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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolutionary relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>South Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>North Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Behaviour and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-human_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-human_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pre-human forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-human_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Surviving remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feathers_and_soft_tissues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feathers_and_soft_tissues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Feathers and soft tissues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feathers_and_soft_tissues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Potential revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In literature and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7" title="موا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinornithidae" title="Dinornithidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinornithidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF)" title="মোয়া (পাখি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোয়া (পাখি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Моа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Моа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Моа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Моа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moes" title="Moes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinornithiformes" title="Dinornithiformes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dinornithiformes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moas" title="Moas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naay%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_ts%C3%ADdiitsoh" title="Naayééʼ tsídiitsoh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naayééʼ tsídiitsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moalased" title="Moalased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moalased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinornithidae" title="Dinornithidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinornithidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinornito" title="Dinornito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinornito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A2" title="موآ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موآ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinornithiformes" title="Dinornithiformes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dinornithiformes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%A4%27s" title="Moä's – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moä's" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa_(ave)" title="Moa (ave) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Moa (ave)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%95%84" title="모아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe" title="Moe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Moe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinornithidae" title="Dinornithidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinornithidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דינורניטיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דינורניטיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5" title="ಮೋವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೋವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Моатәрізділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Моатәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Моа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Моа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinornithiformes" title="Dinornithiformes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dinornithiformes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moaf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Moafélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moafélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4a" title="Môa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%A2" title="モア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moaf%C3%B6gler" title="Moafögler – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moafögler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinornithiformes" title="Dinornithiformes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dinornithiformes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moafuglar" title="Moafuglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moafuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwa" title="Muwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Моа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moatvar%C3%A9" title="Moatvaré – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moatvaré" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe" title="Moe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe" title="Moe – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Moe" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe" title="Moe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moalinnut" title="Moalinnut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moalinnut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moaf%C3%A5glar" title="Moafåglar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Moafåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="மோவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2" title="นกโมอา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นกโมอา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Моаподібні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Моаподібні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa" title="Moa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Moa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowa" title="Mowa – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mowa" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinornithiformes" title="Dinornithiformes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinornithiformes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Моа – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Моа" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%90%E9%B3%A5" title="恐鳥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="恐鳥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%90%E9%B3%A5" title="恐鳥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="恐鳥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q452969#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Moa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Moa" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moa (disambiguation)">Moa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Moa<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">17–0.0006 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.56923076923px; width:6.4305661538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:214.24615384615px; width:5.7536430769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:215.24615384615px; width:3.7536430769231px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinornis_maximus,_Natural_History_Museum_(PV_A_608).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dinornis_maximus%2C_Natural_History_Museum_%28PV_A_608%29.jpg/220px-Dinornis_maximus%2C_Natural_History_Museum_%28PV_A_608%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dinornis_maximus%2C_Natural_History_Museum_%28PV_A_608%29.jpg/330px-Dinornis_maximus%2C_Natural_History_Museum_%28PV_A_608%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dinornis_maximus%2C_Natural_History_Museum_%28PV_A_608%29.jpg/440px-Dinornis_maximus%2C_Natural_History_Museum_%28PV_A_608%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="3012" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/North_Island_giant_moa" title="North Island giant moa">North Island giant moa</a> skeleton </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Dinornithiformes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Notopalaeognathae" title="Notopalaeognathae">Notopalaeognathae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dinornithiformes</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1853<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dinornis_novaezealandiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinornis novaezealandiae">Dinornis novaezealandiae</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Owen</a>, 1843</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See <a href="#Classification">text</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephenson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_moa_species" title="List of moa species">6 genera, 9 species</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Dinornithes <small>Gadow, 1893</small></li> <li>Immanes <small>Newton, 1884</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Moa</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Dinornithiformes</b>) are an extinct group of <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightless birds</a> formerly endemic to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bird.org.nz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bird.org.nz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, there were nine <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> (in six genera). The two largest species, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Island_giant_moa" title="South Island giant moa">Dinornis robustus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/North_Island_giant_moa" title="North Island giant moa">Dinornis novaezelandiae</a></i>, reached about 3.6 metres (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched, and weighed about 230 kilograms (510 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the smallest, the <a href="/wiki/Bush_moa" title="Bush moa">bush moa</a> (<i>Anomalopteryx didiformis</i>), was around the size of a <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the moa population when <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian people">Polynesians</a> settled New Zealand circa 1300 vary between 58,000<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approximately 2.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moa are traditionally placed in the <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratite</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-bird.org.nz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bird.org.nz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, genetic studies have found that their closest relatives are the flighted South American <a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">tinamous</a>, once considered a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to ratites.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nine species of moa were the only wingless birds, lacking even the <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestigial</a> wings that all other ratites have. They were the largest terrestrial animals and dominant <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> in New Zealand's forest, shrubland, and subalpine <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> until the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_history#Settlement_of_New_Zealand" title="Māori history">arrival of the Māori</a>, and were hunted only by <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a>. Moa extinction occurred within 100 years of human settlement of New Zealand, primarily due to overhunting.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>moa</i> is a Polynesian term for domestic fowl. The name was not in common use among the Māori by the time of European contact, likely because the bird it described had been extinct for some time, and traditional stories about it were rare. The earliest record of the name was by missionaries <a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(bishop)" title="William Williams (bishop)">William Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Colenso" title="William Colenso">William Colenso</a> in January 1838; Colenso speculated that the birds may have resembled gigantic fowl. In 1912, Māori chief Urupeni Pūhara claimed that the moa's traditional name was "te kura" (the red bird).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moa_size_comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moa_size_comparison.png/300px-Moa_size_comparison.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moa_size_comparison.png/450px-Moa_size_comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moa_size_comparison.png/600px-Moa_size_comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="6921" data-file-height="3026" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison between four moa species and a 1.8 m tall <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a>. From left to right: <i><a href="/wiki/Megalapteryx_didinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalapteryx didinus">Megalapteryx didinus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dinornis_robustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinornis robustus">Dinornis robustus</a></i> (female size), <i><a href="/wiki/Anomalopteryx_didiformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalopteryx didiformis">Anomalopteryx didiformis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pachyornis_elephantopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyornis elephantopus">Pachyornis elephantopus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Moa skeletons were traditionally reconstructed in an upright position to create impressive height, but analysis of their vertebral articulations indicates that they probably carried their heads forward,<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a>. The spine was attached to the rear of the head rather than the base, indicating the horizontal alignment. This would have let them graze on low vegetation, while being able to lift their heads and browse trees when necessary. This has resulted in a reconsideration of the height of larger moa. However, Māori <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> depicts moa or moa-like birds (likely <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adzebill" title="Adzebill">adzebills</a>) with necks upright, indicating that moa were capable of assuming both neck postures.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> No records survive of what sounds moa made, though some idea of their <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">calls</a> can be gained from fossil evidence. The <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a> of moa were supported by many small rings of bone known as tracheal rings. Excavation of these rings from articulated skeletons has shown that at least two moa genera (<i>Euryapteryx</i> and <i>Emeus</i>) exhibited tracheal elongation, that is, their trachea were up to 1 metre (3.3 feet) long and formed a large loop within the body cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the only ratites known to exhibit this feature, which is also present in several other bird groups, including <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_fowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea fowl">guinea fowl</a>. The feature is associated with deep resonant vocalisations that can travel long distances.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_relationships">Evolutionary relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolutionary relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwi,_ostrich,_Dinornis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kiwi%2C_ostrich%2C_Dinornis.jpg/125px-Kiwi%2C_ostrich%2C_Dinornis.