DNA confirms these 19th-century lions ate humans

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<select name="text-settings-size" class="text-settings-size col-span-2 bg-gray-600 text-sm text-gray-300"> <option value="small">Small</option> <option value="standard" selected>Standard</option> <option value="large">Large</option> </select> <label class="font-impact hidden w-20 text-base font-semibold uppercase text-gray-100 md:block" for="text-settings-width">Width <span class="text-gray-400">*</span> </label> <select name="text-settings-width" class="text-settings-width col-span-2 hidden bg-gray-600 text-sm text-gray-300 md:block"> <option value="standard" selected>Standard</option> <option value="wide">Wide</option> </select> <label class="font-impact w-20 text-base font-semibold uppercase text-gray-100" for="text-settings-links">Links</label> <select name="text-settings-links" class="text-settings-links col-span-2 bg-gray-600 text-sm text-gray-300"> <option value="standard" selected>Standard</option> <option value="orange">Orange</option> </select> <div class="font-impact 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class="sign-in-form"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div> </div> </header> <main class="main relative -mt-4 lg:mt-6" id="main"> <article class="double-column h-entry post-2055170 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-security tag-animal-behavior tag-animals tag-biology tag-dna-analysis tag-forensic-archaeology tag-lions" data-id="2055170"> <header> <div class="dusk:bg-gray-700 my-4 bg-gray-100 pt-2 dark:bg-gray-700 md:mt-10 md:pt-5 lg:pb-2 lg:pt-7"> <div class="mx-auto grid-cols-2 gap-8 md:px-5 lg:grid lg:max-w-5xl lg:px-8 xl:px-0"> <div class=""> <div class="mb-1 px-[15px] sm:px-5 md:px-0"> <div class="upper-deck font-impact text-green-450 dusk:text-green-400 inline-flex flex-row flex-nowrap items-center gap-2 text-left text-sm font-semibold uppercase leading-tight dark:text-green-400"> <span class="upper-deck__icon"> <svg class="h-5 w-5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><defs><clipPath id="section-security_svg__a"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h40v40H0z"/></clipPath><clipPath id="section-security_svg__b"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h40v40H0z"/></clipPath></defs><g clip-path="url(#section-security_svg__a)"><g fill="none" clip-path="url(#section-security_svg__b)"><path fill="currentColor" d="M37.7 21.1C39.7 10.4 32.8 0 20.8 0h-1.6C7.2 0 .3 10.4 2.3 21.1c.5 2.6-2.3 3.5-2.3 6.6 0 3.2 3.5 4 5.9 4.1h2.8c1.3 0 1.8.5 1.8 1.6 0 1.5.2 4.1.3 5.6 0 .2.7.4 1.9.5v-3.4c0-.4.3-.8.7-.8s.8.3.8.8v3.5c.9 0 1.8.1 2.9.1v-3.6c0-.4.3-.8.8-.8s.8.3.8.8v3.7h2.9v-3.7c0-.4.3-.8.8-.8s.8.3.8.8v3.6c1 0 2 0 2.9-.1v-3.5c0-.4.3-.8.8-.8s.8.3.8.8v3.4c1.1-.1 1.8-.3 1.9-.5.1-1.5.3-4.1.3-5.6 0-1.1.5-1.7 1.8-1.6h2.8c2.4-.1 5.9-.9 5.9-4.1 0-3.1-2.8-4-2.3-6.7m-26.7 4.7c-4 0-6.6-4-4.9-7.2 1.1-2 3.1-3.2 5.2-3.7 4.1-.9 7.6 2.9 6.7 6.6-.7 2.7-3.5 3.9-7 4.2m8.6 2.1-1 3c-.2.5-.7.8-1.1.6s-.7-.8-.5-1.3l.9-3c.2-.5.7-.8 1.1-.6s.7.8.5 1.3m2.8 3.6c-.4.2-.9 0-1.1-.6l-1-3c-.2-.5 0-1.1.5-1.3.4-.2.9 0 1.1.6l.9 3c.2.5 0 1.1-.5 1.3m6.6-5.7c-3.5-.4-6.3-1.5-7-4.2-.9-3.7 2.6-7.6 6.7-6.6 2.1.5 4.1 1.7 5.2 3.7 1.8 3.2-.9 7.2-4.9 7.2"/></g></g></svg> </span> <span class="upper-deck__text"> Oh, oh, here they come </span> </div> </div> <h1 class="dusk:text-gray-100 mb-3 px-[15px] font-serif text-3xl font-semibold leading-none text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-100 sm:px-5 md:px-0 md:text-4xl lg:text-5xl"> DNA confirms these 19th-century lions ate humans </h1> <p class="text-gray-550 dark:text-gray-250 dusk:text-gray-250 mt-4 px-[15px] text-lg leading-tight sm:px-5 md:px-0"> “Tsavo Man-Eaters” killed dozens of people in late 1890s, including Kenya-Uganda Railway workers. </p> <div class="mt-2 px-[15px] sm:px-5 md:px-0"> <div class="font-impact text-xs font-semibold uppercase text-gray-300"><a class="text-orange-400 hover:text-orange-500" href="https://arstechnica.com/author/jenniferouellette/"> Jennifer Ouellette </a> – <span class="whitespace-nowrap"> <time class="mr-[2px] inline-block cursor-default" title="2024-10-16T17:46:17-04:00" datetime="2024-10-16T17:46:17-04:00" x-data="{ compact: false, open: false, date: new