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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><i>Loting</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Merpeople" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Merfolk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Merfolk (disambiguation)">Merfolk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Merfolk</b>, <b>Mercreatures</b>, <b>Mermen</b> or <b>Merpeople</b> are legendary water-dwelling, human-like beings. They are attested in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myth#Mythography" title="Myth">mythology</a> throughout the ages in various parts of the world. Merfolk, Merpeople, or simply Mer refers to humanoid creatures that live in deep waters like Mermaids, Sirens, Cecaelia etc. </p><p>In English, female merfolk are called <a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">mermaids</a>, although in a strict sense, mermaids are confined to beings who are half-woman and half-fish in appearance; male merfolk are called <a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">mermen</a>. Depending on the story, they can be described as either ugly or beautiful. </p><p>Chinese <i>rényú</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人魚</span></span>) stands for "merfolk", but in ancient geographical or natural historical tracts, the term referred to "human-fish" or "man-fish" purported to inhabit rivers or lakes in certain parts of China. The Japanese analogue <i><a href="/wiki/Ningyo" title="Ningyo">ningyo</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人魚</span></span>) likewise translates to "human-fish" while, at the same time, having also applied to various human-like fish recorded in writings from medieval times into the Edo Period. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain fantastical types of "fish", generically referred to as <i>renyu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:人">人</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A" class="extiw" title="wikt:魚">魚</a></span></span>, "human-fish") are alleged to occur in various parts of China according to the <i>Shan Hai Jing</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i>, 4th century BC). It is mentioned in the <i>Bei Shan Jing</i> ("Classic of the Northern mountains"), <i>Zhong Shan Jing</i> (Central Mountains), and <i>Xi Shan Jing</i> (Western Mountains) sections of this work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzumi2006b53_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzumi2006b53-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kong&chen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kong&chen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This work and others also mention several additional types of "anthropomorphic fish"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202287_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202287-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with limbs in other regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Chiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiru"><i>chiru</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:赤鱬">zh</a>]</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:赤">赤</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B1%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:鱬">鱬</a></span></span>; "red ru fish"<sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingyu_(fish)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingyu (fish) (page does not exist)"><i>lingyu</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B5%E9%B1%BC" class="extiw" title="zh:陵鱼">zh</a>]</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%99%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:陵">陵</a>魚</span></span>; "hill-fish"), considered to be in the same category of creatures. Certain tribes or races of humans were also described being part-fish, namely the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di_people_(merfolk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Di people (merfolk) (page does not exist)">Di people</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%90%E4%BA%BA%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="zh:氐人族">zh</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202289_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202289-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzumi2006b53_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzumi2006b53-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is recorded that the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_First_Qin_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a> was illuminated with lamps fueled by the oil of the human-fish (<i>renyu</i>), whose flames were meant to last a very long time.<sup id="cite_ref-sima_qian-watson-tr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sima_qian-watson-tr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-lingyu-hillfish_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-lingyu-hillfish-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Chinese Song Dynasty's supernatural tale collection <i><a href="/wiki/Yijian_Zhi" title="Yijian Zhi">Yijian Zhi</a></i> (夷堅志), there are stories of sea sirens similar to those in other folklore. One tale describes a beautiful female demon living on a cliff of an island. A man sailed to the island, married a woman there, and she taught him how to recognize plants and avoid dangers, protecting him from wild beasts. They had two sons together. However, when a fellow townsman arrived on the island and took the man back by boat, the woman cursed him, throwing their sons into the water in a fit of rage and yelling at him to leave. The man stayed silent after boarding the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another tale from <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> tells of a merchant who, upon reaching an island, was captured by two women and taken into the mountains. They fed him daily, but he couldn't tell if he was still alive. After about a year, he overheard the women discussing magic, and he begged them to take him to the place where it was performed. When they did, he sought help, causing the women to flee by flying away. Though he was revived, his food gradually dwindled, and he died two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renyu_or_human-fish"><i>Renyu</i> or human-fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renyu or human-fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>(aka <i>haieryu</i>. subtypes <i>tiyu</i> and <i>niyu</i> )</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><i>Renyu</i> of Jueshui ("Bursting River"), Mt. Dragon-Marquis.</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sancai-tuhui-094-bird%26beast6-06renyu-humanfish_-_labeled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A fei-like renyu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sancai-tuhui-094-bird%26beast6-06renyu-humanfish_-_labeled.jpg/200px-Sancai-tuhui-094-bird%26beast6-06renyu-humanfish_-_labeled.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sancai-tuhui-094-bird%26beast6-06renyu-humanfish_-_labeled.jpg/300px-Sancai-tuhui-094-bird%26beast6-06renyu-humanfish_-_labeled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sancai-tuhui-094-bird%26beast6-06renyu-humanfish_-_labeled.jpg/400px-Sancai-tuhui-094-bird%26beast6-06renyu-humanfish_-_labeled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Described as resembling a <i>fei</i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%A9%B5%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:𩵥">𩵥</a> type of fish.<div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">― Wang Qi. <i><a href="/wiki/Sancai_Tuhui" title="Sancai Tuhui">Sancai Tuhui</a></i> (1609)</span><sup id="cite_ref-wang_qi-sancai_tuhui-renyu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang_qi-sancai_tuhui-renyu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_fu(1895)-shanhaijingcun3-fol27a-renyu-manfish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tiyu-like renyu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wang_fu%281895%29-shanhaijingcun3-fol27a-renyu-manfish.png/200px-Wang_fu%281895%29-shanhaijingcun3-fol27a-renyu-manfish.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Wang_fu%281895%29-shanhaijingcun3-fol27a-renyu-manfish.png 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Described as resembling a <i>tiyu</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">䱱魚</span></span> .