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kiwi%2C_ostrich%2C_Dinornis.jpg/188px-Kiwi%2C_ostrich%2C_Dinornis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kiwi%2C_ostrich%2C_Dinornis.jpg/250px-Kiwi%2C_ostrich%2C_Dinornis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A comparison of a <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a> (l), <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a> (c), and <i><a href="/wiki/Dinornis" title="Dinornis">Dinornis</a></i> (r), each with its egg</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euryapteryx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euryapteryx.jpg/209px-Euryapteryx.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euryapteryx.jpg/314px-Euryapteryx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euryapteryx.jpg/418px-Euryapteryx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="1513" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Restoration of a <a href="/wiki/Broad-billed_moa" title="Broad-billed moa">broad-billed moa</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The moa's closest relatives are small terrestrial South American birds called the <a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">tinamous</a>, which can fly.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allentoft2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allentoft2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baker2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, the <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a>, the Australian <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowary</a><sup id="cite_ref-Turvey_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turvey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were thought to be most closely related to moa. </p><p>Although dozens of species were described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many were based on partial skeletons and turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>. Currently, 11 species are formally recognised, although recent studies using <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> recovered from bones in museum collections suggest that distinct lineages exist within some of these. One factor that has caused much confusion in moa taxonomy is the intraspecific variation of bone sizes, between glacial and interglacial periods (see <a href="/wiki/Bergmann%E2%80%99s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergmann’s rule">Bergmann’s rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen%E2%80%99s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen’s rule">Allen’s rule</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> being evident in several species. <i><a href="/wiki/Dinornis" title="Dinornis">Dinornis</a></i> seems to have had the most pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being up to 150% as tall and 280% as heavy as males—so much bigger that they were classified as separate species until 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Huynen_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huynen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bunce_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunce-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 study showed that <i>Euryapteryx curtus</i> and <i>E. gravis</i> were synonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunce2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunce2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 study explained size differences among them as sexual dimorphism.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 morphological study interpreted them as subspecies, instead.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analyses of ancient DNA have determined that a number of cryptic evolutionary lineages occurred in several moa genera.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may eventually be classified as species or subspecies; <i>Megalapteryx benhami</i> (Archey) is synonymised with <i>M. didinus</i> (Owen) because the bones of both share all essential characters. Size differences can be explained by a north–south <a href="/wiki/Cline_(biology)" title="Cline (biology)">cline</a> combined with temporal variation such that specimens were larger during the Otiran glacial period (the last ice age in New Zealand). Similar temporal size variation is known for the North Island's <i><a href="/wiki/Broad-billed_moa" title="Broad-billed moa">Pachyornis mappini</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the other size variation for moa species can probably be explained by similar geographic and temporal factors.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest moa remains come from the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Bathans_Fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bathans Fauna">Saint Bathans Fauna</a>. Known from multiple eggshells and hind limb elements, these represent at least two already fairly large-sized species.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:740px;max-width:740px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Skeletons (not to scale)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anomalopteryx_didiformis_(AM_LB5907-56).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Anomalopteryx_didiformis_%28AM_LB5907-56%29.jpg/144px-Anomalopteryx_didiformis_%28AM_LB5907-56%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Anomalopteryx_didiformis_%28AM_LB5907-56%29.jpg/216px-Anomalopteryx_didiformis_%28AM_LB5907-56%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Anomalopteryx_didiformis_%28AM_LB5907-56%29.jpg/288px-Anomalopteryx_didiformis_%28AM_LB5907-56%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="8688" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Anomalopteryx didiformis</i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pachyornis_elephantopus_(AM_LB5950)_601370.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pachyornis_elephantopus_%28AM_LB5950%29_601370.jpg/144px-Pachyornis_elephantopus_%28AM_LB5950%29_601370.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pachyornis_elephantopus_%28AM_LB5950%29_601370.jpg/216px-Pachyornis_elephantopus_%28AM_LB5950%29_601370.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pachyornis_elephantopus_%28AM_LB5950%29_601370.jpg/288px-Pachyornis_elephantopus_%28AM_LB5950%29_601370.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="8688" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Pachyornis elephantopus</i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pachyornis_geranoides_(AM_LB5991)_601808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pachyornis_geranoides_%28AM_LB5991%29_601808.jpg/144px-Pachyornis_geranoides_%28AM_LB5991%29_601808.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pachyornis_geranoides_%28AM_LB5991%29_601808.jpg/216px-Pachyornis_geranoides_%28AM_LB5991%29_601808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pachyornis_geranoides_%28AM_LB5991%29_601808.jpg/288px-Pachyornis_geranoides_%28AM_LB5991%29_601808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="8688" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Pachyornis geranoides</i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalapteryx_didinus_(AM_LB5908)_601507.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Megalapteryx_didinus_%28AM_LB5908%29_601507.jpg/144px-Megalapteryx_didinus_%28AM_LB5908%29_601507.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Megalapteryx_didinus_%28AM_LB5908%29_601507.jpg/216px-Megalapteryx_didinus_%28AM_LB5908%29_601507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Megalapteryx_didinus_%28AM_LB5908%29_601507.jpg/288px-Megalapteryx_didinus_%28AM_LB5908%29_601507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="8688" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Megalapteryx didinus</i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinornis_robustus_(AM_LB723)_601399.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dinornis_robustus_%28AM_LB723%29_601399.jpg/144px-Dinornis_robustus_%28AM_LB723%29_601399.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dinornis_robustus_%28AM_LB723%29_601399.jpg/216px-Dinornis_robustus_%28AM_LB723%29_601399.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dinornis_robustus_%28AM_LB723%29_601399.jpg/288px-Dinornis_robustus_%28AM_LB723%29_601399.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5792" data-file-height="8688" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Dinornis robustus</i></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The currently recognised genera and species are:<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a><b>Dinornithiformes</b> <small>(Gadow 1893) Ridgway 1901</small> [Dinornithes <small>Gadow 1893</small>; Immanes <small>Newton 1884</small>] (moa) <ul><li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Dinornis" title="Dinornis">Dinornithidae</a></b> Owen 1843 [Palapteryginae Bonaparte 1854; Palapterygidae Haast 1874; Dinornithnideae Stejneger 1884] (giant moa) <ul><li>Genus <i><b><a href="/wiki/Giant_moa" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant moa">Dinornis</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_giant_moa" title="North Island giant moa">North Island giant moa</a>, <i>Dinornis novaezealandiae</i> (North Island, New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_giant_moa" title="South Island giant moa">South Island giant moa</a>, <i>Dinornis robustus</i> (South Island, New Zealand)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Lesser_moa" title="Lesser moa">Emeidae</a></b> <small>(Bonaparte 1854)</small> [Emeinae <small>Bonaparte 1854</small>; Anomalopterygidae <small>Oliver 1930</small>; Anomalapteryginae <small>Archey 1941</small>] (lesser moa) <ul><li>Genus <i><b><a href="/wiki/Anomalopteryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalopteryx">Anomalopteryx</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_moa" title="Bush moa">Bush moa</a>, <i>Anomalopteryx didiformis</i> (North and South Island, New Zealand)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><b><a href="/wiki/Emeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeus">Emeus</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_moa" title="Eastern moa">Eastern moa</a>, <i>Emeus crassus</i> (South Island, New Zealand)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><b><a href="/wiki/Broad-billed_moa" title="Broad-billed moa">Euryapteryx</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-billed_moa" title="Broad-billed moa">Broad-billed moa</a>, <i>Euryapteryx curtus</i> (North and South Island, New Zealand)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pachyornis" title="Pachyornis">Pachyornis</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-footed_moa" title="Heavy-footed moa">Heavy-footed moa</a>, <i>Pachyornis elephantopus</i> (South Island, New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell%27s_moa" title="Mantell's moa">Mantell's moa</a>, <i>Pachyornis geranoides</i> (North Island, New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_moa" title="Crested moa">Crested moa</a>, <i> Pachyornis australis</i> (South Island, New Zealand)<sup id="cite_ref-Stephenson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Family <b><a href="/wiki/Megalapterygidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalapterygidae">Megalapterygidae</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Megalapteryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalapteryx">Megalapteryx</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upland_moa" title="Upland moa">Upland moa</a>, <i>Megalapteryx didinus</i> (South Island, New Zealand)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Two unnamed species are also known from the Saint Bathans Fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_skeletons_of_Eastern_moa_and_other_kinds_of_moas_in_Otago_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_skeletons_of_Eastern_moa_and_other_kinds_of_moas_in_Otago_museum.jpg/170px-The_skeletons_of_Eastern_moa_and_other_kinds_of_moas_in_Otago_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_skeletons_of_Eastern_moa_and_other_kinds_of_moas_in_Otago_museum.jpg/255px-The_skeletons_of_Eastern_moa_and_other_kinds_of_moas_in_Otago_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_skeletons_of_Eastern_moa_and_other_kinds_of_moas_in_Otago_museum.jpg/340px-The_skeletons_of_Eastern_moa_and_other_kinds_of_moas_in_Otago_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="2804" /></a><figcaption>The skeletons of an eastern moa (l), ostrich (rear), and Fiordland penguin (r) in the Otago Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Because moa are a group of flightless birds with no vestiges of wing bones, questions have been raised about how they arrived in New Zealand, and from where. Many theories exist about the moa's arrival and radiation in New Zealand, but the most recent theory suggests that they arrived in New Zealand about 60 million years ago (Mya) and split from the "basal" (see below) moa species, <i>Megalapteryx</i>, about 5.8 Mya<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of the 18.5 Mya split suggested by Baker et al. (2005). This does not necessarily mean there was no speciation between the arrival 60 Mya and the basal split 5.8 Mya, but the fossil record is lacking and most likely the early moa lineages existed, but became extinct before the basal split 5.8 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>-aged species certainly suggests that moa diversification began before the split between <i>Megalapteryx</i> and the other taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oligocene_drowning" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligocene drowning">Oligocene Drowning</a> Maximum event, which occurred about 22 Mya, when only 18% of present-day New Zealand was above sea level, is very important in the moa radiation. Because the basal moa split occurred so recently (5.8 Mya), it was argued that ancestors of the Quaternary moa lineages could not have been present on both the South and North Island remnants during the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> drowning.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not imply that moa were previously absent from the North Island, but that only those from the South Island survived, because only the South Island was above sea level. Bunce et al. (2009) argued that moa ancestors survived on the South Island and then recolonised the North Island about 2 Myr later, when the two islands rejoined after 30 Myr of separation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunce_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunce-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of Miocene moa in the Saint Bathans fauna seems to suggest that these birds increased in size soon after the Oligocene drowning event, if they were affected by it at all.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunce et al. also concluded that the highly complex structure of the moa lineage was caused by the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> about 6 Mya, and the habitat fragmentation on both islands resulting from Pleistocene glacial cycles, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>, and landscape changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunce_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunce-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cladogram below is a phylogeny of Palaeognathae generated by Mitchell (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell2014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some clade names after Yuri <i>et al.