Date('2024-10-16T17:46:17-04:00'), updatedTimestamp: false, format: function() { let dateFormat = { year: 'numeric', month: 'short', day: 'numeric' }; let timeFormat = { hour: 'numeric', minute: 'numeric' }; let formatted = this.date.toLocaleDateString(undefined, dateFormat) + ' ' + this.date.toLocaleTimeString(undefined, timeFormat); if (this.compact) { if (this.date.toDateString() === new Date().toDateString()) { formatted = this.date.toLocaleTimeString(undefined, timeFormat); if (this.updatedTimestamp) { formatted = 'at ' + formatted; } } else { formatted = this.date.toLocaleDateString(undefined, { year: 'numeric', month: 'numeric', day: 'numeric' }); } } if (this.updatedTimestamp) { formatted = 'Updated ' + formatted; } return formatted; } }" x-text="format()"> Oct 16, 2024 5:46 pm </time> <span class="text-gray-550">|</span> <a class="view-comments text-gray-300 hover:text-gray-500" href="https://arstechnica.com/security/2024/10/scientists-found-human-hairs-in-teeth-of-19th-century-lions/#comments" title="42 comments"> <svg class="-mt-1 ml-1 mr-[2px] inline-block h-4 w-4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 80 80"><defs><clipPath id="bubble-zero_svg__a"><path fill="none" stroke-width="0" d="M0 0h80v80H0z"/></clipPath><clipPath id="bubble-zero_svg__b"><path fill="none" stroke-width="0" d="M0 0h80v80H0z"/></clipPath></defs><g clip-path="url(#bubble-zero_svg__a)"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#bubble-zero_svg__b)"><path d="M80 40c0 22.09-17.91 40-40 40S0 62.09 0 40 17.91 0 40 0s40 17.91 40 40"/><path d="M40 40 .59 76.58C-.67 77.84.22 80 2.01 80H40z"/></g></g></svg> 42 </a> </span></div> </div> </div> <div class="min-h-1 mt-4 lg:mt-0"> <div class="relative aspect-video overflow-hidden"> <div class="ars-lightbox"> <div class="ars-lightbox-item"> <a class="cursor-zoom-in" data-pswp-width="1200" data-pswp-height="800" data-pswp-srcset="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-640x427.jpg 640w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-980x653.jpg 980w" data-cropped="true" href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1.jpg" target="_blank"> <img width="300" height="200" src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-300x200.jpg" class="absolute inset-0 w-full h-full object-cover hidden" alt="19th century lions teeth had thousands of hairs embedded in the cavities" loading="eager" decoding="async" srcset="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-300x200.jpg 300w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-640x427.jpg 640w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-980x653.jpg 980w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> <img width="1152" height="648" src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-1152x648.jpg" class="intro-image absolute min-w-full min-h-full h-auto object-cover" alt="19th century lions teeth had thousands of hairs embedded in the cavities" loading="eager" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-1152x648.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-384x216.jpg 384w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions1-768x432.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1152px) 100vw, 1152px" /> </a> <div class="pswp-caption-content" id="caption-2055178"> <div class="caption font-impact dusk:text-gray-300 mb-4 mt-2 inline-flex flex-row items-stretch gap-1 text-base leading-tight text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-300"> <div class="caption-icon bg-[left_top_5px] w-[10px] shrink-0"></div> <div class="caption-content"> 19th century lions teeth had thousands of hairs embedded in the cavities, some of which were from humans. <span class="caption-credit mt-2 text-xs"> Credit: Photo Z94320/Field Museum of Natural History of Chicago </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="px-[15px] sm:px-5 md:px-0"><div class="caption font-impact dusk:text-gray-300 mb-4 mt-2 inline-flex flex-row items-stretch gap-1 text-base leading-tight text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-300"> <div class="caption-icon bg-[left_top_5px] w-[10px] shrink-0"></div> <div class="caption-content"> 19th century lions teeth had thousands of hairs embedded in the cavities, some of which were from humans. <span