<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">―<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Fu_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Fu (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Wang Fu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E7%B4%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:汪紱">zh</a>]</span>(d. 1759) <i> Shan hai jing cun</i>, pub. 1895</span><sup id="cite_ref-wang_fu3-beishanjing3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang_fu3-beishanjing3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <i>renyu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人魚</span></span>; human-fish) is described in the <i>Bei Shan Jing</i> ("Classic of the North Mountains") section as dwelling on Mt. Longhou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">龍侯山</span></span>, "Dragon-Marquis Mountain") in the waters of the Jueshui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">決水</span></span>, "Bursting River"), which flows eastward into the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said to "resemble the <i>tiyu</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing03northern_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing03northern-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (translated as "resemble catfish"<sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.200045_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.200045-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possess four legs, with a voice like baby crying.<sup id="cite_ref-bencao-gangmu-tiyu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bencao-gangmu-tiyu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eating the fish purportedly cured idiocy<sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or dementia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021733_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021733-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033606_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033606-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fish as a cure was also quoted in the <i>Compendium of Materia Medica</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Bencao_Gangmu" title="Bencao Gangmu">Bencao Gangmu</a></i> (1596) under its entry for <i>Tiyu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">䱱魚</span>) <sup id="cite_ref-bencao-gangmu-tiyu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bencao-gangmu-tiyu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Bencao_Gangmu" title="Bencao Gangmu">Bencao Gangmu</a></i> categorized the <i>tiyu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B1%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:䱱">䱱</a>魚</span></span>) as one of two types of "human-fish" (<i>renyu</i>). The human-fish were also known as "child-fish" or <i>haieryu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:孩">孩</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:兒">兒</a>魚</span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孩儿鱼</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-bencao-gangmu-tiyu_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bencao-gangmu-tiyu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other type, called the <i>niyu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AF%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:鯢">鯢</a>魚</span></span>) is elaborated in a separate section.<sup id="cite_ref-bencao-gangmu-niyu_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bencao-gangmu-niyu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noted by <a href="/wiki/Li_Shizhen" title="Li Shizhen">Li Shizhen</a> that the character for the <i>Niyu</i> (<i>Ni</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鯢</span></span> fish) consists of the "fish" <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese characters)">indexing component</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">魚</span></span>) and "child" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兒</span></span>) radical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033607_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033607-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Translators of the <i>Bencao Gangmu</i> attempt to match entries with actual <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> of animals, forbs, etc., where possible, and the <i>tiyu</i> type is glossed as "newts" while the <i>niyu</i> type is "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_giant_salamander" title="Chinese giant salamander">Chinese giant salamander</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021732–733_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021732–733-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chiru_or_red_ru_fish"><i>Chiru</i> or red ru fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chiru or red ru fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93-%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93-%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC.svg/220px-%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93-%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93-%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC.svg/330px-%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93-%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93-%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC.svg/440px-%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93-%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The <i>chiru</i> or "red ru fish".<div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">― Hu Wenhuan 胡文焕 (fl. 1596–1650). <i>Shanhaijing tu</i> 山海經圖 ("Illustrations to the Classic of Mountains and Seas", 16th century).</span><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiru"><i>chiru</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:赤鱬">zh</a>]</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">赤鱬</span></span>; "red ru fish".<sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wade-Giles: <i>ch'ih-ju</i>; "red ju"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffeler1977120_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffeler1977120-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is described in the <i>Nan Shan Jing</i> ("Classic of the Southern Mountains") as a human-headed fish. It is said to be found in the Qingqushan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青丘山</span></span> "Green-Hills Mountains") in the Pool-of-Yi (Yì zhī zé <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">翼之澤</span></span>; "Carp-Wings Lake"). It is described as basically fish-form but having a human face, and issuing sounds like the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_duck" title="Mandarin duck">mandarin duck</a>. Eating it purportedly prevented <a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">scabies</a> or itchy skin.<sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing01southern_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing01southern-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The illustration of the <i>chiru</i> from China may have influenced the legless, human-faced fish visualization of some of the <i>ningyo</i> in Japan, according to the hypothesis of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morihiko_Fujisawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morihiko Fujisawa (page does not exist)">Morihiko Fujisawa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%BE%A4%E8%A1%9B%E5%BD%A6" class="extiw" title="ja:藤澤衛彦">ja</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFujisawa192526_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFujisawa192526-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jiaoren">Jiaoren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jiaoren"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiaoren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiaoren (page does not exist)">jiaoren</a></i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9B%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:蛟">蛟</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:人">人</a> "<a href="/wiki/Jiaolong" title="Jiaolong">flood dragon</a> people" or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AE%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:鮫">鮫</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:人">人</a> "shark people")<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that appear in <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> writings are considered to be references to <a href="/wiki/Merfolk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Merfolk (disambiguation)">merfolk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202287_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202287-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wetherall_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wetherall-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This