</i> (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides the position of the moa (Dinornithiformes) within the larger context of the "ancient jawed" (Palaeognathae) birds: </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">Struthioniformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_book_of_birds_(Plate_I)_(Struthio_camelus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/A_book_of_birds_%28Plate_I%29_%28Struthio_camelus%29.jpg/40px-A_book_of_birds_%28Plate_I%29_%28Struthio_camelus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/A_book_of_birds_%28Plate_I%29_%28Struthio_camelus%29.jpg/60px-A_book_of_birds_%28Plate_I%29_%28Struthio_camelus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/A_book_of_birds_%28Plate_I%29_%28Struthio_camelus%29.jpg/80px-A_book_of_birds_%28Plate_I%29_%28Struthio_camelus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="918" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Notopalaeognathae" title="Notopalaeognathae">Notopalaeognathae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rheiformes" title="Rheiformes">Rheiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">rhea</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-67_Nandou_d%27Am%C3%A9rique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cuvier-67_Nandou_d%27Am%C3%A9rique.jpg/30px-Cuvier-67_Nandou_d%27Am%C3%A9rique.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cuvier-67_Nandou_d%27Am%C3%A9rique.jpg/45px-Cuvier-67_Nandou_d%27Am%C3%A9rique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Cuvier-67_Nandou_d%27Am%C3%A9rique.jpg/60px-Cuvier-67_Nandou_d%27Am%C3%A9rique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="866" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tinamiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinamiformes">Tinamiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">tinamous</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg/30px-NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg/45px-NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg/60px-NothuraDarwiniiSmit_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="428" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<b>Dinornithiformes</b> (moa) <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euryapteryx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euryapteryx.jpg/60px-Euryapteryx.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euryapteryx.jpg/90px-Euryapteryx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euryapteryx.jpg/120px-Euryapteryx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="1513" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Novaeratitae" title="Novaeratitae">Novaeratitae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Apterygiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apterygiformes">Apterygiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_genera_of_birds_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_genera_of_birds_%28white_background%29.jpg/30px-The_genera_of_birds_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_genera_of_birds_%28white_background%29.jpg/45px-The_genera_of_birds_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_genera_of_birds_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-The_genera_of_birds_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="467" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Aepyornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aepyornithiformes">Aepyornithiformes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">elephant bird</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mullerornis_modestus_(remaster).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mullerornis_modestus_%28remaster%29.png/50px-Mullerornis_modestus_%28remaster%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mullerornis_modestus_%28remaster%29.png/75px-Mullerornis_modestus_%28remaster%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mullerornis_modestus_%28remaster%29.png/100px-Mullerornis_modestus_%28remaster%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Casuariidae" title="Casuariidae">Casuariidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowary</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_monograph_of_the_genus_Casuarius_(Casuarius_unappendiculatus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_monograph_of_the_genus_Casuarius_%28Casuarius_unappendiculatus%29.jpg/30px-A_monograph_of_the_genus_Casuarius_%28Casuarius_unappendiculatus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_monograph_of_the_genus_Casuarius_%28Casuarius_unappendiculatus%29.jpg/45px-A_monograph_of_the_genus_Casuarius_%28Casuarius_unappendiculatus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/A_monograph_of_the_genus_Casuarius_%28Casuarius_unappendiculatus%29.jpg/60px-A_monograph_of_the_genus_Casuarius_%28Casuarius_unappendiculatus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="2755" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dromaiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromaiidae">Dromaiidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dromaius_novaehollandiae_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dromaius_novaehollandiae_%28white_background%29.jpg/40px-Dromaius_novaehollandiae_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dromaius_novaehollandiae_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Dromaius_novaehollandiae_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dromaius_novaehollandiae_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-Dromaius_novaehollandiae_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1924" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The cladogram below gives a more detailed, species-level phylogeny, of the moa branch (Dinornithiformes) of the "ancient jawed" birds (Palaeognathae) shown above:<sup id="cite_ref-Bunce_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunce-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">†Dinornithiformes </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Megalapterygidae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Megalapteryx_didinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalapteryx didinus">Megalapteryx didinus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">†Dinornithidae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">†<i><a href="/wiki/Dinornis" title="Dinornis">Dinornis</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Dinornis_robustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinornis robustus">D. robustus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Dinornis_novaezealandiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinornis novaezealandiae">D. novaezealandiae</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Emeidae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">†<i><a href="/wiki/Pachyornis" title="Pachyornis">Pachyornis</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Pachyornis_australis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyornis australis">P. australis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Pachyornis_elephantopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyornis elephantopus">P. elephantopus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Pachyornis_geranoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachyornis geranoides">P. geranoides</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Anomalopteryx_didiformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalopteryx didiformis">Anomalopteryx didiformis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Emeus_crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeus crassus">Emeus crassus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Euryapteryx_curtus" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryapteryx curtus">Euryapteryx curtus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analyses of fossil moa bone assemblages have provided detailed data on the habitat preferences of individual moa species, and revealed distinctive regional moa faunas:<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Island">South Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_moa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Giant_moa.jpg/170px-Giant_moa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Giant_moa.jpg/255px-Giant_moa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Giant_moa.jpg/340px-Giant_moa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>A restoration of <i>Dinornis robustus</i> and <i>Pachyornis elephantopus</i>, both from the South Island</figcaption></figure> <p>The two main faunas identified in the South Island include: </p> <dl><dd>The fauna of the high-rainfall west coast beech (<i><a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">Nothofagus</a></i>) forests that included <i>Anomalopteryx didiformis</i> (bush moa) and <i>Dinornis robustus</i> (South Island giant moa), and</dd> <dd>The fauna of the dry rainshadow forest and shrublands east of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> that included <i>Pachyornis elephantopus</i> (heavy-footed moa), <i>Euryapteryx gravis</i>, <i>Emeus crassus</i>, and <i>Dinornis robustus</i>.</dd></dl> <p>A '<a href="/wiki/Subalpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subalpine">subalpine</a> fauna' might include the widespread <i>D. robustus</i>, and the two other moa species that existed in the South Island: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Pachyornis australis</i>, the rarest moa species, the only moa species not yet found in Māori <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">middens</a>. Its bones have been found in caves in the northwest <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karamea" title="Karamea">Karamea</a> districts (such as <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_Hill_Cave" title="Honeycomb Hill Cave">Honeycomb Hill Cave</a>), and some sites around the <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81naka" title="Wānaka">Wānaka</a> district.</dd> <dd><i>Megalapteryx didinus</i>, more widespread, named "upland moa" because its bones are commonly found in the subalpine zone. However, it also occurred down to sea level, where suitable steep and rocky terrain (such as <a href="/wiki/Punakaiki" title="Punakaiki">Punakaiki</a> on the west coast and <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a>) existed. Their distributions in coastal areas have been rather unclear, but were present at least in several locations such as on <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura" title="Kaikōura">Kaikōura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otago_Peninsula" title="Otago Peninsula">Otago Peninsula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Karitane" title="Karitane">Karitane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Island">North Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: North Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Significantly less is known about North Island paleofaunas, due to the scarcity of fossil sites compared to the South Island, but the basic pattern of moa-habitat relationships was the same.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Island and the North Island shared some moa species (<i>Euryapteryx gravis</i>, <i>Anomalopteryx didiformis</i>), but most were exclusive to one island, reflecting divergence over several thousand years since lower sea level in the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a> had made a land bridge across the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the North Island, <i>Dinornis novaezealandiae</i> and <i>Anomalopteryx didiformis</i> dominated in high-rainfall forest habitat, a similar pattern to the South Island. The other moa species present in the North Island (<i>Euryapteryx gravis</i>, <i>E. curtus</i>, and <i>Pachyornis geranoides</i>) tended to inhabit drier forest and shrubland habitats. <i>P. geranoides</i> occurred throughout the North Island. The distributions of <i>E. gravis</i> and <i>E. curtus</i> were almost mutually exclusive, the former having only been found in coastal sites around the southern half of the North Island.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moa_footprints.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Moa_footprints.jpg/170px-Moa_footprints.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Moa_footprints.jpg/255px-Moa_footprints.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Moa_footprints.jpg/340px-Moa_footprints.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Preserved footprints of a <i>D. novaezealandiae</i> found in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>About eight moa <a href="/wiki/Fossil_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil trackway">trackways</a>, with fossilised moa footprint impressions in fluvial silts, have been found in the North Island, including <a href="/wiki/Waikanae" title="Waikanae">Waikanae</a> Creek (1872), <a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a> (1887), <a href="/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB_River" title="Manawatū River">Manawatū River</a> (1895), <a href="/wiki/Marton,_New_Zealand" title="Marton, New Zealand">Marton</a> (1896), <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a> (1911) (see photograph to left), <a href="/wiki/Rangit%C4%ABkei_River" title="Rangitīkei River">Rangitīkei River</a> (1939), and under water in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Taup%C5%8D" title="Lake Taupō">Lake Taupō</a> (1973). Analysis of the spacing of these tracks indicates walking speeds between 3 and 5 km/h (1.9 and 3.1 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Their diet has been deduced from <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilised</a> contents of their <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzards</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as indirectly through morphological analysis of skull and beak, and <a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis" title="Isotope analysis">stable isotope analysis</a> of their bones.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moa fed on a range of plant species and plant parts, including fibrous twigs and leaves taken from low trees and shrubs. The beak of <i><a href="/wiki/Pachyornis" title="Pachyornis">Pachyornis</a> elephantopus</i> was analogous to a pair of <a href="/wiki/Secateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Secateur">secateurs</a>, and could clip the fibrous leaves of New Zealand flax (<i><a href="/wiki/Phormium" title="Phormium">Phormium</a> tenax</i>) and twigs up to at least 8 mm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moa filled the <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> occupied in other countries by large browsing mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Llamas">llamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some biologists contend that a number of plant species evolved to avoid moa browsing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Divaricating plants such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pennantia_corymbosa" title="Pennantia corymbosa">Pennantia corymbosa</a></i> (the kaikōmako), which have small leaves and a dense mesh of branches, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudopanax_crassifolius" title="Pseudopanax crassifolius">Pseudopanax crassifolius</a></i> (the horoeka or lancewood), which has tough juvenile leaves, are possible examples of plants that evolved in such a way. Likewise, it has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Heteroblasty" title="Heteroblasty">heteroblasty</a> might be a response to moa browsing.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other birds, moa swallowed gizzard stones (<a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastroliths</a>), which were retained in their muscular <a href="/wiki/Gizzards" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizzards">gizzards</a>, providing a grinding action that allowed them to eat coarse plant material. This grinding action suggests that moa were not effective seed dispersers, with only the smallest seeds passing through their gut intact.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stones were commonly smooth rounded quartz pebbles, but stones over 110 millimetres (4 in) long have been found among preserved moa gizzard contents.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dinornis</i> gizzards could often contain several kilograms of stones.