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id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HATNet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HATNet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>HATNet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HATNet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KELT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KELT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>KELT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KELT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kepler_/_K2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepler_/_K2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kepler / K2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepler_/_K2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TESS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TESS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>TESS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TESS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astronomical transit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorgang_(sterrekunde)" title="Oorgang (sterrekunde) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oorgang (sterrekunde)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A" title="عبور فلكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبور فلكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsitu_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Tránsitu (astronomía) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tránsitu (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="অতিক্রম (জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অতিক্রম (জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Праходжанне (астраномія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праходжанне (астраномія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99echod_(astronomie)" title="Přechod (astronomie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přechod (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomisk_passage" title="Astronomisk passage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astronomisk passage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durchgang" title="Durchgang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Durchgang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronoomiline_transiit" title="Astronoomiline transiit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astronoomiline transiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Διάβαση (αστρονομία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάβαση (αστρονομία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsito_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Tránsito (astronomía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tránsito (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasado_(astronomio)" title="Pasado (astronomio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pasado (astronomio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iragate_(astronomia)" title="Iragate (astronomia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iragate (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1_(%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="گذر (ستاره‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گذر (ستاره‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_(astronomie)" title="Transit (astronomie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transit (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1nsito_astron%C3%B3mico" title="Tránsito astronómico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tránsito astronómico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%BC_(%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99)" title="통과 (천문학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통과 (천문학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="संक्रमण (खगोलशास्त्र) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संक्रमण (खगोलशास्त्र)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzit_(astronomija)" title="Tranzit (astronomija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tranzit (astronomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_(astronomi)" title="Transit (astronomi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transit (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Everganga" title="Þverganga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þverganga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transito_(astronomia)" title="Transito (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transito (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8_(%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="מעבר (אסטרונומיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעבר (אסטרונומיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpito_wa_sayari" title="Mpito wa sayari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mpito wa sayari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_(Astronomie)" title="Transit (Astronomie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Transit (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolyg%C3%B3%C3%A1tvonul%C3%A1s" title="Bolygóátvonulás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bolygóátvonulás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Премин (астрономија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Премин (астрономија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="സംതരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംതരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgang_(astronomie)" title="Overgang (astronomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Overgang (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%81%8E_(%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87)" title="通過 (天文) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="通過 (天文)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomisk_passasje" title="Astronomisk passasje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astronomisk passasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passasje_i_astronomi" title="Passasje i astronomi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Passasje i astronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBtish" title="Oʻtish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻtish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzyt_(astronomia)" title="Tranzyt (astronomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tranzyt (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A2nsito_astron%C3%B4mico" title="Trânsito astronômico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trânsito astronômico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzit_astronomic" title="Tranzit astronomic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tranzit astronomic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Прохождение (астрономия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прохождение (астрономия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomick%C3%BD_prechod" title="Astronomický prechod – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astronomický prechod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr 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searchaux" style="display:none">Term in astronomy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the passage of one celestial body in front of another. For the passage of a body over a meridian, see <a href="/wiki/Culmination" title="Culmination">Culmination</a>. For the passage of a star across the field of view of a telescope eyepiece, see <a href="/wiki/Star_transit" title="Star transit">Star transit</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm/330px--Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="330" height="186" data-durationhint="41" data-mwtitle="Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm/Phobos_transit_in_real_color.