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<li id="toc-In_Russian_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Russian_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In Russian architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Russian_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oriental_origin_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_origin_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Oriental origin hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriental_origin_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Russian_origin_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Russian_origin_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Indigenous Russian origin hypothesis</span> </div> 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id="toc-Internationally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere_in_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Elsewhere in Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere_in_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_and_Central_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_and_Central_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Western and Central countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_and_Central_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Southern countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Onion dome</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قبة بصلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قبة بصلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Fan_q%C3%BCbb%C9%99si" title="Soğan qübbəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soğan qübbəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C" title="পেঁয়াজ গম্বুজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেঁয়াজ গম্বুজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Купал-цыбуліна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Купал-цыбуліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Купал-цыбуліна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Купал-цыбуліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BApula_bulbosa" title="Cúpula bulbosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cúpula bulbosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1%C5%88_(st%C5%99echa)" title="Báň (střecha) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Báň (střecha)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8gkuppel" title="Løgkuppel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Løgkuppel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwiebelturm" title="Zwiebelturm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwiebelturm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibulkuppel" title="Sibulkuppel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sibulkuppel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BApula_bulbosa" title="Cúpula bulbosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cúpula bulbosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulba_kupolo" title="Bulba kupolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bulba kupolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="گنبد پیازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنبد پیازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocher_%C3%A0_bulbe" title="Clocher à bulbe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clocher à bulbe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9" title="Սոխուկանման գմբեթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոխուկանման գմբեթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukovi%C4%8Dasta_glava" title="Lukovičasta glava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lukovičasta glava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Onion dome" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turris_bulbosa" title="Turris bulbosa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turris bulbosa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bnnentuerm" title="Ënnentuerm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ënnentuerm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagymakupola" title="Hagymakupola – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hagymakupola" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кромидеста купола – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кромидеста купола" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ui_(bouwkunst)" title="Ui (bouwkunst) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ui (bouwkunst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laukkuppel" title="Laukkuppel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Laukkuppel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Луковичная глава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луковичная глава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6kkupol" title="Lökkupol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lökkupol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="โดมทรงหัวหอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โดมทรงหัวหอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%9Fan_kubbe" title="Soğan kubbe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soğan kubbe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Цибуляста баня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цибуляста баня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1p_c%E1%BB%A7_h%C3%A0nh" title="Tháp củ hành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tháp củ hành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E8%94%A5%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%93%E9%A0%82" title="洋蔥形圓頂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="洋蔥形圓頂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q244621#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chukhloma_AvraamievMonastery_0564.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chukhloma_AvraamievMonastery_0564.jpg/241px-Chukhloma_AvraamievMonastery_0564.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chukhloma_AvraamievMonastery_0564.jpg/362px-Chukhloma_AvraamievMonastery_0564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chukhloma_AvraamievMonastery_0564.jpg/482px-Chukhloma_AvraamievMonastery_0564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5453" data-file-height="3623" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Avraamiev_Monastery" title="Avraamiev Monastery">Avraamiev Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast" title="Kostroma Oblast">Kostroma Oblast</a>, Russia founded in the 14th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:245px;max-width:245px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_(Edited).