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moa likely exercised a certain selectivity in the choice of gizzard stones and chose the hardest pebbles.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emeus_egg_and_embryo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emeus_egg_and_embryo.jpg/220px-Emeus_egg_and_embryo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emeus_egg_and_embryo.jpg/330px-Emeus_egg_and_embryo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emeus_egg_and_embryo.jpg/440px-Emeus_egg_and_embryo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="3147" /></a><figcaption>An egg and embryo fragments of <i>Emeus crassus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The pairs of species of moa described as <i>Euryapteryx curtus</i> / <i>E. exilis</i>, <i>Emeus huttonii</i> / <i>E. crassus</i>, and <i>Pachyornis septentrionalis</i> / <i>P. mappini</i> have long been suggested to constitute males and females, respectively. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material.<sup id="cite_ref-Huynen_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huynen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, before 2003, three species of <i>Dinornis</i> were recognised: South Island giant moa (<i>D. robustus</i>), North Island giant moa (<i>D. novaezealandiae</i>), and slender moa (<i>D. struthioides</i>). However, DNA showed that all <i>D. struthioides</i> were males, and all <i>D. robustus</i> were females. Therefore, the three species of <i>Dinornis</i> were reclassified as two species, one each formerly occurring on New Zealand's North Island (<i>D. novaezealandiae</i>) and South Island (<i>D. robustus</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-Huynen_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huynen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>D. robustus</i> however, comprises three distinct genetic lineages and may eventually be classified as many species, as discussed above. </p><p>Examination of growth rings in moa cortical bone has revealed that these birds were <a href="/wiki/K-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="K-selection">K-selected</a>, as are many other large endemic New Zealand birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Turvey_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turvey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are characterised by having a low <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> and a long <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maturation" class="extiw" title="wikt:maturation">maturation</a> period, taking about 10 years to reach adult size. The large <i>Dinornis</i> species took as long to reach adult size as small moa species, and as a result, had fast skeletal growth during their juvenile years.<sup id="cite_ref-Turvey_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turvey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No evidence has been found to suggest that moa were colonial nesters. Moa nesting is often inferred from accumulations of eggshell fragments in <a href="/wiki/Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Caves">caves</a> and rock shelters, little evidence exists of the <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">nests</a> themselves. Excavations of rock shelters in the eastern North Island during the 1940s found moa nests, which were described as "small depressions obviously scratched out in the soft dry <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moa nesting material has also been recovered from rock shelters in the Central Otago region of the South Island, where the dry climate has preserved plant material used to build the nesting platform (including twigs clipped by moa bills).<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> within moa coprolites found among the nesting material provide evidence that the nesting season was late spring to summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fragments of moa eggshell are often found in <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> sites and <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dunes</a> around the New Zealand coast. Thirty-six whole moa eggs exist in museum collections and vary greatly in size (from 120–240 millimetres (4.7–9.4 in) in length and 91–178 millimetres (3.6–7.0 in) wide).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer surface of moa eggshell is characterised by small, slit-shaped pores. The eggs of most moa species were white, although those of the upland moa (<i>Megalapteryx didinus</i>) were blue-green.<sup id="cite_ref-Huynen,_Leon_2010_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huynen,_Leon_2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_skeleton_of_female_upland_moa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_skeleton_of_female_upland_moa.JPG/220px-The_skeleton_of_female_upland_moa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_skeleton_of_female_upland_moa.JPG/330px-The_skeleton_of_female_upland_moa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_skeleton_of_female_upland_moa.JPG/440px-The_skeleton_of_female_upland_moa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The skeleton of female upland moa with egg in unlaid position within the pelvic cavity in Otago Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2010 study by Huynen et al. found that the eggs of certain species were fragile, only around a millimetre in shell thickness: "Unexpectedly, several thin-shelled eggs were also shown to belong to the heaviest moa of the genera <i>Dinornis</i>, <i>Euryapteryx</i>, and <i>Emeus</i>, making these, to our knowledge, the most fragile of all avian eggs measured to date. Moreover, sex-specific DNA recovered from the outer surfaces of eggshells belonging to species of <i>Dinornis</i> and <i>Euryapteryx</i> suggest that these very thin eggs were likely to have been incubated by the lighter males. The thin nature of the eggshells of these larger species of moa, even if incubated by the male, suggests that egg breakage in these species would have been common if the typical contact method of avian egg incubation was used."<sup id="cite_ref-Huynen,_Leon_2010_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huynen,_Leon_2010-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the bird's extinction, the high yield of DNA available from recovered fossilised eggs has allowed the moa's genome to be sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-human_forests">Pre-human forests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pre-human forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies of accumulated dried vegetation in the pre-human mid-late <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> period suggests a low <i><a href="/wiki/Sophora_microphylla" title="Sophora microphylla">Sophora microphylla</a></i> or Kōwai forest ecosystem in <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a> that was used and perhaps maintained by moa, for both nesting material and food. Neither the forests nor moa existed when European settlers came to the area in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinction">Extinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/220px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/330px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/440px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> attacking a moa pair</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the arrival of humans, the moa's only predator was the massive <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a>. New Zealand had been isolated for 80 million years and had few predators before human arrival, meaning that not only were its ecosystems extremely vulnerable to perturbation by outside species, but also the native species were ill-equipped to cope with human predators.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polynesians arrived sometime before 1300, and all moa genera were soon driven to extinction by hunting and, to a lesser extent, by habitat reduction due to forest clearance. By 1445, all moa had become extinct, along with Haast's eagle, which had relied on them for food. Recent research using <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-14 dating">carbon-14 dating</a> of <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">middens</a> strongly suggests that the events leading to extinction took less than a hundred years,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than a period of exploitation lasting several hundred years as previously hypothesised. </p><p>An expedition in the 1850s under Lieutenant A. Impey reported two emu-like birds on a hillside in the South Island; an 1861 story from the <i>Nelson Examiner</i> told of three-toed footprints measuring 36 cm (14 in) between <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kaka" title="Tākaka">Tākaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riwaka" title="Riwaka">Riwaka</a> that were found by a surveying party; and finally in 1878, the <i><a href="/wiki/Otago_Witness" title="Otago Witness">Otago Witness</a></i> published an additional account from a farmer and his shepherd.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 86-year-old woman, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Mackenzie_(author)" title="Alice Mackenzie (author)">Alice McKenzie</a>, claimed in 1959 that she had seen a moa in <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a> bush in 1887, and again on a Fiordland beach when she was 17 years old. She claimed that her brother had also seen a moa on another occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In childhood, Mackenzie saw a large bird that she believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Takah%C4%93" title="Takahē">takahē</a>, but after its rediscovery in the 1940s, she saw a picture of it and concluded that she had seen something else.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moa_mock_hunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moa_mock_hunt.jpg/170px-Moa_mock_hunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moa_mock_hunt.jpg/255px-Moa_mock_hunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Moa_mock_hunt.jpg/340px-Moa_mock_hunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>An early 20th-century reconstruction of a moa hunt</figcaption></figure> <p>Some authors have speculated that a few <i>Megalapteryx didinus</i> may have persisted in remote corners of New Zealand until the 18th and even 19th centuries, but this view is not widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Māori hunters claimed to be in pursuit of the moa as late as the 1770s; however, these accounts possibly did not refer to the hunting of actual birds as much as a now-lost ritual among South Islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">Whalers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal hunter">sealers</a> recalled seeing monstrous birds along the coast of the South Island, and in the 1820s, a man named George Pauley made an unverified claim of seeing a moa in the Otago region of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasional speculation since at least the late 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as recently as 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has suggested that some moa may still exist, particularly in the wilderness of <a href="/wiki/Westland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Westland, New Zealand">South Westland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>. A 1993 report initially interested the Department of Conservation, but the animal in a blurry photograph was identified as a <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nickell_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickell-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoologists</a> continue to search for them, but their claims and supporting evidence (such as of purported footprints)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have earned little attention from experts and are <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rediscovery of the takahē in 1948 after none had been seen since 1898 showed that rare birds can exist undiscovered for a long time. However, the takahē is a much smaller bird than the moa, and was rediscovered after its tracks were identified—yet no reliable evidence of moa tracks has ever been found, and experts still contend that moa survival is extremely unlikely, since they would have to be living unnoticed for over 500 years in a region visited often by hunters and hikers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surviving_remains">Surviving remains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Surviving remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinornis1387.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dinornis1387.jpg/188px-Dinornis1387.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dinornis1387.jpg/282px-Dinornis1387.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dinornis1387.jpg/376px-Dinornis1387.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="2820" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> holding the first discovered moa fossil and standing with a <i>Dinornis</i> skeleton, 1879</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_History_Museum,_London,_moa_bone_fragment.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London%2C_moa_bone_fragment.JPG/188px-Natural_History_Museum%2C_London%2C_moa_bone_fragment.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London%2C_moa_bone_fragment.JPG/282px-Natural_History_Museum%2C_London%2C_moa_bone_fragment.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London%2C_moa_bone_fragment.JPG/376px-Natural_History_Museum%2C_London%2C_moa_bone_fragment.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Owen's first bone fragment (first discovered moa fossil)</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joel_Samuel_Polack" title="Joel Samuel Polack">Joel Polack</a>, a trader who lived on the East Coast of the North Island from 1834 to 1837, recorded in 1838 that he had been shown "several large fossil ossifications" found near Mt Hikurangi. He was certain that these were the bones of a species of emu or ostrich, noting that "the Natives add that in times long past they received the traditions that very large birds had existed, but the scarcity of animal food, as well as the easy method of entrapping them, has caused their extermination". Polack further noted that he had received reports from Māori that a "species of <a href="/wiki/Struthio" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthio">Struthio</a>" still existed in remote parts of the South Island.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dieffenbach<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also refers to a fossil from the area near Mt Hikurangi, and surmises that it belongs to "a bird, now extinct, called Moa (or Movie) by the natives". 'Movie' is the first transcribed name for the bird.