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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Academic sub-disciplines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_social_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative social research">Quantitative social research</a>.</div> <p><b>Computational social science</b> is an interdisciplinary academic sub-field concerned with computational approaches to the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>. This means that computers are used to model, simulate, and analyze social phenomena. It has been applied in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">computational economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">computational sociology</a>, computational media analysis, <a href="/wiki/Cliodynamics" title="Cliodynamics">cliodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">culturomics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_studies" title="Nonprofit studies">nonprofit studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It focuses on investigating social and behavioral relationships and interactions using <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a> approaches (such as <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> or rule-based analysis), <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">network analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_simulation" title="Social simulation">social simulation</a> and studies using interactive systems.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_social_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: The definition on a rapidly emerging area is 8 years old, the list of activities seems to be out-of-date.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are two terminologies that relate to each other: <b>social science computing</b> (<b>SSC</b>) and <b>computational social science</b> (<b>CSS</b>). In literature, CSS is referred to the field of social science that uses the computational approaches in studying the social phenomena. On the other hand, SSC is the field in which computational methodologies are created to assist in explanations of social phenomena. </p><p>Computational social science revolutionizes both fundamental legs of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>: <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical research</a>, especially through <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>, by analyzing the <a href="/wiki/Digital_footprint" title="Digital footprint">digital footprint</a> left behind through social online activities; and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a>, especially through <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulation</a> model building through <a href="/wiki/Social_simulation" title="Social simulation">social simulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HilbertICT4ICT4D_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HilbertICT4ICT4D-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a multi-disciplinary and integrated approach to social survey focusing on information processing by means of advanced information technology. The computational tasks include the analysis of social networks, social geographic systems,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social media content and traditional media content. </p><p>Computational social science work increasingly relies on the greater availability of large databases, currently constructed and maintained by a number of interdisciplinary projects, including: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Seshat_(project)" title="Seshat (project)">Seshat: Global History Databank</a>, which systematically collects state-of-the-art accounts of the political and social organization of human groups and how societies have evolved through time into an authoritative databank.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seshat is affiliated also with the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_Institute" title="Evolution Institute">Evolution Institute</a>, a non-profit think-tank that "uses evolutionary science to solve real-world problems."</li> <li><i>D-PLACE</i>: the Database of Places, Languages, Culture and Environment, which provides data on over 1,400 human social formations<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Atlas of Cultural Evolution</i>, an archaeological database created by <a href="/wiki/Peter_N._Peregrine" title="Peter N. Peregrine">Peter N. Peregrine</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>CHIA: The Collaborative Information for Historical Analysis</i>, a multidisciplinary collaborative endeavor hosted by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> with the goal of archiving historical information and linking data as well as academic/research institutions around the globe<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>International Institute of Social History</i>, which collects data on the global social history of labour relations, workers, and labour<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Relations_Area_Files" title="Human Relations Area Files">Human Relations Area Files</a> eHRAF Archaeology<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Human Relations Area Files eHRAF World Cultures<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Clio-Infra a database of measures of economic performance and other aspects of societal well-being on a global sample of societies from 1800 CE to the present</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a>, an online search engine that charts frequencies of sets of comma-delimited search strings using a yearly count of n-grams as found in the largest online body of human knowledge, the <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> corpus.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Data_Consortium" title="Linguistic Data Consortium">Linguistic Data Consortium</a>, an open consortium of universities, companies and government research laboratories hosted by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. It creates, collects and distributes speech and text databases, lexicons, and other resources for linguistics research and development purposes.</li></ul> <p>The analysis of vast quantities of historical newspaper<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and book content<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been pioneered in 2017, while other studies on similar data<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed how periodic structures can be automatically discovered in historical newspapers. A similar analysis was performed on social media, again revealing strongly periodic structures.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_social_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an interdisciplinary area, scholars come from many different established fields. However, there seems to be a shared ethos among them that the field ought to integrate knowledge across traditional scholarly boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nelimarkka<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposes that five distinct archetypal approaches to computational social science: </p> <ul><li><b>Data-driven approach</b> perceives computational social science through access to new types of data sources, including data from <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smart_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart phones">smart phones</a></li> <li><b>Method-driven approach</b> emphasises novel methods and methodological rigorous as the core area of computational social science.</li> <li><b>Model-driven approach</b> focuses on model building and finding universal laws which govern human behavior in societies, for example <a href="/wiki/Social_simulation" title="Social simulation">social simulations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_physics" title="Social physics">social physics</a>.</li> <li><b>Digital society-focused approach</b>, where computational social scientists seek to address problems emerging in algorithmic society, such as <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">algorithmic bias</a>.</li> <li><b>Social theory perspective</b>, where the aim of computational methods is to further <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a>, i.e., help to find evidence to current theories or propose alternative conceptualizations to unpack our society.</li></ul> <p>Overall, computational social science is a diverse academic enterprise. There are some scholarly works, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> which seem to hold the discipline together, but beyond that there are more diverse communities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_publication_avenues">Academic publication avenues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_social_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic publication avenues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computational social science articles are published across several journals, such as <i><a href="/wiki/New_Media_%26_Society" title="New Media & Society">New Media & Society</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Computer_Review" title="Social Science Computer Review">Social Science Computer Review</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Communication_(journal)" title="Political Communication (journal)">Political Communication</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/EPJ_Data_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="EPJ Data Science">EPJ Data Science</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Methods_%26_Research" title="Sociological Methods & Research">Sociological Methods & Research</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there are some venues focused only in computational social sciences: </p> <ul><li>International Conference on Computational Social Science <span class="texhtml">IC<sup>2</sup>S<sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><i>Journal of Computational Social Science</i></li> <li>Springer book series on Computational Social Science</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_social_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliodynamics" title="Cliodynamics">Cliodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_cognition" title="Computational cognition">Computational cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_politics" title="Computational politics">Computational politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sociology">Digital sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_content_analysis" title="Online content analysis">Online content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">Predictive analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat_(project)" title="Seshat (project)">Seshat (project)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_informatics" title="Social informatics">Social informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_social_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaEbeidde_WitXu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ma, Ji; Ebeid, Islam Akef; de Wit, Arjen; Xu, Meiying; Yang, Yongzheng; Bekkers, René; Wiepking, Pamala (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11266-021-00414-x">"Computational Social Science for Nonprofit Studies: Developing a Toolbox and Knowledge Base for the Field"</a>. <i>Voluntas</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 52–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voluntas&rft.atitle=Computational+Social+Science+for+Nonprofit+Studies%3A+Developing+a+Toolbox+and+Knowledge+Base+for+the+Field&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-63&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1805%2F31787&rft.issn=0957-8765&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11266-021-00414-x&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Ji&rft.au=Ebeid%2C+Islam+Akef&rft.au=de+Wit%2C+Arjen&rft.au=Xu%2C+Meiying&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yongzheng&rft.au=Bekkers%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Wiepking%2C+Pamala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11266-021-00414-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+social+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelimarkka, M. 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Annual Review of Sociology, 46(1), annurev-soc-121919-054621. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054621">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054621</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_social_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essa.eu.org/">ESSA</a>: European Social Simulation Association portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paaa.asia">PAAA</a>: Pan-Asian Association for Agent-based Approach in Social Systems Sciences</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://computationalsocialscience.org">CSSSA</a>: Computational Social Science Society of the Americas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic2s2.org">2022 International Conference on Computational Social Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745217/">"Life in the network: the coming age of computational social science"</a>. 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