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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Arguments against prostitution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arguments_against_prostitution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arguments against prostitution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arguments_against_prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coercion_and_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coercion_and_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Coercion and poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coercion_and_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_effects_on_the_prostitutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_effects_on_the_prostitutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Long-term effects on the prostitutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_effects_on_the_prostitutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_dominance_over_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_dominance_over_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Male dominance over women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_dominance_over_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_consequence_and_correlate_of_violence_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_consequence_and_correlate_of_violence_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>A consequence and correlate of violence against women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_consequence_and_correlate_of_violence_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_raced_and_classed_nature_of_prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_raced_and_classed_nature_of_prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The raced and classed nature of prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_raced_and_classed_nature_of_prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outlawing_of_buying_sexual_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outlawing_of_buying_sexual_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Outlawing of buying sexual services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outlawing_of_buying_sexual_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist_responses_to_sex_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist_responses_to_sex_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Feminist responses to sex market</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feminist_responses_to_sex_market-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Feminist responses to sex market subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Feminist_responses_to_sex_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radical_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Radical feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Liberal feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominance_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dominance feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-sex_work_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-sex_work_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pro-sex work perspectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pro-sex_work_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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href="#Marriage_analogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Marriage analogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_analogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legalization_or_decriminalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legalization_or_decriminalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Legalization or decriminalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legalization_or_decriminalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transgender,_non-binary,_and_male_sex_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transgender,_non-binary,_and_male_sex_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Transgender, non-binary, and male sex workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transgender,_non-binary,_and_male_sex_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_market_across_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_market_across_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sex market across the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sex_market_across_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sex market across the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sex_market_across_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands:_Amsterdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands:_Amsterdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Netherlands: Amsterdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands:_Amsterdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" 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by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Feminist perspectives on sex markets</b> vary widely, depending on the type of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> being applied. The sex market is defined as the system of supply and demand which is generated by the existence of <a href="/wiki/Sex_work" title="Sex work">sex work</a> as a commodity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sex market can further be segregated into the direct sex market, which mainly applies to <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, and the indirect sex market, which applies to sexual businesses which provide services such as lap dancing. The final component of the sex market lies in the production and selling of <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the distinctions between feminist perspectives, there are many documented instances from feminist authors of both explicit and implied feminist standpoints that provide coverage on the sex market in regards to both "autonomous" and "non-autonomous" sex trades. The quotations are added since some feminist ideologies believe the commodification of women's bodies is never autonomous and therefore subversive or misleading by terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There exists a diversity of <b>feminist views on prostitution</b>. Many of these positions can be loosely arranged into an overarching standpoint that is generally either critical or supportive of prostitution and <a href="/wiki/Sex_work" title="Sex work">sex work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discourse surrounding prostitution is often discussed assuming sex workers are women, but those in the field of sex work and prostitution are not always women. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anti-Prostitution_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Prostitution Law">Anti-prostitution</a> feminists hold that prostitution is a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">exploitation</a> of women and of male dominance over women, and the result of the existing <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> societal order. These feminists argue that prostitution has a very negative effect, both on the prostitutes themselves and on society as a whole, as it reinforces stereotypical views about women, who are seen as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">sex objects</a> to be used and abused by men. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Light_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Red_Light_District.jpg/220px-Red_Light_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Red_Light_District.jpg/330px-Red_Light_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Red_Light_District.jpg/440px-Red_Light_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Red Light district in Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> <p>Pro-prostitution feminists hold that prostitution and other forms of sex work can be valid choices for women and men who choose to engage in it. In this view, prostitution must be differentiated from <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced prostitution</a>, and feminists should support <a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">sex worker activism</a> against abuses by both the sex industry and the legal system. </p><p>The disagreement between these two feminist stances has proven particularly contentious, and may be comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">feminist sex wars</a> (acrimonious debates on sex issues) of the late twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Framing_the_debate">Framing the debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Framing the debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry##" title="Talk:Feminist views on the sex industry">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Feminist+views+on+the+sex+industry%22">"Feminist views on the sex industry"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Feminist+views+on+the+sex+industry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Feminist+views+on+the+sex+industry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Feminist+views+on+the+sex+industry%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Feminist+views+on+the+sex+industry%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Feminist+views+on+the+sex+industry%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Newman and White in <i>Women Power and Public Policy</i> (2012) argue that <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> perspectives on prostitution agree on three main points: "First, they condemn the current legal policy enforcing criminal sanctions against women who offer sex in exchange for money. Second, they agree that authentic <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non">sine qua non</a> of legitimate sex, whether in commercial or non-commercial form. Third, all feminists recognize that commercial sex workers are subject to <a href="/wiki/Economic_coercion" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic coercion">economic coercion</a> and are often victims of violence, and that little is done to address these problems."