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/243px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="243" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/365px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/486px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2525" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (India), an example of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>An <b>onion dome</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> whose shape resembles an <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such domes are often larger in diameter than the <a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">tholobate</a> (drum) upon which they sit, and their height usually exceeds their width. They taper smoothly upwards to a point. </p><p>It is a typical feature of <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox church</a>. There are similar buildings in other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> countries, and occasionally in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Buildings with onion domes are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Oriental</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. However, old buildings outside Russia usually lack the construction typical of the Russian onion design. </p><p>Other types of Eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupolas</a> include <i>helmet domes</i> (for example, those of the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Vladimir" title="Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir">Dormition Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>), Ukrainian <i>pear domes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Kyiv" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv">St Sophia Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <i>bud domes</i> (<a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Kyiv" title="St Andrew's Church, Kyiv">St Andrew's Church</a> in Kyiv) or an onion-helmet mixture like the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Sophia,_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod">St Sophia Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Omayyad_Mosque_portal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mosaic_of_Omayyad_Mosque_portal.jpg/200px-Mosaic_of_Omayyad_Mosque_portal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mosaic_of_Omayyad_Mosque_portal.jpg/300px-Mosaic_of_Omayyad_Mosque_portal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mosaic_of_Omayyad_Mosque_portal.jpg/400px-Mosaic_of_Omayyad_Mosque_portal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Umayyad mosaic showing a building with an onion dome-like appearance</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Wolfgang Born, the onion dome has its origin in Syria, where some <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>-era mosaics show buildings with bulbous domes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early prototype of onion dome also appeared in Chehel Dokhter, a mid-11th century <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk architecture</a> in Damghan region of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Russian_architecture">In Russian architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Russian architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5_(1649-1652)_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5_%281649-1652%29_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg/222px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5_%281649-1652%29_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5_%281649-1652%29_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg/333px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5_%281649-1652%29_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5_%281649-1652%29_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg/444px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5_%281649-1652%29_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Onion domes at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Resurrection,_Kostroma" title="Church of the Resurrection, Kostroma">Church of the Resurrection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a> (1652)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is not completely clear when and why onion domes became a typical feature of <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian architecture</a>. The curved onion style appeared in Russian architecture as early as the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But still several theories exist that the Russian onion shape was influenced by countries from the Orient, like <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, with whom Russia has had lengthy cultural exchange. <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus">architecture of Kievan Rus</a> were characterized by broader, flatter domes without a special framework erected above the drum. In contrast to this ancient form, each drum of a Russian church is surmounted by a special structure of metal or timber, which is lined with sheet iron or tiles, while the onion architecture is mostly very curved. Russian architecture used the dome shape not only for churches but also for other buildings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the end of the nineteenth century, most Russian churches from before the <a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine period</a> had bulbous domes. The largest onion domes were erected in the seventeenth century in the area around <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>. A number of these had more complicated bud-shaped domes, whose form derived from Baroque models of the late seventeenth century. Pear-shaped domes are usually associated with <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian Baroque</a>, while cone-shaped domes are typical for Orthodox churches of <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oriental_origin_hypothesis">Oriental origin hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oriental origin hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Basils_Cathedral,_Moscow_(149189056).