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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Childhood: 1936–1954 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood:_1936–1954-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_and_legal_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_and_legal_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 University and legal career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_and_legal_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Early political career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_presidency_(1989–1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_presidency_(1989–1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 State presidency (1989–1994) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_presidency_(1989–1994)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle State presidency (1989–1994) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-State_presidency_(1989–1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Becoming_State_President_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_State_President_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Becoming State President of South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becoming_State_President_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations_toward_universal_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_toward_universal_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Negotiations toward universal suffrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_toward_universal_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deputy_presidency_(1994–1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deputy_presidency_(1994–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Deputy presidency (1994–1996) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deputy_presidency_(1994–1996)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Deputy presidency (1994–1996) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Deputy_presidency_(1994–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Truth and Reconciliation Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personality and personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reception and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">F. W. de Klerk</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" > 82 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="فريديريك ويليم دي كليرك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريديريك ويليم دي كليرك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB._%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89._%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="এফ. ডব্লিউ. ডি ক্লার্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এফ. ডব্লিউ. ডি ক্লার্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фрэдэрык Вілем дэ Клерк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрэдэрык Вілем дэ Клерк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фрэдэрык Вілем дэ Клерк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фрэдэрык Вілем дэ Клерк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фредерик де Клерк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фредерик де Клерк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Φρεντερίκ Ντε Κλερκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρεντερίκ Ντε Κλερκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_de_Klerk" title="Frederik de Klerk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frederik de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_de_Klerk" title="Frederik de Klerk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frederik de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81._%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اف. دبلیو. کلرک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اف. دبلیو. کلرک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="F. W. de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_de_Klerk" title="Frederik de Klerk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frederik de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%8D%B0%EB%A6%AC%ED%81%AC_%EB%B9%8C%EB%A0%98_%EB%8D%B0_%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="프레데리크 빌렘 데 클레르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프레데리크 빌렘 데 클레르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B4_%D5%A4%D5%A5_%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Ֆրեդերիկ Վիլլեմ դե Կլերկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրեդերիկ Վիլլեմ դե Կլերկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="फ़्रेडरिक विलेम डी क्लार्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रेडरिक विलेम डी क्लार्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_de_Klerk" title="Frederik de Klerk – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Frederik de Klerk" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_de_Klerk" title="Frederik de Klerk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frederik de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="פרדריק וילם דה קלרק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרדריק וילם דה קלרק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ფრედერიკ დე კლერკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრედერიკ დე კლერკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Gulielmus_de_Klerk" title="Fridericus Gulielmus de Klerk – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Gulielmus de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiks_Vilems_de_Klerks" title="Frederiks Vilems de Klerks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frederiks Vilems de Klerks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_de_Klerk" title="Frederik de Klerk – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Frederik de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രഡറിക്‌ ഡിക്ലർക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രഡറിക്‌ ഡിക്ലർക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="एफडब्ल्यू डी क्लर्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एफडब्ल्यू डी क्लर्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83" title="فريديريك ويليم دى كليرك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريديريك ويليم دى كليرك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="فریدریک ویلیام دی کلیرک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فریدریک ویلیام دی کلیرک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="フレデリック・ウィレム・デクラーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレデリック・ウィレム・デクラーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.W.de_Klerk" title="F.W.de Klerk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="F.W.de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="فریڈرک ویلم دی کلرک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فریڈرک ویلم دی کلرک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81_%DA%89%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%DA%89%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="اف ډبليو ډي کليرک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اف ډبليو ډي کليرک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellem_de_Klerk" title="Wellem de Klerk – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Wellem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="F. W. de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Клерк, Фредерик Виллем де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клерк, Фредерик Виллем де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="F. W. de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="F. W. de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="F. W. de Klerk" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="فرێدێریک ویلێم دی کلێرک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرێدێریک ویلێم دی کلێرک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фредерик Вилем де Клерк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фредерик Вилем де Клерк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="F. W. de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.W._de_Klerk" title="F.W. de Klerk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="F.W. de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரடெரிக் வில்லியம் டி கிளர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரடெரிக் வில்லியம் டி கிளர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เฟรเดอริก วิลเลิม เดอ แกลร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟรเดอริก วิลเลิม เดอ แกลร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="F. W. de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Фредерік Віллем де Клерк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фредерік Віллем де Клерк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="ایف ڈبلیو دی کلرک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایف ڈبلیو دی کلرک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Frederik Willem de Klerk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%85%8B" title="弗雷德里克·威廉·德克勒克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗雷德里克·威廉·德克勒克" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this article, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is de Klerk, not Klerk.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">F. W. de Klerk</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Order of Mapungubwe">OMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Decoration_for_Meritorious_Services" title="Decoration for Meritorious Services">DMS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:F.W._de_Klerk_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/F.W._de_Klerk_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-F.W._de_Klerk_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/F.W._de_Klerk_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/330px-F.W._de_Klerk_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/F.W._de_Klerk_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="432" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">De Klerk in 1993</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 August 1989 – 10 May 1994 Acting until 20 September 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">Pieter Willem Botha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (as <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy President of South Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 May 1994 – 30 June 1996<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Nelson Mandela</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Schlebusch" title="Alwyn Schlebusch">Alwyn Schlebusch</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Vice_State_President_of_South_Africa" title="Vice State President of South Africa">Vice State President</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Thabo Mbeki (solely)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(South_Africa)" title="Leader of the Opposition (South Africa)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1996–1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Nelson Mandela</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constand_Viljoen" title="Constand Viljoen">Constand Viljoen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marthinus_van_Schalkwyk" title="Marthinus van Schalkwyk">Marthinus van Schalkwyk</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the National Party">President of the National Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 February 1989 – 8 September 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Pieter Willem Botha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marthinus_van_Schalkwyk" title="Marthinus van Schalkwyk">Marthinus van Schalkwyk</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a>) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Ministerial offices <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>1978‍–‍1989</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Education_and_Planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Education and Planning">Minister of National Education and Planning</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 17 September 1984 – 15 August 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Pieter Willem Botha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Viljoen" title="Gerrit Viljoen">Gerrit Viljoen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Education_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Education (South Africa)">National Education</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Louw" title="Gene Louw">Gene Louw</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_and_Culture_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Education and Culture (South Africa)">Education and Culture</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(South_Africa)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (South Africa)">Minister of Home Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1982–1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Pieter Willem Botha (1984–1985)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Pieter Willem Botha (1982–1984)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Heunis" title="Chris Heunis">Chris Heunis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stoffel_Botha" title="Stoffel Botha">Stoffel Botha</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mines_and_Energy_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Mines and Energy (South Africa)">Minister of Mines and Energy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1979–1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Pieter Willem Botha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Stephanus Petrus Botha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Pietie du Plessis</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Sport_and_Recreation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Sport and Recreation">Minister of Sport and Recreation</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1978–1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Pieter Willem Botha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Koornhof" title="Piet Koornhof">Piet Koornhof</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Gerrit Viljoen (National Education)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Posts_and_Telecommunications_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Posts and Telecommunications (South Africa)">Minister of Posts and Telecommunications</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1978–1979</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">Johannes Vorster</a></li><li>Pieter Willem Botha</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Hendrik Smit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Johannes Petrus van der Spuy</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Social_Welfare_and_Pensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Social Welfare and Pensions">Minister of Social Welfare and Pensions</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1978 – October 1978</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Johannes Vorster</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Johannes Petrus van der Spuy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Schalk van der Merwe </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frederik Willem de Klerk</div> (1936-03-18)18 March 1936 <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 2021(2021-11-11) (aged 85) <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> (1972–1997)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a> (1997–2005)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marike_de_Klerk" title="Marike de Klerk">Marike Willemse</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1959; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1996)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Elita Georgiades</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1999)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Susan</li><li>Jan</li><li>Willem</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Klerk" title="Jan de Klerk">Jan de Klerk</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Potchefstroom University">Potchefstroom University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorneys_in_South_Africa" title="Attorneys in South Africa">Attorney</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1993)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:FW_DeKlerk_sign.