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id="toc-ASIL_B" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASIL_B"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>ASIL B</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASIL_B-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASIL_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASIL_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>ASIL A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASIL_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-QM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#QM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>QM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-QM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decomposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decomposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Decomposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decomposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Other_Hazard_Level_Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Other_Hazard_Level_Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison with Other Hazard Level Standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_Other_Hazard_Level_Standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with Other Hazard Level Standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Other_Hazard_Level_Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IEC_61508_(SIL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IEC_61508_(SIL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>IEC 61508 (SIL)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEC_61508_(SIL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SAE_ARP4761_and_SAE_ARP4754_(DAL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SAE_ARP4761_and_SAE_ARP4754_(DAL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>SAE ARP4761 and SAE ARP4754 (DAL)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SAE_ARP4761_and_SAE_ARP4754_(DAL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Associated standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Risk assessment standard</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/ISO_26262#Part_9:_Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level_(ASIL)-oriented_and_safety-oriented_analysis" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262 § Part 9: Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)-oriented and safety-oriented analysis</a>.</div> <p><b>Automotive Safety Integrity Level</b> (ASIL) is a risk classification scheme defined by the <a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a> - Functional Safety for Road Vehicles standard. This is an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Safety_Integrity_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety Integrity Level">Safety Integrity Level</a> (SIL) used in <a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">IEC 61508</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a>. This classification helps defining the safety requirements necessary to be in line with the ISO 26262 standard. The ASIL is established by performing a risk analysis of a potential hazard by looking at the Severity, Exposure and Controllability of the vehicle operating scenario. The safety goal for that hazard in turn carries the ASIL requirements. </p><p>There are four ASILs identified by the standard: ASIL A, ASIL B, ASIL C, ASIL D. ASIL D dictates the highest integrity requirements on the product and ASIL A the lowest.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazards</a> that are identified as QM (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#QM">below</a></span>) do not dictate any safety requirements. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazard_Analysis_and_Risk_Assessment">Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the reference to SIL and because the ASIL incorporate 4 levels of hazard with a 5th non-hazardous level, it is common in descriptions of ASIL to compare its levels to the SIL levels and <a href="/wiki/DO-178C#Software_level" title="DO-178C">DO-178C Design Assurance Levels</a>, respectively. </p><p>The determination of ASIL is the result of <i>hazard analysis and risk assessment</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO26262Part3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of ISO 26262, a hazard is assessed based on the relative impact of hazardous effects related to a system, as adjusted for relative likelihoods of the hazard manifesting those effects. That is, each hazard is assessed in terms of severity of possible injuries within the context how much of the time a vehicle is exposed to the possibility of the hazard happening (refer ISO26262 definition of <a href="/wiki/ISO_26262#ASIL_Assessment_Process" title="ISO 26262">exposure</a>) as well as the relative likelihood that a typical driver can act to prevent the injury (refer ISO26262 definitions of <a href="/wiki/ISO_26262#ASIL_Assessment_Process" title="ISO 26262">severity and controllability</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In short, ASIL refers both to risk and to risk-dependent requirements (standard minimal risk treatment for a given risk). Whereas risk may be generally expressed as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Risk}}=({\text{expected loss in case of the accident}})\times ({\text{probability of the accident occurring}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Risk</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>expected loss in case of the accident</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>probability of the accident occurring</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Risk}}=({\text{expected loss in case of the accident}})\times ({\text{probability of the accident occurring}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/158f7eae5467f1b564dfa911e7d6a52bc190b66f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:86.068ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Risk}}=({\text{expected loss in case of the accident}})\times ({\text{probability of the accident occurring}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>or </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{Risk}}={\text{Severity}}\times ({\text{Exposure}}\times {\text{Likelihood}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Risk</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Severity</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Exposure</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Likelihood</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{Risk}}={\text{Severity}}\times ({\text{Exposure}}\times {\text{Likelihood}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8595937f335e95f11c177a57d377088e9b97d6e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.346ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{Risk}}={\text{Severity}}\times ({\text{Exposure}}\times {\text{Likelihood}})}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>ASIL may be similarly expressed as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{ASIL}}={\text{Severity}}\times ({\text{Exposure}}\times {\text{Controllability}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ASIL</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Severity</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Exposure</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Controllability</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{ASIL}}={\text{Severity}}\times ({\text{Exposure}}\times {\text{Controllability}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2acada2a87f496f6402b033bac4feff8bd329085" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:48.543ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{ASIL}}={\text{Severity}}\times ({\text{Exposure}}\times {\text{Controllability}})}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>illustrating the role of Exposure and Controllability in establishing relative probability, which is combined with Severity to form an expression of risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels">Levels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ASIL range from ASIL D, representing the highest degree of automotive hazard and highest degree of rigor applied in the assurance the resultant safety requirements, to QM, representing application with no automotive hazards and, therefore, no safety requirements to manage under the <a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a> safety processes. The intervening levels are simply a range of intermediate degrees of hazard and degrees of assurance required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASIL_D">ASIL D</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ASIL D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>ASIL D</i>, an abbreviation of <i>Automotive Safety Integrity Level D</i>, refers to the highest classification of initial hazard (injury risk) defined within <a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a> and to that standard's most stringent level of safety measures to apply for avoiding an unreasonable residual risk.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO26262Part3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, ASIL D represents likely potential for severely life-threatening or fatal injury in the event of a malfunction and requires the highest level of assurance that the dependent safety goals are sufficient and have been achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO26262Part3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of dangerous hazard that warrants the ASIL D level is loss of braking on all wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimentel201988_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimentel201988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>ASIL D</i> is noteworthy, not only because of the elevated risk it represents and the exceptional rigor required in development, but because automotive electrical, electronic, and software suppliers make claims that their products have been certified or otherwise accredited to ASIL D,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ease development to ASIL D,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or are otherwise suitable to or supportive of development of items to ASIL D.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any product able to comply with ASIL D requirements would also comply with any lower level. </p><p>ISO 26262 "highly recommends" the use of semi-formal modeling languages for ASIL D designs (<a href="/wiki/Stateflow" title="Stateflow">Stateflow</a> and <a href="/wiki/SysML" class="mw-redirect" title="SysML">SysML</a> provide examples of such languages).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202391_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202391-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Executable validation using either prototyping or simulation is mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202390_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202390-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASIL_C">ASIL C</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ASIL C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loss of braking for rear wheels only is less dangerous, this hazard is associated with ASIL C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimentel201986_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimentel201986-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of a less critical function that warrants the ASIL C rating is <a href="/wiki/Cruise_control" title="Cruise control">cruise control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXieZhangLiLi20234_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXieZhangLiLi20234-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For ASIL C designs the use of semi-formal modeling languages is highly recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202391_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202391-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Executable validation using either prototyping or simulation is mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202390_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202390-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASIL_B">ASIL B</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: ASIL B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASIL B examples are <a href="/wiki/Headlights" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlights">headlights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brake_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Brake lights">brake lights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXieZhangLiLi20234_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXieZhangLiLi20234-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modeling of the ASIL B design can rely on an informal languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202391_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202391-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This and other differences requirements make the cost difference between C and B to be the largest step across all the ASILs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPimentel201989_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPimentel201989-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASIL_A">ASIL A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ASIL A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASIL A is the lowest rating of the functional safety. A typical example are <a href="/wiki/Tail_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail lights">tail lights</a> (non-braking).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXieZhangLiLi20234_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXieZhangLiLi20234-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less strict <a href="/wiki/Software_walkthrough" title="Software walkthrough">design walkthroughs</a> can be used during the development (higher levels require more formal <a href="/wiki/Software_inspection" title="Software inspection">design inspections</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202390_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakagawaAntonino202390-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="QM">QM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: QM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Referring to "<a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality Management</a>", the QM level means that all assessed risks are tolerable from a safety perspective (even if the manufacturer might want to address them from a customer satisfaction perspective, for example make sure the vehicle starts). So, safety assurance controls are unnecessary and standard quality management processes are sufficient for development.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO26262Part3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decomposition">Decomposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decomposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Designing an entire system to the rigorous standards of the higher levels of ASIL can be unwieldy, so ISO 26262 allows "decomposition": redundant subcomponents, each designed to a lower ASIL level, can be combined into a higher ASIL level design using higher-level methodologies. The subcomponents used in this way shall contain features that would allow higher-level integration. The frequently used notation for an ASIL X-level component that can be used as a part of an ASIL Y-level system is X(Y). For example, an A(B) component is designed at the ASIL A level of requirements, but is made to fit into ASIL B designs (this subcomponent is colloquially described as "B-ready"). ISO 26262 contains multiple examples of allowed decomposition scenarios, for example ASIL B = A(B) + A(B), i.e. two redundant B-ready ASIL A subcomponents can be combined into an ASIL B design. Headlights provide a natural example of such decomposition: there are at two of them, so they can be designed at ASIL A and combined into an ASIL B system as long as the combination is done properly (for example, it should not introduce a common point of failure).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrigerioVermeulenGoossens2019_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrigerioVermeulenGoossens2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Other_Hazard_Level_Standards">Comparison with Other Hazard Level Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison with Other Hazard Level Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given ASIL is a relatively recent development, discussions of ASIL often compare its levels to levels defined in other well-established safety or quality management systems. In particular, the ASIL are compared to the SIL risk reduction levels defined in IEC 61508 and the Design Assurance Levels used in the context of <a href="/wiki/DO-178C" title="DO-178C">DO-178C</a> and <a href="/wiki/DO-254" title="DO-254">DO-254</a>. While there are some similarities, it is important to also understand the differences. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Approximate cross-domain mapping of ASIL</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Domain</b> </td> <td colspan="8"><b>Domain-Specific Safety Levels</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Automotive (<a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a>)</b></td> <td>QM </td> <td colspan="3">ASIL A</td> <td>ASIL B</td> <td>ASIL C</td> <td>ASIL D</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>General (<a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">IEC 61508</a>)</b></td> <td>- </td> <td colspan="3">SIL-1 </td> <td colspan="2">SIL-2</td> <td>SIL-3</td> <td>SIL-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Railway (<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a> 50126/128/129)</b></td> <td>- </td> <td colspan="3">SIL-1 </td> <td colspan="2">SIL-2</td> <td>SIL-3</td> <td>SIL-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Space (<a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS-Q-ST-80</a>)</b></td> <td>Category