełm wz. 50">Hełm wz. 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._63" title="Hełm wz. 63">Hełm wz. 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._67" title="Hełm wz. 67">Hełm wz. 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M63_helmet" title="M63 helmet">M63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M76_paratrooper_helmet" title="M76 paratrooper helmet">M76 Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_IV_helmet" title="Mk IV helmet">Mk IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_6_helmet" title="Mk 6 helmet">Mk 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_1951_helmet" title="Modèle 1951 helmet">Modèle 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_1978_helmet" title="Modèle 1978 helmet">Modèle 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPC-1" title="MPC-1">MPC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OR-201" title="OR-201">OR-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratrooper_helmet" title="Paratrooper helmet">Paratrooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-60" title="SSh-60">SSh-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSh-68" title="SSh-68">SSh-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_M1971_Helmet" title="Swiss M1971 Helmet">Swiss M71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_66_helmet" title="Type 66 helmet">Type 66</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CG634" title="CG634">CG634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefechtshelm_M92" title="Gefechtshelm M92">M92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOLFO" title="GOLFO">GOLFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_M90_helmet" title="Iraqi M90 helmet">M90 (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JK_96_helmet" title="JK 96 helmet">JK 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M59/85" title="M59/85">M59/85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M87_kevlar_helmet" title="M87 kevlar helmet">M87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Armor_System_for_Ground_Troops" title="Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops">PASGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._93" title="Hełm wz. 93">Hełm wz. 93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._2000" title="Hełm wz. 2000">Hełm wz. 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(helmet)" title="Sfera (helmet)">Sfera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPECTRA_helmet" title="SPECTRA helmet">SPECTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6B7_helmet" title="6B7 helmet">6B7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_Helmet" title="A2 Helmet">A2 Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Combat_Helmet" title="Advanced Combat Helmet">Advanced Combat Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BK-3_helmet" title="BK-3 helmet">BK-3 helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QGF-03" title="QGF-03">QGF-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Combat_Helmet_(Australia)" title="Enhanced Combat Helmet (Australia)">ECH (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Combat_Helmet_(United_States)" title="Enhanced Combat Helmet (United States)">ECH (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Assault_Shell_Technology_helmet" title="Future Assault Shell Technology helmet">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6B47_helmet" title="6B47 helmet">6B47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%C5%82m_wz._2005" title="Hełm wz. 2005">Hełm wz. 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Head_Protection_System" title="Integrated Head Protection System">IHPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KH-B2000" title="KH-B2000">KH-B2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Helmet" title="Lightweight Helmet">Lightweight Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Integrated_Communications_Helmet" title="Modular Integrated Communications Helmet">MICH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_7_helmet" title="Mk 7 helmet">Mk 7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Athletic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batting_helmet" title="Batting helmet">Batting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolflo" title="Coolflo">Coolflo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headgear_(martial_arts)" title="Headgear (martial arts)">Boxing / Martial Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_helmet" title="Bicycle helmet">Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_helmet" title="Cricket helmet">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_helmet" title="Equestrian helmet">Equestrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_helmet" title="Football helmet">Gridiron football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyeshield" title="Eyeshield">Eyeshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_helmets" title="Revolution helmets">Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_helmet" title="Hockey helmet">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_helmet" title="Lacrosse helmet">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_helmet" title="Motorcycle helmet">Motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_helmet" title="Racing helmet">Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_cap" title="Scrum cap">Scrum cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_helmet" title="Ski helmet">Ski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_helmet" title="Custodian helmet">Custodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter%27s_helmet" title="Firefighter's helmet">Firefighter's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_hat" title="Hard hat">Hard hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_protection_helmet" title="Riot protection helmet">Riot protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding_helmet" title="Welding helmet">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_helmet" title="Flight helmet">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_cover" title="Helmet cover">Helmet cover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitznefet_(Israeli_military)" title="Mitznefet (Israeli military)">Mitznefet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Heraldic use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet" title="Horned helmet">Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahiole" title="Mahiole">Mahiole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnhelm" title="Tarnhelm">Tarnhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">Pith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_fiber_helmet" title="American fiber helmet">American fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_helmet" title="Winged helmet">Winged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuckerman_helmet" title="Zuckerman helmet">Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" 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