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="F. W. de Klerk's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/FW_DeKlerk_sign.svg/128px-FW_DeKlerk_sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/FW_DeKlerk_sign.svg/192px-FW_DeKlerk_sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/FW_DeKlerk_sign.svg/256px-FW_DeKlerk_sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="152" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwdeklerk.org">Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Frederik Willem de Klerk <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mapungubwe" title="Order of Mapungubwe">OMG</a> <a href="/wiki/Decoration_for_Meritorious_Services" title="Decoration for Meritorious Services">DMS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/də ˈklɜːrk, də ˈklɛərk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">də-KLURK, də-KLAIRK</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Afrikaans: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">[ˈfriədərək ˈvələm də ˈklɛrk]</a>; 18 March 1936 – 11 November 2021) was a South African politician who served as <a href="/wiki/State_president_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="State president of South Africa">state president of South Africa</a> from 1989 to 1994 and as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">deputy president</a> from 1994 to 1996. As <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s last head of state from the era of white-minority rule, he and his government dismantled the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> system and introduced <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. Ideologically a <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservative</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberal</a>, he led the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> (NP) from 1989 to 1997. Born in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> to an influential <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaner</a> family, de Klerk studied at <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Potchefstroom University">Potchefstroom University</a> before pursuing a career in law. Joining the NP, to which he had family ties, he was elected to parliament and sat in the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">white-minority government</a> of <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a>, holding a succession of ministerial posts. As a minister, he supported and enforced apartheid, a system of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> that privileged <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">white South Africans</a>. After Botha resigned in 1989, de Klerk replaced him, first as leader of the NP and then as State President. Although observers expected him to continue Botha's defence of apartheid, de Klerk decided to end the policy. He was aware that growing ethnic animosity and violence was leading South Africa into a racial civil war. Amid this violence, the state security forces committed widespread human rights abuses and encouraged violence between the <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu people</a>, although de Klerk later denied sanctioning such actions. He permitted <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> marches to take place, legalised a range of previously banned anti-apartheid political parties, and freed imprisoned anti-apartheid activists such as <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>. He also dismantled <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa's nuclear weapons program">South Africa's nuclear weapons program</a>. De Klerk negotiated with Mandela to fully dismantle apartheid and establish a transition to universal suffrage. In 1993, he publicly apologised for apartheid's harmful effects. He oversaw the <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 non-racial election</a> in which Mandela led the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) to victory; de Klerk's NP took second place. De Klerk then became Deputy President in Mandela's ANC-led <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a>. In this position, he supported the government's continued liberal economic policies but opposed the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> set up to investigate past <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Human rights in South Africa">human rights</a> abuses because he wanted total amnesty for political crimes. His working relationship with Mandela was strained, although he later spoke fondly of him. In May 1996, after the NP objected to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">new constitution</a>, de Klerk withdrew it from the coalition government; the party disbanded the following year and reformed as the <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a>. In 1997, he retired from active politics and thereafter lectured internationally. De Klerk was a controversial figure among many sections of South African society. He received many awards, including the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (shared with Mandela) for his role in dismantling apartheid and bringing universal suffrage to South Africa. Conversely, he received criticism from anti-apartheid activists for offering only a qualified apology for apartheid, and for ignoring the human rights abuses by state security forces. He was also condemned by pro-apartheid Afrikaners, who contended that by abandoning apartheid, he betrayed the interests of the country's Afrikaner minority. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood:_1936–1954">Childhood: 1936–1954</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood: 1936–1954">edit</a>]</div> F. W. de Klerk was born on 18 March 1936 in <a href="/wiki/Mayfair,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayfair, Gauteng">Mayfair</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149-1">[1]</a> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Klerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes de Klerk">Johannes "Jan" de Klerk</a> and Hendrina Cornelia Coetzer—"her forefather was a Kutzer who stems from Austria."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He was his parents' second son, having a brother, Willem de Klerk, who was eight years his senior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149-1">[1]</a> De Klerk's first language was Afrikaans and the earliest of his distant ancestors to arrive in what is now South Africa did so in the late 1680s.<a href="#cite_note-cspan-3">[3]</a> De Klerk had a secure and comfortable upbringing, and his family had played a leading role in Afrikaner society;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181-4">[4]</a> they had longstanding affiliations with South Africa's <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997566–567-5">[5]</a> His paternal great-grandfather, Jan van Rooy, had been a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">Senator</a>, while his paternal grandfather, Willem, had been a clergyman who fought in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a><a href="#cite_note-cspan-3">[3]</a> and stood twice, unsuccessfully, as a National Party candidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991139-6">[6]</a> His paternal aunt's husband was <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gerhardus_Strijdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom">J. G. Strijdom</a>, a former Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991140GladBlanton1997579-7">[7]</a> His own father, <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Klerk" title="Jan de Klerk">Jan de Klerk</a>, was also a senator, served as the secretary of the National Party in Transvaal, <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa#Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_South_Africa_(1910–1980_and_1994–1997)" title="Senate of South Africa">president of the senate</a> for seven years, acting state president, and as a member of the country's cabinet for fifteen years under three prime ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991139,_140-8">[8]</a> In this environment, de Klerk was exposed to politics from childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991140-9">[9]</a> He and family members would be encouraged to hold family debates; his more conservative opinions would be challenged by his brother Willem, who was sympathetic to the more <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">liberal</a>, "enlightened" faction of the National Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149-1">[1]</a> Willem became a political analyst and later split from the National Party to found the liberal <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997579-10">[10]</a> The name "de Klerk" is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq and De Clercq, and is of French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">Huguenot origin</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> (meaning "clergyman" or "literate" in old French). De Klerk noted that he was also of Dutch descent,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans#Dutch_servitude_in_the_Cape" title="Indian South Africans">Indian</a> ancestor from the late-1690s or early 1700s.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> He was also said to have been descended from the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoi</a> interpreter known as <a href="/wiki/Krotoa" title="Krotoa">Krotoa</a> or Eva.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> When de Klerk was twelve years old, the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> system was officially institutionalised by the South African government;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199161-16">[16]</a> his father had been one of its originators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991142-17">[17]</a> He therefore was, according to his brother, "one of a generation that grew up with the concept of apartheid".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199161-16">[16]</a> He was inculturated in the norms and values of Afrikaner society, including festivals like <a href="/wiki/Kruger_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruger Day">Kruger Day</a>, loyalty to the Afrikaner nation, and stories of the "age of injustice" that the Afrikaner faced under the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181-4">[4]</a> He was brought up in the <a href="/wiki/Gereformeerde_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gereformeerde Kerk">Gereformeerde Kerk</a>, the smallest and most <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> of South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_in_South_Africa" title="Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa">three Dutch Reformed Churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991147GladBlanton1997579-18">[18]</a> The de Klerk family moved around South Africa during his childhood, and he changed schools seven times over seven years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149-1">[1]</a> He eventually became a boarder at the <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Monument" title="Hoërskool Monument">Hoërskool Monument</a> (Monument High School) in <a href="/wiki/Krugersdorp" title="Krugersdorp">Krugersdorp</a>, where he graduated with a first-class pass in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149-1">[1]</a> He was nevertheless disappointed not to get the four distinctions he was hoping for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_and_legal_career">University and legal career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: University and legal career">edit</a>]</div> Between 1954 and 1958, de Klerk studied at <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Potchefstroom University">Potchefstroom University</a>, graduating with both a Bachelor of Arts and a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Law">Bachelor of Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991150-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997579-10">[10]</a> He later noted that during this legal training, he "became accustomed to thinking in terms of legal principles".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199126-20">[20]</a> While studying there, he became editor of the student newspaper, vice-chair of the student council, and a member of the Afrikaanse Studentebond's (a large South African youth movement) national executive council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991150-19">[19]</a> At university, he was initiated into the <a href="/wiki/Broederbond" class="mw-redirect" title="Broederbond">Broederbond</a>, a secret society for the Afrikaner social elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a> As a student, he played both tennis and hockey and was known as "something of a ladies' man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991150-19">[19]</a> At the university, he began a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Marike_Willemse" class="mw-redirect" title="Marike Willemse">Marike Willemse</a>, the daughter of a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991144,_150-22">[22]</a> The couple married in 1959, when de Klerk was 23 and his wife was 22.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991144-23">[23]</a> After university, de Klerk pursued a legal career, becoming an <a href="/wiki/Articled_clerk" title="Articled clerk">articled clerk</a> with the firm Pelser in Klerksdorp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991150-19">[19]</a> Relocating to Pretoria, he became an articled clerk for another law firm, Mac-Robert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991151-24">[24]</a> In 1962, he set up his own law partnership in <a href="/wiki/Vereeniging" title="Vereeniging">Vereeniging</a>, Transvaal, which he built into a successful business over ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991151-24">[24]</a> During this period, he involved himself in a range of other activities. He was the national chair of the Junior Rapportryers for two years, and chair of the Law Society of Vaal Triangle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991151-24">[24]</a> He was also on the council of the local technikon, on the council of his church, and on a local school board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991151-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early political career">edit</a>]</div> In 1972, his alma mater offered him a chair in its law faculty, which he accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991151GladBlanton1997579-25">[25]</a> Within a matter of days he was also approached by members of the National Party, who requested that he stand for the party at Vereeniging. De Klerk's candidature was successful and in November he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of South Africa">House of Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991151-24">[24]</a> There, he established a reputation as a formidable debater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991151-24">[24]</a> He took on a number of roles in the party and government. He became the information officer of the Transvaal National Party, responsible for its propaganda output,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991152-26">[26]</a> and helped to establish a new National Party youth movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991152-26">[26]</a> He joined various party parliamentary study groups, including those on the <a href="/wiki/Bantustans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantustans">Bantustans</a>, labour, justice, and home affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991152-26">[26]</a> As a member of various parliamentary groups, de Klerk went on several foreign visits, to Israel, West Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991152-26">[26]</a> It was in the latter in 1976 that he observed what he later described as the pervasive racism of US society, later noting that he "saw more racial incidents in one month there than in South Africa in a year".