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St_Basils_Cathedral%2C_Moscow_%28149189056%29.jpg/220px-St_Basils_Cathedral%2C_Moscow_%28149189056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St_Basils_Cathedral%2C_Moscow_%28149189056%29.jpg/330px-St_Basils_Cathedral%2C_Moscow_%28149189056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St_Basils_Cathedral%2C_Moscow_%28149189056%29.jpg/440px-St_Basils_Cathedral%2C_Moscow_%28149189056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2915" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption>Onion domes of Saint Basil's Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>Supposedly,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (July 2019)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> Russian <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> painted before the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Rus'">Mongol invasion of Rus'</a> of 1237-1242 do not feature churches with onion domes. Two highly venerated pre-Mongol churches that have been rebuilt—the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_Cathedral_in_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir">Assumption Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Demetrius" title="Cathedral of Saint Demetrius">Cathedral of Saint Demetrius</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia"> Vladimir</a>—display golden helmet domes. Restoration work on several other ancient churches has revealed some fragments of former helmet-like domes below newer onion cupolas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It has been posited<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that onion domes first appeared in Russia during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1533–1584</span>). The domes of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a> have not been altered since the reign of Ivan's son <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor I">Fyodor I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1584–1598</span>), indicating the presence of onion domes in sixteenth-century Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some scholars postulate that the Russians adopted onion domes from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world"> Muslim countries</a>, possibly from the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a>, whose conquest in 1552 Ivan the Terrible commemorated by erecting St. Basil's Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe that onion domes first appeared in Russian wooden architecture above <a href="/wiki/Tent-like_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Tent-like church">tent-like churches</a>. According to this theory, they were strictly utilitarian, as they prevented snow from piling on the <a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">roof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_Russian_origin_hypothesis">Indigenous Russian origin hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indigenous Russian origin hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1909_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1909_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/220px-1909_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1909_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/330px-1909_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1909_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/440px-1909_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B._%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Wooden churches in <a href="/wiki/Kizhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizhi">Kizhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vytegra" title="Vytegra">Vytegra</a> have as many as twenty-five onion domes</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1946, historian <a href="/wiki/Boris_Rybakov" title="Boris Rybakov">Boris Rybakov</a>, while analysing <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> of ancient Russian chronicles, pointed out that most of them, from the thirteenth century onward, display churches with onion domes rather than helmet domes. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Voronin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Voronin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Voronin</a>, who studied pre-Mongol Russian architecture, seconded his opinion that onion domes existed in Russia as early as the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings demonstrated that Russian onion domes could not be imported from the Orient, where onion domes did not replace spherical domes until the fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern art historian <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Zagraevsky" title="Sergey Zagraevsky">Sergey Zagraevsky</a> surveyed hundreds of Russian <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> and miniatures, from the eleventh century onward. He concluded that most icons painted after the Mongol invasion of Rus display only onion domes. The first onion domes appeared on some pictures from the twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found only one icon from the late fifteenth century displaying a dome resembling the helmet instead of an onion. His findings led him to dismiss fragments of helmet domes discovered by restorators beneath modern onion domes as post-Petrine stylisations intended to reproduce the familiar forms of Byzantine cupolas. Zagraevsky also indicated that the oldest depictions of the two Vladimir cathedrals represent them as having onion domes, prior to their replacement by classicizing helmet domes. He explains the ubiquitous appearance of onion domes in the late thirteenth century by the general emphasis on verticality characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Russian church architecture</a> from the late twelfth to early fifteenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, porches, pilasters, vaults and drums were arranged to create a vertical thrust, to make the church seem taller than it was.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another consideration proposed by Zagraevsky links the onion-shaped form of Russian domes with the weight of traditional Russian crosses, which are much larger and more elaborate than those used in Byzantium and Kievan Rus. Such ponderous crosses would have been easily toppled, if they had not been fixed to sizeable stones traditionally placed inside the elongated domes of Russian churches. It is impossible to place such a stone inside the flat dome of the Byzantine type.