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1839, John W. Harris, a <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Bay" title="Poverty Bay">Poverty Bay</a> flax trader who was a natural-history enthusiast, was given a piece of unusual bone by a Māori who had found it in a river bank. He showed the 15 cm (6 in) fragment of bone to his uncle, John Rule, a Sydney surgeon, who sent it to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, who at that time was working at the Hunterian Museum at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owen puzzled over the fragment for almost four years. He established it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> of a big animal, but it was uncharacteristically light and honeycombed. Owen announced to a skeptical scientific community and the world that it was from a giant extinct bird like an <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>, and named it <i>Dinornis</i>. His deduction was ridiculed in some quarters, but was proved correct with the subsequent discoveries of considerable quantities of moa bones throughout the country, sufficient to reconstruct skeletons of the birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> in London placed on display the moa bone fragment Owen had first examined, to celebrate 200 years since his birth, and in memory of Owen as founder of the museum. Since the discovery of the first moa bones in the late 1830s, thousands more have been found. They occur in a range of late <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</a> deposits, but are most common in three main types of site: <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>. </p><p>Bones are commonly found in caves or <i>tomo</i> (the Māori word for doline or <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sinkhole</a>, often used to refer to pitfalls or vertical cave shafts). The two main ways that the moa bones were deposited in such sites were birds that entered the cave to nest or escape bad weather, and subsequently died in the cave and birds that fell into a vertical shaft and were unable to escape. Moa bones (and the bones of other extinct birds) have been found in caves throughout New Zealand, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> areas of northwest Nelson, <a href="/wiki/Karamea" title="Karamea">Karamea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waitomo" title="Waitomo">Waitomo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Te_Anau" title="Te Anau">Te Anau</a>. </p><p>Moa bones and eggshell fragments sometimes occur in active coastal sand dunes, where they may erode from <a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">paleosols</a> and concentrate in '<a href="/wiki/Blowout_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowout (geology)">blowouts</a>' between dune ridges. Many such moa bones antedate human settlement, although some originate from Māori <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">midden sites</a>, which frequently occur in dunes near harbours and river mouths (for example the large moa hunter sites at <a href="/wiki/Shag_River_(Otago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shag River (Otago)">Shag River</a>, Otago, and <a href="/wiki/Wairau_Bar" title="Wairau Bar">Wairau Bar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a>). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapua_Swamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kapua_Swamp.jpg/250px-Kapua_Swamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kapua_Swamp.jpg/375px-Kapua_Swamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kapua_Swamp.jpg/500px-Kapua_Swamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An excavation in Kapua Swamp, 1894</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graveyard_2_a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Graveyard_2_a.JPG/234px-Graveyard_2_a.JPG" decoding="async" width="234" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Graveyard_2_a.JPG/351px-Graveyard_2_a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Graveyard_2_a.JPG/468px-Graveyard_2_a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Palaeontologists working on moa bone deposits in the 'Graveyard', Honeycomb Hill Cave System: This cave is a closed scientific reserve</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Densely intermingled moa bones have been encountered in swamps throughout New Zealand. The most well-known example is at <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Valley" title="Pyramid Valley">Pyramid Valley</a> in north Canterbury,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where bones from at least 183 individual moa have been excavated, mostly by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Duff" title="Roger Duff">Roger Duff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Museum,_Christchurch" title="Canterbury Museum, Christchurch">Canterbury Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DNZB_Duff_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Duff-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many explanations have been proposed to account for how these deposits formed, ranging from poisonous spring waters to floods and wildfires. However, the currently accepted explanation is that the bones accumulated slowly over thousands of years, from birds that entered the swamps to feed and became trapped in the soft sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many New Zealand and international museums hold moa bone collections. <a href="/wiki/Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum" title="Auckland War Memorial Museum">Auckland War Memorial Museum</a> – Tāmaki Paenga Hira has a significant collection, and in 2018 several moa skeletons were imaged and 3D scanned to make the collections more accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a major collection in <a href="/wiki/Otago_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Museum">Otago Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feathers_and_soft_tissues">Feathers and soft tissues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Feathers and soft tissues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several examples of moa remains have been found with soft tissues (<a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathers">feathers</a>) preserved through <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a> after the bird died at a dry site (for example, a cave with a constant dry breeze blowing through it). Most were found in the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semiarid</a> Central Otago region, the driest part of New Zealand, but others are known from outside the Central Otago region. These include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:992px;max-width:992px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emeus_crassus_neck.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emeus_crassus_neck.jpeg/215px-Emeus_crassus_neck.jpeg" decoding="async" width="215" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emeus_crassus_neck.jpeg/323px-Emeus_crassus_neck.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Emeus_crassus_neck.jpeg/430px-Emeus_crassus_neck.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Neck tissue of <i>Emeus crassus</i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moaupland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Moaupland.jpg/116px-Moaupland.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Moaupland.jpg/174px-Moaupland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Moaupland.jpg/232px-Moaupland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="2894" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Holotype head and neck of <i>Megalapteryx</i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animals_of_the_past_BHL18007259.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Animals_of_the_past_BHL18007259.jpg/286px-Animals_of_the_past_BHL18007259.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Animals_of_the_past_BHL18007259.jpg/429px-Animals_of_the_past_BHL18007259.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Animals_of_the_past_BHL18007259.jpg/572px-Animals_of_the_past_BHL18007259.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Soft tissue attached of several moas</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalapteryx_specimen_NMNZ_S400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Megalapteryx_specimen_NMNZ_S400.jpg/146px-Megalapteryx_specimen_NMNZ_S400.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Megalapteryx_specimen_NMNZ_S400.jpg/219px-Megalapteryx_specimen_NMNZ_S400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Megalapteryx_specimen_NMNZ_S400.jpg/292px-Megalapteryx_specimen_NMNZ_S400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Megalapteryx</i> dessicated head</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moa_foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Moa_foot.jpg/209px-Moa_foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Moa_foot.jpg/314px-Moa_foot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Moa_foot.jpg/418px-Moa_foot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Megalapteryx</i> holotype foot</div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>Dried muscle on bones of a female <i>Dinornis robustus</i> found at Tiger Hill in the <a href="/wiki/Manuherikia_River" title="Manuherikia River">Manuherikia River</a> Valley by gold miners in 1864<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (currently held by <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Museum" title="Yorkshire Museum">Yorkshire Museum</a>)</li> <li>Several bones of <i>Emeus crassus</i> with muscle attached, and a row of neck vertebrae with muscle, skin, and feathers collected from Earnscleugh Cave near the town of Alexandra in 1870<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (currently held by the <a href="/wiki/Otago_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Museum">Otago Museum</a>)</li> <li>An articulated foot of a male <i>D. giganteus</i> with skin and foot pads preserved, found in a crevice on the Knobby Range in 1874<sup id="cite_ref-Buller_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buller-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (currently held by the <a href="/wiki/Otago_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Museum">Otago Museum</a>)</li> <li>The type specimen of <i>Megalapteryx didinus</i> found near <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> in 1878<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (currently held by <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>, London; see photograph of foot on this page)</li> <li>The lower leg of <i>Pachyornis elephantopus</i>, with skin and muscle, from the Hector Range in 1884;<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buller_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buller-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (currently held by the Zoology Department, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>)</li> <li>The complete feathered leg of a <i>M. didinus</i> from <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Range" title="Old Man Range">Old Man Range</a> in 1894<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (currently held by the <a href="/wiki/Otago_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Museum">Otago Museum</a>)</li> <li>The head of a <i>M. didinus</i> found near Cromwell sometime before 1949<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (currently held by <a href="/wiki/Te_Papa_Tongarewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Papa Tongarewa">Te Papa Tongarewa</a>).</li> <li>A complete foot of <i>M. didinus</i> found in a cave on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Owen_(New_Zealand)" title="Mount Owen (New Zealand)">Mount Owen</a> near Nelson in the 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (currently held by <a href="/wiki/Te_Papa_Tongarewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Papa Tongarewa">Te Papa Tongarewa</a>)</li> <li>A skeleton of <i>Anomalopteryx didiformis</i> with muscle, skin, and feather bases collected from a cave near <a href="/wiki/Te_Anau" title="Te Anau">Te Anau</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalapteryx_feathers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Megalapteryx_feathers.jpg/220px-Megalapteryx_feathers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Megalapteryx_feathers.jpg/330px-Megalapteryx_feathers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Megalapteryx_feathers.jpg/440px-Megalapteryx_feathers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3580" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Preserved feathers of <i>Megalapteryx</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to these specimens, loose moa feathers have been collected from caves and rock shelters in the southern South Island, and based on these remains, some idea of the moa plumage has been achieved. The preserved leg of <i>M. didinus</i> from the Old Man Range reveals that this species was feathered right down to the foot. This is likely to have been an adaptation to living in high-altitude, snowy environments, and is also seen in the <a href="/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%99s_rhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin’s rhea">Darwin’s rhea</a>, which lives in a similar seasonally snowy habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moa feathers are up to 23 cm (9 in) long, and a range of colours has been reported, including reddish-brown, white, yellowish, and purplish.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dark feathers with white or creamy tips have also been found, and indicate that some moa species may have had plumage with a speckled appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_revival">Potential revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Potential revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creature has frequently been mentioned as <a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">a potential candidate for revival by cloning</a>. Its iconic status, coupled with the facts that it only became extinct a few hundred years ago and that substantial quantities of moa remains exist, mean that it is often listed alongside such creatures as the <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> as leading candidates for <a href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">de-extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preliminary work involving the extraction of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> has been undertaken by Japanese geneticist Ankoh Yasuyuki Shirota.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest in the moa's potential for revival was further stirred in mid-2014 when New Zealand Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Mallard" title="Trevor Mallard">Trevor Mallard</a> suggested that bringing back some smaller species of moa within 50 years was a viable idea.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was ridiculed by many, but gained support from some natural history experts.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_culture">In literature and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In literature and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moa_Heinrich_Harder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Moa_Heinrich_Harder.jpg/220px-Moa_Heinrich_Harder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Moa_Heinrich_Harder.jpg/330px-Moa_Heinrich_Harder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Moa_Heinrich_Harder.jpg/440px-Moa_Heinrich_Harder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Harder's illustration of a moa hunt</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Harder" title="Heinrich Harder">Heinrich Harder</a> portrayed moa being hunted by Māori in the classic German collecting cards about extinct and prehistoric animals, "Tiere der Urwelt", in the early 1900s. </p><p>The moa was the most commonly used animal as a symbol of New Zealand before it was replaced by the kiwi in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Allen_Curnow" title="Allen Curnow">Allen Curnow</a>'s poem, "The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch" was published in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/23px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/35px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/47px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_species_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene">List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa-nalo" title="Moa-nalo">Moa-nalo</a>, several flightless ducks from the Hawaiian Islands that grew to be as large as geese.