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its history</h1></div><div data-component="byline-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR"><div data-testid="hero-image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/3C68/production/_96746451_kushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/3C68/production/_96746451_kushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/3C68/production/_96746451_kushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/3C68/production/_96746451_kushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/3C68/production/_96746451_kushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/3C68/production/_96746451_kushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/3C68/production/_96746451_kushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/3C68/production/_96746451_kushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp" alt="Kush Communications Pyramids in Kush" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Kush Communications</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">The pyramids from the Kingdom of Kush form one of the most spectacular sights in Sudan</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><b id="africa-has-a-rich-and-complex-history-but-there-is-widespread-ignorance-of-this-heritage.-a-celebrated-british-historian-once-said-there-was-only-the-history-of-europeans-in-africa.-zeinab-badawi-has-been-asking-what-is-behind-this-lack-of-knowledge-and-looking-at-the-historical-record-for-an-african-history-series-on-bbc-world-news." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Africa has a rich and complex history but there is widespread ignorance of this heritage. A celebrated British historian once said there was only the history of Europeans in Africa. Zeinab Badawi has been asking what is behind this lack of knowledge and looking at the historical record for an African history series on BBC World News.</b></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The Great Pyramid of Giza in Cairo is rightly considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. But travel further south along the River Nile and you will find a thousand pyramids that belonged to the Kingdom of Kush, in what is now Sudan. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Kush was an African superpower and its influence extended to what is now called the Middle East. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The kingdom lasted for many hundreds of years and in the eighth Century BC, it conquered Egypt and governed for the best part of a century. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">What remains of the kingdom is equally impressive. More than 300 of these pyramids are still intact, almost untouched since they were built nearly 3,000 years ago. </p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-d2ebd0a7-0 iayHyW"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_1" id="dotcom-mid_1" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 gfTVSf"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/18385/production/_96750299_line976.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/18385/production/_96750299_line976.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/18385/production/_96750299_line976.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/18385/production/_96750299_line976.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/18385/production/_96750299_line976.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/18385/production/_96750299_line976.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/18385/production/_96750299_line976.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/18385/production/_96750299_line976.jpg.webp" alt="line" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><b id="zeinab-badawi" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Zeinab Badawi</b></p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 gfTVSf"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/11AD5/production/_96750427_statuesofthekingsofkushsudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/11AD5/production/_96750427_statuesofthekingsofkushsudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/11AD5/production/_96750427_statuesofthekingsofkushsudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/11AD5/production/_96750427_statuesofthekingsofkushsudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/11AD5/production/_96750427_statuesofthekingsofkushsudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/11AD5/production/_96750427_statuesofthekingsofkushsudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/11AD5/production/_96750427_statuesofthekingsofkushsudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/11AD5/production/_96750427_statuesofthekingsofkushsudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp" alt="Kush Communications Zeinab Badawi in a museum" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Kush Communications</span></div></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"><i id=""there-has-been-a-way-of-seeing-africa-in-terms-of-poverty-and-conflict-which-has-become-a-kind-of-shorthand-for-the-continent-that-still-persists-today."" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog">"There has been a way of seeing Africa in terms of poverty and conflict which has become a kind of shorthand for the continent that still persists today."</i></p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">You can watch History of Africa on BBC World News at the following times: </p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-d2ebd0a7-0 iayHyW"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_2" id="dotcom-mid_2" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Saturday 02:10 GMT; 15:10 GMT</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Sunday 09:10 GMT; 21:10 GMT</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 gfTVSf"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/9D71/production/_96750304_line976.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/9D71/production/_96750304_line976.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/9D71/production/_96750304_line976.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/9D71/production/_96750304_line976.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/9D71/production/_96750304_line976.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/9D71/production/_96750304_line976.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/9D71/production/_96750304_line976.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/9D71/production/_96750304_line976.jpg.webp" alt="line" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/></div></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Some of the best examples can be found in Jebel Barkal in northern Sudan, declared a <a target="_blank" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1073" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">world heritage site</a> by the UN's cultural agency, Unesco.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Here you can find pyramids, tombs, temples and burial chambers complete with painted scenes and writings that Unesco describes as masterpieces "of creative genius demonstrating the artistic, social, political and religious values of a human group for more than 2,000 years".