<sup id="cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewmanWhite-2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup> </p><p>They go on to identify three main feminist views on the issue of prostitution: </p> <ul><li><u>The sex work perspective</u> maintains that prostitution is a legitimate form of work for women faced with the option of other bad jobs, therefore women ought to have the right to work in the sex trade free of prosecution or the fear of it. It also argues that governments should eliminate laws that criminalize voluntary prostitution, which would allow prostitution to be regulated by governments and business codes, protect sex trade workers, and improve their ability to prosecute people who hurt them. <sup id="cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewmanWhite-2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248">: 248 </span></sup></li> <li><u>The <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a> perspective</u> holds that governments should work towards the elimination of prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewmanWhite-2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248">: 248 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewmanWhite-2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248">: 248 </span></sup></li> <li><u>The outlaw perspective</u> views work in the sex trade as a "stepping stone to a better career or an expression of sexual freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewmanWhite-2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248">: 248 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_against_prostitution">Arguments against prostitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arguments against prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many feminists are strongly opposed to prostitution, as they see the practice as a form of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, which should not be tolerated by society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Feminists who hold such views on prostitution include <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Barry" title="Kathleen Barry">Kathleen Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Farley" title="Melissa Farley">Melissa Farley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julie_Bindel" title="Julie Bindel">Julie Bindel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catharine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine MacKinnon">Catharine MacKinnon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laura_Lederer" title="Laura Lederer">Laura Lederer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their arguments against prostitution are explained and detailed below. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phone_box_prostitute_calling_cards_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Phone_box_prostitute_calling_cards_1.jpg/220px-Phone_box_prostitute_calling_cards_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Phone_box_prostitute_calling_cards_1.jpg/330px-Phone_box_prostitute_calling_cards_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Phone_box_prostitute_calling_cards_1.jpg/440px-Phone_box_prostitute_calling_cards_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Advertisements for prostitutes fill a phone booth</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coercion_and_poverty">Coercion and poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coercion and poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></div> <p>These feminists argue that, in most cases, prostitution is not a conscious and calculated choice. They say that most women who become prostitutes do so because they were forced or coerced by a <a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">pimp</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">human trafficking</a>, or, when it is an independent decision, generally is the result of extreme <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and lack of opportunity, or of serious underlying problems, such as <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug addiction</a>, past trauma (such as <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>), and other unfortunate circumstances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These feminists point out that women from the lowest socio-economic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, and women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are over-represented in prostitution all over the world; as stated by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine MacKinnon">Catherine MacKinnon</a>: "If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?".<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Lives,_Men's_Laws_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Lives,_Men's_Laws-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large percentage of prostitutes polled in one study of 475 people involved in prostitution reported that they were in a difficult period of their lives and most wanted to leave the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacKinnon argues that "in prostitution, women have sex with men they would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some anti-prostitution scholars hold that true consent in prostitution is not possible. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Sullivan" title="Barbara Sullivan">Barbara Sullivan</a> says: "In the academic literature on prostitution, there are very few authors who argue that valid consent to prostitution is possible. Most suggest that consent to prostitution is impossible, or at least unlikely."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[...] most authors suggest that consent to prostitution is deeply problematic, if not impossible [...] most authors have argued that consent to prostitution is impossible. For <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical feminists</a>, this is because prostitution is always a coercive sexual practice. Others simply suggest that economic coercion makes the sexual consent of sex workers highly problematic, if not impossible...".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, abolitionists believe no person can be said to truly consent to their own oppression, and no people should have the right to consent to the oppression of others. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Barry" title="Kathleen Barry">Kathleen Barry</a>, consent is not a "good divining rod as to the existence of oppression, and consent to violation is a fact of <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>. Oppression cannot effectively be gauged according to the degree of 'consent', since even in slavery, there was some consent, if consent is defined as inability to see any alternative."<sup id="cite_ref-Barry_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barry-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_effects_on_the_prostitutes">Long-term effects on the prostitutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Long-term effects on the prostitutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-prostitution feminists argue that prostitution is a practice which leads to serious negative long-term effects for the prostitutes, such as trauma; stress; <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>; <a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">self-medication</a> through alcohol and drug use; <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>; and a greater risk for <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, because prostitution is an exploitative practice, which involves a woman who has sex with customers to whom she is not attracted, and routinely exposes the women to psychological, physical and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> stated her opinions as: "Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple. [...] In prostitution, no woman stays whole. It is impossible to use a human body in the way women's bodies are used in prostitution and to have a whole human being at the end of it, or in the middle of it, or close to the beginning of it. It's impossible. And no woman gets whole again later, after."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (December 2023)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry#undue" title="Talk:Feminist views on the sex industry">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_dominance_over_women">Male dominance over women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Male dominance over women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-prostitution feminists are extremely critical of <a href="/wiki/Sex-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex-positive">sex-positive</a> perspectives, wherein prostitution by choice is said to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual liberation">sexual liberation</a> of women, that it can be empowering for women, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some feminists who oppose prostitution agree that sexual liberation for women outside of prostitution is important in the fight for <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, but they say it is crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality – e.g., that women should not have sex outside marriage/a relationship and that <a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">casual sex</a> is shameful for a woman, etc. – with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view – acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice which is based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. These feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved as long as unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman are normalized.