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> transits the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, as viewed by the <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a> on 2 April 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, a <b>transit</b> (or <b>astronomical transit</b>) is the passage of a <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial body</a> directly between a larger body and the observer. As viewed from a particular vantage point, the transiting body appears to move across the face of the larger body, <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">covering</a> a small portion of it.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "transit" refers to cases where the nearer object <a href="/wiki/Apparent_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparent size">appears</a> smaller than the more distant object. Cases where the nearer object appears larger and completely hides the more distant object are known as <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation"><i>occultations</i></a>. </p><p>However, the probability of seeing a transiting planet is low because it is dependent on the alignment of the three objects in a nearly perfectly straight line.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many parameters of a planet and its parent star can be determined based on the transit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Solar_System">In the Solar System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the Solar System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter-io-transit_feb_10_2009.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jupiter-io-transit_feb_10_2009.gif/220px-Jupiter-io-transit_feb_10_2009.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jupiter-io-transit_feb_10_2009.gif/330px-Jupiter-io-transit_feb_10_2009.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Jupiter-io-transit_feb_10_2009.gif 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>A simulation of Io transiting Jupiter as seen from the Earth in February 2009. Io's shadow is seen on the surface of Jupiter, leading Io slightly due to the Sun and Earth not being in the same line.</figcaption></figure> <p>One type of transit involves the motion of a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">terrestrial</a> observer and the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. This can happen only with <a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">inferior planets</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury" title="Transit of Mercury">transit of Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a>). However, because a transit is dependent on the point of observation, the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars" title="Transit of Earth from Mars">Earth itself transits the Sun</a> if observed from Mars. In the solar transit by the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> captured during calibration of the <a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> B spacecraft's ultraviolet imaging, the Moon appears much smaller than it does when seen from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, because the spacecraft–Moon separation was several times greater than the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Earth–Moon distance</a>. </p><p>The term can also be used to describe the motion of a <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellite</a> across its parent planet, for instance one of the Galilean satellites (<a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>) across <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. </p><p>Although rare, cases where four bodies are lined up do happen. One of these events occurred on 27 June 1586, when Mercury transited the Sun as seen from Venus at the same time as a transit of Mercury from Saturn and a transit of Venus from Saturn. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_observations">Notable observations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No missions were planned to coincide with the transit of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> visible from <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> on 11 May 1984 and the Viking missions had been terminated a year previously. Consequently, the next opportunity to observe such an alignment will be in 2084. </p><p>On 21 December 2012, the <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> probe, in orbit around <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, observed the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> transiting the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 June 2014, the Mars rover <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> observed the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> transiting the Sun, marking the first time a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary transit">planetary transit</a> has been observed from a celestial body besides Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140610_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140610-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_planetary_transits">Mutual planetary transits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mutual planetary transits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_transits_and_occultations" title="Planetary transits and occultations">Planetary transits and occultations</a></div><p> In rare cases, one planet can pass in front of another. If the nearer planet appears smaller than the more distant one, the event is called a <i>mutual planetary transit</i>.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Transit_of_Venus_from_SF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transit of Venus as seen from Earth, 2012"><img alt="Transit of Venus as seen from Earth, 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2012_Transit_of_Venus_from_SF.jpg/120px-2012_Transit_of_Venus_from_SF.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2012_Transit_of_Venus_from_SF.jpg/180px-2012_Transit_of_Venus_from_SF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2012_Transit_of_Venus_from_SF.jpg/240px-2012_Transit_of_Venus_from_SF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2577" data-file-height="2577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transit of Venus as seen from Earth, 2012</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Io transits across Jupiter as seen by Cassini spacecraft"><img alt="Io transits across Jupiter as seen by Cassini spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg/120px-PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg/180px-PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg/240px-PIA02879_-_A_New_Year_for_Jupiter_and_Io.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="959" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> transits across <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> as seen by <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini</a></i> spacecraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury transiting the Sun, seen from Curiosity rover on Mars (3 June 2014)."><img alt="Mercury transiting the Sun, seen from Curiosity rover on Mars (3 June 2014)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif/120px-PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif/180px-PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif/240px-PIA18389-MarsCuriosityRover-MercuryTransitsSun-20140603.