</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-d2ebd0a7-0 iayHyW"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_3" id="dotcom-mid_3" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 gfTVSf"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/18AB/production/_96751360_gettyimages-160635474.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/18AB/production/_96751360_gettyimages-160635474.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/18AB/production/_96751360_gettyimages-160635474.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/18AB/production/_96751360_gettyimages-160635474.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/18AB/production/_96751360_gettyimages-160635474.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/18AB/production/_96751360_gettyimages-160635474.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/18AB/production/_96751360_gettyimages-160635474.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/18AB/production/_96751360_gettyimages-160635474.jpg.webp" alt="AFP A general view shows 27 January 2006 the Meroe archaeological site, 300 kms north of the Sudanese capital Khartoum" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">AFP</span></div></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Some years ago I visited these pyramids. On my return to the UK, I asked my parents what they knew of their country's historic sites. Not much, it turned out. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">This was odd since both of them could tell you a lot about Henry VIII and key points in British history.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">I wondered given that my parents did not know enough about their own country's history whether this was likely to be true of many other Africans.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">And as I talked to people I discovered that this was indeed the case. </p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-d2ebd0a7-0 iayHyW"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_4" id="dotcom-mid_4" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">A few years later, at Unesco's Paris headquarters, I saw on the bookshelves of Ethiopian-born Deputy Director-General Getachew Engida a collection of volumes - the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/general-history-of-africa/" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB">General History of Africa</a>. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">This, it turned out, is one of Unesco's and the continent's best kept secrets: Africa's history written by African scholars.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/149F0/production/_96746448_relief-characters-resized.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/149F0/production/_96746448_relief-characters-resized.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/149F0/production/_96746448_relief-characters-resized.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/149F0/production/_96746448_relief-characters-resized.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/149F0/production/_96746448_relief-characters-resized.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/149F0/production/_96746448_relief-characters-resized.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/149F0/production/_96746448_relief-characters-resized.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/149F0/production/_96746448_relief-characters-resized.jpg.webp" alt="Getty Images A bas-relief in one of the pyramids at the Meroe archaeological site, about five km (three miles) east of the Nile." class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Getty Images</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">The carvings at the pyramids in Sudan give an insight into the life in the Kingdom of Kush</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The project was conceived in the early 1960s during the period of rapid decolonisation in Africa. Some of the newly independent African leaders decided that after decolonising their countries they also wanted to decolonise their history.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Western historians had lamented the lack of written records in some African countries and had used this as a reason to legitimise such neglect.</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-d2ebd0a7-0 iayHyW"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_5" id="dotcom-mid_5" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Unesco helped African scholars put together the project, recruiting 350 experts, mostly from across Africa and from a range of disciplines, to compile eight volumes, starting from prehistory and continuing to the modern era. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The eighth volume was completed in 1990 and a ninth is now being worked on. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Unesco took the controversial step of starting the volumes with the origins of humankind, setting out the theory of evolution. By doing so, they risked incurring the wrath of Christian and Muslim communities in some African countries where there was, and still is, a widespread belief in creationism.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/D8A8/production/_96746455_insidethekushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/D8A8/production/_96746455_insidethekushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/D8A8/production/_96746455_insidethekushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/D8A8/production/_96746455_insidethekushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/D8A8/production/_96746455_insidethekushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/D8A8/production/_96746455_insidethekushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/D8A8/production/_96746455_insidethekushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/D8A8/production/_96746455_insidethekushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg.webp" alt="Kush Communications Paintings inside the pyramids" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">Kush Communications</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">There are also paintings inside the pyramids in Sudan</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Kenyan palaeontologist Richard Leakey, who contributed to volume one, says he still believes that the fact humans originated in Africa is anathema to some Westerners, who would prefer to deny their African origins. </p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-d2ebd0a7-0 iayHyW"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_6" id="dotcom-mid_6" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The story of the Kingdom of Kush, a superpower in western Asia as well as Africa, where queens could rule in their own right, is also often overlooked. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">This is also true of the Kingdom of Aksum, described as one of the four greatest civilisations of the ancient world. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The Aksumite kings controlled trade in the Red Sea from their base in what is modern day Eritrea and Ethiopia. They were also the first rulers in Africa to embrace Christianity and make it the kingdom's official religion. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">This history is little known, both in Africa and elsewhere, because a lot of academics and teachers in African countries have been a product of colonial education themselves, and so they could not receive a comprehensive and chronological account of their own history.