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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Military service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry_into_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_into_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Entry into politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Entry_into_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Entry into politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joining_the_Conservative_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joining_the_Conservative_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Joining the Conservative Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joining_the_Conservative_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_to_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_to_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Election to Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_to_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_years_as_a_backbencher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_years_as_a_backbencher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 First years as a backbencher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_years_as_a_backbencher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_and_out_of_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_and_out_of_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In and out of office </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_and_out_of_office-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In and out of office subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_and_out_of_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Junior_Housing_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junior_Housing_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Junior Housing Minister </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junior_Housing_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Financial Secretary to the Treasury </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hola_Massacre_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hola_Massacre_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Hola Massacre speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hola_Massacre_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Minister of Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 1960s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1960s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1960s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Leadership elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shadow_Defence_Secretary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shadow_Defence_Secretary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Shadow Defence Secretary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shadow_Defence_Secretary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 National figure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_figure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National figure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1968_'Rivers_of_Blood'_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_'Rivers_of_Blood'_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 1968 'Rivers of Blood' speech </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_'Rivers_of_Blood'_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Morecambe_Budget'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Morecambe_Budget'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 'Morecambe Budget' </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Morecambe_Budget'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Lords_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Lords_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 House of Lords reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Lords_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departure_from_the_Conservative_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departure_from_the_Conservative_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Departure from the Conservative Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Departure_from_the_Conservative_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulster_Unionist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulster_Unionist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ulster Unionist </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ulster_Unionist-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ulster Unionist subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ulster_Unionist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1974–1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974–1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 1974–1979 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974–1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979–1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979–1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 1979–1982 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979–1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falklands_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falklands_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Falklands conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falklands_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1983_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 1983 general election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1983–1987" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983–1987"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 1983–1987 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983–1987-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-parliamentary_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-parliamentary_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Post-parliamentary life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-parliamentary_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-parliamentary life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-parliamentary_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1987–1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987–1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 1987–1992 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987–1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Final years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Political beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portraits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Portraits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portraits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatic_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatic_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Dramatic portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatic_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_contested" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_contested"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Elections contested </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_contested-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Enoch Powell</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="إينوك باول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إينوك باول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%87_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Ίνοχ Πάουελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίνοχ Πάουελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="ایناک پاول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایناک پاول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%89_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9B%94" title="이넉 파월 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이넉 파월" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="اينوك باول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اينوك باول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਇਨੋਕ ਪਾਵੇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਨੋਕ ਪਾਵੇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="ایناک