mythical southern mermaid or <a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">merman</a> is recorded in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren_Fang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ren Fang (page does not exist)">Ren Fang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E6%98%89" class="extiw" title="zh:任昉">zh</a>]</span>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuyi_Ji_(Ren_Fang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuyi Ji (Ren Fang) (page does not exist)"><i>Shuyi ji</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B0%E7%95%B0%E8%A8%98_(%E4%BB%BB%E6%98%89)" class="extiw" title="zh:述異記 (任昉)">zh</a>]</span> "Records of Strange Things" (early 6th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-shuyi-ji_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuyi-ji-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schafer1952-p160_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schafer1952-p160-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>In the midst of the South Sea are the houses of the <i>kău</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">鮫</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiao</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chiao</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) people who dwell in the water like fish, but have not given up weaving at the loom. Their eyes have the power to weep, but what they bring forth is pearls.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similar passages appear in other texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bowuzhi" title="Bowuzhi">Bowuzhi</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">博物志</span></span>, "Treatise of Manifold " <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 290 CE</span>) as "weep[ing] tears that became pearls".<sup id="cite_ref-bowuzhi2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowuzhi2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202291_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202291-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chengyu-kao-tr-lockhart_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengyu-kao-tr-lockhart-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These aquatic people supposedly spun a type of raw silk called <i>jiaoxiao</i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9B%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:蛟">蛟</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B6%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:綃">綃</a> "mermaid silk" or <i>jiaonujuan</i> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9B%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:蛟">蛟</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:女">女</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:絹">絹</a> "mermaid woman's silk". <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Schafer</a> equates this with <a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">sea silk</a>, the rare fabric woven from <a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">byssus</a> filaments produced by <a href="/wiki/Pinna_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (genus)">Pinna</a> "pen shell" mollusks.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loting"><i>Loting</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Loting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%9B%A7%E4%BA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%E7%9B%A7%E4%BA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA.jpg/220px-%E7%9B%A7%E4%BA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%E7%9B%A7%E4%BA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA.jpg/330px-%E7%9B%A7%E4%BA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%E7%9B%A7%E4%BA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA.jpg/440px-%E7%9B%A7%E4%BA%A8%E9%AD%9A%E4%BA%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>Artist interpretation of Lu Heng fish activity by Author Hwlisc</figcaption></figure> <p>Loting (盧亭) is a mysterious ethnic group residing in Hong Kong's Myths.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are legendary merfolk half human and half fish, also known as Lo Yu, Lu Heng, or Lo Ting Fish Man.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have lived on Tai O' Lantau Island in Hong Kong since the local civil uprising in the Eastern Jin Dynasty of China.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that Loting has fish scales on his fish-like human body, a face that resembles humans, and he enjoys sucking chicken blood.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could use their catch to fish from Tai O and trade chickens with the local human inhabitants to survive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ningyo" title="Ningyo">ningyo</a></div> <p>The <i>ningyo</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">人魚</span></span> "human-fish") of Japan has its own history in the country's literary record. The earliest references (in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon shoki</a></i>, entry for year 619, reign of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Suiko" title="Empress Suiko">Empress Suiko</a>) do not specifically use the term <i>ningyo</i>, and the "thing" appeared in fresh water (a river in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmi_Province" title="Ōmi Province">Ōmi Province</a>, canal <a href="/wiki/Settsu_Province" title="Settsu Province">Settsu Province</a>), and may presumed to be a giant salamander.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastiglioni20218–9_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni20218–9-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later accounts claim that Empress Suiko's regent <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a> knew the creature to be a <i>ningyo</i> when one was presented to him by representatives of Ōmi. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastiglioni20219–10_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni20219–10-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance of the human-fish was strongly associated with ill omen in later treatments of the Prince's encounter with the human-fish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastiglioni20219–13_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni20219–13-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Kamakura Period, <i>ningyo</i> of the marine sort were frequently reported as washing ashore, and these were taken to be ominous signs usually prefiguring bloody battles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastiglioni202113–15_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni202113–15-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>ningyo</i>, or rather <i>renyu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人魚</span></span>) and the like found in Chinese sources (<i>chiru</i>, <i>tiyu</i> etc., etc., discussed above) were also discussed in Japanese literature, for example, works of scholars of herbal and traditional medicine, such as <a href="/wiki/Kaibara_Ekiken" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaibara Ekiken">Kaibara Ekiken</a> (d. 1714) and <a href="/wiki/Ono_Ranzan" title="Ono Ranzan">Ono Ranzan</a> (d. 1810). These Japanese scholars were also aware of European discussions on "sirens", "anthropomorphic fish", "<i>peixe muller</i> (fish-woman)", etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastiglioni202122_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni202122-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzumi2006a61–65_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzumi2006a61–65-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Merfolk are a fictional race of humanoids that live underwater in <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>.</li> <li>Merfolk are humanoid aquatic creatures with fish-like characteristics in <i><a href="/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a></i>.</li> <li>Merfolk are humanoid aquatic creatures with fish-like characteristics in <i><a href="/wiki/Spectromancer" title="Spectromancer">Spectromancer</a></i>.