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such feminists see prostitution as a form of male dominance over women, as the <a href="/wiki/Client_(prostitution)" title="Client (prostitution)">client</a> has sex with a woman who does not enjoy it and who may be making a tremendous psychological effort to mentally dissociate herself from the client. They say that the act of prostitution is not a mutual and equal sex act as it puts the woman in a subordinate position, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">reducing her to a mere instrument of sexual pleasure</a> for the client. These feminists believe that many clients use the services of prostitutes because they enjoy the "power trip" they derive from the act and the control they have over the woman during the sexual activity. Catharine MacKinnon argues that prostitution "isn't sex only, it's you do what I say, sex."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prostitution is seen by these feminists as the result of a patriarchal societal order which subordinates women to men and where the inequality between genders is present in all aspects of life. These feminists believe that prostitution is very harmful to society as it reinforces the idea that women are sex objects which exist for men's enjoyment, which can be "bought" and which can be "used" solely for men's sexual gratification. Anti-prostitution feminists argue that when a society accepts prostitution it sends the message that it is irrelevant how the woman feels during sex or what the consequences of sex will be for her, and that it is acceptable for a man to engage in sexual activity with a woman who does not enjoy it and who could be mentally and emotionally forcing herself to be able to cope; the normalization of such one sided sexual encounters might negatively affect the way men relate to women in general and might increase sexual violence against women.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These feminists see prostitution as a form of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, and say that, far from decreasing rape rates, prostitution leads to a sharp <i>increase</i> in sexual violence against women, by sending the message that it is acceptable for a man to treat a woman as a sexual instrument over which he has total control. Melissa Farley argues that Nevada's high rape rate is connected to legal prostitution because Nevada is the only US state which allows legal brothels and is ranked 4th out of the 50 U.S. states for sexual assault crimes,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying, "Nevada's rape rate is higher than the U.S. average and way higher than the rape rate in California, New York and New Jersey. Why is this? Legal prostitution creates an atmosphere in this state in which women are not humans equal to them, are disrespected by men, and which then sets the stage of increased violence against women."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (December 2023)">undue weight?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry#undue" title="Talk:Feminist views on the sex industry">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_consequence_and_correlate_of_violence_against_women">A consequence and correlate of violence against women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: A consequence and correlate of violence against women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></div> <p>Some feminists, including many who identify as supporting the abolition of prostitution, see the selling of sex as a potential after effect of violence against women. Those who support this position cite studies of violence experienced by women in prostitution prior to entering prostitution. Most (60% to 70%) were <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexually abused as children</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Silbert_and_Pines_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silbert_and_Pines-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 65% have been <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a>, most of them before the age of 15,<sup id="cite_ref-Silbert_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silbert-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many young women and girls enter prostitution directly from state care, at least in England, Norway, Australia and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Coy_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coy-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prostitution abolitionists also object to the high rates of violence against women in the sex industry. Studies of women in prostitution show an extremely high level of violence is perpetrated against women in prostitution. Figures vary across studies. One representative study showed 82% of respondents had been <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">physically assaulted</a> since entering prostitution, 55% of those by clients. Additionally, 80% had been physically threatened while in prostitution, 83% of those with a weapon. 8% reported physical attacks by pimps and clients of a nature that resulted in serious injury, for example <a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">gunshot wounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knife_wound" class="mw-redirect" title="Knife wound">knife wounds</a>. 68% reported having been raped since entering prostitution, 48% more than five times and 46% reporting rapes committed by clients. Finally, 49% reported <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> was made of them while they were in prostitution and 32% had been upset by an attempt to make them do what clients had seen in pornography.<sup id="cite_ref-Farley_and_Barkan_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farley_and_Barkan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the individual instances of violence or the history of violence suffered by most women in prostitution, prostitution abolitionists see prostitution itself as a form of male violence against women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-Farley_and_Barkan_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farley_and_Barkan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AWAN_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWAN-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond_10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prostitution abolitionists also cite similarities between prostitution and violence against women. Farley, Lynne and Cotton (2005) argue the prostitution is most like <a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">battery</a> because it similarly involves a pattern of coercive and <a href="/wiki/Controlling_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlling behaviour">controlling behaviour</a> (by pimps, procurers, and traffickers as well as clients) that results in the control of the women in prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynne_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynne-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research conducted by Giobbe (1993) found similarities in the behaviour of pimps and batterers, in particular, through their use of <a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">enforced social isolation</a>, threats, intimidation, verbal and sexual abuse, attitudes of ownership, and extreme physical violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Giobbe_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giobbe-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some prostitutes argue prostitution has similarities to rape because it is a form of sexuality that is entirely controlled by the client, as rape is a form of sexuality in which the rapist controls the interaction, disregarding the desires, physical well-being or emotional pain of the victim.<sup id="cite_ref-Not_for_Sale_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Not_for_Sale-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_raced_and_classed_nature_of_prostitution">The raced and classed nature of prostitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The raced and classed nature of prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Prostitution abolitionists often look at the factors of class and race when forming their arguments against prostitution to assess the power held by the client<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, they see prostitution as compelled by multiple forms of <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppressive</a> social power, not just sexism against women. Some analysts on human rights issues surrounding prostitution, such as <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Huda" title="Sigma Huda">Sigma Huda</a> in her report for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>, also adopt this approach:<sup id="cite_ref-Huda_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huda-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The act of prostitution by definition joins together two forms of social power (sex and money) in one interaction. In both realms (sexuality and economics), men hold substantial and systematic power over women. In prostitution, these power disparities merge in an act which both assigns and re-affirms the dominant social status of men over the subordinated social status of women. The demand for commercial sex is often further grounded in social power disparities of race, nationality, <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> and colour.