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997580-27">[27]</a> In South Africa, de Klerk also played a senior role in two select committees, one formulating a policy on opening hotels to non-Whites and the other formulating a new censorship law that was less strict than the one that had preceded it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991152-26">[26]</a> In 1975, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a> predicted that de Klerk would one day become leader of South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991153-28">[28]</a> Vorster planned to promote de Klerk to the position of a deputy minister in January 1976, but instead the job went to <a href="/wiki/Andries_Treurnicht" title="Andries Treurnicht">Andries Treurnicht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991153-28">[28]</a> In April 1978, de Klerk was promoted to the position of Minister of Social Welfare and Pensions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991153-28">[28]</a> In this role, he restored full autonomy to sporting control bodies which had for a time been under the jurisdiction of the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991153-28">[28]</a> As minister of Post and Telecommunications, he finalised contracts that oversaw the electrification of that sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991153-28">[28]</a> As Minister of Mining, he formalised a policy on coal exports and the structuring of <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> and the Atomic Energy Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991153-28">[28]</a> He then became Minister of the Interior, he oversaw the repeal of the Mixed Marriages Act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991153-28">[28]</a> In 1981, de Klerk was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Decoration_for_Meritorious_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoration for Meritorious Service">Decoration for Meritorious Service</a> for his work in the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991154-29">[29]</a> As education minister between 1984 and 1989, he upheld the apartheid system in South Africa's schools,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a> and extended the department to cover all racial groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991153-28">[28]</a> For most of his career, de Klerk had a very conservative reputation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199117-30">[30]</a> and was seen as someone who would obstruct change in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199120-31">[31]</a> He had been a forceful proponent of apartheid's system of racial segregation and was perceived as an advocate of the white minority's interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199118–19-32">[32]</a> While serving under <a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a>'s government, de Klerk was never part of Botha's inner circle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991154-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_presidency_(1989–1994)">State presidency (1989–1994)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: State presidency (1989–1994)">edit</a>]</div> P. W. Botha resigned as leader of the National Party after an apparent stroke, and de Klerk defeated Botha's preferred successor, finance minister <a href="/wiki/Barend_du_Plessis" title="Barend du Plessis">Barend du Plessis</a>, in the race to succeed him. On 2 February 1989, he was elected leader of the National Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199115GladBlanton1997567-33">[33]</a> He defeated main rival Barend du Plessis to the position by a majority of eight votes, 69–61.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199118-34">[34]</a> Soon after, he called for the introduction of a new South African constitution, hinting that it would need to provide greater concession to non-white racial groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a> After becoming party leader, de Klerk extended his foreign contacts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006299–300-35">[35]</a> He travelled to London, where he met with British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>. Although she opposed the anti-apartheid movement's calls for economic sanctions against South Africa, at the meeting she urged de Klerk to release the imprisoned anti-apartheid activist <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006300-36">[36]</a> He also expressed a desire to meet with representatives of the US government in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, although American secretary of state <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> informed him that the US government considered it inopportune to have de Klerk meet with President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006300-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Becoming_State_President_of_South_Africa">Becoming State President of South Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Becoming State President of South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/220px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/330px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg/440px-Frederik_de_Klerk_with_Nelson_Mandela_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>de Klerk and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> shake hands at the Annual Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, January 1992</figcaption></figure> Botha resigned on 14 August 1989, and de Klerk was named acting <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a> until 20 September, when he was elected to a full five-year term as State President.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a> After he became acting State President, ANC leaders spoke out against him, believing that he would be no different from his predecessors;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a> he was widely regarded as a staunch supporter of apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199116-37">[37]</a> The prominent anti-apartheid activist <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> shared this assessment, stating: "I don't think we've got to even begin to pretend that there is any reason for thinking that we are entering a new phase. It's just musical chairs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006310-38">[38]</a> Tutu and <a href="/wiki/Allan_Boesak" title="Allan Boesak">Allan Boesak</a> had been planning a protest march in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, which the security chiefs wanted to prevent. De Klerk nevertheless turned down their proposal to ban it, agreeing to let the march proceed and stating that "the door to a new South Africa is open, it is not necessary to batter it down".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006309–310-39">[39]</a> The march took place and was attended by approximately 30,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006311-40">[40]</a> Further protest marches followed in <a href="/wiki/Grahamstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Grahamstown">Grahamstown</a>, Johannesburg, Pretoria, and <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006311–312-41">[41]</a> De Klerk later noted that his security forces could not have prevented the marchers from gathering: "The choice, therefore, was between breaking up an illegal march with all of the attendant risks of violence and negative publicity, or of allowing the march to continue, subject to conditions that could help to avoid violence and ensure good public order."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006312-42">[42]</a> This decision marked a clear departure from the Botha era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006312-42">[42]</a> As State President, he authorised the continuation of secret talks in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> between his <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Africa)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Africa)">National Intelligence Service</a> and two exiled ANC leaders, <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006312-42">[42]</a> In October, he personally agreed to meet with Tutu, Boesak, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Chikane" title="Frank Chikane">Frank Chikane</a> in a private meeting in Pretoria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006312–313-43">[43]</a> That month, he also released a number of elderly anti-apartheid activists then imprisoned, including <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567Allen2006312-44">[44]</a> He also ordered the closure of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Management System">National Security Management System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a> In December he visited Mandela in prison, speaking with him for three hours about the idea of transitioning away from white-minority rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a> The collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> meant that he no longer feared that <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a> would manipulate the ANC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199127-45">[45]</a> As he later related, the collapse of "the Marxist economic system in Eastern Europe... serves as a warning to those who insist on persisting with it in Africa. Those who seek to force this failure of a system on South Africa should engage in a total revision of their point of view. It should be clear to all that it is not the answer here either."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199135-46">[46]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> History has placed a tremendous responsibility on the shoulders of this country's leadership, namely the responsibility of moving our country away from the current course of conflict and confrontation... The hope of millions of South Africans is fixed on us. The future of southern Africa depends on us. We dare not waver or fail. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— de Klerk's speech to Parliament, February 1990<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a></cite> </div> On 2 February 1990, in <a href="/wiki/Speech_at_the_Opening_of_the_Parliament_of_South_Africa,_1990" title="Speech at the Opening of the Parliament of South Africa, 1990">an address to the country's parliament</a>, he introduced plans for sweeping reforms of the political system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk19912–3GladBlanton1997567-47">[47]</a> A number of banned political parties, including the ANC and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of South Africa">Communist Party of South Africa</a>, would be legalised,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199142GladBlanton1997567Allen2006313-48">[48]</a> although he emphasised that this did not constitute an endorsement of their socialist economic policies nor of violent actions carried out by their members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199143-49">[49]</a> All of those who were imprisoned solely for belonging to a banned organisation would be freed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199142-50">[50]</a> including Nelson Mandela;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199145GladBlanton1997567Allen2006313-51">[51]</a> the latter was released a week later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997568-52">[52]</a> He also announced the lifting of the <a href="/wiki/Reservation_of_Separate_Amenities_Act,_1953" title="Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, 1953">Separate Amenities Act of 1953</a>, which governed the segregation of public facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199148GladBlanton1997567-53">[53]</a> The vision set forth in de Klerk's address was for South Africa to become a Western-style <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199147-54">[54]</a> with a market-oriented economy which valued private enterprise and restricted the government's role in economics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199148-55">[55]</a> De Klerk later related that "that speech was mainly aimed at breaking our stalemate in Africa and the West. Internationally we were teetering on the edge of the abyss."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk19915-56">[56]</a> Throughout South Africa and across the world, there was astonishment at de Klerk's move.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a> Foreign press coverage was largely positive and de Klerk received messages of support from other governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199131–32-57">[57]</a> Tutu said that "It's incredible... Give him credit. Give him credit, I do."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997567-21">[21]</a> Some black radicals regarded it as a gimmick and that it would prove to be without substance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199133-58">[58]</a> It was also received negatively by some on the white right-wing, including in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Conservative Party (South Africa)">Conservative Party</a>, who believed that de Klerk was betraying the white population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199132,_33-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> De Klerk believed that the <a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">sudden growth of the Conservatives and other white right-wing groups</a> was a passing phase reflecting anxiety and insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181-4">[4]</a> These white right-wing groups were aware that they would not get what they wanted through the forthcoming negotiations, and so increasingly tried to derail the negotiations using reactionary violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199186-61">[61]</a> The white-dominated liberal Democratic Party, meanwhile, found itself in limbo, as de Klerk embraced much of the platform it had espoused, leaving it without a clear purpose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199189-62">[62]</a> Further reforms followed; membership of the National Party was opened up to non-whites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997568-52">[52]</a> In June, parliament approved new legislation that repealed the <a href="/wiki/Natives_Land_Act,_1913" title="Natives Land Act, 1913">Natives Land Act, 1913</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Trust_and_Land_Act,_1936" title="Native Trust and Land Act, 1936">Native Trust and Land Act, 1936</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997568-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Population_Registration_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Population Registration Act">Population Registration Act</a>, which established the racial classificatory guidelines for South Africa, was rescinded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997568-52">[52]</a> In 1990, de Klerk gave orders to end <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">South Africa's nuclear weapons programme</a>; the process of nuclear disarmament was essentially completed in 1991. The existence of the nuclear programme was not officially acknowledged before 1993.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_toward_universal_suffrage">Negotiations toward universal suffrage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Negotiations toward universal suffrage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I believe the new political order will and must contain the following elements: a democratic constitution, universal suffrage, no domination, equality before an independent judiciary, the protection of minorities and individual rights, freedom of religion, a healthy economy based on proven economic principles and private initiative, and a dynamic programme for better education, health services, housing and social conditions for all... I am not talking of a rosy and tranquil future, but I believe the broad mainstream of South Africans will gradually build up South Africa into a society that will be worth living and working in. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">— de Klerk on a post-apartheid society<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991158–159-65">[65]</a></cite> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F.W._de_Klerk,_left,_the_last_president_of_apartheid-era_South_Africa,_and_Nelson_Mandela,_his_successor,_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011634245.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/F.W._de_Klerk%2C_left%2C_the_last_president_of_apartheid-era_South_Africa%2C_and_Nelson_Mandela%2C_his_successor%2C_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011634245.