E </td> <td colspan="3">Category D </td> <td colspan="2">Category C</td> <td>Category B</td> <td>Category A </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Aviation: airborne (ED-12/<a href="/wiki/DO-178C" title="DO-178C">DO-178</a>/<a href="/wiki/DO-254" title="DO-254">DO-254</a>)</b></td> <td>DAL-E </td> <td colspan="3">DAL-D </td> <td colspan="2">DAL-C</td> <td>DAL-B</td> <td>DAL-A </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Aviation: ground (ED-109/DO-278)</b></td> <td>AL6 </td> <td colspan="3">AL5</td> <td>AL4</td> <td>AL3</td> <td>AL2</td> <td>AL1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Medical (<a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">IEC 62304</a>)</b></td> <td>Class A </td> <td colspan="5">Class B</td> <td>Class C</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Household (<a href="/wiki/IEC_60730" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC 60730">IEC 60730</a>)</b></td> <td>Class A </td> <td colspan="5">Class B</td> <td>Class C</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Machinery (<a href="/wiki/ISO_13849" title="ISO 13849">ISO 13849</a>)</b></td> <td>-</td> <td>PL a</td> <td>PL b </td> <td>PL c</td> <td>PL d</td> <td>PL e</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Agriculture (<a href="/wiki/ISO_25119" title="ISO 25119">ISO 25119</a>)</b></td> <td>AgPL QM</td> <td>AgPL a</td> <td>AgPL b </td> <td>AgPL c</td> <td>AgPL d</td> <td>AgPL e</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEC_61508_(SIL)"><span id="IEC_61508_.28SIL.29"></span>IEC 61508 (SIL)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: IEC 61508 (SIL)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a> is an extension of <a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">IEC 61508</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO26262Part3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IEC 61508 defines a widely referenced Safety Integrity Level (SIL) classification. Unlike other functional safety standards, ISO 26262 does not provide normative nor informative mapping of ASIL to SIL; while the two standards have similar processes for hazard assessment, ASIL and SIL are computed from different perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An ISO 26262 ASIL is a <i>qualitative</i> statement of assessed risk, assessed in terms of three risk parameters in a qualitative way that leaves room for interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perallos2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perallos2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>On the other hand, the IEC 61508 SIL employ <i>quantitative</i> target probability or frequency measures<sup id="cite_ref-Perallos2011_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perallos2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of dangerous failures depending on the type of safety function.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the context of IEC 61508, higher risk applications require greater robustness to dangerous failures: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{probability of failure}}<{{\text{Tolerable Risk}} \over {\text{Risk}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>probability of failure</mtext> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Tolerable Risk</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Risk</mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{probability of failure}}<{{\text{Tolerable Risk}} \over {\text{Risk}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d0569d5d34931cd30bb1e223465f76763a8e780b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:39.209ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{probability of failure}}<{{\text{Tolerable Risk}} \over {\text{Risk}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>That is, for a given Tolerable Risk, greater Risk requires more risk reduction, i.e., a smaller design target value for greater probability of dangerous failure. For a safety function operating in high demand or continuous mode of operation, SIL 1 is associated with a <a href="/wiki/IEC_61508#Improved_reliability" title="IEC 61508">probability of dangerous failure limit</a> of 10<sup>−5</sup> per hour while SIL 4 is associated with a <a href="/wiki/IEC_61508#Improved_reliability" title="IEC 61508">probability of dangerous failure rate limit</a> of 10<sup>−9</sup> per hour. </p><p>In commercial publications, ASIL D has been illustrated to align with SIL 3 and ASIL A is compared to SIL 1.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SAE_ARP4761_and_SAE_ARP4754_(DAL)"><span id="SAE_ARP4761_and_SAE_ARP4754_.28DAL.29"></span>SAE ARP4761 and SAE ARP4754 (DAL)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: SAE ARP4761 and SAE ARP4754 (DAL)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While it is more common to compare the ISO 26262 Levels D through QM to the Design Assurance Levels (DAL) A through E and ascribe those levels to DO-178C; these DAL are actually defined and applied through the definitions of <a href="/wiki/ARP4761" title="ARP4761">SAE ARP4761</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARP4754" title="ARP4754">SAE ARP4754</a>. Especially in terms of the management of vehicular hazards through a <a href="/wiki/ARP4761#Safety_life_cycle" title="ARP4761">Safety Life Cycle</a>, the scope of ISO 26262 is more comparable to the combined scope of SAE ARP4761 and SAE ARP4754. Functional Hazard Assessment (FHA) is defined in ARP4761 and the DAL are defined in ARP4754. <a href="/wiki/DO-178C" title="DO-178C">DO-178C</a> and <a href="/wiki/DO-254" title="DO-254">DO-254</a> define the design assurance objectives that must be accomplished for given DAL. </p><p>Unlike SIL, it is the case that both ASIL and DAL are statements measuring degree of hazard. DAL E is the ARP4754 equivalent of QM; in both classifications hazards are negligible and safety management is not required. At the other end, DAL A and ASIL D represent the highest levels of risk addressed by the respective standards, but they do not address the same level