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Elephant birds</a>, flightless <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratites</a> up to over 3 metres tall that once lived on the island of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Quaternary_prehistoric_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Quaternary prehistoric birds">Late Quaternary prehistoric birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_gigantism" title="Island gigantism">Island gigantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">Megafauna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, S. 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Retrieved 25 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2012" class="citation news cs1">Barker, Fiona (20 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-identity/page-7">"Symbols of identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Symbols+of+identity&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fnew-zealand-identity%2Fpage-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzpoems.blogspot.com/2011/04/skeleton-of-great-moa-in-canterbury.html">"A poem a day: The Skeleton of the Great Moa in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch – Allen Curnow"</a>. 25 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201130835/http://nzpoems.blogspot.com/2011/04/skeleton-of-great-moa-in-canterbury.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+poem+a+day%3A+The+Skeleton+of+the+Great+Moa+in+the+Canterbury+Museum%2C+Christchurch+%E2%80%93+Allen+Curnow&rft.date=2011-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzpoems.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F04%2Fskeleton-of-great-moa-in-canterbury.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curnow, Allen (1944). <i>Sailing or Drowning</i>. Wellington: Progressive Publishing Society.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>moa</i> is from the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> and is both singular and plural. Usage in New Zealand English and in the scientific literature in recent years has been changing to reflect this.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At least two distinct forms are also known from the <a href="/wiki/St_Bathans_fauna" title="St Bathans fauna">Saint Bathans Fauna</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/1859.pdf">"On evidence for the survival of moa in European Fiordland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Zealand Journal of Ecology</i>. <b>12</b> (Supplement): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=On+evidence+for+the+survival+of+moa+in+European+Fiordland&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=Supplement&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Atholl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewzealandecology.org%2Fnzje%2F1859.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakerHuynen,_Leon_J.Haddrath,_OliverMillar,_Craig_D.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Allan J.; Huynen, Leon J.; Haddrath, Oliver; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~alexei/2003_Bunce_etal.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Extreme+reversed+sexual+size+dimorphism+in+the+extinct+New+Zealand+moa+Dinornis&rft.volume=425&rft.issue=6954&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1515413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12968178&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.425..172B&rft.aulast=Bunce&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Worthy%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Ford%2C+Tom&rft.au=Hoppitt%2C+Will&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rft.au=Drummond%2C+Alexei&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.auckland.ac.nz%2F~alexei%2F2003_Bunce_etal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrows1981" class="citation journal cs1">Burrows, C.; et al. 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Cookson, North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">333–</span>370. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JRSNZ..25..333W">1995JRSNZ..25..333W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1995.9517494">10.1080/03014223.1995.9517494</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Quaternary+fossil+faunas+from+caves+on+Mt.+Cookson%2C+North+Canterbury%2C+South+Island%2C+New+Zealand&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03014223.1995.9517494&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JRSNZ..25..333W&rft.aulast=Worthy&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Holdaway%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03014223.1995.9517494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoa" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorthyHoldaway1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Worthy" title="Trevor Worthy">Worthy, Trevor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holdaway_(biologist)" title="Richard Holdaway (biologist)">Holdaway, Richard</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1996.9517514">"Quaternary fossil faunas, overlapping taphonomies, and paleofaunal reconstructions in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</i>. <b>26</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JRSNZ..26..275W">1996JRSNZ..26..275W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03014223.1996.9517514">10.1080/03014223.1996.9517514</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Quaternary+fossil+faunas%2C+overlapping+taphonomies%2C+and+paleofaunal+reconstructions+in+North+Canterbury%2C+South+Island%2C+New+Zealand&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03014223.1996.9517514&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JRSNZ..26..275W&rft.aulast=Worthy&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Holdaway%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03014223.1996.9517514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoa" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorthyHoldaway2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Worthy" title="Trevor Worthy">Worthy, Trevor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holdaway_(biologist)" title="Richard Holdaway (biologist)">Holdaway, Richard</a> (2002). <i>The Lost World of the Moa</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34034-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34034-4"><bdi>978-0-253-34034-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+World+of+the+Moa&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34034-4&rft.aulast=Worthy&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Holdaway%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorthy2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Worthy" title="Trevor Worthy">Worthy, Trevor</a> (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/video/11386/a-moa-sighting">"A moa sighting?"</a>. <i>Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+moa+sighting%3F&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Worthy&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fvideo%2F11386%2Fa-moa-sighting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYong2010" class="citation web cs1">Yong, Ed (10 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922024010/https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/dna-from-the-largest-bird-ever-sequenced-from-fossil-eggshells">"DNA from the Largest Bird Ever Sequenced from Fossil Eggshells"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2010/03/09/dna-from-the-largest-bird-ever-sequenced-from-fossil-eggshells/">the original</a> on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=DNA+from+the+Largest+Bird+Ever+Sequenced+from+Fossil+Eggshells&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.discovermagazine.com%2Fnotrocketscience%2F2010%2F03%2F09%2Fdna-from-the-largest-bird-ever-sequenced-from-fossil-eggshells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dinornithiformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dinornithiformes">Moa</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terranature.org/extinctBirds.htm">TerraNature list of New Zealand's extinct birds</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terranature.org/moa.htm">TerraNature page on Moa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Dinornithidae">Tree of Life classification and references</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moa/page-1">Moa article</a> in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sketchfab.com/models/dc2ff43384ed4f70a3ea098992f9b160">3D model of a moa skull</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palaeognath_genera400" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palaeognathae" title="Template:Palaeognathae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palaeognathae" title="Template talk:Palaeognathae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palaeognathae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palaeognathae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palaeognath_genera400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognath</a> genera</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Aves400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Theropoda" title="Template:Theropoda">Theropoda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Maniraptora" title="Template:Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Palaeognathae400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeognathae103" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Asteriornis" title="Asteriornis">Asteriornis</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eremopezus" title="Eremopezus">Eremopezus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Limenavis" title="Limenavis">Limenavis</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Lithornithidae" title="Lithornithidae">Lithornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calciavis" title="Calciavis">Calciavis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fissuravis" title="Fissuravis">Fissuravis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lithornis" title="Lithornis">Lithornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paracathartes" title="Paracathartes">Paracathartes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudocrypturus" title="Pseudocrypturus">Pseudocrypturus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" title="Struthioniformes">Struthioniformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Remiornis" title="Remiornis">Remiornis</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Geranoididae" title="Geranoididae">Geranoididae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eogeranoides" title="Eogeranoides">Eogeranoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galligeranoides" title="Galligeranoides">Galligeranoides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geranodornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geranodornis (page does not exist)">Geranodornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeophasianus" title="Palaeophasianus">Palaeophasianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paragrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paragrus (page does not exist)">Paragrus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeotididae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeotididae (page does not exist)">Palaeotididae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeotis" title="Palaeotis">Palaeotis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galligeranoides" title="Galligeranoides">Galligeranoides</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Eogruidae" title="Eogruidae">Eogruidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eogrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eogrus (page does not exist)">Eogrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonogrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonogrus (page does not exist)">Sonogrus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ergilornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergilornithidae">Ergilornithidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphipelargus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphipelargus (page does not exist)">Amphipelargus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergilornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ergilornis (page does not exist)">Ergilornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinoergilornis" title="Sinoergilornis">Sinoergilornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urmiornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urmiornis (page does not exist)">Urmiornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Struthionidae" title="Struthionidae">Struthionidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Orientornis" title="Orientornis">Orientornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pachystruthio" title="Pachystruthio">Pachystruthio</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Struthio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notopalaeognathae21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Notopalaeognathae" title="Notopalaeognathae">Notopalaeognathae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_(1)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Struthio camelus"><img alt="Struthio camelus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg/125px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg/188px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg/250px-Struthio_camelus_-_Etosha_2014_%281%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Notopalaeognathae400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Notopalaeognathae" title="Notopalaeognathae">Notopalaeognathae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rheiformes" title="Rheiformes">Rheiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Opisthodactylidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthodactylidae">Opisthodactylidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diogenornis" title="Diogenornis">Diogenornis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opisthodactylus" title="Opisthodactylus">Opisthodactylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rheidae" title="Rheidae">Rheidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Heterorhea" title="Heterorhea">Heterorhea</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hinasuri" title="Hinasuri">Hinasuri</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protorhea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protorhea (page does not exist)">Protorhea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dinornithiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinornis" title="Dinornis">Dinornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upland_moa" title="Upland moa">Megalapteryx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeidae">Emeidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_moa" title="Bush moa">Anomalopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_moa" title="Eastern moa">Emeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broad-billed_moa" title="Broad-billed moa">Euryapteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachyornis" title="Pachyornis">Pachyornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tinamou" title="Tinamou">Tinamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniothura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miniothura (page does not exist)">Miniothura</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Querandiornis" title="Querandiornis">Querandiornis</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roveretornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roveretornis (page does not exist)">Roveretornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tinaminae" title="Tinaminae">Tinaminae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crypturellus" title="Crypturellus">Crypturellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothocercus" title="Nothocercus">Nothocercus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinamus" title="Tinamus">Tinamus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nothurinae" title="Nothurinae">Nothurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eudromia" title="Eudromia">Eudromia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothoprocta" title="Nothoprocta">Nothoprocta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothura" title="Nothura">Nothura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchotus" title="Rhynchotus">Rhynchotus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_tinamou" title="Dwarf tinamou">Taoniscus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinamotis" title="Tinamotis">Tinamotis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Novaeratitae" title="Novaeratitae">Novaeratitae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apterygidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Apterygidae">Apterygidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Apteryx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Proapteryx" title="Proapteryx">Proapteryx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Aepyornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepyornis" title="Aepyornis">Aepyornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullerornis" title="Mullerornis">Mullerornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Diogenornis" title="Diogenornis">Diogenornis</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casuariidae" title="Casuariidae">Casuariidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Casuarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromaius" title="Dromaius">Dromaius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Emuarius" title="Emuarius">Emuarius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aepyornis_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aepyornis maximus"><img alt="Aepyornis maximus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aepyornis_white_background.jpg/120px-Aepyornis_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aepyornis_white_background.jpg/180px-Aepyornis_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Aepyornis_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euryapteryx.