</p></blockquote><p>Abolitionists attribute prostitution to women's comparative lack of economic resources. <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> have exacerbated already unequal economic relations, including by cutting back social spending in Northern and formerly socialist countries, and increasing the demand for cheap labour, including in prostitution, in both Southern and Northern countries.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with sex discrimination in wages and job type, sexual harassment in the workplace, and an undue burden of caring for children, the elderly and the ill, women are at a significant economic disadvantage in the current economic structure. Poverty is the single greatest "push" factor making women vulnerable to accepting prostitution as a means of subsistence.<sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_10_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond_10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_and_Healy_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor_and_Healy-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> shapes women's entry into prostitution, both because it makes women more vulnerable to prostitution and because clients demand racialized women in prostitution. Racism in education, economic and political systems affect the choices of women of colour. Additionally, racist sexualization, through pornography in particular, of Black and Asian women as over-sexed and submissive or otherwise available for prostitution contributes to the demand for specifically racialized women.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Massage_parlor" title="Massage parlor">Massage parlours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">strip clubs</a>, and other prostitution businesses are often located in poor and racialized neighbourhoods, encouraging clients to troll those neighbourhoods for women, making all women in those neighbourhoods vulnerable to prostitution-related harassment and women in those neighbourhoods more likely to accept their use in prostitution as normal.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous women around the world are particularly targeted for prostitution. In Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, and Taiwan, studies have shown that indigenous women are at the bottom of the race and class hierarchy of prostitution, often subjected to the worst conditions, most violent demands and sold at the lowest price.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynne_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynne-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common for indigenous women to be over-represented in prostitution when compared with their total population. This is as a result of the combined forces of colonialism, physical displacement from ancestral lands, destruction of indigenous social and cultural order, misogyny, globalization/neoliberalism, race discrimination, and extremely high levels of violence perpetrated against them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynne_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynne-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aboriginal Women's Action Network, an abolitionist organization in Canada, has specifically noted that because the prostitution of Aboriginal women results from and reinforces such extreme hatred of Aboriginal women, no regime of legalization (which will expand the industry and entrap more women) can be safer for Aboriginal women. Prostitution can only further harm Aboriginal women.<sup id="cite_ref-AWAN_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWAN-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outlawing_of_buying_sexual_services">Outlawing of buying sexual services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Outlawing of buying sexual services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">Prostitution law</a></div> <p>In 1999, Sweden became the first country to make it illegal to pay for sex, but not to be a prostitute (the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute). Similar laws were passed in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (in 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (in 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2014, the members of the European Parliament voted, in a non-binding resolution (adopted by 343 votes to 139; with 105 abstentions), in favor of the "Swedish Model" of criminalizing the buying, but not the selling, of sex.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the Council of Europe has made a similar recommendation, stating that "While each system presents advantages and disadvantages, policies prohibiting the purchase of sexual services are those that are more likely to have a positive impact on reducing trafficking in human beings".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 2011, the newly elected government of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> began discussing the possibility of banning the buying of sexual services.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while during 2009, there was lobbying taking place for such a law in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These laws are a natural extension of the views of the feminists who oppose prostitution. These feminists reject the idea that prostitution can be reformed, and oppose any <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a> approach. <a href="/wiki/Trisha_Baptie" title="Trisha Baptie">Trisha Baptie</a>, a Canadian former prostitute, who now opposes the industry, and lobbies for the outlawing of buying sexual services, wrote: "Harm reduction? You can't make prostitution "safer"; prostitution is violence in itself. It is rape, the money only appeases men's guilt,"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "One of the most "<a href="/wiki/Sex-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex-positive">sex-positive</a>" things you can do is make sure men cannot buy sex, because the buying of sex is violence against women and is a direct deterrent to women's equality."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These feminists see prostitution as a form of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, and vehemently condemn the common pro-legalization argument that "prostitution has always existed, and will never go away", arguing that other violent acts such as murder, rape, and child sexual abuse have also always existed, and will never be eradicated either, and that is not a reason to legalize them. These feminists argue that the idea of legalizing prostitution to control it and "make it a little better", and reduce harm, is no different from the idea of legalizing domestic violence to control it and "make it a little better", and reduce harm.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_responses_to_sex_market">Feminist responses to sex market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Feminist responses to sex market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_feminism">Radical feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Radical feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical feminism</a> views prostitution, and by extension the sex market, as the ideal demonstration of women being subordinated and subjected to violence through the patriarchy's market demands.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notable radical feminist <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> argues that the sexual subordination of women must be overcome for <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> to be achieved. The sex market, which renders the woman's body a commodity, is therefore incompatible with radical feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some radical feminists argue that the sex market, by breaking down the barrier between sexual activity against commercialization and production, degrades the sexual autonomy women socially hold.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of autonomy in the sex market stems from the inhumane treatment <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a> often face, the social and economic power discrepancy between the consumers and providers of sexual services and content, and the perpetuation of the subordination of women through the sex market's high demand.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This falls in line with the view radical feminists hold about capitalist societies as containing a 'moral' economy, in which the economically permitted actions embodies societal beliefs about individual autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the framework of moral appeals, the sex market meets its unambiguous and nondiscretionary fulfillment of its obligations to consumers at the expense of female sexual autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_feminism">Liberal feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liberal feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> views a <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> as capable and inclined to enacting laws which protect individual rights as it pertains to gender discrimination, and this includes protecting women who work within sex markets.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the feminist author <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> argues, the reason that sex markets see such high instances of undermined female autonomy and sexual wellness is due to the social stigmatization which is rooted in the fear of female sexual expression, and that the services of the sex market should be respected as any other form of labor. Nussbaum's argument concludes that the stigmatization of sex markets only directly negatively impacts sex workers without addressing the underlying social oppression towards women.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is disagreement between liberal feminists as to whether or not sex work is degrading to women, but it is generally agreed upon that legalizing the sex market would be positive, as it would grant women who work within the sex market greater protections under the legal system. This would come in the form of granting women safer spaces to work, and allow the government to limit and regulate unsafe, exploitative practices against sex workers.