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mercury transiting the Sun, seen from <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> rover on Mars (3 June 2014).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_side_of_the_Moon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Moon transiting in front of Earth, seen by Deep Space Climate Observatory on 4 August 2015."><img alt="The Moon transiting in front of Earth, seen by Deep Space Climate Observatory on 4 August 2015." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dark_side_of_the_Moon.png/120px-Dark_side_of_the_Moon.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dark_side_of_the_Moon.png/180px-Dark_side_of_the_Moon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dark_side_of_the_Moon.png/240px-Dark_side_of_the_Moon.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Moon transiting in front of Earth, seen by Deep Space Climate Observatory on 4 August 2015.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_the_Solar_System">Outside the Solar System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Outside the Solar System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanet detection">Exoplanet detection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm/220px--Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm/Transit_method_variable-size_planet_4K.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Visualization of transit method for planets of different sizes, showing different light-curves.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_curve_of_binary_star_Kepler-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Light_curve_of_binary_star_Kepler-16.jpg/333px-Light_curve_of_binary_star_Kepler-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Light_curve_of_binary_star_Kepler-16.jpg/500px-Light_curve_of_binary_star_Kepler-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Light_curve_of_binary_star_Kepler-16.jpg/666px-Light_curve_of_binary_star_Kepler-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The light curve shows the change in Luminosity of star as a result of transiting. The data was collected from the Kepler mission. </figcaption></figure> <p>The transit method can be used to discover <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>. As a planet eclipses/transits its host star it will block a portion of the light from the star. If the planet transits in-between the star and the observer the change in light can be measured to construct a <a href="/wiki/Light_curve" title="Light curve">light curve</a>. Light curves are measured with a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a>. The light curve of a star can disclose several physical characteristics of the planet and star, such as density. Multiple transit events must be measured to determine the characteristics which tend to occur at regular intervals. Multiple planets orbiting the same host star can cause <a href="/wiki/Transit-timing_variation" title="Transit-timing variation">transit-timing variations (TTV).</a> TTV is caused by the gravitational forces of all orbiting bodies acting upon each other. The probability of seeing a transit from Earth is low, however. The probability is given by the following equation. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{\text{transit}}=(R_{\text{star}}+R_{\text{planet}})/a,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>transit</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>star</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>planet</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{\text{transit}}=(R_{\text{star}}+R_{\text{planet}})/a,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4b7910cbd70b8631e8e2e5fc2a0cbdaf8e582b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.501ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{\text{transit}}=(R_{\text{star}}+R_{\text{planet}})/a,}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-Asher_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>where <i>R</i><sub>star</sub> and <i>R</i><sub>planet</sub> are the radius of the star and planet, respectively, and <i>a</i> is the semi-major axis. Because of the low probability of a transit in any specific system, large selections of the sky must be regularly observed in order to see a transit. <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">Hot Jupiters</a> are more likely to be seen because of their larger radius and short semi-major axis. In order to find Earth-sized planets, <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> stars are observed because of their small radius. Even though transiting has a low probability it has proven itself to be a good technique for discovering exoplanets. </p><p>In recent years, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planets</a> has prompted interest in the possibility of detecting their transits across their own <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stellar</a> primaries. <a href="/wiki/HD_209458b" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 209458b">HD 209458b</a> was the first such transiting planet to be detected. </p><p>The transit of celestial objects is one of the few key phenomena used today for the study of <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanetary</a> systems. Today, <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_photometry" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">transit photometry</a> is the leading form of <a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">exoplanet discovery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Asher_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asher-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an exoplanet moves in front of its host star there is a dimming in the luminosity of the host star that can be measured.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger planets make the dip in luminosity more noticeable and easier to detect. Followup observations using other <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">methods</a> are often carried out to ensure it is a planet. </p><p>There are currently (December 2018) <b>2345</b> planets confirmed with Kepler light curves for stellar host.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanets_discovery_methods_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Exoplanets_discovery_methods_chart.png/553px-Exoplanets_discovery_methods_chart.png" decoding="async" width="553" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Exoplanets_discovery_methods_chart.png/830px-Exoplanets_discovery_methods_chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Exoplanets_discovery_methods_chart.png/1106px-Exoplanets_discovery_methods_chart.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Exoplanets found by different search methods each year through 2018, transit method in purple.