پاول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایناک پاول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Пауэлл, Джон Энох – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пауэлл, Джон Энох" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Enoch Powell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 21,000 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Enoch_Powell" title="Talk:Enoch Powell">talk page</a>. (June 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Enoch Powell</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Enoch_Powell_6_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Enoch_Powell_6_Allan_Warren.jpg/220px-Enoch_Powell_6_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Enoch_Powell_6_Allan_Warren.jpg/330px-Enoch_Powell_6_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Enoch_Powell_6_Allan_Warren.jpg/440px-Enoch_Powell_6_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4158" data-file-height="5134" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">1987 portrait</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Shadow Secretary of State for Defence">Shadow Secretary of State for Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 July 1965 – 21 April 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Minister of Health</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 July 1960 – 18 October 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Walker-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Derek Walker-Smith">Derek Walker-Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Anthony Barber</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 January 1957 – 15 January 1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Harold Macmillan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Henry Brooke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Simon,_Baron_Simon_of_Glaisdale" title="Jack Simon, Baron Simon of Glaisdale">Jack Simon</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices</div></th> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 October 1974 – 18 May 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Orr" title="Lawrence Orr">Lawrence Orr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_McGrady" title="Eddie McGrady">Eddie McGrady</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 23 February 1950 – 8 February 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)" title="Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)">Constituency established</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Budgen" title="Nicholas Budgen">Nicholas Budgen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Enoch Powell</div> (1912-06-16)16 June 1912 <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1998(1998-02-08) (aged 85) London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Warwick Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> (1947–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionist">Ulster Unionist</a> (1974–1987)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Pamela Wilson</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1952)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental Studies">School of Oriental Studies</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">Royal Warwickshire Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Service_Corps" title="General Service Corps">General Service Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)">Intelligence Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> <ul><li>- <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a></li> <li>- <a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the British Empire">Member of the Order of the British Empire</a> (1943)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; 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He served as <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wolverhampton South West (UK Parliament constituency)">Wolverhampton South West</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> from 1950 to <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974</a> and as MP for <a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (UUP) from <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October 1974</a> to 1987. He was <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Minister of Health</a> from 1960 to 1963 in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Macmillan_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Macmillan ministry">second Macmillan ministry</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Shadow Secretary of State for Defence">Shadow Secretary of State for Defence</a> from 1965 to 1968 in the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Ted Heath</a>. Before entering politics he was a <a href="/wiki/Classical_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical scholar">classical scholar</a>. He served in both staff and intelligence positions during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, reaching the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">brigadier</a>. Powell also wrote poetry, and several books on classical and political subjects. In 1968, while serving as Shadow Defence Secretary, Powell attracted attention nationwide for his <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">"Rivers of Blood" speech</a>, in which he criticised <a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">immigration to the UK</a>, especially rapid immigration from the <a href="/wiki/New_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="New Commonwealth">New Commonwealth</a>, and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">anti-discrimination</a> <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1968" title="Race Relations Act 1968">Race Relations Bill</a> (which ultimately became law). The speech was criticised by some of Powell's own party members<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Heath, who was then the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">leader of the Conservative Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">leader of the Opposition</a>, dismissed Powell from the Shadow Cabinet the day after the speech. In the aftermath of the speech several polls suggested that 67 to 82 per cent of the British population agreed with Powell's opinions.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_1994,_p._352-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> His supporters argued that Powell's large public following<a href="#cite_note-dumbrell-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-alor-7">[7]</a> helped the Conservatives to win the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 general election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568-8">[8]</a> and perhaps cost them the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974 general election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998710–712-9">[9]</a> when Powell turned his back on the Conservatives by endorsing a vote for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, which returned as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>. Powell was returned to the House of Commons in October 1974 as the Ulster Unionist Party MP for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> constituency of <a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a>. He represented the constituency until he was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987 general election</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> John Enoch Powell was born in <a href="/wiki/Stechford" title="Stechford">Stechford</a>, within the city of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, on 16 June 1912, and was baptised at <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Shropshire" title="Newport, Shropshire">Newport</a>, Shropshire, in <a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Church,_Newport" title="St Nicholas Church, Newport">St Nicholas's Church</a>, where his parents had married in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He was the only child of Albert Enoch Powell, a primary school headmaster, and his wife, Ellen Mary. Ellen was the daughter of Henry Breese, a <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> policeman, and his wife Eliza, who had been a teacher. His mother did not like his name, and as a child he was known as "Jack".