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/F.W._de_Klerk%2C_left%2C_the_last_president_of_apartheid-era_South_Africa%2C_and_Nelson_Mandela%2C_his_successor%2C_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011634245.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/F.W._de_Klerk%2C_left%2C_the_last_president_of_apartheid-era_South_Africa%2C_and_Nelson_Mandela%2C_his_successor%2C_wait_to_speak_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania_LCCN2011634245.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>de Klerk and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, near the close of negotiations, in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a> to receive jointly the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Medal" title="Liberty Medal">Liberty Medal</a>, July 1993</figcaption></figure> His presidency was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiation process</a>, mainly between his NP government and the ANC, which led to the democratisation of South Africa. On 17 March 1992, de Klerk held a whites-only <a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">referendum on ending apartheid</a>, with the result being an overwhelming "yes" vote to continue negotiations to end apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-66">[66]</a> Nelson Mandela was distrustful of the role played by de Klerk in the negotiations, particularly as he believed that de Klerk was knowledgeable about 'third force' attempts to foment violence in the country and destabilise the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-66">[66]</a> De Klerk's possible role in the 'third force' came to the attention of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, but was ultimately never clarified.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> De Klerk was accused by writer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Sampson" title="Anthony Sampson">Anthony Sampson</a> of complicity in the violence among the ANC, the <a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> and elements of the security forces. He also accused de Klerk of permitting his ministers to build their own criminal empires.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> On 17 July 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Boipatong_massacre" title="Boipatong massacre">Boipatong massacre</a> by the Inkatha Freedom Party occurred, killing 45 people. The massacre caused a resurgence of international pressure against South Africa over claims of police collusion, leading to a weaker position at the negotiation tables for the National Party.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The Goldstone Commission concluded there was no evidence of police collusion in the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> On 30 April 1993, de Klerk issued an apology for the actions of the apartheid government, stating that: "It was not our intention to deprive people of their rights and to cause misery, but eventually apartheid led to just that. Insofar as to what occurred we deeply regret it... Yes we are sorry".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006343-72">[72]</a> Tutu urged people to accept the apology, stating that "saying sorry is not an easy thing to do... We should be magnanimous and accept it as a magnanimous act", although Tutu was privately frustrated that de Klerk's apology had been qualified and had not gone so far as to call apartheid an intrinsically evil policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006343-72">[72]</a> De Klerk authorised the <a href="/wiki/1993_raid_on_Mthatha" title="1993 raid on Mthatha">raid on Mthatha</a> against suspected <a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">Azanian People's Liberation Army</a> (APLA) fighters on 8 October 1993 that killed three teenagers and two twelve year olds. The Minister of Defence said the raid had been undertaken to pre-empt attacks by the APLA on civilians and that one of the victims had brandished a weapon. The <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> concluded the raid was a "gross violation of human rights"<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On 10 December 1993, de Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in Oslo for their work in ending apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> South Africa held its first <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">universal elections in 1994</a> from 26 to 29 April. The ANC won the election with 62 per cent, while the National Party received 20 per cent. De Klerk became deputy president in the <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a> under Nelson Mandela. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deputy_presidency_(1994–1996)">Deputy presidency (1994–1996)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deputy presidency (1994–1996)">edit</a>]</div> De Klerk had been unhappy that changes had been made to the inauguration ceremony, rendering it multi-religious rather than reflecting the newly elected leader's particular <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006338-75">[75]</a> When he was being sworn in, and the chief justice said "So help me God", de Klerk did not repeat this, instead stating, in Afrikaans: "So help me the triune God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006339-76">[76]</a> Mandela reappointed de Klerk's finance minister, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Keys" title="Derek Keys">Derek Keys</a>, and retained <a href="/wiki/Chris_Stals" title="Chris Stals">Chris Stals</a>, a former member of the Broederbond, as the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_South_African_Reserve_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the South African Reserve Bank">Governor of the South African Reserve Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011514,_515-77">[77]</a> De Klerk supported the coalition's economic policies, stating that it "accepted a broad framework of responsible economic policies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011514-78">[78]</a> De Klerk's working relationship with Mandela was often strained, with the former finding it difficult adjusting to the fact that he was no longer State President.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011534-79">[79]</a> De Klerk also felt that Mandela deliberately humiliated him, while Mandela found de Klerk to be needlessly provocative in cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011534-79">[79]</a> One dispute occurred in September 1995, after Mandela gave a Johannesburg speech criticising the National Party. Angered, de Klerk avoided Mandela until the latter requested they meet. The two ran into each other, and they publicly argued in the streets. Mandela later expressed regret for their disagreement but did not apologise for his original comments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011534-79">[79]</a> De Klerk was also having problems from within his own party, some of whose members claimed that he was neglecting the party while in the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011534-79">[79]</a> Many in the National Party—including many members of its executive committee—were unhappy with the other parties' agreed upon new constitution in May 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011534-79">[79]</a> The party had wanted the constitution to guarantee that it would be represented in the government until 2004, although it did not do so. On 9 May, de Klerk withdrew the National Party from the coalition government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011534-79">[79]</a> The decision shocked several of his six fellow Afrikaner cabinet colleagues; <a href="/wiki/Pik_Botha" title="Pik Botha">Pik Botha</a>, for example, was left without a job as a result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011534–535-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roelf_Meyer" title="Roelf Meyer">Roelf Meyer</a> felt betrayed by de Klerk's act, while <a href="/wiki/Leon_Wessels" title="Leon Wessels">Leon Wessels</a> thought that de Klerk had not tried hard enough to make the coalition work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011535-81">[81]</a> De Klerk declared that he would lead the National Party in vigorous opposition to Mandela's government to ensure "a proper multi-party democracy, without which there may be a danger of South Africa lapsing into the African pattern of <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party states</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson2011535-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Truth and Reconciliation Commission">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg/170px-Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg/255px-Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg/340px-Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The chair of the TRC, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a>, was frustrated that de Klerk did not take responsibility for the actions of the state security services in the early 1990s</figcaption></figure> In de Klerk's view, his greatest defeat in the negotiations with Mandela had been his inability to secure a blanket amnesty for all those working for the government or state during the apartheid period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006362-82">[82]</a> De Klerk was unhappy with the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006362-82">[82]</a> He had hoped that the TRC would be made up of an equal number of individuals from both the old and new governments, as there had been in the <a href="/wiki/Rettig_Report" title="Rettig Report">Chilean human rights commission</a>. Instead, the TRC was designed to broadly reflect the wider diversity of South African society, and contained only two members who had explicitly supported apartheid, one a member of a right-wing group that had opposed de Klerk's National Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006362–363-83">[83]</a> De Klerk did not object to Tutu being selected as the TRC's chair for he regarded him as politically independent of Mandela's government, but he was upset that the white <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Alex_Boraine" title="Alex Boraine">Alex Boraine</a> had been selected as its deputy chair, later saying of Boraine: "beneath an urbane and deceptively affable exterior beat the heart of a zealot and an inquisitor."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006363-84">[84]</a> De Klerk appeared before the TRC hearing to testify for <a href="/wiki/Vlakplaas" title="Vlakplaas">Vlakplaas</a> commanders who were accused of having committed human rights abuses during the apartheid era. He acknowledged that security forces had resorted to "unconventional strategies" in dealing with anti-apartheid revolutionaries, but that "within my knowledge and experience, they never included the authorization of assassination, murder, torture, rape, assault or the like".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006363-84">[84]</a> After further evidence of said abuses was produced by the commission, de Klerk stated that he found the revelations to be "as shocking and as abhorrent as anybody else" but insisted that he and other senior party members were not willing to accept responsibility for the "criminal actions of a handful of operatives", stating that their behaviour was "not authorized [and] not intended" by his government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006363-84">[84]</a> Given the widespread and systemic nature of the abuses that had taken place, as well as statements by security officers that their actions had been sanctioned by higher ranking figures, Tutu questioned how de Klerk and other government figures could not have been aware of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006363–364-85">[85]</a> Tutu had hoped that de Klerk or another senior white political figure from the apartheid era would openly accept responsibility for the human rights abuses, thereby allowing South Africa to move on; this was something that de Klerk would not do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006364-86">[86]</a> The TRC found de Klerk guilty of being an accessory to gross violations of human rights on the basis that as State President he had been told that P. W. Botha had authorised the bombing of Khotso House but had not revealed this information to the committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006364-86">[86]</a> De Klerk challenged the TRC on this point, and it backed down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006364-86">[86]</a> When the final TRC report was released in 2002, it made a more limited accusation: that de Klerk had failed to give full disclosure about events that took place during his presidency and that in view of his knowledge about the Khotso House bombing, his statement that none of his colleagues had authorised gross human rights abuses was "indefensible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2006364-86">[86]</a> In his later autobiography, de Klerk acknowledged that the TRC did significant damage to his public image. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> In 1994, de Klerk was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 1997, de Klerk was offered the Harper Fellowship at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. He declined, citing protests at the university.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> De Klerk did, however, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Vance_Distinguished_Lecture_Series" title="Robert C. Vance Distinguished Lecture Series">speak</a> at <a href="/wiki/Central_Connecticut_State_University" title="Central Connecticut State University">Central Connecticut State University</a> the day before his fellowship would have begun.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Clinton_Meets_With_Former_South_African_President_F.W._de_Klerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Secretary_Clinton_Meets_With_Former_South_African_President_F.W._de_Klerk.jpg/220px-Secretary_Clinton_Meets_With_Former_South_African_President_F.W._de_Klerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Secretary_Clinton_Meets_With_Former_South_African_President_F.W._de_Klerk.jpg/330px-Secretary_Clinton_Meets_With_Former_South_African_President_F.W._de_Klerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Secretary_Clinton_Meets_With_Former_South_African_President_F.W._de_Klerk.jpg/440px-Secretary_Clinton_Meets_With_Former_South_African_President_F.W._de_Klerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>de Klerk with U.S. secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> In 1999, de Klerk and his wife of 38 years, <a href="/wiki/Marike_de_Klerk" title="Marike de Klerk">Marike de Klerk</a>, were divorced following the discovery of his affair with Elita Georgiades,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> then the wife of Tony Georgiades, a Greek shipping tycoon who had allegedly given de Klerk and the NP financial support.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Soon after his divorce, de Klerk and Georgiades were married.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> His divorce and remarriage scandalised conservative South African opinion, especially among the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Calvinist Afrikaners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In 1999, his autobiography, The Last Trek – A New Beginning, was published.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 2002, following the murder of his former wife, the manuscript of her own autobiography, A Place Where the Sun Shines Again, was submitted to de Klerk, who urged the publishers to remove a chapter dealing with his infidelity.