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contacts">Contacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During a transit there are four "contacts", when the <a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">circumference</a> of the small circle (small body disk) touches the circumference of the large circle (large body disk) <a href="/wiki/Tangent" title="Tangent">at a single point</a>. Historically, measuring the precise time of each point of contact was one of the most accurate ways to determine the positions of astronomical bodies. The contacts happen in the following order: </p> <ul><li><b>First contact</b>: the smaller body is entirely outside the larger body, moving inward ("exterior ingress")</li> <li><b>Second contact</b>: the smaller body is entirely inside the larger body, moving further inward ("interior ingress")</li> <li><b>Third contact</b>: the smaller body is entirely inside the larger body, moving outward ("interior egress")</li> <li><b>Fourth contact</b>: the smaller body is entirely outside the larger body, moving outward ("exterior egress")<sup id="cite_ref-UCLsafety_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLsafety-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A fifth named point is that of greatest transit, when the apparent centers of the two bodies are nearest to each other, halfway through the transit.<sup id="cite_ref-UCLsafety_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLsafety-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since transit photometry allows for scanning large celestial areas with a simple procedure, it has been the most popular and successful form of finding exoplanets in the past decade and includes many projects, some of which have already been retired, others in use today, and some in progress of being planned and created. The most successful projects include HATNet, KELT, Kepler, and WASP, and some new and developmental stage missions such as <a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a>, HATPI, and others which can be found among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">List of Exoplanet Search Projects</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HATNet">HATNet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: HATNet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/HATNet_Project" title="HATNet Project">HATNet Project</a> is a set of northern telescopes in <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple_Observatory" title="Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory">Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory</a>, Arizona and <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea_Observatories" title="Mauna Kea Observatories">Mauna Kea Observatories</a>, HI, and southern telescopes around the globe, in Africa, Australia, and South America, under the HATSouth branch of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are small aperture telescopes, just like KELT, and look at a wide field which allows them to scan a large area of the sky for possible transiting planets. In addition, their multitude and spread around the world allows for 24/7 observation of the sky so that more short-period transits can be caught.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third sub-project, HATPI, is currently under construction and will survey most of the night sky seen from its location in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KELT">KELT</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: KELT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kilodegree_Extremely_Little_Telescope" title="Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope">KELT</a> is a terrestrial telescope mission designed to search for transiting systems of planets of magnitude 8<M<10. It began operation in October 2004 in Winer Observatory and has a southern companion telescope added in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KELT North observes "26-degree wide strip of sky that is overhead from North America during the year", while KELT South observes single target areas of the size 26 by 26 degrees. Both telescopes can detect and identify transit events as small as a 1% flux dip, which allows for detection of planetary systems similar to those in our planetary system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kepler_/_K2"><span id="Kepler_.2F_K2"></span>Kepler / K2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kepler / K2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a> served the Kepler mission between 7 March 2009 and 11 May 2013, where it observed one part of the sky in search of transiting planets within a 115 square degrees of the sky around the <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)" title="Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra">Lyra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco</a> constellations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the satellite continued operating until 15 November 2018, this time changing its field along the ecliptic to a new area roughly every 75 days due to reaction wheel failure.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TESS">TESS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: TESS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> was launched on 18 April 2018, and is planned to survey most of the sky by observing it strips defined along the <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> lines for 27 days each. Each area surveyed is 27 by 90 degrees. Because of the positioning of sections, the area near TESS's <a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">rotational axis</a> will be surveyed for up to 1 year, allowing for the identification of planetary systems with longer orbital periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler Mission">Kepler Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">Occultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy (astronomy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy)" title="Conjunction (astronomy)">Conjunction (astronomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(planets)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (planets)">Opposition (planets)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of asteroids">Transit of asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Deimos from Mars">Transit of Deimos from Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Phobos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Phobos from Mars">Transit of Phobos from Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Vulcan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit of Vulcan">Transit of Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars" title="Transit of Mercury from Mars">Transit of Mercury from Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars" title="Transit of Earth from Mars">Transit of Earth from Mars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_transit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astronomical_transits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astronomical transits">Astronomical transits</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/exhibitions/chasing-venus/intro.htm">Chasing Venus, Observing the Transits of Venus</a></i> Smithsonian Institution Libraries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meeus" title="Jean Meeus">Jean Meeus</a>: <i>Transits.</i> Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, Inc., 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943396-25-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-943396-25-5">0-943396-25-5</a></li> <li>Jean Meeus: <i>Astronomical Tables of the Sun, Moon and Planets.</i> Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, Inc., 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943396-45-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-943396-45-X">0-943396-45-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ramsayer" title="Karl Ramsayer">Karl Ramsayer</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodätische Astronomie</a></i>, Vol.2a of <i>Handbuch der Vermessungskunde</i>, 900 p., J.B.Metzler, Stuttgart 1969.</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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