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euryapteryx curtus"><img alt="Euryapteryx curtus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euryapteryx.jpg/140px-Euryapteryx.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euryapteryx.jpg/210px-Euryapteryx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Euryapteryx.jpg/280px-Euryapteryx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="1513" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ootaxa400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egg_fossil#Classification" title="Egg fossil">Ootaxa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamantornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamantornis (page does not exist)">Diamantornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incognitoolithus" title="Incognitoolithus">Incognitoolithus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medioolithus" title="Medioolithus">Medioolithus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namornis (page does not exist)">Namornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psammornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psammornis (page does not exist)">Psammornis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsondabornis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsondabornis (page does not exist)">Tsondabornis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paleognathae" title="Category:Paleognathae">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cryptozoology337" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptozoology" title="Template:Cryptozoology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptozoology" title="Template talk:Cryptozoology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptozoology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptozoology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cryptozoology337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptids" title="List of cryptids">List of cryptids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptozoologists" title="List of cryptozoologists">Cryptozoologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Bauer" title="Henry H. Bauer">Henry H. Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon-Erik_Beckjord" title="Jon-Erik Beckjord">Jon-Erik Beckjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bindernagel" title="John Bindernagel">John Bindernagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Byrne" title="Peter C. Byrne">Peter C. Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" title="David Hatcher Childress">David Hatcher Childress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Coleman" title="Loren Coleman">Loren Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Corliss" title="William R. Corliss">William R. Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello_(author)" title="Peter Costello (author)">Peter Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Dinsdale" title="Tim Dinsdale">Tim Dinsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ellis_(biologist)" title="Richard Ellis (biologist)">Richard Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Freeman_(cryptozoologist)" title="Richard Freeman (cryptozoologist)">Richard Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gould_(geologist)" title="Charles Gould (geologist)">Charles Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gould" title="Rupert Gould">Rupert Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willison_Green" title="John Willison Green">John Willison Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Greenwell" title="Richard Greenwell">Richard Greenwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Heuvelmans" title="Bernard Heuvelmans">Bernard Heuvelmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izzard" title="Ralph Izzard">Ralph Izzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keel" title="John Keel">John Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kondratov" title="Aleksandr Kondratov">Aleksandr Kondratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Krantz" title="Grover Krantz">Grover Krantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Ley" title="Willy Ley">Willy Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mackal" title="Roy Mackal">Roy Mackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Markotic_(anthropologist)" title="Vladimir Markotic (anthropologist)">Vladimir Markotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Meldrum" title="Jeffrey Meldrum">Jeffrey Meldrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Napier" title="John R. Napier">John R. Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Newton_(author)" title="Michael Newton (author)">Michael Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthonie_Cornelis_Oudemans" title="Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans">Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paulides" title="David Paulides">David Paulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Porshnev" title="Boris Porshnev">Boris Porshnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_T._Sanderson" title="Ivan T. Sanderson">Ivan T. Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Shuker" title="Karl Shuker">Karl Shuker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Soule" title="Gardner Soule">Gardner Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Sprague" title="Roderick Sprague">Roderick Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odette_Tchernine" title="Odette Tchernine">Odette Tchernine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and<br />television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animalia_Paradoxa" title="Animalia Paradoxa">Animalia Paradoxa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke%27s_Mysterious_World" title="Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World">Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beast_Hunter" title="Beast Hunter">Beast Hunter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beast_Legends" title="Beast Legends">Beast Legends</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Truth" title="Destination Truth">Destination Truth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotic_Zoology" title="Exotic Zoology">Exotic Zoology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extinct_or_Alive" title="Extinct or Alive">Extinct or Alive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fact_or_Faked:_Paranormal_Files" title="Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files">Fact or Faked: Paranormal Files</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_TV" title="Fortean TV">Fortean TV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of..._(TV_series)" title="In Search of... (TV series)">In Search of...</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Is_It_Real%3F" title="Is It Real?">Is It Real?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Tapes" title="Lost Tapes">Lost Tapes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MonsterQuest" title="MonsterQuest">MonsterQuest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsters_and_Mysteries_in_America" title="Monsters and Mysteries in America">Monsters and Mysteries in America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Track_of_Unknown_Animals" title="On the Track of Unknown Animals">On the Track of Unknown Animals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sasquatch:_Legend_Meets_Science" title="Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science">Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Abominable_Snowmen" title="Strange Abominable Snowmen">Strange Abominable Snowmen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_the_Buru" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunt for the Buru">The Hunt for the Buru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sasquatch_and_Other_Unknown_Hominoids" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids">The Sasquatch and Other Unknown Hominoids</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Creatures" title="The X Creatures">The X Creatures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Saturdays" title="The Secret Saturdays">The Secret Saturdays</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Travels" title="Weird Travels">Weird Travels</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Blu_Buhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Blu Buhs">Joshua Blu Buhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Robert Todd Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steuart_Campbell" title="Steuart Campbell">Steuart Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dendle" title="Peter Dendle">Peter Dendle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Brian Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_A._Hill" title="Sharon A. Hill">Sharon A. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_(naturalist)" title="Henry Lee (naturalist)">Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Loxton" title="Daniel Loxton">Daniel Loxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherrie_Lynne_Lyons" title="Sherrie Lynne Lyons">Sherrie Lynne Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Naish" title="Darren Naish">Darren Naish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Prothero" title="Donald Prothero">Donald Prothero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Benjamin Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Regal" title="Brian Regal">Brian Regal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearsome_critters" title="Fearsome critters">Fearsome critters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_species" title="Hypothetical species">Hypothetical species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cryptozoology" class="extiw" title="commons:Cryptozoology">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptozoology" title="Category:Cryptozoology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birds_of_New_Zealand209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Birds of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Birds of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birds_of_New_Zealand209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">Birds of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common<br />birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_bellbird" title="New Zealand bellbird">Bellbird</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">korimako</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-billed_gull" title="Black-billed gull">Black-billed gull</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tarāpuka</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipipi" title="Pipipi">Brown creeper</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pipipi</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_teal" title="Brown teal">Brown teal</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pāteke</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buff-banded_rail" title="Buff-banded rail">Buff-banded rail</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">moho-pererū</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_grebe" title="New Zealand grebe">Dabchick</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">weweia</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-banded_plover" title="Double-banded plover">Double-banded plover</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pohowera</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_falcon" title="New Zealand falcon">New Zealand falcon</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kārearea</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fantail" title="New Zealand fantail">Fantail</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pīwakawaka</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_warbler" title="Grey warbler">Grey warbler</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">riroriro</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-faced_petrel" title="Grey-faced petrel">Grey-faced petrel</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ōi</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_kingfisher" title="Sacred kingfisher">Sacred kingfisher</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kōtare</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_cuckoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-tailed cuckoo">Long-tailed cuckoo</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">koekoeā</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerer%C5%AB" title="Kererū">Kererū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_pipit" title="New Zealand pipit">Pipit</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pīhoihoi</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dotterel" title="New Zealand dotterel">New Zealand dotterel</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tūturiwhatu</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_robin" title="South Island robin">South Island robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_robin" title="North Island robin">North Island robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_scaup" title="New Zealand scaup">New Zealand scaup</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pāpango</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_shelduck" title="Paradise shelduck">Paradise shelduck</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pūtangitangi</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%ABkeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pūkeko">Pūkeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman_(bird)" title="Rifleman (bird)">Rifleman</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tītipounamu</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_rock_wren" title="New Zealand rock wren">New Zealand rock wren</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pīwauwau</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_cuckoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shining