</p></div><figure><div data-component="image-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG"><div data-testid="image" class="sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC"><img src="/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png" class="sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script"/><img sizes="(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/827D/production/_96750433_gettyimages-3018911.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/827D/production/_96750433_gettyimages-3018911.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/827D/production/_96750433_gettyimages-3018911.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/827D/production/_96750433_gettyimages-3018911.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/827D/production/_96750433_gettyimages-3018911.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/827D/production/_96750433_gettyimages-3018911.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/827D/production/_96750433_gettyimages-3018911.jpg.webp 1536w" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/827D/production/_96750433_gettyimages-3018911.jpg.webp" alt="AFP Aksum obelisk field" class="sc-a34861b-0 efFcac"/><span class="sc-a34861b-2 fxQYxK">AFP</span></div></div><div data-component="caption-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ"><figcaption class="sc-8353772e-0 cvNhQw">Ancient stellae from the old kingdom can be seen in the present day Ethiopian town of Axum</figcaption></div></figure><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-d2ebd0a7-0 iayHyW"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_7" id="dotcom-mid_7" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">My own Sudanese parents were fluent in English, and highly educated, but by and large were taught according to a Western curriculum.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Even when they looked at their own history, it would have been through the perspective of Western scholars. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">One such view was reflected in the comments by Hugh Trevor-Roper, widely regarded as one of Britain's foremost historians. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">He said in 1965: "Perhaps, in the future, there will be some African history to teach. But at present there is none, or very little: there is only the history of the Europeans in Africa. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">"The rest is largely darkness, like the history of pre-European, pre-Columbian America. And darkness is not a subject for history."</p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-d2ebd0a7-0 iayHyW"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_8" id="dotcom-mid_8" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The fact that very few people know about the volumes compiled under the auspices of Unesco also tells you something. You wonder why leaders did not want to shine more light on it. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">I am not suggesting there was a conspiracy, of course. Just that there was not enough emphasis placed on African history by either African or non-African leaders.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">This is of particular interest for Africa, though, because it has been infantilised to a degree that we have not seen in any other region of the world. </p></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB"><h2 class="sc-518485e5-0 kRvAla">Challenging the stereotype</h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">This is partly because there has been a way of seeing Africa in terms of poverty and conflict - the coup, the war, the famine, the corruption - which has become a kind of shorthand for the continent that still persists today.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Development issues in Africa still, to a large extent, emphasise charitable aspects and aid. </p></div><div data-component="ad-slot" data-testid="ad-unit" class="sc-d2ebd0a7-0 iayHyW"><div data-testid="dotcom-mid_9" id="dotcom-mid_9" class="dotcom-ad"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Although this is done with the best will in the world it has nevertheless fed into this representation of Africa, whereby it is assumed that, in order for its people to develop and for them to have enough to eat, they have to rely on outsiders.</p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">As someone who was born in Africa, and who came to the UK as an infant, I have the benefit of understanding both cultures. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">The General History of Africa is a start and Unesco plans to incorporate its research into school syllabuses across the continent. </p></div><div data-component="text-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ"><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe">Hopefully, future generations will have a better idea of their history and see there is much for them to be proud of from their past . A past which provides the foundation for an even greater future. </p></div><div data-component="links-block" class="sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl"><div class="sc-93223220-0 sc-46222299-0 ctbOlq hmFIuq"><div data-testid="links-grid" class="sc-93223220-0 sc-46222299-1 hVPZMe jMSIqG"><div data-testid="chester-card"><div data-testid="anchor-inner-wrapper"><a href="/news/world-africa-39972853" data-testid="internal-link" class="sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN"><div data-testid="chester-article" class="sc-417019fc-0 iZGTHs"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-1 hxRodh"><div class="sc-8ea7699c-0 hcpAqY"><h2 data-testid="card-headline" class="sc-8ea7699c-3 dhclWg">The Qatari princess, Angelina Jolie and the battle of the pyramids</h2></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></article><div class="zephr_meter_beta"></div><div class="zephr_story_beta"></div></main><hr data-testid="main-footer-divider" class="sc-be00b565-2 cxZZfa"/><footer data-testid="main-footer" class="sc-be00b565-0 hfihLu"><div 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All rights reserved. <i id="" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> </i>The<i id="bbc" class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> BBC </i>is<i id="not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog"> not responsible for the content of external sites.</i> <a target="_self" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links" class="sc-c9299ecf-0 bZUiKB"><b id="read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking." class="sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf">Read about our approach to external linking.