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/One_Piece" title="One Piece">One Piece</a></i>, the Merfolk are among the different races in the anime and one of the two types that dwell underwater (the other being the Fishmen). Each of the Merfolk has their "fish" parts based on different fishes and related creatures like <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salangidae" title="Salangidae">icefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kissing_gourami" title="Kissing gourami">kissing gouramis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rice_fish" title="Japanese rice fish">Japanese rice fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_beakfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Striped beakfish">striped beakfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleuronectidae" title="Pleuronectidae">righteye flounders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_flounder" title="Olive flounder">olive flounders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaetodontoplus" title="Chaetodontoplus">blue-striped angelfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">smelt-whitings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oarfish" title="Oarfish">oarfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opah" title="Opah">opahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue-ringed_octopus" title="Blue-ringed octopus">blue-ringed octopuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin mako sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">seahorses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bering_wolffish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering wolffish">Bering wolffish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cusk-eel" title="Cusk-eel">brotulas</a> however not all of them are half fish as they have the aquatic parts of other marine creatures from waist down instead like an octopus.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Monster_Musume" title="Monster Musume">Monster Musume</a>, Meroune Lorelei is a mermaid princess wearing gothic loli clothes who moves around in a wheelchair when she's out of water.</li> <li>The Techno Trolls introduced in <a href="/wiki/Trolls_World_Tour" title="Trolls World Tour">Trolls World Tour</a> bears a striking resemblance to mermaids but are able to survive and walk on dry land like the other tribes of trolls.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merperson" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:merperson">merperson</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merpeople" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:merpeople">merpeople</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merfolk" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:merfolk">merfolk</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merchild" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:merchild">merchild</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merchildren" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:merchildren">merchildren</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mer (disambiguation)">Mer (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiad</a>, female spirits of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Nixie</a>, water spirits of Germanic (especially Scandinavian) folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscine_humanoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Piscine humanoid">Piscine humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a>, female spirits of Slavic folklore</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The accompanying text here says the <i>renyu</i> resembles a fish called <i>fei</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Image for the <i>tiyu</i> (<i>renyu</i>/<i>haieryu</i>) in <a href="#CITEREFSuzuki_tr.1929">Suzuki tr. 1929</a> <i>Benca Gangmu</i> is reproduced in <a href="#CITEREFKuzumi2006b">Kuzumi 2006b</a>, p. 60 which resembles this picture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>tiyu</i> is not literally a catfish but a subtype of <i>renyu</i> "human-fish", according to the <i>Bencao Gangmu</i>, as given below. However, this translation may be justified in the light of <a href="/wiki/Guo_Pu" title="Guo Pu">Guo Pu</a>'s commentary to the <i>Bei Shan Jing</i>, which reads "The <i>renyu</i> is, namely, the <i>niyu</i>. It resembles catfish with four feet/legs, and voice like a child crying. Nowadays this catfish is also called the <i>ti</i> 人魚即鯢也。似鮎而四足、聲如兒嗁。今亦呼鮎爲䱱。音蹏(テイ)". In Naoaki Maeno ed. (1975). <i>Sengaikyō retsu sennin den</i> <i>apud</i> Yamaguchi (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-yamaguchi_tetsuro_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamaguchi_tetsuro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A close copy of this woodcut occurs in Wu Renchen's edition of 1667.<sup id="cite_ref-wu_renchen1667-chiru_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wu_renchen1667-chiru-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The conception of them seems to have shifted from half-reptilian to half-fish in later periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano1983143_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakano1983143-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 15th-century compilation of quotations from Chinese literature, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Youxue_qionglin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Youxue qionglin (page does not exist)"><i>Chengyu kao</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%BC%E6%9E%97" class="extiw" title="zh:幼学琼林">zh</a>]</span> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">成語考</span>; "Idioms investigated") merely gives a partial quote from the <i>Bowuzhi</i> as "The mermaid wept tears that became pearls".<sup id="cite_ref-chengyu-kao-tr-lockhart_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chengyu-kao-tr-lockhart-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinese writings claimed that the raw material for such "silk" came from <i>shuiyang</i> 水羊 "water sheep" or <i>shuican</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:水">水</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A0%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:蠶">蠶</a></span></span> "water silkworm" aka <i>bingcan</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:冰">冰</a>蠶</span></span> "ice silkworm".<sup id="cite_ref-schafer1963_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schafer1963-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cf. <a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">sea silk</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merfolk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzumi2006b53-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzumi2006b53_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzumi2006b53_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuzumi2006b">Kuzumi (2006b)</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kong&chen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kong&chen_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKong_ChaoChen_Fengheng1808" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Kong Chao; Chen Fengheng (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4tbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP46"><i>Yì zhōu shū, juàn 17. Wáng huì jiě, dì 59</i> <bdi lang="zh">逸周書卷十七王會解第五十九</bdi></a> [<i>Supplementary Notes # 59 to the Wang Hui ("Royal Assemblies") Chapter of the Lost Book of Zhou</i>]. Chenshi Dusao lou congshu 陳氏讀騷樓叢書 38. fol. 21b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Y%C3%AC+zh%C5%8Du+sh%C5%AB%2C+ju%C3%A0n+17.+W%C3%A1ng+hu%C3%AC+ji%C4%9B%2C+d%C3%AC+59+%E9%80%B8%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8%E5%8D%B7%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83+%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%83%E8%A7%A3%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D&rft.series=Chenshi+Dusao+lou+congshu+%E9%99%B3%E6%B0%8F%E8%AE%80%E9%A8%B7%E6%A8%93%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8+38&rft.pages=fol.+21b&rft.date=1808&rft.au=Kong+Chao&rft.au=Chen+Fengheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4tbAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span>. Commentary relating to the Huì people (<a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a>) in the east.