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2000, de Klerk established the pro-peace <a href="/wiki/FW_de_Klerk_Foundation" title="FW de Klerk Foundation">FW de Klerk Foundation</a> of which he was the chairman. De Klerk was also chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Leadership_Foundation" title="Global Leadership Foundation">Global Leadership Foundation</a>, headquartered in London, which he set up in 2004, an organisation which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organisation composed of former heads of government and senior governmental and international organisation officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them. On 3 December 2001, Marike de Klerk was found stabbed and strangled to death in her Cape Town flat. De Klerk, who was on a brief visit to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, to celebrate the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prize foundation, immediately returned to mourn his dead ex-wife. The atrocity was condemned by South African president Thabo Mbeki and <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Mandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnie Mandela">Winnie Mandela</a>, who openly spoke in favour of Marike de Klerk.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On 6 December 21-year-old security guard Luyanda Mboniswa was arrested for the murder. On 15 May 2003, he received two life sentences for murder, as well as three years for breaking into Marike de Klerk's apartment.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 2005, de Klerk quit the <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a> and sought a new political home after the NNP merged with the ruling ANC. That same year, while giving an interview to US journalist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stengel" title="Richard Stengel">Richard Stengel</a>, de Klerk was asked whether South Africa had turned out the way he envisioned it back in 1990. His response was: <blockquote>There are a number of imperfections in the new South Africa where I would have hoped that things would be better, but on balance I think we have basically achieved what we set out to achieve. And if I were to draw balance sheets on where South Africa stands now, I would say that the positive outweighs the negative by far. There is a tendency by commentators across the world to focus on the few negatives which are quite negative, like how are we handling AIDS, like our role vis-à-vis Zimbabwe. But the positives – the stability in South Africa, the adherence to well-balanced economic policies, fighting inflation, doing all the right things in order to lay the basis and the foundation for sustained economic growth – are in place.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </blockquote> In 2008, he repeated in a speech that "despite all the negatives facing South Africa, he was very positive about the country".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 2006, he underwent surgery for a <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">malignant tumor in his colon</a>. His condition deteriorated sharply, and he underwent a <a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">tracheotomy</a> after developing respiratory problems.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> He recovered and on 11 September 2006 gave a speech at <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Stark_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Stark Campus">Kent State University Stark Campus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN_2006-104">[104]</a> In January 2007, de Klerk was a speaker promoting peace and democracy in the world at the "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies" event in Taipei, Taiwan, along with other dignitaries including Poland's <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> and Taiwan's president <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-Bian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Shui-Bian">Chen Shui-Bian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk_with_Reuven_Rivlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk_with_Reuven_Rivlin.jpg/220px-Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk_with_Reuven_Rivlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk_with_Reuven_Rivlin.jpg/330px-Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk_with_Reuven_Rivlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk_with_Reuven_Rivlin.jpg/440px-Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk_with_Reuven_Rivlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>de Klerk with Israeli president <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin" title="Reuven Rivlin">Reuven Rivlin</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> De Klerk was an Honorary Patron of the <a href="/wiki/University_Philosophical_Society" title="University Philosophical Society">University Philosophical Society</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, and Honorary Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Society_for_International_Cooperation" title="Prague Society for International Cooperation">Prague Society for International Cooperation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_2006-104">[104]</a> He also received the gold medal for Outstanding Contribution to Public Discourse from the <a href="/wiki/College_Historical_Society" title="College Historical Society">College Historical Society</a> of Trinity College, Dublin, for his contribution to ending apartheid. De Klerk was also a member of the advisory board of the Global Panel Foundation<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] based in Berlin, Copenhagen, New York, Prague, Sydney and Toronto—founded by the Dutch entrepreneur Bas Spuybroek in 1988, with the support of Dutch billionaire Frans Lurvink and former Dutch Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Hans_van_den_Broek" title="Hans van den Broek">Hans van den Broek</a>. The Global Panel Foundation is known for its behind-the-scenes work in public policy and the annual presentation of the <a href="/wiki/Hanno_R._Ellenbogen_Citizenship_Award" title="Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award">Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award</a> with the Prague Society for International Cooperation. De Klerk was a member of the advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/World.minds" title="World.minds">WORLD.MINDS Foundation</a>, based in Switzerland. WORLD.MINDS is known for establishing close personal ties between leaders in government, science and business. After the inauguration of Jacob Zuma as South Africa's president in May 2009, de Klerk said he was optimistic that Zuma and his government can "confound the prophets of doom".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In a BBC interview broadcast in April 2012, he said he lived in an all-white neighbourhood. He had five servants, three coloured and two black: "We are one great big family together; we have the best of relationships." About Nelson Mandela, he said, "When Mandela goes it will be a moment when all South Africans put away their political differences, will take hands, and will together honour maybe the biggest known South African that has ever lived."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> De Klerk received a <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacemaker">pacemaker</a> in July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Upon hearing of the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Nelson_Mandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Nelson Mandela">death of Mandela</a>, de Klerk said: "He was a great unifier and a very, very special man in this regard beyond everything else he did. This emphasis on reconciliation was his biggest legacy."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> He attended the memorial service for him on 10 December 2013. In 2015, de Klerk wrote to The Times newspaper in the UK criticising a campaign to remove a statue of <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> He was subsequently criticised by some activists who described it as "ironic" that the last apartheid president should be defending a statue of a man labelled by critics as the "architect of apartheid".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> South Africa's far-left <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a> called for him to be stripped of his Nobel Peace Prize.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In 2020, de Klerk told an interviewer that "the idea that apartheid was a crime against humanity was and remains an agitprop project initiated by the Soviets and their ANC/SACP allies to stigmatize white South Africans by associating them with genuine crimes against humanity."<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-114">[114]</a> This generated controversy in South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-114">[114]</a> and further calls for the removal of his Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-115">[115]</a> De Klerk's Foundation retracted his statement several days later.<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Illness and death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Allow me in this last message to share with you the fact that since the early 80s, my views changed completely. It was as if I had a conversion. And in my heart of hearts, I realized that apartheid was wrong. I realized that we had arrived at a place which was morally unjustifiable. My conversion, to which I refer didn't end with the admission to myself of the total unacceptability of apartheid. It motivated us in the National Party to take the initiatives we took from the time that I became leader of the National Party. And more specifically, during my presidency. We did not only admit the wrongness of apartheid, we took far-reaching measures to ensure negotiation and a new dispensation which could bring justice to all. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— de Klerk's final message<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></cite> </div> On 19 March 2021, it was announced that de Klerk had been diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">mesothelioma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> He died from complications of the disease in his sleep at his home in Fresnaye, Cape Town on 11 November 2021, at the age of 85.<a href="#cite_note-death-bbc-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> He was the last surviving State President of South Africa. After his death, a video message from de Klerk was released from the FW de Klerk Foundation, apologising "without qualification" for the harm caused from apartheid and pleading that the government and all South Africans would embrace the constitution in a balanced manner while also promoting economic growth, guarding the independence and impartiality of the courts, as well as promoting non-racialism and non-discrimination in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> On 16 November 2021, President <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> declared a four-day mourning period for de Klerk and ordered for all of the national South African flags to fly at half-mast from 17 to 21 November "as a mark of respect."<a href="#cite_note-deklerkmemorial-123">[123]</a> Though the de Klerk family determined that he would have a private cremation and funeral, the South African government agreed to hold a state memorial service for de Klerk "in which government leaders, leaders of political parties and representatives of civil society will participate" at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-deklerkmemorial-123">[123]</a> The state memorial service was held in Cape Town on 12 December 2021, and saw Ramaphosa deliver the keynote speech.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political positions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FW_de_Klerk_Bust.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FW_de_Klerk_Bust.jpeg/170px-FW_de_Klerk_Bust.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FW_de_Klerk_Bust.jpeg/255px-FW_de_Klerk_Bust.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FW_de_Klerk_Bust.jpeg/340px-FW_de_Klerk_Bust.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Bust of de Klerk at the <a href="/wiki/Voortrekker_Monument" title="Voortrekker Monument">Voortrekker Monument</a>, Pretoria</figcaption></figure> De Klerk was widely regarded as a politically conservative figure in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199117-30">[30]</a> At the same time, he was flexible rather than dogmatic in his approach to political issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199117-30">[30]</a> He often hedged his bets and sought to accommodate divergent perspectives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199118-34">[34]</a> favouring compromise over confrontation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199121-125">[125]</a> Within the National Party, he continually strove for unity, coming to be regarded—according to his brother—as "a party man, a veritable Mr National Party".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199117-30">[30]</a> To stem defections from the right-wing end of the National Party, he made "ultra-conservative noises".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199118-34">[34]</a> This general approach led to the perception that he was "trying to be all things to all men".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199121-125">[125]</a> De Klerk stated that within the party, he "never formed part of a political school of thought, and I deliberately kept out of the cliques and foments of the enlightened and conservative factions in the party. If the policy I propounded was ultra-conservative, then that was the policy; it was not necessarily I who was ultra-conservative. I saw my role in the party as that of an interpreter of the party's real median policy at any stage."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199124-126">[126]</a> De Klerk stated that "The silver thread throughout my career was my advocacy of National Party policy in all its various formulations. I refrained from adjusting that policy or adapting it to my own liking or convictions. I analyzed it as it was formulated, to the letter."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199124-126">[126]</a> For much of his career, de Klerk believed in apartheid and its system of racial segregation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199118–19-32">[32]</a> According to his brother, de Klerk underwent a "political conversion" that took him from supporting apartheid to facilitating its demolition. This change was not "a dramatic event" however, but "was built... on pragmatism – it evolved as a process."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199122-127">[127]</a> He did not believe that South Africa would become a "non-racial society", but rather sought to build a "non-racist society" in which ethnic divisions remained; in his view "I do not believe in the existence of anything like a non-racial society in the literal sense of the word", citing the example of the United States and United Kingdom where there was no legal racial segregation but that distinct racial groups continued to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199164-128">[128]</a> De Klerk accepted the principle of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, although still believed that the state should promote Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991148-129">[129]</a> De Klerk wrote in opposition to gender-based violence, arguing that "holding perpetrators accountable, irrespective of how long ago the crime was committed, is essential to stamping out impunity and preventing future atrocities".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_personal_life">Personality and personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personality and personal life">edit</a>]</div> Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk's "political choices were undergirded by self-confidence and commitment to the common good."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997583-131">[131]</a> His brother Willem stated that de Klerk's demeanour was marked by "soberness, humility and calm",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk19911-132">[132]</a> that he was an honest, intelligent, and open-minded individual,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199123-133">[133]</a> and that he had a "natural cordiality" and a "solid sense of courtesy and good manners".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199174-134">[134]</a> He felt that de Klerk's "charisma" came not from an "exceptionally strong individualism" but from "his rationality, logic and balance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991138-135">[135]</a> He was, according to de Klerk, "a man of compromise rather than a political innovator or entrepreneur".