</b></a></p><p class="sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fYAfXe"> </p></div></footer></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"page":{"@\"news\",\"world-africa-40420910\",":{"id":"urn:bbc:cps:curie:asset:9241c001-340c-4a4b-91f1-b829fb9dc4fd","contents":[{"type":"headline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"One of Africa's best kept secrets - its history","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1498876615000}},{"type":"byline","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"timestamp","model":{"timestamp":1498876615000}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"emphasiseImage":true,"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Pyramids in Kush","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":549,"width":976,"locator":"3C68/production/_96746451_kushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"Kush Communications"}},{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The pyramids from the Kingdom of Kush form one of the most spectacular sights in Sudan","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Africa has a rich and complex history but there is widespread ignorance of this heritage. A celebrated British historian once said there was only the history of Europeans in Africa. Zeinab Badawi has been asking what is behind this lack of knowledge and looking at the historical record for an African history series on BBC World News.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Africa has a rich and complex history but there is widespread ignorance of this heritage. A celebrated British historian once said there was only the history of Europeans in Africa. Zeinab Badawi has been asking what is behind this lack of knowledge and looking at the historical record for an African history series on BBC World News.","attributes":["bold"]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The Great Pyramid of Giza in Cairo is rightly considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. But travel further south along the River Nile and you will find a thousand pyramids that belonged to the Kingdom of Kush, in what is now Sudan. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The Great Pyramid of Giza in Cairo is rightly considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. But travel further south along the River Nile and you will find a thousand pyramids that belonged to the Kingdom of Kush, in what is now Sudan. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Kush was an African superpower and its influence extended to what is now called the Middle East. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Kush was an African superpower and its influence extended to what is now called the Middle East. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The kingdom lasted for many hundreds of years and in the eighth Century BC, it conquered Egypt and governed for the best part of a century. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The kingdom lasted for many hundreds of years and in the eighth Century BC, it conquered Egypt and governed for the best part of a century. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"What remains of the kingdom is equally impressive. More than 300 of these pyramids are still intact, almost untouched since they were built nearly 3,000 years ago. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"What remains of the kingdom is equally impressive. More than 300 of these pyramids are still intact, almost untouched since they were built nearly 3,000 years ago. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_1"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"line","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":2,"width":464,"locator":"18385/production/_96750299_line976.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"BBC"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Zeinab Badawi","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Zeinab Badawi","attributes":["bold"]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Zeinab Badawi in a museum","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":300,"width":976,"locator":"11AD5/production/_96750427_statuesofthekingsofkushsudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"Kush Communications"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"\"There has been a way of seeing Africa in terms of poverty and conflict which has become a kind of shorthand for the continent that still persists today.\"","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"\"There has been a way of seeing Africa in terms of poverty and conflict which has become a kind of shorthand for the continent that still persists today.\"","attributes":["italic"]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"You can watch History of Africa on BBC World News at the following times: ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"You can watch History of Africa on BBC World News at the following times: ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_2"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Saturday 02:10 GMT; 15:10 GMT","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Saturday 02:10 GMT; 15:10 GMT","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Sunday 09:10 GMT; 21:10 GMT","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Sunday 09:10 GMT; 21:10 GMT","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"line","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":2,"width":464,"locator":"9D71/production/_96750304_line976.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"BBC"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Some of the best examples can be found in Jebel Barkal in northern Sudan, declared a world heritage site by the UN's cultural agency, Unesco.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Some of the best examples can be found in Jebel Barkal in northern Sudan, declared a ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"world heritage site","locator":"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1073","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"world heritage site","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":" by the UN's cultural agency, Unesco.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Here you can find pyramids, tombs, temples and burial chambers complete with painted scenes and writings that Unesco describes as masterpieces \"of creative genius demonstrating the artistic, social, political and religious values of a human group for more than 2,000 years\".","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Here you can find pyramids, tombs, temples and burial chambers complete with painted scenes and writings that Unesco describes as masterpieces \"of creative genius demonstrating the artistic, social, political and religious values of a human group for more than 2,000 years\".","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_3"},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"A general view shows 27 January 2006 the Meroe archaeological site, 300 kms north of the Sudanese capital Khartoum","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":650,"width":976,"locator":"18AB/production/_96751360_gettyimages-160635474.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"AFP"}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Some years ago I visited these pyramids. On my return to the UK, I asked my parents what they knew of their country's historic sites. Not much, it turned out. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Some years ago I visited these pyramids. On my return to the UK, I asked my parents what they knew of their country's historic sites. Not much, it turned out. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"This was odd since both of them could tell you a lot about Henry VIII and key points in British history.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"This was odd since both of them could tell you a lot about Henry VIII and key points in British history.