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_domes" title="Symbolism of domes">Symbolism of domes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20070830015DRDresden-S%C3%BCdvorstadt_Russisch-Othodoxe_Kirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/20070830015DRDresden-S%C3%BCdvorstadt_Russisch-Othodoxe_Kirche.jpg/220px-20070830015DRDresden-S%C3%BCdvorstadt_Russisch-Othodoxe_Kirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/20070830015DRDresden-S%C3%BCdvorstadt_Russisch-Othodoxe_Kirche.jpg/330px-20070830015DRDresden-S%C3%BCdvorstadt_Russisch-Othodoxe_Kirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/20070830015DRDresden-S%C3%BCdvorstadt_Russisch-Othodoxe_Kirche.jpg/440px-20070830015DRDresden-S%C3%BCdvorstadt_Russisch-Othodoxe_Kirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Group of three blue domes at the <a href="/wiki/St._Simeon_of_the_Wonderful_Mountain_Church" title="St. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church">St. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the eighteenth century, the Russian Orthodox Church did not assign any particular symbolism to the exterior shape of a church.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, onion domes are popularly believed to symbolise burning candles. In 1917, religious philosopher Prince <a href="/wiki/Evgenii_Nikolaevitch_Troubetzkoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgenii Nikolaevitch Troubetzkoy">Evgenii Troubetzkoy</a> argued that the onion shape of Russian church domes may not be explained rationally. According to Trubetskoy, drums crowned by tapering domes were deliberately scored to resemble candles, thus manifesting a certain aesthetic and religious attitude. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Byzantine cupola above the church represents the vault of heaven above the earth. On the other hand, the Gothic spire expresses unbridled vertical thrust, which rises huge masses of stone to the sky. In contrast to these, our native onion dome may be likened to a tongue of fire, crowned by a cross and tapering towards a cross. When we look at the <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a>, we seem to see a gigantic candle burning above Moscow. The Kremlin cathedrals and churches, with their multiple domes, look like huge chandeliers. The onion shape results from the idea of prayer as a soul burning towards heaven, which connects the earthly world with the treasures of the afterlife. Every attempt to explain the onion shape of our church domes by utilitarian considerations (for instance, the need to preclude snow from piling on the roof) fails to account for the most essential point, that of aesthetic significance of onion domes for our religion. Indeed, there are numerous other ways to achieve the same utilitarian result, e.g., spires, steeples, cones. Why, of all these shapes, ancient Russian architecture settled upon the onion dome? Because the aesthetic impression produced by the onion dome matched a certain religious attitude. The meaning of this religious and aesthetic feeling is finely expressed by a folk saying - "glowing with fervour" - when they speak about church domes.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Evgenii Troubetzkoy<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Another explanation has it that the onion dome was originally regarded as a form reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Aedicula" title="Aedicula">aedicula</a> (cubiculum) in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Onion domes often appear in groups of three, representing the Holy Trinity, or five, representing Jesus Christ and the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a>. Domes standing alone represent Jesus. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tatischev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasily Tatischev">Vasily Tatischev</a>, the first to record this interpretation, disapproved of it emphatically. He believed that the five-domed design of churches was propagated by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Nikon">Patriarch Nikon</a>, who liked to compare the central and highest dome with himself and four lateral domes with four other <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs">patriarchs</a> of the Orthodox world. There is no other evidence that Nikon ever held such a view.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The domes are often brightly painted: their colors may informally symbolise different aspects of religion. Green, blue, and gold domes are sometimes held to represent the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>, the Holy Spirit, and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, respectively. Black ball-shaped domes were once popular in the snowy north of Russia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internationally">Internationally</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internationally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_domes_in_South_Asia" title="History of domes in South Asia">History of domes in South Asia</a></div> <p>The onion dome was also used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a>, which later went on to influence <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic architecture</a>. It is also a common feature in <a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh architecture</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Gurudwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurudwara">Gurudwaras</a>, and sometimes seen in <a href="/wiki/Rajput_architecture" title="Rajput architecture">Rajput architecture</a> as well. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badshahi_Mosque_33_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"><img alt="Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg/170px-Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg/255px-Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg/340px-Badshahi_Mosque_33_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5690" data-file-height="3274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AkalTakht_NishanSahib.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gilded onion domes of the Akal Takht in Amritsar, Punjab, India"><img alt="Gilded onion domes of the Akal Takht in Amritsar, Punjab, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AkalTakht_NishanSahib.JPG/170px-AkalTakht_NishanSahib.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AkalTakht_NishanSahib.JPG/255px-AkalTakht_NishanSahib.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AkalTakht_NishanSahib.JPG/340px-AkalTakht_NishanSahib.