of hazard. While ASIL D encompasses at most the hazards of a loaded passenger van, DAL A includes the greater hazards of large aircraft loaded with fuel and passengers. Publications might illustrate ASIL D as equivalent to either DAL B, to DAL A, or as an intermediate level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_standards">Associated standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Associated standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">ISO 26262</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sae.org/works/documentHome.do?docID=J2980&inputPage=wIpSdOcDeTaIlS&comtID=TEVEFS">SAE J2980</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASIL_accuracy" title="ASIL accuracy">ASIL accuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARP4761" title="ARP4761">ARP4761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARP4754" title="ARP4754">ARP4754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DO-178C" title="DO-178C">DO-178C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DO-254" title="DO-254">DO-254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">IEC 61508</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ni.com/white-paper/13647/en/#toc2">http://www.ni.com/white-paper/13647/en/#toc2</a> National Instruments White Paper on ISO 26262 functional safety standard</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO26262Part3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO26262Part3_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Controlled Natural Language. Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland. p. 42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-14</span></span>. <q>The ISO 26262 standard <b>defines the three risk parameters in a qualitative way that leaves room for interpretation</b>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Controlled+Natural+Language+for+Hazard+Analysis+and+Risk+Assessment&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Sixth+International+Workshop%2C+CNL+2018&rft.place=Maynooth%2C+Co.+Kildare%2C+Ireland&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2018-08-27%2F2018-08-28&rft.au=Paul+Chomicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dco1xDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perallos2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perallos2011_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perallos2011_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerallosHernandez-JayoOnievaGarcia-Zuazola2011" class="citation book cs1">Perallos, Asier; Hernandez-Jayo, Unai; Onieva, Enrique; Garcia-Zuazola, Ignacio, eds. (2011). "Cyber Security Risk Analysis for Intelligent Transport Systems and In-vehicle Networks". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGWzCgAAQBAJ"><i>Intelligent Transport Systems : Technologies and Applications</i></a>. Wiley. pp. 87, 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118894767" title="Special:BookSources/9781118894767"><bdi>9781118894767</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-13</span></span>. <q>The main difference between the ISO ASILs and IEC 61508 SIL is that the latter employ quantitative target probability measures while the ASILs are based on qualitative measures. .... In MISRA guidelines and ISO 262 this possibility is taken into account by means of a <b>qualitative</b> measure known as 'controllability'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyber+Security+Risk+Analysis+for+Intelligent+Transport+Systems+and+In-vehicle+Networks&rft.btitle=Intelligent+Transport+Systems+%3A+Technologies+and+Applications&rft.pages=87%2C+95&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781118894767&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGWzCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Björkman2011" class="citation book cs1">Peter Björkman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:463448/FULLTEXT01.pdf"><i>Probabilistic Safety Assessment using Quantitative Analysis Techniques : Application in the Heavy Automotive Industry</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-13</span></span>. <q>In the area of functional safety, standards such as ISO 26262 assess safety mainly focusing on <b>qualitative assessment</b> techniques ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probabilistic+Safety+Assessment+using+Quantitative+Analysis+Techniques+%3A+Application+in+the+Heavy+Automotive+Industry&rft.pub=Uppsala+University&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Peter+Bj%C3%B6rkman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A463448%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiX6DwAAQBAJ"><i>Concepts and Risk Analysis for a Cooperative and Automated Highway Platooning System</i></a>. Dependable Computing - EDCC 2020 Workshops. Munich, Germany. September 7, 2020. pp. 200–214<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-14</span></span>. <q>These [quantitative methods] state a maximal frequency of occurrence, rather than a mainly qualitative integrity target as in ISO 26262.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Concepts+and+Risk+Analysis+for+a+Cooperative+and+Automated+Highway+Platooning+System&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.pages=200-214&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkiX6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiX6DwAAQBAJ">"Concepts and Risk Analysis for a Cooperative and Automated Highway Platooning System"</a>. <i>Proceedings</i>. Dependable Computing - EDCC 2020 Workshops. Munich, Germany. September 7, 2020. pp. 200 214<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-14</span></span>. <q>These state a maximal frequency of occurrence, rather than a mainly qualitative integrity target as in ISO 26262.