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legalization of sex work also grants sex workers the autonomy to decide what they wish to do with their bodies, which is a tenant of liberal feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominance_feminism">Dominance feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dominance feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dominance feminism views the political, social, and economic structure of the world are discriminatory against women on account of the concerted efforts of the patriarchy, and therefore the discrimination against women in the sex markets manifests as a byproduct of male domination.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the dominance feminist author <a href="/wiki/Catharine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine MacKinnon">Catharine A. MacKinnon</a> holds, the sex market cannot be viewed as feminist on account of men's sexual domination over women being the main factor upon which the market functions.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prostitution and the sex market is viewed more broadly as a state which all women are involuntarily entered into due to a woman's sexuality being the object through which men can barter and legislate over. Due to the nature of the sex market as primarily selling female produced content or female bodies, which are often sold to men as clients through male brokers, prostitution and pornography are the highest forms of women's exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominance feminists might also view prostitution as inherently negative due to the belief that women's self-expression through sexuality cannot ever be sold without the patron's perception of the commodity as being discriminatory against female autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pro-sex_work_perspectives">Pro-sex work perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pro-sex work perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry##" title="Talk:Feminist views on the sex industry">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To directly counteract the view of prostitution as the oppression of women, some scholars and feminists have voiced their opinion in support of prostitution and other forms of sex-work. Support is based on ideas of economic empowerment, independence and autonomy of choice, comparisons to sexual role in marriage, and challenging outdated societal notions of the proper expression of women's sexuality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proponents_and_support_groups">Proponents and support groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Proponents and support groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activists and scholars who are proponents of the pro-sex work position include: <a href="/wiki/Margo_St._James" title="Margo St. James">Margo St. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norma_Jean_Almodovar" title="Norma Jean Almodovar">Norma Jean Almodovar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Kempadoo" title="Kamala Kempadoo">Kamala Kempadoo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mar%C3%ADa_Agust%C3%ADn" title="Laura María Agustín">Laura María Agustín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Sprinkle" title="Annie Sprinkle">Annie Sprinkle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Leigh" title="Carol Leigh">Carol Leigh</a> (also known as Scarlot Harlot), <a href="/wiki/Carol_Queen" title="Carol Queen">Carol Queen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amin_Yacoub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amin Yacoub (page does not exist)">Amin Yacoub</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Audacia_Ray" title="Audacia Ray">Audacia Ray</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To assist women not involved in traditional "woman's work", pro-sex work formed to create a helpful environment for sex workers. Social activist groups like <a href="/wiki/The_Red_Thread_(De_Rode_Draad)" title="The Red Thread (De Rode Draad)">The Red Thread</a>, founded in 1985, seek to educate the public, provide legal and medical assistance to sex workers, and help organize sex workers into groups to better protect themselves and to become advocates.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal feminists and groups such as The Red Thread, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_International_Committee_for_Prostitutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The International Committee for Prostitutes (page does not exist)">The International Committee for Prostitutes</a> (ICPR) and <a href="/wiki/COYOTE" title="COYOTE">COYOTE</a> seek to ensure that sex work is seen as a valid choice that women may make without overtly oppressive forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_empowerment">Economic empowerment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic empowerment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One view is that sex work not only empowers women, but it provides women with greater opportunities for financial advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical feminist">radical feminist</a> proponents of female empowerment through sex work.<sup id="cite_ref-Policy_Reform_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Policy_Reform-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberal feminists view prostitution as the sale of sex solely for economic gain, and thus it cannot be differentiated from any other sale of goods. The selling of sex ultimately consists of a buyer and a seller trying to negotiate for the best deal.<sup id="cite_ref-Policy_Reform_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Policy_Reform-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interfering in this sale of goods could not only be interfering with the rights of the buyer, but also of the seller. Women who have chosen to enter the field should not be looked down upon and should not have their choice considered to be lesser than another type of socially accepted employment. Liberal feminists argue that while prostitution and sex work may not be the ideal job for many women, it can provide a way of life and prosperity that would be otherwise unattainable.<sup id="cite_ref-Policy_Reform_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Policy_Reform-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sex work can be seen as a better alternative to working for <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> or working in a field that that society decided is "<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_work" title="Women's work">woman's work</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_analogy">Marriage analogy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marriage analogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sex work and prostitution have often been compared to a marriage in which the man is the breadwinner, while the woman stays at home and cares for the family.<sup id="cite_ref-Policy_Reform_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Policy_Reform-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legalization_or_decriminalization">Legalization or decriminalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legalization or decriminalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></div> <p>Feminists who support the <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_sex_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalization of sex work">legalization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">decriminalization</a> of prostitution argue that one of the significant flaws with the radical anti-prostitution feminist view is that a majority of its arguments are premised on the assumption that prostitution itself is inherently laced with <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classism">classism</a> and other unbalanced power relations. The institution of prostitution itself is seen by abolitionists as resting on these conditions and therefore they believe legalization or decriminalization will only lead to the reinforcement of these conditions. Pro-sex-work feminists argue that this assumption is flawed, and that while prostitution, as it currently exists in our society, can be misogynist or degrading in some manifestations, there is a grave danger in attributing these conditions to prostitution itself. They argue that targeting prostitution as a whole unduly focuses attention on this single institution in our society, rather than looking at society at large and the social institutions, laws and practices that lead to the subordination and oppression of women.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromberg_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromberg-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been much debate over the last few decades amongst feminists about how laws relating to prostitution should be reformed. Most liberal feminists who look at prostitution from a <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> perspective support some form of either decriminalization or legalization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a> is the removal of all penalties for prostitution itself and for all the activities necessary for prostitutes to do their work, such as advertising, communicating with clients, etc. It does not mean the reversal of all laws relating to prostitution, for example, laws that exist against forcing someone into prostitution. For the purposes of decriminalization, Feminists for Free Expression defines the word "prostitution" to mean any consensual sexual activity between adults where compensation is involved; nonconsensual sex acts or sex acts perpetrated against minors are not prostitution, in their view. Instead they prefer the term "criminal sexual acts".