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gilded onion domes of the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras-02-High_Court-1976-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madras High Court, an example of Indo-Saracenic architecture in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"><img alt="Madras High Court, an example of Indo-Saracenic architecture in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Madras-02-High_Court-1976-gje.jpg/170px-Madras-02-High_Court-1976-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Madras-02-High_Court-1976-gje.jpg/255px-Madras-02-High_Court-1976-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Madras-02-High_Court-1976-gje.jpg/340px-Madras-02-High_Court-1976-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3289" data-file-height="2249" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic architecture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elsewhere_in_Asia">Elsewhere in Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, it is also used in <a href="/wiki/Persian_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Architecture">Iran</a> and other places in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Architecture">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. At the end of the 19th century, the Dutch-built <a href="/wiki/Baiturrahman_Grand_Mosque" title="Baiturrahman Grand Mosque">Baiturrahman Grand Mosque</a> in Aceh, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, which incorporated onion shaped dome. The shape of the dome has been used in numerous mosques in Indonesia since then.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman,_Aceh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baiturrahman Grand Mosque from Aceh (Indonesia)"><img alt="Baiturrahman Grand Mosque from Aceh (Indonesia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman%2C_Aceh.jpg/170px-Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman%2C_Aceh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman%2C_Aceh.jpg/255px-Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman%2C_Aceh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman%2C_Aceh.jpg/340px-Meuseujid_Raya_Baiturrahman%2C_Aceh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baiturrahman_Grand_Mosque" title="Baiturrahman Grand Mosque">Baiturrahman Grand Mosque</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ubudiah Mosque in Kuala Kangsar, Perak (Malaysia)"><img alt="Ubudiah Mosque in Kuala Kangsar, Perak (Malaysia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg/170px-Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg/255px-Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg/340px-Masjid_Ubudiah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ubudiah_Mosque" title="Ubudiah Mosque">Ubudiah Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Kangsar">Kuala Kangsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jining_Chongjue_Si_Tieta_2015.08.13_17-20-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pagoda of Chongjue Temple in Shandong (China)"><img alt="Pagoda of Chongjue Temple in Shandong (China)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jining_Chongjue_Si_Tieta_2015.08.13_17-20-26.jpg/113px-Jining_Chongjue_Si_Tieta_2015.08.13_17-20-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jining_Chongjue_Si_Tieta_2015.08.13_17-20-26.jpg/170px-Jining_Chongjue_Si_Tieta_2015.08.13_17-20-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jining_Chongjue_Si_Tieta_2015.08.13_17-20-26.jpg/226px-Jining_Chongjue_Si_Tieta_2015.08.13_17-20-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pagoda of Chongjue Temple in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_and_Central_countries">Western and Central countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Western and Central countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> domes in the shape of an onion (or other vegetables or flower-buds) were common in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> as well. The first one was built in 1576 by the <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Holl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Holl (page does not exist)">Johannes Holl</a> (1512–1594) on the church of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convent_of_the_Franciscan_Sisters_of_Maria_Stern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convent of the Franciscan Sisters of Maria Stern (page does not exist)">Convent of the Franciscan Sisters of Maria Stern</a> in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>. Usually made of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> sheet, onion domes appear on <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> churches all over southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and Northeast <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Onion domes were also a favourite of 20th-century Austrian architectural designer <a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Friedensreich Hundertwasser</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mittersill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Leonard's Church in Mittersill (Austria)"><img alt="Saint Leonard's Church in Mittersill (Austria)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mittersill.jpg/170px-Mittersill.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mittersill.jpg/255px-Mittersill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mittersill.jpg/340px-Mittersill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Leonard_of_Noblac" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Leonard of Noblac">Saint Leonard's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mittersill" title="Mittersill">Mittersill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Maria_Ramersdorf-M%C3%BCnchen_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Mary's Church, in Munich (Germany)"><img alt="St. Mary's Church, in Munich (Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St._Maria_Ramersdorf-M%C3%BCnchen_1.jpg/121px-St._Maria_Ramersdorf-M%C3%BCnchen_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St._Maria_Ramersdorf-M%C3%BCnchen_1.jpg/182px-St._Maria_Ramersdorf-M%C3%BCnchen_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St._Maria_Ramersdorf-M%C3%BCnchen_1.jpg/242px-St._Maria_Ramersdorf-M%C3%BCnchen_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Ramersdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Church, Ramersdorf">St. Mary's Church</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Onion_Dome_Copper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional construction and copper cladding, in Munich (Germany)"><img alt="Traditional construction and copper cladding, in Munich (Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Onion_Dome_Copper.jpg/123px-Onion_Dome_Copper.