class="caption-credit mt-2 text-xs"> Credit: Photo Z94320/Field Museum of Natural History of Chicago </span> </div> 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class="relative lg:col-span-2"> <div class="post-content post-content-double"> <p>For several months in 1898, a pair of male lions turned the Tsavo region of Kenya into their own human hunting grounds, killing many construction workers who were building the Kenya-Uganda railway. A team of scientists has now identified exactly what kinds of prey the so-called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsavo_Man-Eaters">Tsavo Man-Eaters</a>" fed upon, based on DNA analysis of hairs collected from the lions' teeth, according to a <a href="https://cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)01240-5">recent paper</a> published in the journal Current Biology. They found evidence of various species the lions had consumed, including humans.</p> <p>The British began construction of a railway bridge over the Tsavo River in March 1898, with Lieutenant-Colonel John Henry Patterson leading the project. But mere days after Patterson arrived on site, workers started disappearing or being killed. The culprits: two maneless male lions, so emboldened that they often dragged workers from their tents at night to eat them. At their peak, they were killing workers almost daily—including an attack on the district officer, who narrowly escaped with claw lacerations on his back. (His assistant, however, was killed.)</p> <p>Patterson finally managed to shoot and kill one of the lions on December 9 and the second 20 days later. The lion pelts decorated Patterson's home as rugs for 25 years before being sold to Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History in 1924. The skins were restored and used to reconstruct the lions, which are now on permanent display at the museum, along with their skulls.</p> <h2>Tale of the teeth</h2> <p>The Tsavo Man-Eaters naturally fascinated scientists, although the exact number of people they killed and/or consumed remains a matter of debate. Estimates run anywhere from 28–31 victims to 100 or more, with a <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2776458/">2009 study</a> that analyzed isotopic signatures of the lions' bone collagen and hair keratin favoring the lower range.</p> <div class="ars-interlude-container in-content-interlude mx-auto max-w-xl"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dusk:bg-gray-100 hidden min-w-[300px] justify-self-end dark:bg-gray-50 lg:block"> <div class="ad-wrapper is-sticky is-rail"> <div class="ad-wrapper-inner"> <div class="ad ad--rail"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ad-wrapper with-label is-fullwidth"> <div class="ad-wrapper-inner"> <div class="ad ad--mid-content"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mt-2.5 mx-auto px-[15px] sm:px-5 lg:grid lg:max-w-5xl lg:grid-cols-3 lg:gap-6 lg:px-8 xl:px-0"> <div class="relative lg:col-span-2"> <div class="post-content post-content-double"> <figure class="ars-img-shortcode id-2056792 align-none"> <div> <div class="ars-lightbox"> <div class="ars-lightbox-item"> <a data-pswp-width="1200" data-pswp-height="803" data-pswp-srcset="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4-300x201.jpg 300w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4-640x428.jpg 640w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4-980x656.jpg 980w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4.jpg 1200w" data-cropped="true" href="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4.jpg" target="_blank" class="cursor-zoom-in"> <img decoding="async" width="1200" height="803" src="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="The Tsavo Man-Eaters on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois" srcset="https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4-300x201.jpg 300w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4-640x428.jpg 640w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/lions4-980x656.jpg 980w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px"> </a> <div class="pswp-caption-content" id="caption-2056792"> The Tsavo Man-Eaters on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. <div