<sup id="cite_ref-ffeusapropam_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ffeusapropam-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term '<a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">legalization</a>', on the other hand, is usually used in the context of prostitution to refer to the use of criminal laws to regulate prostitution by determining the legal conditions under which prostitutes can operate. Legalization can mean anything from rigid controls under a <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-controlled system</a> to merely defining the operation of a <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatized</a> sex industry. Legalization is often accompanied by strict criminal penalties for anyone who operates outside the legally defined framework.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With legalization there may be rules about where prostitution can take place (for example only in state licensed brothels), what prostitutes can do, mandatory registry/licensing and frequent mandatory health exams.<sup id="cite_ref-Stella_en_action_juridique_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stella_en_action_juridique-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pro-sex-worker feminists support decriminalization and some support legalization, for different reasons. Proponents of decriminalization believe that all people, including sex workers, are entitled to the same rights regarding safety, health and human rights, and that outdated criminal laws need to be reformed to improve the living and working conditions of sex workers. They argue that decriminalization is better for the workers than legalization and that both criminalization and heavily regulated legalization infringe on the workers' safety and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many feminists who support sex workers favor decriminalization because it allows prostitutes to go into business for themselves and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> is a tenet of feminist politics.<sup id="cite_ref-ffeusapropam_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ffeusapropam-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe decriminalization fosters responsibility, empowerment, self-esteem and self-care, all important feminist values. The goal in decriminalizing sex work is that anyone doing any type of sex work would be treated the same way, with the same rights and responsibilities, as any other self-employed person.<sup id="cite_ref-Stella_en_action_juridique_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stella_en_action_juridique-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether they support decriminalization or some form of legalization, pro-sex work feminists believe that the current laws that exist surrounding prostitution in many countries need to be changed and are harmful to the people who work in the industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgender,_non-binary,_and_male_sex_workers"><span id="Transgender.2C_non-binary.2C_and_male_sex_workers"></span>Transgender, non-binary, and male sex workers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transgender, non-binary, and male sex workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pro-sex work advocates also point out that many <a href="/wiki/Male_prostitution" title="Male prostitution">men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary">non-binary</a> individuals also willingly engage in sex work for a variety of reasons. <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisexual_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual men">bisexual men</a>, for example, often view sex work as a profitable extension of their normal sex lives, sometimes using sex work to supplement their regular incomes. These sex workers argue that anti-sex work advocates harm them by passing anti-sex work laws and reducing state-run <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When discussing prostitution and theorizing about prostitution, sex workers are often assumed to be <a href="/wiki/Cisgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisgender women">cisgender women</a>. In the writings of abolitionist feminists like <a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">Catharine MacKinnon</a>, the language used is in reference to women who are prostitutes, as she writes "Not only is prostitution overwhelmingly done to women by men, but every aspect of the condition has defined gender female as such and as inferior for centuries".<sup id="cite_ref-Women's_Lives,_Men's_Laws_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women's_Lives,_Men's_Laws-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foundational feminist texts covering prostitution also cite prostitution as being created on the basis of the exploitation of women, for example being described as "at its core a manifestation of male violence against women".<sup id="cite_ref-Not_for_Sale_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Not_for_Sale-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is not much research on non-cisgender women sex workers, and more recent gender scholars have theorized about transgender and non-binary individuals who have performed sex work/labor. These theorists have found that, in regards to gender diversity in feminist literature, that "all trans sex workers are women, and all male sex workers are assumed to be cisgender".<sup id="cite_ref-Cissexism_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cissexism-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a whole, abolitionists feminists who are against prostitution do not comment on sex workers who are not cisgender women, while those who are in favor of the legalization of sex work also rarely address transgender sex workers and see those who are transgender and gender non-binary as a "special interest" group rather than part of the discourse surrounding prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Cissexism_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cissexism-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_perspectives">Other perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many feminists whose views on prostitution do not fit in either the anti-prostitution feminist or the <a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">sex-positive feminist</a> viewpoints, and in some cases are critical of both. These feminist authors have criticized what they see as the unproductive and often bitter debate that characterizes the two-position analysis of prostitution. Such authors highlight that in allowing arguments about prostitution to be reduced to a stale analysis and theoretical debate, feminists are themselves contributing to the marginalization of prostitutes, simplifying the nature of the work they carry out and the personal circumstances that involve each individual.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminist scholar <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Shrage" title="Laurie Shrage">Laurie Shrage</a> has also criticized the haphazard nature of feminist views on prostitution. Shrage claims that in a determination to undermine patriarchy, pro-sex feminists have advocated a reckless and "<a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> style" deregulation of laws surrounding prostitution, without considering the implications that this may have upon women involved in sex work, particularly given the nature of the sex trade, which is more likely to be plagued by exploitation and poor working conditions, concerns that must be of importance to any feminist.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_market_across_the_world">Sex market across the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sex market across the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large number of women and children are trafficked from Africa to other parts of the world. Many of the women are trafficked to work as prostitutes. It has been suggested that the scale of the trafficking may be in part due to many Africans having no <a href="/wiki/Birth_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth registration">birth registration</a> and hence no official nationality, making them easier to transport across borders. It is also argued that the significant negative economic impact on Africa resulting from this trafficking combines with the continent's existing high levels of poverty and low educational attainment to further expand the supply for <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficker" class="mw-redirect" title="Human trafficker">human traffickers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands:_Amsterdam">Netherlands: Amsterdam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Netherlands: Amsterdam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sex_worker_statue_Oudekerksplein_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sex_worker_statue_Oudekerksplein_Amsterdam.jpg/208px-Sex_worker_statue_Oudekerksplein_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sex_worker_statue_Oudekerksplein_Amsterdam.jpg/313px-Sex_worker_statue_Oudekerksplein_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sex_worker_statue_Oudekerksplein_Amsterdam.jpg/417px-Sex_worker_statue_Oudekerksplein_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Statue to honor the sex workers of the world. Installed March 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Oudekerksplein, in front of the <a href="/wiki/Oude_Kerk,_Amsterdam" title="Oude Kerk, Amsterdam">Oude Kerk</a>, in Amsterdam's red-light district <a href="/wiki/De_Wallen" title="De Wallen">De Wallen</a>. Title is <i>Belle</i>, inscription says "Respect sex workers all over the world".