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202287-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202287_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202287_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnani2022">Magnani (2022)</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-chiru-redrufish_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrassberg2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fnpFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">"15. Red Ru-fish (Chiru)" <bdi lang="zh">赤鱬</bdi></a>. <i>A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the </i>Guideways Through Mountains and Seas<i><span></span></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-851-4"><bdi>978-0-52029-851-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+Red+Ru-fish+%28Chiru%29+%E8%B5%A4%E9%B1%AC&rft.btitle=A+Chinese+Bestiary%3A+Strange+Creatures+from+the+Guideways+Through+Mountains+and+Seas&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-52029-851-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfnpFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202289-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202289_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnani2022">Magnani (2022)</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sima_qian-watson-tr-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sima_qian-watson-tr_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson_tr.1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Sima Qian (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8SZeTl90IA8C&pg=PA63">"Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko" <bdi lang="ja">蟲部第四十二卷附録水虎</bdi></a>. <i>Records of the Grand Historian: Qin dynasty</i>. Vol. 3. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231081689" title="Special:BookSources/9780231081689"><bdi>9780231081689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mushi-bu+dai-42-kan+furoku+suiko+%E8%9F%B2%E9%83%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%B7+%E9%99%84%E9%8C%B2+%E6%B0%B4%E8%99%8E&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian%3A+Qin+dynasty&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780231081689&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Qian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8SZeTl90IA8C%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-lingyu-hillfish-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-lingyu-hillfish_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrassberg2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fnpFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">"292. Hill-fish (Lingyu)" <bdi lang="zh">陵魚</bdi></a>. <i>A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the </i>Guideways Through Mountains and Seas<i><span></span></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">203–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-851-4"><bdi>978-0-52029-851-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=292.+Hill-fish+%28Lingyu%29+%E9%99%B5%E9%AD%9A&rft.btitle=A+Chinese+Bestiary%3A+Strange+Creatures+from+the+Guideways+Through+Mountains+and+Seas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-52029-851-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfnpFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adxKAQAAIAAJ&q=%E5%A4%B7%E5%A0%85%E5%BF%97"><i>夷堅志</i></a> (in Chinese). 中华书局. 2006. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-101-05236-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-101-05236-7"><bdi>978-7-101-05236-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%B7%E5%A0%85%E5%BF%97&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%B9%A6%E5%B1%80&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-7-101-05236-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadxKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25A4%25B7%25E5%25A0%2585%25E5%25BF%2597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wang_qi-sancai_tuhui-renyu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wang_qi-sancai_tuhui-renyu_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_QiWang_Siyi1609" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%BB" class="extiw" title="zh:王圻">Wang Qi</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Chinese]</span>; Wang Siyi, eds. (1609). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2574392/53">"Niaoshou 6-juan Linjie-lei Renyu" <bdi lang="zh">鳥獸六巻鱗介類人魚</bdi></a> [Birds & Beasts, Book 6 / Fish & Shellfish / Human-fish.]. <i>Sancai Tuhui Book 94 of 106</i> <bdi lang="zh">三才圖會第94卷(全106卷）</bdi>. N. p.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niaoshou+6-juan+Linjie-lei+Renyu+%E9%B3%A5%E7%8D%B8%E5%85%AD%E5%B7%BB+%E9%B1%97%E4%BB%8B%E9%A1%9E+%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A&rft.btitle=Sancai+Tuhui+Book+94+of+106+%E4%B8%89%E6%89%8D%E5%9C%96%E6%9C%83+%E7%AC%AC94%E5%8D%B7%28%E5%85%A8106%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=N.+p.&rft.date=1609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F2574392%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span>; Also <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBJaAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP398">Huaiyin caotang 槐陰草堂 published version of 1609</a></span>, with additional proofing editors (潭濱黄・晟東曙) listed at the book 5 title page .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wang_fu3-beishanjing3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wang_fu3-beishanjing3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang_Fu1895" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E7%B4%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:汪紱">Wang Fu</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Chinese]</span>, ed. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkAtAAAAYAAJ">"Book 3. <i>Bei Shan Jing</i>, No. 3" <bdi lang="zh">巻之三北山經第三</bdi></a>. <i>Shan hai jing cun</i> <bdi lang="zh">山海經存</bdi>. Wang Yi Bo. fol. 19a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+3.+Bei+Shan+Jing%2C+No.+3+%E5%B7%BB%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%89+%E5%8C%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89&rft.btitle=Shan+hai+jing+cun+%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93%E5%AD%98&rft.pages=fol.+19a&rft.pub=Wang+Yi+Bo&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNkAtAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span> (illustration at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkAtAAAAYAAJ&PP193">fol. 27a</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.200045-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.200045_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.200045_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirrell_tr.2000">Birrell tr. (2000)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternatively, River BurstBurst (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">決決水</span></span>) on Mount Dragonbutt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.200045_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirrell_tr.200045-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanhaijing03northern-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing03northern_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-script">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B703/Juan_03._Bei_Shan_Jing" class="extiw" title="s:zh:山海經 (四庫全書本)/卷03/Juan 03. Bei Shan Jing">Juan 03. Bei Shan Jing</a>" <bdi lang="zh">卷03 北山經</bdi> [Classic of Northern Mountains]. <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B703" class="extiw" title="s:zh:山海經 (四庫全書本)/卷03">Shan Hai Jing (SKQS)</a></i> <bdi lang="zh">山海經 (四庫全書本)</bdi>. 1773–1782 [c. 400BC] – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>又東北二百里曰龍侯之山無草木多金玉決決之水出焉〈音訣〉而東流注于河其中多人魚其狀如䱱魚四足其音如嬰兒<small>〈䱱見中山經或曰人魚即鯢也似鮎而四足聲如小兒啼今亦呼鮎為䱱音蹄〉</small>食之無癡疾</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juan+03.+Bei+Shan+Jing+%E5%8D%B703+%E5%8C%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93&rft.btitle=Shan+Hai+Jing+%28SKQS%29+%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93+%28%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%29&rft.date=1773%2F1782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="#CITEREFUnschuld_tr.2021">Unschuld tr. (2021)</a>, p. 733: "The <i>Bei shan jing</i> states: "The Jue shui river has many <i>ren yu</i> 人魚 sea-cows. They are shaped like <i>ti yu</i> 䱱魚, newts, but have four feet.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing-strassberg-renyu-humanfish_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrassberg2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Strassberg, Richard E., ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fnpFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">"125. Human-fish (Renyu)" <bdi lang="zh">人魚</bdi></a>. <i>A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the </i>Guideways Through Mountains and Seas<i><span></span></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52029-851-4"><bdi>978-0-52029-851-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=125.+Human-fish+%28Renyu%29+%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A&rft.btitle=A+Chinese+Bestiary%3A+Strange+Creatures+from+the+Guideways+Through+Mountains+and+Seas&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-52029-851-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfnpFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="#CITEREFLuo_tr.2003">Luo tr. (2003)</a>, p. 3606: "<i>Beishan Jing</i>: In Jueshui River there are many dugongs. They look like catfish but have four legs..""