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"I wondered given that my parents did not know enough about their own country's history whether this was likely to be true of many other Africans.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"I wondered given that my parents did not know enough about their own country's history whether this was likely to be true of many other Africans.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"And as I talked to people I discovered that this was indeed the case. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"And as I talked to people I discovered that this was indeed the case. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_4"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"A few years later, at Unesco's Paris headquarters, I saw on the bookshelves of Ethiopian-born Deputy Director-General Getachew Engida a collection of volumes - the General History of Africa. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"A few years later, at Unesco's Paris headquarters, I saw on the bookshelves of Ethiopian-born Deputy Director-General Getachew Engida a collection of volumes - the ","attributes":[]}},{"type":"urlLink","model":{"text":"General History of Africa","locator":"http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/general-history-of-africa/","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"General History of Africa","attributes":[]}}]}},{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":". ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"This, it turned out, is one of Unesco's and the continent's best kept secrets: Africa's history written by African scholars.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"This, it turned out, is one of Unesco's and the continent's best kept secrets: Africa's history written by African scholars.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"A bas-relief in one of the pyramids at the Meroe archaeological site, about five km (three miles) east of the Nile.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":549,"width":976,"locator":"149F0/production/_96746448_relief-characters-resized.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"Getty Images"}},{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The carvings at the pyramids in Sudan give an insight into the life in the Kingdom of Kush","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The project was conceived in the early 1960s during the period of rapid decolonisation in Africa. Some of the newly independent African leaders decided that after decolonising their countries they also wanted to decolonise their history.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The project was conceived in the early 1960s during the period of rapid decolonisation in Africa. Some of the newly independent African leaders decided that after decolonising their countries they also wanted to decolonise their history.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Western historians had lamented the lack of written records in some African countries and had used this as a reason to legitimise such neglect.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Western historians had lamented the lack of written records in some African countries and had used this as a reason to legitimise such neglect.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_5"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Unesco helped African scholars put together the project, recruiting 350 experts, mostly from across Africa and from a range of disciplines, to compile eight volumes, starting from prehistory and continuing to the modern era. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Unesco helped African scholars put together the project, recruiting 350 experts, mostly from across Africa and from a range of disciplines, to compile eight volumes, starting from prehistory and continuing to the modern era. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The eighth volume was completed in 1990 and a ninth is now being worked on. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The eighth volume was completed in 1990 and a ninth is now being worked on. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Unesco took the controversial step of starting the volumes with the origins of humankind, setting out the theory of evolution. By doing so, they risked incurring the wrath of Christian and Muslim communities in some African countries where there was, and still is, a widespread belief in creationism.","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Unesco took the controversial step of starting the volumes with the origins of humankind, setting out the theory of evolution. By doing so, they risked incurring the wrath of Christian and Muslim communities in some African countries where there was, and still is, a widespread belief in creationism.","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"image","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"altText","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Paintings inside the pyramids","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"rawImage","model":{"height":549,"width":976,"locator":"D8A8/production/_96746455_insidethekushitepyramidssudan.imagecredit-kushcommunications.jpg","originCode":"cpsprodpb","copyrightHolder":"Kush Communications"}},{"type":"caption","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"There are also paintings inside the pyramids in Sudan","attributes":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"Kenyan palaeontologist Richard Leakey, who contributed to volume one, says he still believes that the fact humans originated in Africa is anathema to some Westerners, who would prefer to deny their African origins. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"Kenyan palaeontologist Richard Leakey, who contributed to volume one, says he still believes that the fact humans originated in Africa is anathema to some Westerners, who would prefer to deny their African origins. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"advertisement","model":{"adType":"horizontal"},"incrementedType":"mid_6"},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The story of the Kingdom of Kush, a superpower in western Asia as well as Africa, where queens could rule in their own right, is also often overlooked. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The story of the Kingdom of Kush, a superpower in western Asia as well as Africa, where queens could rule in their own right, is also often overlooked. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"This is also true of the Kingdom of Aksum, described as one of the four greatest civilisations of the ancient world. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"This is also true of the Kingdom of Aksum, described as one of the four greatest civilisations of the ancient world. ","attributes":[]}}]}}]}},{"type":"text","model":{"blocks":[{"type":"paragraph","model":{"text":"The Aksumite kings controlled trade in the Red Sea from their base in what is modern day Eritrea and Ethiopia. They were also the first rulers in Africa to embrace Christianity and make it the kingdom's official religion. ","blocks":[{"type":"fragment","model":{"text":"The Aksumite kings controlled trade in the Red Sea from their base in what is modern day Eritrea and Ethiopia. They were also the first rulers in Africa to embrace Christianity and make it the kingdom's official religion. 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