</figcaption></figure> <p>The notable neighborhood of <i><a href="/wiki/De_Wallen" title="De Wallen">De Wallen</a></i> in Amsterdam is home to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>' legalized <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">red-light district</a>, which is a commercial hub for the sex market.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Belgium" title="Prostitution in Belgium">legalization</a> and regulation of the sex market, the Dutch government has been capable of cutting back on organized crime within the red-light district without encroaching on the rights of sex workers, who are still protected by the law.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the intentions are politically well meaning, most projections for the decriminalization projects of the region are projected to displace and therefore endanger sex workers, which seems to prove the point liberal feminists make about stigmatization on a governmental level as endangering to prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> had an estimated two hundred thousand women and children that were involved in prostitution.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 11 percent of the country's gross domestic income is from prostitution. This means that prostitution has become a necessary source of revenue. This contradiction in the country arises because they are stuck in between traditional and modern views because the amount of gross national income prostitution brings into the country.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_New_Zealand" title="Prostitution in New Zealand">Prostitution in New Zealand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_Reform_Act_2003" title="Prostitution Reform Act 2003">Prostitution Reform Act of 2003</a> legalized sex work in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization of sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">Prostitution law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolting_Prostitutes" title="Revolting Prostitutes">Revolting Prostitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Whores" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Whores">A Vindication of the Rights of Whores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Feminist views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_sex" title="Transactional sex">Transactional sex</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeabrook2001" class="citation book cs1">Seabrook, Jeremy (2001). <i>Travels in the skin trade : tourism and the sex industry</i> (2nd ed.). London: Pluto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783716050" title="Special:BookSources/9781783716050"><bdi>9781783716050</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646859340">646859340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+the+skin+trade+%3A+tourism+and+the+sex+industry&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pluto&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646859340&rft.isbn=9781783716050&rft.aulast=Seabrook&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotiswaran,_Prabha.2011" class="citation book cs1">Kotiswaran, Prabha. (2011). <i>Dangerous sex, invisible labor : sex work and the law in India</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400838769" title="Special:BookSources/9781400838769"><bdi>9781400838769</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745865981">745865981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+sex%2C+invisible+labor+%3A+sex+work+and+the+law+in+India&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F745865981&rft.isbn=9781400838769&rft.au=Kotiswaran%2C+Prabha.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrentsSanders2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brents, Barbara G.; Sanders, Teela (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6478.2010.00494.x">"Mainstreaming the Sex Industry: Economic Inclusion and Social Ambivalence"</a>. <i>Journal of Law and Society</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 40–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-6478.2010.00494.x">10.1111/j.1467-6478.2010.00494.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-323X">0263-323X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154302396">154302396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=Mainstreaming+the+Sex+Industry%3A+Economic+Inclusion+and+Social+Ambivalence&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-60&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154302396%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0263-323X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-6478.2010.00494.x&rft.aulast=Brents&rft.aufirst=Barbara+G.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Teela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-6478.2010.00494.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2013" class="citation journal cs1">Meyers, Diana Tietjens (2013-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/MEYFAS">"Feminism and Sex Trafficking: Rethinking Some Aspects of Autonomy and Paternalism"</a>. <i>Ethical Theory and Moral Practice</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 427–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10677-013-9452-1">10.1007/s10677-013-9452-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1386-2820">1386-2820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144976105">144976105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethical+Theory+and+Moral+Practice&rft.atitle=Feminism+and+Sex+Trafficking%3A+Rethinking+Some+Aspects+of+Autonomy+and+Paternalism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-441&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144976105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1386-2820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10677-013-9452-1&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Diana+Tietjens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FMEYFAS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Neill2001" class="citation book cs1">O’Neill, Maggie (2001). <i>Prostitution and Feminism</i>. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. 14–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1204-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1204-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-1204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prostitution+and+Feminism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=14-16&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1204-1&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Neill&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1997" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Priscilla (1997). "Feminism, Sex Workers and Human Rights". In Nagle, Jill (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415918220/page/83"><i>Whores and Other Feminists</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415918220/page/83">83–90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91821-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91821-3"><bdi>978-0-415-91821-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminism%2C+Sex+Workers+and+Human+Rights&rft.btitle=Whores+and+Other+Feminists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83-90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91821-3&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415918220%2Fpage%2F83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewmanWhite-2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewmanWhite-2012_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman_and_White2012" class="citation book cs1">Newman and White (2012). <i>Women Power and Public Policy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195432497" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195432497"><bdi>978-0195432497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Power+and+Public+Policy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0195432497&rft.au=Newman+and+White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html">Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104111446/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html">Archived</a> 4 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved 3 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2003" class="citation web cs1">Farley, Melissa (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232850326">"Prostitution and the Invisibility of Harm"</a>. Prostitiution Research & Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eradicate+the+oldest+oppression&rft.date=2006-01-18&rft.au=Julie+Bindel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2006%2Fjan%2F18%2Fukcrime.prisonsandprobation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/10/endingatradeinmisery">Ending a trade in misery</a> (10 September 2007). The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catharine A. MacKinnon (1993) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/mackinnon1.html">Prostitution And Civil Rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725090255/http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/mackinnon1.html">Archived</a> 2009-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, 1993, Volume 1: 13–31. Retrieved 3 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lederer, Laura J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalcenturion.org/Articles/Demand.aspx">Addressing Demand: Examining New Practices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220113331/http://www.globalcenturion.org/Articles/Demand.aspx">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Global Centurion. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aidslaw.ca/publications/interfaces/downloadFile.php?ref=657">the original</a> on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decriminalization+of+Prostitution+to+Reduce+Sex+Workers%27+Vulnerability+to+HIV.