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="#CITEREFUnschuld_tr.2021">Unschuld tr. (2021)</a>, p. 733:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yamaguchi_tetsuro-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yamaguchi_tetsuro_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamashita1995" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%8B%E5%93%B2%E9%83%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:山下哲郎">Yamashita, Tetsurō</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Japanese]</span> (1995-06-30), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m-repo.lib.meiji.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10291/14933/1/nihonbungaku_23_16.pdf">"Hōbutsushū shikai (4): Shukke tonsei setsuwa kiji no kōshō (sono 1)" <bdi lang="ja">『宝物集』私解（四）-出家遁世説話記事の考証（その一）-</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Meiji daigaku Nihon bungaku</i>, <b>23</b>: 21, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10291%2F14933">10291/14933</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meiji+daigaku+Nihon+bungaku&rft.atitle=H%C5%8Dbutsush%C5%AB+shikai+%284%29%3A+Shukke+tonsei+setsuwa+kiji+no+k%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D+%28sono+1%29+%E3%80%8E%E5%AE%9D%E7%89%A9%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8F%E7%A7%81%E8%A7%A3%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%EF%BC%89-%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E9%81%81%E4%B8%96%E8%AA%AC%E8%A9%B1%E8%A8%98%E4%BA%8B%E3%81%AE%E8%80%83%E8%A8%BC%EF%BC%88%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89-&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1995-06-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10291%2F14933&rft.aulast=Yamashita&rft.aufirst=Tetsur%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm-repo.lib.meiji.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10291%2F14933%2F1%2Fnihonbungaku_23_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yuan_ke2004-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yuan_ke2004_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E7%8F%82" class="extiw" title="zh:袁珂">Yuan, Ke</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Chinese]</span>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s6EdAQAAMAAJ&q=小兒啼"><i>Shānhāijīng jiàozhù</i> <bdi lang="zh">山海經校注</bdi></a>. Liren shuji. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789579113359" title="Special:BookSources/9789579113359"><bdi>9789579113359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sh%C4%81nh%C4%81ij%C4%ABng+ji%C3%A0ozh%C3%B9+%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93%E6%A0%A1%E6%B3%A8&rft.pub=Liren+shuji&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789579113359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds6EdAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E5%95%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFujisawa192545–46-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFujisawa192545–46_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFujisawa1925">Fujisawa (1925)</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This Guo Pu quote as commentary to <i>Bei Shan Jing</i> is hard to confirm in other secondary sources, but similar phrases about <i>renyu</i> resembling catfish were written by other near-contemporaries, one being "Guangzhi" 廣志 (attributed to Guo Yigong 郭義恭) as preserved in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shui_Jing_Zhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shui Jing Zhu">Shui Jing Zhu</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Yi_River_(Henan)" title="Yi River (Henan)">Yi River</a>, cf. commentary to the <i>Hainei bei jing</i> 海内北經 (Classic of regions within the seas: North), by Yuan Ke.<sup id="cite_ref-yuan_ke2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yuan_ke2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Gugang_(scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Gugang (scholar) (page does not exist)">Xu Gugang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%BB%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:徐廣">zh</a>]</span>, probably from his <i>Shiji Yinyi</i> or "Pronunciation and Meaning of the Shiji"; both these are quoted in annotations to the <i>Shiji</i>: Books of the First Emperor of Qin, 6, which mentions the human-fish oil used for lanterns in the Emperor's tumulus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFujisawa192545–46_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFujisawa192545–46-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bencao-gangmu-tiyu-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bencao-gangmu-tiyu_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bencao-gangmu-tiyu_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bencao-gangmu-tiyu_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Li Shizhen, <i>Bencao Gangmu</i>, (Chapter 44 §42) "Animals with Scales 4": §Tiyu. (Chinese);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1596_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1596-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1782_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1782-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (English translations);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021732–733_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021732–733-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033606–3607_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033606–3607-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Japanese tr.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki_tr.1929_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki_tr.1929-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021733-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021733_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnschuld_tr.2021">Unschuld tr. (2021)</a>, p. 733.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033606-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033606_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuo_tr.2003">Luo tr. (2003)</a>, p. 3606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1596-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1596_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1596_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi_Shizhen1596">Li Shizhen (1596)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1782-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1782_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1782_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi_Shizhen1782">Li Shizhen (1782)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021732–733-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021732–733_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021732–733_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnschuld_tr.2021">Unschuld tr. (2021)</a>, pp. 732–733.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033606–3607-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033606–3607_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuo_tr.2003">Luo tr. (2003)</a>, pp. 3606–3607.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki_tr.1929-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki_tr.1929_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki_tr.1929_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki_tr.1929">Suzuki tr. (1929)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luo tr. (2003), index. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUgoAQAAIAAJ&q=%22haieryu%22"><b>6</b>: 4255</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021733–734-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021733–734_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnschuld_tr.2021">Unschuld tr. (2021)</a>, pp. 733–734.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033607-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033607_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033607_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuo_tr.2003">Luo tr. (2003)</a>, pp. 3607.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bencao-gangmu-niyu-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bencao-gangmu-niyu_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li Shizhen, <i>Bencao Gangmu</i>, (Chapter 44 §43) "Animals with Scales 4": §Niyu. (Chinese);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1596_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1596-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1782_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_Shizhen1782-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (English translations);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021733–734_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnschuld_tr.2021733–734-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033607_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuo_tr.20033607-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Japanese tr.