class="ars-gallery-caption-credit"> Credit: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" target="_blank">Jeffrey Jung/CC BY-SA 3.0</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figcaption> <div class="caption font-impact dusk:text-gray-300 mb-4 mt-2 inline-flex flex-row items-stretch gap-1 text-base leading-tight text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-300"> <div class="caption-icon bg-[left_top_5px] w-[10px] shrink-0"></div> <div class="caption-content"> The Tsavo Man-Eaters on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. <span class="caption-credit mt-2 text-xs"> Credit: <a class="caption-credit-link text-gray-400 no-underline hover:text-gray-500" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" target="_blank"> Jeffrey Jung/CC BY-SA 3.0 </a> </span> </div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> <p>As for why the lions resorted to hunting humans, some scientists point to an 1898 outbreak of cattle plague that sharply reduced the lions' usual prey and drove them to look for alternative food sources. The lions may have been feeding on dead humans at the river crossing. Others suggested that one of the lions had a damaged tooth that would have made it challenging to kill their usual prey since lions rely on their powerful jaws to suffocate them. Indeed, a <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5430416/">2017 study</a> found evidence of an infection to the root of a canine tooth in one of the lions.</p> <p>According to the authors of this latest paper, both lions had dental injuries, including broken canine teeth and hair built up in the exposed cavities over time. They were able to extract DNA samples from those hairs. Although the DNA was old and degraded, the team devised a new method to piece enough of it together to identify specific species. They identified six species: human, giraffe, oryx, waterbuck, zebra, and wildebeest, and further research will attempt to reconstruct how the lions' diet changed as they aged.</p> <p>The team was most surprised by the presence of wildebeest hairs. “It suggests that the Tsavo lions may have either traveled farther than previously believed, or that wildebeest were present in the Tsavo region during that time,” <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1060053?">said co-author Alida de Flamingh</a> of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. “The closest grazing area for wildebeest was over 50 miles from where the lions were killed in 1898 at the Tsavo-Athi confluence.”</p> <p>Current Biology, 2024. DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.029">10.1016/j.cub.2024.09.029</a> (<a href="http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2010/03/dois-and-their-discontents-1.ars">About DOIs</a>).</p> </div> <div class="-mx-2.5 sm:mx-0"> </div> <div class="author-mini-bio"> <div class="flex flex-col items-start gap-5 border-t-4 py-5 dark:border-gray-700 sm:flex-row"> <div class="flex items-center gap-3"> <a class="relative block aspect-square h-24 w-24 shrink-0 overflow-hidden rounded-full border-4 border-green-400" href="https://arstechnica.com/author/jenniferouellette/"><img class="absolute left-0 top-0 min-h-full min-w-full object-cover" src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/arspic300.jpg" alt="Photo of Jennifer Ouellette"></a> <div class="font-impact mb-0 text-left text-base font-semibold uppercase sm:hidden"> <a href="https://arstechnica.com/author/jenniferouellette/">Jennifer Ouellette</a> <span class="block font-sans text-sm font-normal italic sm:inline-block">Senior Writer</span> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="font-impact mb-0 hidden text-left text-base font-semibold uppercase sm:block"> <a href="https://arstechnica.com/author/jenniferouellette/">Jennifer Ouellette</a> <span class="block font-sans text-sm font-normal italic sm:ml-2 sm:inline-block">Senior Writer</span> </div> <div class="text-left text-base leading-5 text-gray-400" itemprop="description"> Jennifer is a senior writer at Ars Technica with a particular focus on where science meets culture, covering everything from physics and related interdisciplinary topics to her favorite films and TV series. 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DNA confirms these 19th-century lions ate humans