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Concepts+and+Risk+Analysis+for+a+Cooperative+and+Automated+Highway+Platooning+System&rft.btitle=Proceedings&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.pages=200+214&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkiX6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernhard_Kaiser2016" class="citation book cs1">Bernhard Kaiser (9 March 2016). "Functional Safety of Camera Monitor Systems". In Anestis Tersis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Beu9CwAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of Camera Monitor Systems : The Automotive Mirror-Replacement Technology Based on ISO 16505</i></a>. Augmented Vision and Reality. p. 525. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319296111" title="Special:BookSources/9783319296111"><bdi>9783319296111</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-14</span></span>. <q>...then the minimum requirement from ISO 26262 regarding safety analyses is to conduct a <b>qualitative</b> analysis (i.e. no need to calculate with failure probabilities ....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Functional+Safety+of+Camera+Monitor+Systems&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Camera+Monitor+Systems+%3A+The+Automotive+Mirror-Replacement+Technology+Based+on+ISO+16505&rft.series=Augmented+Vision+and+Reality&rft.pages=525&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft.isbn=9783319296111&rft.au=Bernhard+Kaiser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBeu9CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ldra.com/iec-61508/">"IEC 61508 Standard"</a>. <i>ldra.com Standards Compliance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Data_Research_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Data Research Associates">LDRA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-13</span></span>. <q>The derivation of the SIL is covered in more detail in part 5 of the [61508] standard, "Examples of methods for the determination of safety integrity levels" which explains different <b>quantitative</b> approaches to the derivation of SILs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ldra.com+Standards+Compliance&rft.atitle=IEC+61508+Standard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fldra.com%2Fiec-61508%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrechJosef_Mieslinger2012" class="citation journal cs1">Frech, Marcus; Josef Mieslinger (2012). "Functional Safety Seminar & 1-Day HerculesTM Workshop". <i>Arrow Roadshow</i>: 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arrow+Roadshow&rft.atitle=Functional+Safety+Seminar+%26+1-Day+HerculesTM+Workshop&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Frech&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft.au=Josef+Mieslinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimentel2019" class="citation book cs1">Pimentel, J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3J0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>The Role of ISO 26262</i></a>. Automated Vehicle Safety. SAE International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7680-0275-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7680-0275-1"><bdi>978-0-7680-0275-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+ISO+26262&rft.series=Automated+Vehicle+Safety&rft.pub=SAE+International&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7680-0275-1&rft.aulast=Pimentel&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3J0EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXieZhangLiLi2023" class="citation book cs1">Xie, G.; Zhang, Y.; Li, R.; Li, K.; Li, K. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXDBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Functional Safety for Embedded Systems</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88131-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-88131-8"><bdi>978-1-000-88131-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Functional+Safety+for+Embedded+Systems&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-88131-8&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Li%2C+R.&rft.au=Li%2C+K.&rft.au=Li%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXDBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrigerioVermeulenGoossens2019" class="citation conference cs1">Frigerio, Alessandro; Vermeulen, Bart; Goossens, Kees (2019). <i>Component-Level ASIL Decomposition for Automotive Architectures</i>. 2019 49th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W). IEEE. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fdsn-w.2019.00021">10.1109/dsn-w.2019.00021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Component-Level+ASIL+Decomposition+for+Automotive+Architectures&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fdsn-w.2019.00021&rft.aulast=Frigerio&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+Bart&rft.au=Goossens%2C+Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakagawaAntonino2023" class="citation book cs1">Nakagawa, E.Y.; Antonino, P.O. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idmzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"><i>Reference Architectures for Critical Domains: Industrial Uses and Impacts</i></a>. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-16957-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-16957-1"><bdi>978-3-031-16957-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reference+Architectures+for+Critical+Domains%3A+Industrial+Uses+and+Impacts&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-16957-1&rft.aulast=Nakagawa&rft.aufirst=E.Y.&rft.au=Antonino%2C+P.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidmzEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+Safety+Integrity+Level" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&oldid=1250146702">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_Safety_Integrity_Level&oldid=1250146702</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_engineering" title="Category:Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Safety_engineering" title="Category:Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_safety" title="Category:Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2016">Articles with dead external links from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 October 2024, at 18:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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