cuckoo">Shining cuckoo</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pīpīwharauroa</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvereye" title="Silvereye">Silvereye</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tauhou</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_oystercatcher" title="South Island oystercatcher">South Island oystercatcher</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tōrea</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_shag" title="Spotted shag">Spotted shag</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pārekareka</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomtit" title="Tomtit">Tomtit</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">miromiro</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%AB%C4%AB" title="Tūī">Tūī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_oystercatcher" title="Variable oystercatcher">Variable oystercatcher</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tōrea pango</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-fronted_tern" title="White-fronted tern">White-fronted tern</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tara</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead_(bird)" title="Whitehead (bird)">Whitehead</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pōpokotea</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrybill" title="Wrybill">Wrybill</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ngutuparore</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokoeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern brown kiwi"><img alt="Southern brown kiwi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokoeka.jpg/100px-Tokoeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokoeka.jpg/150px-Tokoeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tokoeka.jpg/200px-Tokoeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="1473" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flightless<br />birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_spotted_kiwi" title="Great spotted kiwi">Great spotted kiwi</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">roroa</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_spotted_kiwi" title="Little spotted kiwi">Little spotted kiwi</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kiwi pukupuku</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_brown_kiwi" title="North Island brown kiwi">North Island brown kiwi</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">roroa</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okarito_kiwi" title="Okarito kiwi">Okarito kiwi</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">rowi</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_brown_kiwi" title="Southern brown kiwi">Southern brown kiwi</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tokoeka</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-eyed_penguin" title="Yellow-eyed penguin">Yellow-eyed penguin</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">hoiho</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81p%C5%8D" title="Kākāpō">Kākāpō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_takah%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="South Island takahē">South Island takahē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiordland_penguin" title="Fiordland penguin">Fiordland penguin</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tawaki</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weka" title="Weka">Weka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_penguin" title="Little penguin">Blue penguin</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kororā</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endangered<br />endemic birds<br />(flying)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_tern" title="Black-fronted tern">Black-fronted tern</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tarapiroe</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_stilt" title="Black stilt">Black stilt</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kakī</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duck" title="Blue duck">Blue duck</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">whio</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fernbird" title="New Zealand fernbird">Fernbird</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">mātātā</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveaux_shag" title="Foveaux shag">Foveaux shag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Kākā">Kākā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">Kea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_k%C5%8Dkako" title="North Island kōkako">North Island kōkako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_k%C5%8Dkako" title="South Island kōkako">South Island kōkako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_fairy_tern" title="New Zealand fairy tern">New Zealand fairy tern</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tara-iti</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_king_shag" title="New Zealand king shag">New Zealand king shag</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kawau tūī</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_storm_petrel" title="New Zealand storm petrel">New Zealand storm petrel</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">takahikare</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_royal_albatross" title="Northern royal albatross">Northern royal albatross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_shag" title="Otago shag">Otago shag</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Matapo</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoramphus_malherbi" title="Cyanoramphus malherbi">Orange-fronted parakeet</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kākāriki karaka</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-billed_gull" title="Red-billed gull">Red-billed gull</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tarāpunga</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_saddleback" title="North Island saddleback">North Island saddleback</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tīeke</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_saddleback" title="South Island saddleback">South Island saddleback</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tīeke</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shore_plover" title="Shore plover">Shore plover</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tūturuatu</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitchbird" title="Stitchbird">Stitchbird</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">hihi</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_(bird)" title="Yellowhead (bird)">Yellowhead</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">mōhua</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> <br />birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_robin" title="Black robin">Black robin</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">karure</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_albatross" title="Chatham albatross">Chatham albatross</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">toroa</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_gerygone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham gerygone">Chatham gerygone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_oystercatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham oystercatcher">Chatham oystercatcher</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tōrea</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_parakeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham parakeet">Chatham parakeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_petrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham petrel">Chatham petrel</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ranguru</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham pigeon">Chatham pigeon</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">parea</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_shag" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham shag">Chatham shag</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">papua</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_snipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham snipe">Chatham snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magenta_petrel" title="Magenta petrel">Magenta petrel</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tāiko</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitt_shag" title="Pitt shag">Pitt shag</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kawau o rangihaute</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">Subantarctic islands</a> <br />birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_albatross" title="Antipodean albatross">Antipodean albatross</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Toroa</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_rail" title="Auckland rail">Auckland rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_shag" title="Auckland shag">Auckland shag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_teal" title="Auckland teal">Auckland teal</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tētē kākāriki</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodes_parakeet" title="Antipodes parakeet">Antipodes parakeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_shag" title="Bounty shag">Bounty shag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_albatross" title="Campbell albatross">Campbell albatross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_shag" title="Campbell shag">Campbell shag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_teal" title="Campbell teal">Campbell teal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erect-crested_penguin" title="Erect-crested penguin">Erect-crested penguin</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tawaki nana hī</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reischek%27s_parakeet" title="Reischek's parakeet">Reischek's parakeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snares_snipe" title="Snares snipe">Snares snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snares_penguin" title="Snares penguin">Snares penguin</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">pokotiwha</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_snipe" title="Subantarctic snipe">Subantarctic snipe</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">tutukiwi</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct<br />birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_piopio" title="South Island piopio">South Island piopio</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">piopio</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_bittern" title="New Zealand bittern">New Zealand bittern</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kaoriki</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_quail" title="New Zealand quail">New Zealand quail</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">koreke</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huia" title="Huia">Huia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_adzebill" class="mw-redirect" title="North Island adzebill">North Island adzebill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_adzebill" class="mw-redirect" title="South Island adzebill">South Island adzebill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Island_merganser" title="Auckland Island merganser">Auckland Island merganser</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">rakiraki maungahuka</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Island_merganser" title="Chatham Island merganser">Chatham Island merganser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushwren" title="Bushwren">Bushwren</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">mātuhituhi</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-billed_wren_(New_Zealand)" title="Long-billed wren (New Zealand)">Long-billed wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_stout-legged_wren" class="mw-redirect" title="South Island stout-legged wren">South Island stout-legged wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_stout-legged_wren" class="mw-redirect" title="North Island stout-legged wren">North Island stout-legged wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyall%27s_wren" title="Lyall's wren">Lyall's wren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_k%C4%81k%C4%81" title="Chatham kākā">Chatham kākā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughing_owl" title="Laughing owl">Laughing owl</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">whēkau</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudyptes_warhami" title="Eudyptes warhami">Chatham penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitaha_penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Waitaha penguin">Waitaha penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyles%27_harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyles' harrier">Eyles' harrier</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">kērangi</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_little_spotted_kiwi" title="North Island little spotted kiwi">North Island little spotted kiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_snipe" title="North Island snipe">North Island snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_snipe" title="South Island snipe">South Island snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes%27s_snipe" title="Forbes's snipe">Forbes's snipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snipe-rail" title="Snipe-rail">Snipe-rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imber%27s_petrel" title="Imber's petrel">Imber's petrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlett%27s_shearwater" title="Scarlett's shearwater">Scarlett's shearwater</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ōiruki</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island_takah%C4%93" title="North Island takahē">North Island takahē</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">moho</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_goose" title="New Zealand goose">New Zealand goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsch%27s_duck" title="Finsch's duck">Finsch's duck</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">manutahora</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_owlet-nightjar" title="New Zealand owlet-nightjar">New Zealand owlet-nightjar</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">ruru hinapō</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_musk_duck" title="New Zealand musk duck">New Zealand musk duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_swan" title="New Zealand swan">New Zealand swan</a> (<span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">poūwa</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1464" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1464" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Dinornithiformes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452969" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q452969">Q452969</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dinornithiformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Dinornithiformes">Dinornithiformes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=751501">751501</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4433427">4433427</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10316">10316</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8808">8808</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/a8c35225-5f72-4c82-8a08-ef7b88fe5104">a8c35225-5f72-4c82-8a08-ef7b88fe5104</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39294">39294</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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