&rft.au=Canadian+HIV%2FAIDS+Legal+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aidslaw.ca%2Fpublications%2Finterfaces%2FdownloadFile.php%3Fref%3D657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichert" class="citation journal cs1">Eichert, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vjspl.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/12.2-FOSTA.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It Ruined My Life: FOSTA, Male Escorts, and the Construction of Sexual Victimhood in American Politics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 201–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Journal+of+Social+Policy+%26+the+Law&rft.atitle=%27It+Ruined+My+Life%3A+FOSTA%2C+Male+Escorts%2C+and+the+Construction+of+Sexual+Victimhood+in+American+Politics&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-245&rft.aulast=Eichert&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvjspl.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2F12.2-FOSTA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cissexism-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cissexism_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cissexism_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Angela (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12750">"Where The Trans Men and Enbies At?: Cissexism, Sexual Threat, and the Study of Sex Work"</a>. <i>Sociology Compass</i>. <b>14</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsoc4.12750">10.1111/soc4.12750</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-9020">1751-9020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213615912">213615912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+Compass&rft.atitle=Where+The+Trans+Men+and+Enbies+At%3F%3A+Cissexism%2C+Sexual+Threat%2C+and+the+Study+of+Sex+Work&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213615912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1751-9020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsoc4.12750&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fsoc4.12750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O’Neill, Maggie (2001) <i>Prostitution and Feminism</i>. Polity Press: Cambridge pg 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrage1994" class="citation book cs1">Shrage, Laurie (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moraldilemmasoff0000shra"><i>Moral dilemmas of feminism: prostitution, adultery, and abortion</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90551-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90551-0"><bdi>978-0-415-90551-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+dilemmas+of+feminism%3A+prostitution%2C+adultery%2C+and+abortion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90551-0&rft.aulast=Shrage&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoraldilemmasoff0000shra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyxXzVGVxl0C&pg=PA83">p 83</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFayemi2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Fayemi, Ademola K. (September 2009). <i>The Challenges of Prostitution and Female Trafficking in Africa: an African Ethico-Feminist Perspective</i>. <i>Journal of Pan African Studies</i> (Thesis). Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.538.4881">10.1.1.538.4881</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Challenges+of+Prostitution+and+Female+Trafficking+in+Africa%3A+an+African+Ethico-Feminist+Perspective&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.538.4881%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Fayemi&rft.aufirst=Ademola+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAalbersDeinema2012" class="citation journal cs1">Aalbers, Manuel B.; Deinema, Michaël (2012). "Placing prostitution". <i>City</i>. <b>16</b> (1–2): 129–145. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012City...16..129A">2012City...16..129A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13604813.2012.662370">10.1080/13604813.2012.662370</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-4813">1360-4813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145008901">145008901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City&rft.atitle=Placing+prostitution&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=129-145&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13604813.2012.662370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145008901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1360-4813&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012City...16..129A&rft.aulast=Aalbers&rft.aufirst=Manuel+B.&rft.au=Deinema%2C+Micha%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2008" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (2008-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/24/world/europe/24amsterdam.html">"Amsterdam Tries Upscale Fix for Red-Light District Crime"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Amsterdam+Tries+Upscale+Fix+for+Red-Light+District+Crime&rft.date=2008-02-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F24%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F24amsterdam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeinemaAalbers2012" class="citation cs2">Deinema, Michaël; Aalbers, Manuel B. (2012-12-31), "15. A Global Red-Light City? Prostitution in Amsterdam as a Real-and-Imagined Place", <i>Imagining Global Amsterdam</i>, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 273–288, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9789048515134-016">10.1515/9789048515134-016</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1513-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-485-1513-4"><bdi>978-90-485-1513-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imagining+Global+Amsterdam&rft.atitle=15.+A+Global+Red-Light+City%3F+Prostitution+in+Amsterdam+as+a+Real-and-Imagined+Place&rft.pages=273-288&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9789048515134-016&rft.isbn=978-90-485-1513-4&rft.aulast=Deinema&rft.aufirst=Micha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Aalbers%2C+Manuel+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenore. Prostitution Policy: Revolutionizing Practice Through a Gendered Perspective. New York: New York University Press, 2002. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2003" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, Gayle (December 2003). "Loose Women and Lecherous Men: A Feminist Philosophy of Sex/Sex and Borders: Gender, National Identity, and Prostitution Policy in Thailand/Prostitution Policy: Revolutionizing Practice through a Gendered Perspective". <i>Canadian Journal of Women & the Law</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 371–377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Women+%26+the+Law&rft.atitle=Loose+Women+and+Lecherous+Men%3A+A+Feminist+Philosophy+of+Sex%2FSex+and+Borders%3A+Gender%2C+National+Identity%2C+and+Prostitution+Policy+in+Thailand%2FProstitution+Policy%3A+Revolutionizing+Practice+through+a+Gendered+Perspective&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=371-377&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Gayle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (April 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nz/mi/pb/research-papers/document/00PLSocRP12051/prostitution-law-reform-in-new-zealand/">"Prostitution Law Reform in New Zealand"</a>. <i>www.parliament.nz</i>. New Zealand Parliament. July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.nz&rft.atitle=Prostitution+Law+Reform+in+New+Zealand&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nz%2Fmi%2Fpb%2Fresearch-papers%2Fdocument%2F00PLSocRP12051%2Fprostitution-law-reform-in-new-zealand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitmore2006" class="citation book cs1">Ditmore, M. H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcYq72qYRTcC&pg=PA154">"Feminism"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work</i>. Greenwood. pp. 154–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32968-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32968-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32968-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Prostitution+and+Sex+Work&rft.pages=154-159&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32968-5&rft.aulast=Ditmore&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcYq72qYRTcC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector2006" class="citation book cs1">Spector, J., ed. (2006). <i>Prostitution and Pornography: Philosophical Debate About the Sex Industry</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4937-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4937-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-4937-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prostitution+and+Pornography%3A+Philosophical+Debate+About+the+Sex+Industry&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4937-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Meulen2013" class="citation book cs1">van der Meulen, E.; et al., eds. (2013). <i>Selling Sex: Experience, Advocacy, and Research on Sex Work in Canada</i>. Vancouver: UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774824484" title="Special:BookSources/9780774824484"><bdi>9780774824484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selling+Sex%3A+Experience%2C+Advocacy%2C+and+Research+on+Sex+Work+in+Canada&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780774824484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+views+on+the+sex+industry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrage2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Shrage" title="Laurie Shrage">Shrage, Laurie</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/feminist-sex-markets/">"Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Prostitution"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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