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Onion_Dome_Copper.jpg/184px-Onion_Dome_Copper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Onion_Dome_Copper.jpg/246px-Onion_Dome_Copper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2210" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional construction and copper cladding, in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Onion_Dome_from_the_Inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the dome during construction, in Munich (Germany)"><img alt="Inside the dome during construction, in Munich (Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Onion_Dome_from_the_Inside.jpg/170px-Onion_Dome_from_the_Inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Onion_Dome_from_the_Inside.jpg/255px-Onion_Dome_from_the_Inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Onion_Dome_from_the_Inside.jpg/340px-Onion_Dome_from_the_Inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the dome during construction, in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirchturmspitze_oristano_duomo_santa_maris_assunta.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cupola of Oristano cathedral's bell tower, in Sardinia (Italy)"><img alt="Cupola of Oristano cathedral's bell tower, in Sardinia (Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kirchturmspitze_oristano_duomo_santa_maris_assunta.JPG/113px-Kirchturmspitze_oristano_duomo_santa_maris_assunta.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kirchturmspitze_oristano_duomo_santa_maris_assunta.JPG/170px-Kirchturmspitze_oristano_duomo_santa_maris_assunta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kirchturmspitze_oristano_duomo_santa_maris_assunta.JPG/226px-Kirchturmspitze_oristano_duomo_santa_maris_assunta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cupola of <a href="/wiki/Oristano" title="Oristano">Oristano</a> cathedral's bell tower, in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parrocchia_di_Santa_Sofia_V.M.,_San_Vero_Milis,_Oristano,_Sardinia,_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa Sofia church in San Vero Milis, Sardinia (Italy)"><img alt="Santa Sofia church in San Vero Milis, Sardinia (Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Parrocchia_di_Santa_Sofia_V.M.%2C_San_Vero_Milis%2C_Oristano%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/170px-Parrocchia_di_Santa_Sofia_V.M.%2C_San_Vero_Milis%2C_Oristano%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Parrocchia_di_Santa_Sofia_V.M.%2C_San_Vero_Milis%2C_Oristano%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/255px-Parrocchia_di_Santa_Sofia_V.M.%2C_San_Vero_Milis%2C_Oristano%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Parrocchia_di_Santa_Sofia_V.M.%2C_San_Vero_Milis%2C_Oristano%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg/340px-Parrocchia_di_Santa_Sofia_V.M.%2C_San_Vero_Milis%2C_Oristano%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1890" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Santa Sofia church in San Vero Milis, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St-lazare-cour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Lazzaro degli Armeni from Venice (Italy)"><img alt="San Lazzaro degli Armeni from Venice (Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/St-lazare-cour.jpg/170px-St-lazare-cour.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/St-lazare-cour.jpg/255px-St-lazare-cour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/St-lazare-cour.jpg/340px-St-lazare-cour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Lazzaro_degli_Armeni" title="San Lazzaro degli Armeni">San Lazzaro degli Armeni</a> from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fl%C3%A4sch_Autumn_2020_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Amandus in Fläsch, Switzerland"><img alt="Church of St. Amandus in Fläsch, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fl%C3%A4sch_Autumn_2020_05.jpg/170px-Fl%C3%A4sch_Autumn_2020_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fl%C3%A4sch_Autumn_2020_05.jpg/255px-Fl%C3%A4sch_Autumn_2020_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fl%C3%A4sch_Autumn_2020_05.jpg/340px-Fl%C3%A4sch_Autumn_2020_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. Amandus in <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A4sch" title="Fläsch">Fläsch, Switzerland</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_countries">Southern countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Southern countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cupola of St. Athanasius Church in Selci (North Macedonia)"><img alt="Cupola of St. Athanasius Church in Selci (North Macedonia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8.jpg/113px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8.jpg/170px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8.jpg/226px-%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cupola of St. Athanasius Church in <a href="/wiki/Selci,_Struga" title="Selci, Struga">Selci</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Corn_Palace" title="Corn Palace">World's Only Corn Palace</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mitchell,_South_Dakota" title="Mitchell, South Dakota">Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, also features onion domes on the roof of the structure. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CornPalace2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="World's Only Corn Palace in Mitchell (South Dakota, USA)"><img alt="World's Only Corn Palace in Mitchell (South Dakota, USA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CornPalace2008.jpg/170px-CornPalace2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CornPalace2008.jpg/255px-CornPalace2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/CornPalace2008.jpg/340px-CornPalace2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Corn_Palace" title="Corn Palace">World's Only Corn Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mitchell,_South_Dakota" title="Mitchell, South Dakota">Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, USA)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Longwood_by_Highsmith_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Longwood, in Natchez (Mississippi, USA)"><img alt="Longwood, in Natchez (Mississippi, USA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Longwood_by_Highsmith_02.jpg/170px-Longwood_by_Highsmith_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Longwood_by_Highsmith_02.jpg/255px-Longwood_by_Highsmith_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Longwood_by_Highsmith_02.jpg/340px-Longwood_by_Highsmith_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Longwood_(Natchez,_Mississippi)" title="Longwood (Natchez, Mississippi)">Longwood</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, USA)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Street_Springfield_Mass_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fuller Block in Springfield (Massachusetts, USA), domes since removed"><img alt="Fuller Block in Springfield (Massachusetts, USA), domes since removed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Main_Street_Springfield_Mass_1905.jpg/170px-Main_Street_Springfield_Mass_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Main_Street_Springfield_Mass_1905.jpg/255px-Main_Street_Springfield_Mass_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Main_Street_Springfield_Mass_1905.jpg/340px-Main_Street_Springfield_Mass_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4023" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fuller Block in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, USA), domes since removed</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roof_shapes" title="List of roof shapes">List of roof shapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giboshi" title="Giboshi">Giboshi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlock2010" class="citation book cs1">Block, Eric (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC&q=Such+a+dome+is+larger+in+diameter+than+the+drum+it+is+set+upon+and+its+height&pg=PA47"><i>Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854041909" title="Special:BookSources/9780854041909"><bdi>9780854041909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Other+Alliums%3A+The+Lore+and+the+Science&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780854041909&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AB89RHV9ucC%26q%3DSuch%2Ba%2Bdome%2Bis%2Blarger%2Bin%2Bdiameter%2Bthan%2Bthe%2Bdrum%2Bit%2Bis%2Bset%2Bupon%2Band%2Bits%2Bheight%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion+dome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarke2020" class="citation book cs1">Darke, Diana (2020-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRUOEAAAQBAJ&dq=bulbous+dome+umayyad+mosaic&pg=PA123"><i>Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-510-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-510-8"><bdi>978-1-78738-510-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stealing+from+the+Saracens%3A+How+Islamic+Architecture+Shaped+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78738-510-8&rft.aulast=Darke&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRUOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbulbous%2Bdome%2Bumayyad%2Bmosaic%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion+dome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorn1944" class="citation journal cs1">Born, Wolfgang (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849071">"The Introduction of the Bulbous Dome into Gothic Architecture and Its Subsequent Development"</a>. <i>Speculum</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 208–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2849071">10.2307/2849071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849071">2849071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+the+Bulbous+Dome+into+Gothic+Architecture+and+Its+Subsequent+Development&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-221&rft.date=1944&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2849071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2849071&rft.aulast=Born&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2849071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion+dome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2014" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2014-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMBAwAAQBAJ&dq=onion+dome+discovered+middle+east&pg=PA213"><i>Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25993-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-25993-9"><bdi>978-1-134-25993-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+and+Africa%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.isbn=978-1-134-25993-9&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Watson%2C+Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoHMBAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Donion%2Bdome%2Bdiscovered%2Bmiddle%2Beast%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion+dome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2010" class="citation book cs1">Block, Eric (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC&q=Such+a+dome+is+larger+in+diameter+than+the+drum+it+is+set+upon+and+its+height&pg=PA47"><i>Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science</i></a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854041909" title="Special:BookSources/9780854041909"><bdi>9780854041909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Other+Alliums%3A+The+Lore+and+the+Science&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780854041909&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AB89RHV9ucC%26q%3DSuch%2Ba%2Bdome%2Bis%2Blarger%2Bin%2Bdiameter%2Bthan%2Bthe%2Bdrum%2Bit%2Bis%2Bset%2Bupon%2Band%2Bits%2Bheight%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion+dome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShvidkovsky2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Shvidkovsky" title="Dmitry Shvidkovsky">Shvidkovsky, D. S.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQy9TJ2yOQEC"><i>Russian architecture and the West</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10912-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10912-2"><bdi>978-0-300-10912-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+architecture+and+the+West&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10912-2&rft.aulast=Shvidkovsky&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQy9TJ2yOQEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnion+dome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. П. Новицкий. Луковичная форма глав русских церквей. В кн.: Московское археологическое общество. Труды комиссии по сохранению древних памятников. Т. III. Moscow, 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Н. Н. Воронин. Архитектурный памятник как исторический источник (заметки к постановке вопроса). В кн.: Советская археология. Вып. XIX. М., 1954. С. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Б. А. Рыбаков. «Окна в исчезнувший мир (по поводу книги А. В. Арциховского «Древнерусские миниатюры как исторический источник»). В кн.: Доклады и сообщения историч. факультета МГУ. Вып. IV. М., 1946. С. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> S. V. Zagraevsky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zagraevsky.com/glavi_engl.htm">Forms of the domes of the ancient Russian temples</a>. Published in Russian: С. В. Заграевский. Формы глав (купольных покрытий) древнерусских храмов. М.: Алев-В, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Г. К. Вагнер. О своеобразии стилеобразования в архитектуре Древней Руси (возвращение к проблеме). В кн.: Архитектурное наследство. Вып. 38. М., 1995. С. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">П. А. Раппопорт. Древнерусская архитектура. СПб, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">И. Л. Бусева-Давыдова. <i>Символика архитектуры по древнерусским письменным источникам XI-XVII вв.</i> // Герменевтика древнерусской литературы. XVI - начало XVIII вв. Moscow, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Е. Н. Трубецкой. Три очерка о русской иконе. 1917. Новосибирск, 1991. С. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">А. М. Лидов. Иерусалимский кувуклий. О происхождении луковичных глав. // Иконография архитектуры. Moscow, 1990.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onion_dome&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Onion_domes" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arched_roof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arched roof (page does not exist)">Arched roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_roof" title="Barrel roof">Barrel roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_roof" title="Board roof">Board roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochka_roof" title="Bochka roof">Bochka roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow roof">Bow roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_roof" title="Butterfly roof">Butterfly roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">Clerestory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_roof" title="Conical roof">Conical roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_roof" title="Flat roof">Flat roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable_roof" title="Gable roof">Gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gablet_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Gablet roof">Gablet roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrel" title="Gambrel">Gambrel roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-hipped_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-hipped roof">Half-hipped roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_roof" title="Hip roof">Hip roof</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Onion dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansard_roof" title="Mansard roof">Mansard roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavilion roof">Pavilion roof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhombic_roof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhombic roof (page does not exist)">Rhombic roof</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ridged_roof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ridged roof (page does not exist)">Ridged roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_roof" title="Saddle roof">Saddle roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw-tooth_roof" title="Saw-tooth roof">Sawtooth roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-pitched_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Mono-pitched roof">Shed roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tented_roof" title="Tented roof">Tented roof</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steekdak.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-gabled roof"><img alt="Cross-gabled roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steekdak.PNG/50px-Steekdak.PNG" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steekdak.PNG/75px-Steekdak.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Steekdak.PNG/100px-Steekdak.PNG 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roof elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_roof" title="Shed roof">Catslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_beam" title="Collar beam">Collar beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormer" title="Dormer">Dormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashing_(weatherproofing)" title="Flashing (weatherproofing)">Flashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">Gutter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanging_beam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanging beam (page does not exist)">Hanging beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_vent" title="Ridge vent">Ridge vent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roof_batten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roof batten (page does not exist)">Roof batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof garden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roofline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roofline (page does not exist)">Roofline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roof_sheeting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roof sheeting (page does not exist)">Roof sheeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_tiles" title="Roof tiles">Roof tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Roof truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_window" title="Roof window">Roof window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soffit" title="Soffit">Soffit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">Solar panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">Spire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_vane" title="Weather vane">Weathervane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_brace" title="Wind brace">Wind brace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<i>For overview, see</i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive<br />cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, 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