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki_tr.1929_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki_tr.1929-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wu_renchen1667-chiru-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wu_renchen1667-chiru_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu_Renchen1667" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Guo_Pu" title="Guo Pu">Guo Pu</a> (1667). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MVaAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP138">"Juan 3. Shouzu. Gudiao" <bdi lang="zh">山海經圖巻三獸族蠱雕</bdi></a> [Book 3. Beast-kind. <i>Poison-Eagle</i>]. In <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E4%BB%BB%E8%87%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:吳任臣">Wu Zhiyi (Wu Renchen)</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Chinese]</span> (ed.). <i>Tuxiang shanhaijing xiangzhu</i> <bdi lang="zh">圖像山海經詳註</bdi>. Wang Shihan proofing ed. Fu Wen Tang.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juan+3.+Shouzu.+Gudiao+%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%96+%E5%B7%BB%E4%B8%89+%E7%8D%B8%E6%97%8F+%E8%A0%B1%E9%9B%95&rft.btitle=Tuxiang+shanhaijing+xiangzhu+%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93%E8%A9%B3%E8%A8%BB&rft.pub=Fu+Wen+Tang&rft.date=1667&rft.au=Guo+Pu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MVaAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffeler1977120-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiffeler1977120_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiffeler1977">Schiffeler (1977)</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanhaijing01southern-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shanhaijing01southern_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-script">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B701#又東三百里曰青丘之山/Juan_01._Nan_Shan_Jing" class="extiw" title="s:zh:山海經 (四庫全書本)/卷01">Juan 01. Nan Shan Jing</a>" <bdi lang="zh">卷01 南山經</bdi> [Classic of Southern Mountains]. <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B701#又東三百里曰青丘之山" class="extiw" title="s:zh:山海經 (四庫全書本)/卷01">Shan Hai Jing (SKQS)</a></i> <bdi lang="zh">山海經 (四庫全書本)</bdi>. 1773–1782 [c. 400BC] – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juan+01.+Nan+Shan+Jing+%E5%8D%B701+%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E7%B6%93&rft.btitle=Shan+Hai+Jing+%28SKQS%29+%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93+%28%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%29&rft.date=1773%2F1782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFujisawa192526-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFujisawa192526_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFujisawa1925">Fujisawa (1925)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schafer1952-p156-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schafer1952-p156_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Schafer, Edward H.</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2q04AAAAIAAJ">"The Pearl Fisheries of Ho-p'u"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F596378">10.2307/596378</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/596378">596378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Pearl+Fisheries+of+Ho-p%27u&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=156&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F596378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F596378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2q04AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Edward H. Schafer</a> also refers to "shark" here being interchangeable with <i>jiao</i> dragon (which he suggests translating as "cockatrice").<sup id="cite_ref-schafer1952-p156_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schafer1952-p156-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakano1983143-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano1983143_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakano1983">Nakano (1983)</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wetherall-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wetherall_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugimoto2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Sugimoto, Akiko (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGK6AAAAIAAJ">"Chasing the Moon (Part 9)" <bdi lang="ja">追月記</bdi></a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>42</b> (3). Translated by William Wetherall: 40. <q>Jiaoren (鮫人 mythical fish-human, mermaid, merman)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Chasing+the+Moon+%28Part+9%29+%E8%BF%BD%E6%9C%88%E8%A8%98&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sugimoto&rft.aufirst=Akiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGK6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wetherall.org/translations/Sugimoto_CM9_2006-09_Three_Chinese_Stories.html">website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakano1983">Nakano (1983)</a>, p. 143; <a href="#CITEREFMatsuoka1982">Matsuoka (1982)</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakano1983140-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano1983140_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakano1983">Nakano (1983)</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shuyi-ji-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shuyi-ji_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ren Fang, <i>Shuyi Ji</i>, second volume.:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano1983140_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakano1983140-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "南海中有鮫人室水居如魚不廢機織其眼泣則出珠晉木𤣥虚海賦云天琛水怪鮫人之室" (translation quoted below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schafer1952-p160-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schafer1952-p160_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1952">Schafer (1952)</a>, p. 160, quoting the <i>Shu-i shark-people</i> (extracted in <i><a href="/wiki/Piya" title="Piya">Piya</a></i> 1.17): "In the South of the Sea are the houses of the shark people.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1967">Schafer 1967</a>, pp. 217–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1967">Schafer 1967</a>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowuzhi2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bowuzhi2_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang_Hua_張華" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hua" title="Zhang Hua">Zhang Hua 張華</a>. "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C#異人/Book_2,_"Foreigners"_section;_卷之二「異人」" class="extiw" title="s:zh:博物志/卷之二">Book 2, "Foreigners" section; 卷之二「異人」</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C#異人" class="extiw" title="s:zh:博物志/卷之二">Bowuzhi</a></i> <bdi lang="zh">博物志</bdi> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>南海外有鮫人，水居如魚，不廢織績，其眼能泣珠。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+2%2C+%22Foreigners%22+section%3B+%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%8C%E7%95%B0%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%8D&rft.btitle=Bowuzhi+%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97&rft.au=Zhang+Hua+%E5%BC%B5%E8%8F%AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnani202291-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnani202291_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagnani2022">Magnani (2022)</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chengyu-kao-tr-lockhart-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chengyu-kao-tr-lockhart_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chengyu-kao-tr-lockhart_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Haldane_Stewart_Lockhart" class="mw-redirect" title="James Haldane Stewart Lockhart">Lockhart, James Haldane Stewart, Sir</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofchineseq00qiuj"><i>A Manual of Chinese Quotations: Being a Translation of the Ch'êng Yü K'ao</i></a>. Kelly & Walsh, Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofchineseq00qiuj/page/280">280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Chinese+Quotations%3A+Being+a+Translation+of+the+Ch%27%C3%AAng+Y%C3%BC+K%27ao&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Kelly+%26+Walsh%2C+Limited&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James+Haldane+Stewart%2C+Sir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofchineseq00qiuj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchafer1967">Schafer 1967</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schafer1963-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schafer1963_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchafer1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Schafer, Edward H.