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991128–129-136">[136]</a> Willem stated that "he keeps an ear to the ground and is sensitive to the slightest tremors", and that it was this which made him "a superb politician".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199122–23-137">[137]</a> Willem also stated that his brother was "a team-man who consults others, takes them into his confidence, honestly shares information with his colleagues, and has a knack of making people feel importance and at peace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199174-134">[134]</a> His former wife Marike described de Klerk as being "extremely sensitive to beautiful things", exhibiting something akin to an artistic temperament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997579-10">[10]</a> Willem also noted that "in the most profound sense", de Klerk was driven by his concern for Afrikanerdom and "the survival of his own people in their fatherland".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181-4">[4]</a> De Klerk was deeply upset that many Afrikaners did not realise that his reforms to dismantle apartheid were carried out with the intention of preserving a future for the Afrikaner people in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181–82-138">[138]</a> With Marike, de Klerk had three children: Susan, who became a teacher, Jan, who became a farmer in Western Transvaal, and Willem, who went into <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991143-139">[139]</a> Willem stated that de Klerk had a close relationship with his children,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991144-23">[23]</a> and that he was "a loving man who hugs and cuddles".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991141-140">[140]</a> De Klerk was a heavy smoker but gave up smoking towards the end of 2005.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> He also enjoyed a glass of <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> or wine while relaxing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991155-142">[142]</a> He enjoyed playing golf and hunting, as well as going for brisk walks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991155-142">[142]</a> De Klerk's <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal</a> was stolen from his home in November 2022.<a href="#cite_note-AP22-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy">edit</a>]</div> Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk, along with Mandela, "accomplished the rare feat of bringing about systemic revolution through peaceful means."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997565-144">[144]</a> His brother noted that de Klerk's role in South African history was "to dismantle more than three centuries of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>", and that in doing so his was "not a role of white surrender, but a role of white conversion to a new role" in society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199157-145">[145]</a> In September 1990, <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom_University_for_Christian_Higher_Education" title="Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education">Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education</a> awarded de Klerk an honorary doctorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991154-29">[29]</a> South Africa's Conservative Party came to regard him as its most hated adversary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199118-34">[34]</a> De Klerk was Africa's last White President until <a href="/wiki/Guy_Scott" title="Guy Scott">Guy Scott</a> become caretaker President of Zambia from 2014 to 2015.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991149_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> A. Kamsteeg, E. Van Dijk, F. W. de Klerk, man of the moment. 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-cspan-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cspan_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cspan_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?124979-1/the-trek-beginning">"The Last Trek: A New Beginning"</a>. 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I'm an African, through and through, and the fact that I'm white does not detract from my total commitment to my country and through my country, to our continent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Last+Trek%3A+A+New+Beginning&rft.date=1999-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F124979-1%2Fthe-trek-beginning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181_4-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997566–567-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997566–567_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGladBlanton1997">Glad & Blanton 1997</a>, pp. 566–567. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991139-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991139_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991140GladBlanton1997579-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991140GladBlanton1997579_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFGladBlanton1997">Glad & Blanton 1997</a>, p. 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991139,_140-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991139,_140_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, pp. 139, 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991140-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991140_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997579-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997579_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997579_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997579_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGladBlanton1997">Glad & Blanton 1997</a>, p. 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugan1996" class="citation book cs1">Lugan, Bernard (1996). 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The Daily Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424082053/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1364524/De-Klerks-ex-wife-is-found-knifed-and-strangled.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=De+Klerk%27s+ex-wife+is+found+knifed+and+strangled&rft.date=2001-12-06&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fsouthafrica%2F1364524%2FDe-Klerks-ex-wife-is-found-knifed-and-strangled.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3031761.stm">"De Klerk killer 'gets life'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 15 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305162701/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3031761.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. 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African President F.W. de Klerk to get pacemaker as Mandela enters 25th day in hospital"</a>. CBS News. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Former+S.+African+President+F.W.+de+Klerk+to+get+pacemaker+as+Mandela+enters+25th+day+in+hospital&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fformer-s-african-president-fw-de-klerk-to-get-pacemaker-as-mandela-enters-25th-day-in-hospital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ewn.co.za/2013/12/06/De-Klerk-Mandela-united-South-Africa">"Eyewitness News: De Klerk: Mandela united SA"</a>. 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BBC News. 26 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151228115902/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35181303">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=FW+De+Klerk+criticises+Rhodes+statue+removal+campaign&rft.date=2015-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-35181303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sbeta.iol.co.za/news/politics/rmf-activists-slam-de-klerk-1964400">"RMF activists slam De Klerk – IOL"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RMF+activists+slam+De+Klerk+%E2%80%93+IOL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsbeta.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Frmf-activists-slam-de-klerk-1964400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSesant" class="citation web cs1">Sesant, Siyabonga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ewn.co.za/2015/12/28/EFF-calls-for-De-Klerk-to-be-stripped-off-Nobel-Peace-accolade">"EFF calls for De Klerk to be stripped of Nobel Peace accolade"</a>. Eyewitness News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230220911/http://ewn.co.za/2015/12/28/EFF-calls-for-De-Klerk-to-be-stripped-off-Nobel-Peace-accolade">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eyewitness+News&rft.atitle=EFF+calls+for+De+Klerk+to+be+stripped+of+Nobel+Peace+accolade&rft.aulast=Sesant&rft.aufirst=Siyabonga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fewn.co.za%2F2015%2F12%2F28%2FEFF-calls-for-De-Klerk-to-be-stripped-off-Nobel-Peace-accolade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw.com-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/ex-south-african-president-de-klerk-withdraws-apartheid-comments-after-backlash/a-52410923">"Ex-South African president de Klerk withdraws apartheid comments after backlash"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ex-South+African+president+de+Klerk+withdraws+apartheid+comments+after+backlash&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fex-south-african-president-de-klerk-withdraws-apartheid-comments-after-backlash%2Fa-52410923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera.com-115"><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera.com_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwart" class="citation web cs1">Swart, Mia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/4/27/apartheid-was-never-prosecuted-s-africas-unfinished-business">"'Apartheid was never prosecuted': S Africa's unfinished business"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Apartheid+was+never+prosecuted%27%3A+S+Africa%27s+unfinished+business&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.aulast=Swart&rft.aufirst=Mia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2020%2F4%2F27%2Fapartheid-was-never-prosecuted-s-africas-unfinished-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/text-de-klerks-video-message-south-africa-2021-11-11/">"Text of de Klerk's video message to South Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 11 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113034302/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/text-de-klerks-video-message-south-africa-2021-11-11/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Text+of+de+Klerk%27s+video+message+to+South+Africa&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Ftext-de-klerks-video-message-south-africa-2021-11-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRondganger2021" class="citation web cs1">Rondganger, Lee (19 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/fw-de-klerk-diagnosed-with-cancer-undergoes-treatment-b085e48a-895e-42ba-817b-1d20b3a61d3c">"FW de Klerk diagnosed with cancer, undergoes treatment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_Online_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Online (South Africa)">Independent Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111174057/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/fw-de-klerk-diagnosed-with-cancer-undergoes-treatment-b085e48a-895e-42ba-817b-1d20b3a61d3c">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Online&rft.atitle=FW+de+Klerk+diagnosed+with+cancer%2C+undergoes+treatment&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft.aulast=Rondganger&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2Ffw-de-klerk-diagnosed-with-cancer-undergoes-treatment-b085e48a-895e-42ba-817b-1d20b3a61d3c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-death-bbc-118"><a href="#cite_ref-death-bbc_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-59247115">"FW de Klerk: South Africa's former president dies at 85"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 11 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111103733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-59247115">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=FW+de+Klerk%3A+South+Africa%27s+former+president+dies+at+85&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-59247115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2021" class="citation news cs1">Lacey, Marc (11 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/11/world/africa/fw-de-klerk-dead.html">"F.W. de Klerk, Last President of Apartheid South Africa, Dies at 85"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111105004/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/11/world/africa/fw-de-klerk-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=F.W.+de+Klerk%2C+Last+President+of+Apartheid+South+Africa%2C+Dies+at+85&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F11%2F11%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Ffw-de-klerk-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2021" class="citation news cs1">Frankel, Glenn (11 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/fw-deklerk-death-south-africa/2021/11/11/761faa64-8fd4-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html">"F.W. de Klerk, South African Nobel Prize winner for opening government, dies at 85"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111105308/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/fw-deklerk-death-south-africa/2021/11/11/761faa64-8fd4-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=F.W.+de+Klerk%2C+South+African+Nobel+Prize+winner+for+opening+government%2C+dies+at+85&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Ffw-deklerk-death-south-africa%2F2021%2F11%2F11%2F761faa64-8fd4-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlW0UQFW0Gg">"FW de Klerk's final message"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FW_de_Klerk_Foundation" title="FW de Klerk Foundation">FW de Klerk Foundation</a>. 12 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113045945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlW0UQFW0Gg&feature=youtu.be">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FW+de+Klerk+Foundation&rft.atitle=FW+de+Klerk%27s+final+message&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHlW0UQFW0Gg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2021" class="citation web cs1">Gerber, Jan (11 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/watch-fw-de-klerk-apologises-without-qualification-for-apartheid-in-last-message-to-people-of-sa-20211111">"FW de Klerk apologises 'without qualification' for apartheid in 'last message to people of SA'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News24_(website)" title="News24 (website)">News24</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111173929/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/watch-fw-de-klerk-apologises-without-qualification-for-apartheid-in-last-message-to-people-of-sa-20211111">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=FW+de+Klerk+apologises+%27without+qualification%27+for+apartheid+in+%27last+message+to+people+of+SA%27&rft.date=2021-11-11&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fsouthafrica%2Fnews%2Fwatch-fw-de-klerk-apologises-without-qualification-for-apartheid-in-last-message-to-people-of-sa-20211111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deklerkmemorial-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deklerkmemorial_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deklerkmemorial_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCain2021" class="citation news cs1">McCain, Nichole (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/ramaphosa-declares-national-mourning-period-for-fw-de-klerk-20211116">"Ramaphosa declares national mourning period for FW de Klerk"</a>. News 24. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ramaphosa+declares+national+mourning+period+for+FW+de+Klerk&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.aulast=McCain&rft.aufirst=Nichole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fsouthafrica%2Fnews%2Framaphosa-declares-national-mourning-period-for-fw-de-klerk-20211116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretzmann2021" class="citation news cs1">Kretzmann, Steve (12 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-12-ramaphosa-stresses-need-for-forgiveness-and-unity-at-state-memorial-service-for-fw-de-klerk/">"Ramaphosa stresses need for forgiveness and unity at state memorial service for FW de Klerk"</a>. Daily Maverick. Retrieved 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=Ramaphosa+stresses+need+for+forgiveness+and+unity+at+state+memorial+service+for+FW+de+Klerk&rft.date=2021-12-12&rft.aulast=Kretzmann&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2021-12-12-ramaphosa-stresses-need-for-forgiveness-and-unity-at-state-memorial-service-for-fw-de-klerk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199121-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199121_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199121_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199124-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199124_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199124_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199122-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199122_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199164-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199164_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991148-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991148_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Klerk2021" class="citation news cs1">De Klerk, F. W. (10 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/mar/10/protect-girls-women-violence-sexual-assault-justice-past-victims">"To protect women from violence today, we must secure justice for victims in the past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322022805/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/mar/10/protect-girls-women-violence-sexual-assault-justice-past-victims">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=To+protect+women+from+violence+today%2C+we+must+secure+justice+for+victims+in+the+past&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft.aulast=De+Klerk&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fmar%2F10%2Fprotect-girls-women-violence-sexual-assault-justice-past-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997583-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997583_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGladBlanton1997">Glad & Blanton 1997</a>, p. 583. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk19911-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk19911_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199123-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199123_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199174-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199174_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199174_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991138-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991138_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991128–129-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991128–129_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199122–23-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199122–23_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181–82-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199181–82_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991143-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991143_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991141-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991141_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/political-veterans-on-the-mend-291484">"Political veterans on the mend"</a>. Independent Online. South Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112012851/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/political-veterans-on-the-mend-291484">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Online&rft.atitle=Political+veterans+on+the+mend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitical-veterans-on-the-mend-291484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991155-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991155_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk1991155_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-AP22-143"><a href="#cite_ref-AP22_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagome2022" class="citation news cs1">Magome, Mogomotsi (9 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313161646/https://apnews.com/article/africa-cape-town-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-south-b560ea20b95c7bce442c40f7e32f26e1">"Foundation says de Klerk's Nobel medal has been stolen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/africa-cape-town-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-south-b560ea20b95c7bce442c40f7e32f26e1">the original</a> on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Foundation+says+de+Klerk%27s+Nobel+medal+has+been+stolen&rft.date=2022-11-09&rft.aulast=Magome&rft.aufirst=Mogomotsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fafrica-cape-town-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-south-b560ea20b95c7bce442c40f7e32f26e1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997565-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladBlanton1997565_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGladBlanton1997">Glad & Blanton 1997</a>, p. 565. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199157-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klerk199157_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Klerk1991">de Klerk 1991</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarimi2014" class="citation news cs1">Karimi, Edith (29 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/29/world/africa/zambia-white-president/">"Zambia's Guy Scott makes history as white president in sub-Saharan Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zambia%27s+Guy+Scott+makes+history+as+white+president+in+sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Karimi&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F10%2F29%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fzambia-white-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2006" class="citation book cs1">Allen, John (2006). Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorised Biography of Desmond Tutu. London: Rider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84604-064-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84604-064-1"><bdi>978-1-84604-064-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabble-Rouser+for+Peace%3A+The+Authorised+Biography+of+Desmond+Tutu&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rider&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84604-064-1&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Klerk1991" class="citation book cs1">de Klerk, Willem (1991). F. W. de Klerk: The Man in his Time. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947464-36-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947464-36-3"><bdi>978-0-947464-36-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F.+W.+de+Klerk%3A+The+Man+in+his+Time&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=Jonathan+Ball+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-947464-36-3&rft.aulast=de+Klerk&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladBlanton1997" class="citation journal cs1">Glad, Betty; Blanton, Robert (1997). "F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 27 (3): 565–590. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551769">27551769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=F.+W.+de+Klerk+and+Nelson+Mandela%3A+A+Study+in+Cooperative+Transformational+Leadership&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=565-590&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Glad&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft.au=Blanton%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Sampson" title="Anthony Sampson">Sampson, Anthony</a> (2011) [1999]. Mandela: The Authorised Biography. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-743797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-743797-9"><bdi>978-0-00-743797-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandela%3A+The+Authorised+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-00-743797-9&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF.+W.+de+Klerk" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/south-africa-unequal-societies-world/">South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world</a>", article by de Klerk in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com">Global Education Magazine</a>, in the special edition for the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/global-education-magazine-1/">International Day for the Eradication of Poverty</a> (17 October 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=F._W._de_Klerk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frederik Willem de Klerk">Frederik Willem de Klerk</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/F._W._de_Klerk" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deklerkthefilm.com/">Documentary on F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fwdeklerk.org/">The FW de Klerk Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-955786706650200252&q">Video of F. W. de Klerk's November 2005 visit to Richmond Hill High School on Google Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205102903/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-955786706650200252&q">Archived</a> 5 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004354/http://www.thehist.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=764&Itemid=706">Photos</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004835/http://www.thehist.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=149&Itemid=705">Recordings</a> of his visit to the <a href="/wiki/College_Historical_Society" title="College Historical Society">College Historical Society</a> in March 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/news/?id=25311">Ubben Lecture</a> at <a href="/wiki/DePauw_University" title="DePauw University">DePauw University</a> (includes video, audio and photos)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicolas-rossier/the-man-who-freed-mandela_b_822481.html">Extensive Interview</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpanel.org/">The Global Panel Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/556">F. W. de Klerk</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151813#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?15781">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President of South Africa</a> 1989–1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy President of South Africa</a> 1994–1996 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Mandela_Cabinet_(1994–1996)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Nelson_Mandela_cabinet_1" title="Template:Nelson Mandela cabinet 1"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nelson_Mandela_cabinet_1" title="Template talk:Nelson Mandela cabinet 1"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nelson_Mandela_cabinet_1" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nelson Mandela cabinet 1"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Mandela_Cabinet_(1994–1996)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">First Mandela Cabinet</a> (1994–1996)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deputy Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kader_Asmal" title="Kader Asmal">Kader Asmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibusiso_Bengu" title="Sibusiso Bengu">Sibusiso Bengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pik_Botha" title="Pik Botha">Pik Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Mangosuthu Buthelezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawie_de_Villiers" title="Dawie de Villiers">Dawie de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Erwin" title="Alec Erwin">Alec Erwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Fraser-Moleketi" title="Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi">Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hanekom" title="Derek Hanekom">Derek Hanekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallo_Jordan" title="Pallo Jordan">Pallo Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Keys" title="Derek Keys">Derek Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Liebenberg" title="Chris Liebenberg">Chris Liebenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penuell_Maduna" title="Penuell Maduna">Penuell Maduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Maharaj" title="Mac Maharaj">Mac Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Manuel" title="Trevor Manuel">Trevor Manuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mavuso" title="John Mavuso">John Mavuso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Mboweni" title="Tito Mboweni">Tito Mboweni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McKenzie" title="Patrick McKenzie">Patrick McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membathisi_Mdladlana" class="mw-redirect" title="Membathisi Mdladlana">Membathisi Mdladlana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roelf_Meyer" title="Roelf Meyer">Roelf Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Modise" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Modise">Joe Modise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Valli_Moosa" title="Mohammed Valli Moosa">Mohammed Valli Moosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankie_Mthembi-Nkondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankie Mthembi-Nkondo">Sankie Mthembi-Nkondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Mtshali" title="Lionel Mtshali">Lionel Mtshali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Mufamadi" title="Sydney Mufamadi">Sydney Mufamadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipo_Mzimela" title="Sipo Mzimela">Sipo Mzimela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Naidoo" title="Jay Naidoo">Jay Naidoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Ngubane" title="Ben Ngubane">Ben Ngubane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraai_van_Niekerk" title="Kraai van Niekerk">Kraai van Niekerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baphethuxolo_Nzo" title="Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo">Alfred Nzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullah_Omar" title="Dullah Omar">Dullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Radebe" title="Jeff Radebe">Jeff Radebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Sigcau" title="Stella Sigcau">Stella Sigcau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zola_Skweyiya" title="Zola Skweyiya">Zola Skweyiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tshwete" title="Steve Tshwete">Steve Tshwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Williams" title="Abe Williams">Abe Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkosazana_Dlamini-Zuma" title="Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma">Nkosazana Zuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Heads of State of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Heads of State of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_State_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_South_Africa" title="List of heads of state of South Africa">Heads of State</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">Monarch</a> (1910–1961)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President</a> (1961–1994) (under <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Swart" title="C. R. Swart">Charles Robberts Swart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_D%C3%B6nges" title="Eben Dönges">Eben Dönges</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Naud%C3%A9" title="Tom Naudé">Tom Naudé</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Fouch%C3%A9" title="Jim Fouché">Jim Fouché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Klerk" title="Jan de Klerk">Jan de Klerk</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Diederichs" title="Nico Diederichs">Nico Diederichs</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_Viljoen" title="Marais Viljoen">Marais Viljoen</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vorster" title="John Vorster">John Vorster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_Viljoen" title="Marais Viljoen">Marais Viljoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._W._Botha" title="P. W. Botha">P. W. Botha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. W. de Klerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> (from 1994) (post-Apartheid)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Presidency of Nelson Mandela">1994-1999</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thabo_Mbeki" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Thabo Mbeki">1999-2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Matsepe-Casaburri" title="Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri">Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (2008-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jacob_Zuma" title="Presidency of Jacob Zuma">2009-2018</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2018-present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>†Died in office *Acting President</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Home_affairs_ministers_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SouthAfricaHomeMinisters" title="Template:SouthAfricaHomeMinisters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SouthAfricaHomeMinisters" title="Template talk:SouthAfricaHomeMinisters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SouthAfricaHomeMinisters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SouthAfricaHomeMinisters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Home_affairs_ministers_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(South_Africa)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (South Africa)">Home affairs ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-Apartheid (1910-1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Fischer" title="Abraham Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_(politician)" title="Thomas Watt (politician)">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Duncan_(governor-general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Duncan (governor-general)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fran%C3%A7ois_Malan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel François Malan">Malan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Hofmeyr_(1894-1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894-1948)">Hofmeyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stuttaford" title="Richard Stuttaford">Stuttaford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lawrence" title="Harry Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Clarkson" title="Charles Francis Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lawrence" title="Harry Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apartheid-era (1948-1994)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._E._D%C3%B6nges" class="mw-redirect" title="T. E. Dönges">Dönges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Naud%C3%A9" title="Tom Naudé">Naudé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Klerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes de Klerk">J. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._K._Le_Roux" title="P. K. Le Roux">Le Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lourens_Muller" title="Lourens Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_Viljoen" title="Marais Viljoen">Viljoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Gerdener" title="Theo Gerdener">Gerdener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Mulder" title="Connie Mulder">Mulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Schlebusch" title="Alwyn Schlebusch">Schlebusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Christiaan_Heunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Christiaan Heunis">Heunis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoffel_Botha" title="Stoffel Botha">Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Louw" title="Gene Louw">Louw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pienaar" title="Louis Pienaar">Pienaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danie_Schutte" title="Danie Schutte">Schutte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Apartheid (1994-present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangosuthu_Buthelezi" title="Mangosuthu Buthelezi">Buthelezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula" title="Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula">Mapisa-Nqakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkosazana_Dlamini-Zuma" title="Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma">Dlamini-Zuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Pandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malusi_Gigaba" title="Malusi Gigaba">Gigaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlengiwe_Mkhize" title="Hlengiwe Mkhize">Mkhize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanda_Dlodlo" title="Ayanda Dlodlo">Dlodlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malusi_Gigaba" title="Malusi Gigaba">Gigaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyabonga_Cwele" title="Siyabonga Cwele">Cwele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></li> <li>1914</li> <li>1915</li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1918</li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li>1923</li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></li> <li>1928</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></li> <li>1932</li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></li> <li>1939</li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943</li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li>1948</li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award) / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1993_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1993 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1993_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1993 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary B. Mullis</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> (United States)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederik Willem de Klerk</a> (South Africa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert Fogel</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass North</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1988_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1988 Nobel Prize winners">1988</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd> <dd>1993 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1994 Nobel Prize winners">1994</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1995_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1995 Nobel Prize winners">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_V._Iglesias" title="Enrique V. Iglesias">Enrique V. Iglesias</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario Betancur</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR)</li> <li>1992: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederik W. de Klerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guatemala">Government of Guatemala</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity">Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olayinka_Koso-Thomas" title="Olayinka Koso-Thomas">Olayinka Koso-Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Boudiaf" title="Fatiha Boudiaf">Fatiha Boudiaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatana_Ishaq_Gailani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatana Ishaq Gailani (page does not exist)">Fatana Ishaq Gailani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somaly_Mam" title="Somaly Mam">Somaly Mam</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiaki_Mukai" title="Chiaki Mukai">Chiaki Mukai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li>2002: The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research" title="Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research">Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li>2004: The European Union's <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhi%C3%A7a_Centre_of_Health_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manhiça Centre of Health Research (page does not exist)">Manhiça Centre of Health Research</a> (Mozambique), <a href="/wiki/Ifakara_Health_Institute" title="Ifakara Health Institute">Ifakara Health Institute</a> (Tanzania), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaria_Research_and_Training_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaria Research and Training Centre (page does not exist)">Malaria Research and Training Centre</a> (Mali), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kintampo_Health_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kintampo Health Research Centre (page does not exist)">Kintampo Health Research Centre</a> (Ghana)</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Transplantation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Transplantation Society (page does not exist)">The Transplantation Society</a> and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/National_Transplant_Organization" title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Drayton" title="Bill Drayton">Bill Drayton</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> for the Advancement of Science</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li> <li>2017: The <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America" title="Hispanic Society of America">Hispanic Society of America</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Amref_Health_Africa" title="Amref Health Africa">Amref Health Africa</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Salman Khan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Camfed" title="Camfed">Camfed, Campaign for Female Education</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur" title="Ellen MacArthur">Ellen MacArthur</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_for_Neglected_Diseases_Initiative" title="Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative">Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative</a> (DNDi)</li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture</a> (OEI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_(Parliamentary)_Opposition_in_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_(South_Africa)" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition (South Africa)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_(South_Africa)" title="Template talk:Leaders of the 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B. M. Hertzog">Hertzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Smuts</a></li> <li>vacant (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">Malan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._M._Hertzog" title="J. B. M. Hertzog">Hertzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._F._Malan" title="D. F. Malan">Malan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Gideon_Nel_Strauss" title="Jacobus Gideon Nel Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Villiers_Graaff" title="De Villiers Graaff">Graaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radclyffe_Cadman" title="Radclyffe Cadman">Cadman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Eglin" title="Colin Eglin">Eglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_van_Zyl_Slabbert" title="Frederik van Zyl Slabbert">Slabbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Eglin" title="Colin Eglin">Eglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andries_Treurnicht" title="Andries Treurnicht">Treurnicht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdi_Hartzenberg" title="Ferdi Hartzenberg">Hartzenberg</a></li> <li>vacant (1994–1996)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthinus_van_Schalkwyk" title="Marthinus van Schalkwyk">van Schalkwyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Leon" title="Tony Leon">Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Botha" title="Sandra Botha">Botha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athol_Trollip" title="Athol Trollip">Trollip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindiwe_Mazibuko" title="Lindiwe Mazibuko">Mazibuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mmusi_Maimane" title="Mmusi Maimane">Maimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Lotriet" title="Annelie Lotriet">Lotriet</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Steenhuisen" title="John Steenhuisen">Steenhuisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hlophe" title="John Hlophe">Hlophe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_Education_in_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SAEducationMinisters" title="Template:SAEducationMinisters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SAEducationMinisters" title="Template talk:SAEducationMinisters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SAEducationMinisters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SAEducationMinisters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_Education_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Department of Education">Ministers of Education</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-Apartheid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Hofmeyr_(1894-1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894-1948)">Hofmeyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apartheid-era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Klerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes de Klerk">J. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Petrus_van_der_Spuy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Petrus van der Spuy (page does not exist)">van der Spuy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Hartzenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Hartzenberg">Hartzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Viljoen" title="Gerrit Viljoen">Viljoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Louw" title="Gene Louw">Louw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pienaar" title="Louis Pienaar">Pienaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Marais" title="Piet Marais">Marais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-apartheid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibusiso_Bengu" title="Sibusiso Bengu">Bengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kader_Asmal" title="Kader Asmal">Asmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Pandor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. 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Koornhof (page does not exist)">Hendrik J. Koornhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongani_Mayosi" title="Bongani Mayosi">Bongani Mayosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Lutjeharms" title="Johann Lutjeharms">Johann Lutjeharms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Butterworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Butterworth">Douglas Butterworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Steyn_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Steyn (chemist) (page does not exist)">Pieter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Schoub" title="Barry Schoub">Barry Schoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Fanaroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernie Fanaroff">Bernie Fanaroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ekama" title="George Ekama">George Ekama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Gray" title="Glenda Gray">Glenda Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malegapuru_Makgoba" title="Malegapuru Makgoba">Malegapuru Makgoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Mohamed_(mathematician)" title="Ismail Mohamed (mathematician)">Ismail 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data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122778233">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29521885">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/291676/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtxb8gcjgXWggVv9Xmcfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119025434">Germany</a></li><li><a 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href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/956939">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119025434.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119025434">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03113565X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gm900s">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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