</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&pg=PA202"><i>The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics</i></a>. 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Animals with Scales 4: Tiyu; Niyu"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B744#%E4%B1%B1%E9%AD%9A/Chapter_44._Animals_with_Scales_4:_Tiyu;_Niyu">"Chapter 44. Animals with Scales 4: Tiyu; Niyu" <bdi lang="zh">卷44 鱗之四, 䱱魚・鯢魚</bdi> </a></span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B744#䱱魚" class="extiw" title="s:zh:本草綱目 (四庫全書本)/卷44">Bencao Gangmu (SKQS)</a></i> <bdi lang="zh">本草綱目 (四庫全書本)</bdi> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+44.+Animals+with+Scales+4%3A+Tiyu%3B+Niyu+%E5%8D%B744+%E9%B1%97%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%9B%2C+%E4%B1%B1%E9%AD%9A%E3%83%BB%E9%AF%A2%E9%AD%9A&rft.btitle=Bencao+Gangmu+%28SKQS%29+%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE+%28%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%29&rft.date=1782&rft.au=Li+Shizhen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki_tr.1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li Shizhen (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kokuyakuhonzokom10lish/page/n32/mode/2up">"Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko" <bdi lang="ja">蟲部第四十二卷附録水虎</bdi></a>. <i>Tōchū kokuyaku honzō kōmoku</i> <bdi lang="ja">頭註国訳本草綱目</bdi> (in Japanese). Vol. 10. Translated by Suzuki, Shikai. Shunyōdō.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mushi-bu+dai-42-kan+furoku+suiko+%E8%9F%B2%E9%83%A8%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%B7+%E9%99%84%E9%8C%B2+%E6%B0%B4%E8%99%8E&rft.btitle=T%C5%8Dch%C5%AB+kokuyaku+honz%C5%8D+k%C5%8Dmoku+%E9%A0%AD%E8%A8%BB%E5%9B%BD%E8%A8%B3%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%B6%B1%E7%9B%AE&rft.pub=Shuny%C5%8Dd%C5%8D&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Shizhen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkokuyakuhonzokom10lish%2Fpage%2Fn32%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnschuld_tr.2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Li Shizhen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXUgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA732">"Animals with Scales. Chapter 44. <i>Ti yu</i>. <i>Ni yu</i>" <bdi lang="zh">䱱魚. 鯢魚</bdi></a>. <i>Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume VIII: Clothes, Utensils, Worms, Insects, Amphibians, Animals with Scales, Animals with Shells</i>. Translated by Paul U. Unschuld. Univ of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">732–</span>734. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520976986" title="Special:BookSources/9780520976986"><bdi>9780520976986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animals+with+Scales.+Chapter+44.+Ti+yu.+Ni+yu+%E4%B1%B1%E9%AD%9A.+%E9%AF%A2%E9%AD%9A&rft.btitle=Ben+Cao+Gang+Mu%2C+Volume+VIII%3A+Clothes%2C+Utensils%2C+Worms%2C+Insects%2C+Amphibians%2C+Animals+with+Scales%2C+Animals+with+Shells&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E732-%3C%2Fspan%3E734&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780520976986&rft.au=Li+Shizhen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKXUgEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuo_tr.2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Li Shizhen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFooAQAAIAAJ&q=renyu">"Drug 44-42 Tiyu. Drug 44-43 Niyu"</a>. <i>Compendium of Materia Medica: Bencao Gangmu</i>. Vol. 5. Translated by <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%8C%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="zh:罗希文">Luo Xiwen</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Chinese]</span>. Foreign Languages Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3606–</span>3607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787119032603" title="Special:BookSources/9787119032603"><bdi>9787119032603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drug+44-42+Tiyu.+Drug+44-43+Niyu&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Materia+Medica%3A+Bencao+Gangmu&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3606-%3C%2Fspan%3E3607&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9787119032603&rft.au=Li+Shizhen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFooAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Drenyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnani2022" class="citation journal cs1">Magnani, Arianna (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.martinomartinicenter.org/uploads/2/2/8/5/22856686/26_magnani_87-105.pdf">"Searching for Sirenes in the 17th and 18th Centuries: Fantastic Taxonomies of Anthropomorphic Fish in Chinese and Jesuit Texts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sulla Via del Catai</i> (26): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulla+Via+del+Catai&rft.atitle=Searching+for+Sirenes+in+the+17th+and+18th+Centuries%3A+Fantastic+Taxonomies+of+Anthropomorphic+Fish+in+Chinese+and+Jesuit+Texts&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2022-05&rft.aulast=Magnani&rft.aufirst=Arianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.martinomartinicenter.org%2Fuploads%2F2%2F2%2F8%2F5%2F22856686%2F26_magnani_87-105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsuoka1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Matsuoka, Masako 松岡正子 (1982-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waseda.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=2283">"Ningyo densetsu: Sengaikyō wo jiku to shite" <bdi lang="ja">「人魚傳説」―『山海經』を軸として―</bdi></a> [Mermaid Legends Told Mainly in Shan-hai jing]. <i>Journal of Waseda University Society of Chinese Literature</i>. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Waseda+University+Society+of+Chinese+Literature&rft.atitle=Ningyo+densetsu%3A+Sengaiky%C5%8D+wo+jiku+to+shite+%E3%80%8C%E4%BA%BA%E9%AD%9A%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AC%E3%80%8D%E2%80%95%E3%80%8E%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8F%E3%82%92%E8%BB%B8%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E2%80%95&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1982-12-01&rft.aulast=Matsuoka&rft.aufirst=Masako+%E6%9D%BE%E5%B2%A1%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaseda.repo.nii.ac.jp%2F%3Faction%3Drepository_uri%26item_id%3D2283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakano1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Nakano, Miyoko 中野美代子 (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axMzAQAAIAAJ"><i>Chūgoku no yōkai</i> <bdi lang="ja">中国の妖怪</bdi></a>. 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Schafer">Schafer, Edward H.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaeESYegRXMC"><i>The Vermillion Bird: T'ang Images of the South</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vermillion+Bird%3A+T%27ang+Images+of+the+South&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Schafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaeESYegRXMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffeler1977" class="citation book cs1">Schiffeler, John William (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqzfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22ch%27ih-ju%22+fish"><i>The Legendary Creatures of the Shan Hai Ching</i></a>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. Orient Cultural Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legendary+Creatures+of+the+Shan+Hai+Ching&rft.pub=Orient+Cultural+Service&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Schiffeler&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqzfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522ch%2527ih-ju%2522%2Bfish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerfolk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-n4k9s","wgBackendResponseTime":108,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.975","walltime":"1.115","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8920,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":171159,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14384,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":156897,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 985.467 1 -total"," 27.61% 272.072 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.99% 187.155 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