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19975-11">[11]</a> At the age of three, Powell was nicknamed "the Professor" because he used to stand on a chair and describe the stuffed birds that his grandfather had shot, which were displayed in his parents' home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19973-12">[12]</a> In 1918, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Kings_Norton" title="Kings Norton">Kings Norton</a>, Birmingham, where Powell remained until 1930. The Powells were of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> descent and from <a href="/wiki/Radnorshire" title="Radnorshire">Radnorshire</a> (a Welsh border county), having moved to the developing <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> during the early 19th century. His great-grandfather was a <a href="/wiki/Coal_miner" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal miner">coal miner</a>, and his grandfather had been in the iron trade.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-13">[13]</a> Powell read avidly from a young age; as early as three, he could "read reasonably well". Though not wealthy, the Powells were financially comfortable, and their home included a library.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19976–7-14">[14]</a> By the age of six, Powell was addicted to reading, predominantly history books. Powell's <a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a> and regard for institutions was formed at an early age: Around this time, his parents took him to <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a>, and he removed his cap when he entered one of the rooms. His father asked him why, to which Powell replied that it was the room where the first <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> had been born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer19985-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19973-12">[12]</a> Every Sunday, Powell would give lectures to his parents on the books that he had read, and he would also conduct <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">evensong</a> and preach a sermon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer19985–6-16">[16]</a> Once he was old enough to go out on his own, Powell would walk around rural <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> maps, which instilled in him a love for landscape and cartography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer19986-17">[17]</a> Powell attended a <a href="/wiki/Dame_school" title="Dame school">dame school</a> run by a friend of his mother's until he was eleven. He was then a pupil for three years at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Norton_Boys%27_School" title="King's Norton Boys' School">King's Norton Grammar School for Boys</a> before he won a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham" title="King Edward's School, Birmingham">King Edward's School</a> in Birmingham in 1925, aged thirteen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer19986-17">[17]</a> The legacy of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> loomed large for Powell: Almost all his teachers had fought in the war, and some of the pupils who had scratched their names on the desks had subsequently died in the conflict. Powell also read books on the war, which helped form his opinion that Britain and Germany would fight again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer19986–7,_10-18">[18]</a> The head of classics at the school saw that Powell had an interest in the subject and agreed to transfer him to the classics side of the school. Powell's mother taught him <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> in just over two weeks during the Christmas break in 1925, and, by the time that he started the next term, he had attained fluency in Greek that most pupils would reach after two years. Within two terms, Powell was top of the classics form. His classmate, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Evans_(theologian)" title="Christopher Evans (theologian)">Christopher Evans</a>, recalled that Powell was "austere" and "really unlike any schoolboy one had known ... He was quite a phenomenon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer19987-19">[19]</a> Another contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Hills" title="Denis Hills">Denis Hills</a>, later said that Powell "carried an armful of books (Greek texts?) and kept to himself ... he was reputed to be cleverer than any of the masters".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer19988-20">[20]</a> Powell won all three of the school's classics prizes (in <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)" title="Divinity (academic discipline)">Divinity</a>) in the fifth form, two or three years younger than anyone else had won them. He also began to translate Herodotus's <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a> and completed the translation of the first part when he was fourteen. He entered the sixth form two years before his classmates, and was remembered as a hard-working student; his contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lewis" title="Roy Lewis">Roy Lewis</a>, recalled that "we thought that the masters were afraid of him".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer19988-20">[20]</a> Powell also won a medal in gymnastics and gained a proficiency in the clarinet. He contemplated studying at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a> but his parents persuaded him to try for a scholarship at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer19989-21">[21]</a> Duggie Smith, Powell's form-master in the lower classical sixth and his principal classics master in the upper sixth, recalled in 1952: "Of all my pupils, he always insisted on the highest standards of accuracy and knowledge in those who taught him ... He was a pupil from whom I learnt more than most".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199711-22">[22]</a> It was during his time in the sixth form that Powell learned German and began reading German books, which would influence his move towards atheism. Aged thirteen, he also read <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sartor_Resartus" title="Sartor Resartus">Sartor Resartus</a>, which led him towards <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199810–12-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19979-24">[24]</a> During the last four years at King Edward's School, he was top of his form and won a number of prizes in Greek and Divinity. In 1929, he was awarded the Higher School Certificate with a distinction in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Greek and ancient history, and won the school's Lee Divinity Prize for an essay on the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> after having memorised <a href="/wiki/St_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul">St Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a> in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199812-25">[25]</a> Powell also won the Badger Prize for English Literature twice and the Lightfoot Thucydides Prize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199715-26">[26]</a> In December 1929, aged seventeen, he sat the classics scholarship paper at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, and won the top award.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199812-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Melville_(civil_servant)" title="Ronald Melville (civil servant)">Sir Ronald Melville</a>, who sat the exams at the same time, recalled that "the exams mostly lasted three hours. Powell left the room halfway through each of them". Powell later told Melville that, in one-and-a-half hours on the Greek paper, he translated the text into Thucydides's style of Greek and then in the style of Herodotus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199812–13-27">[27]</a> For another paper, Powell also had to translate a passage from <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, which he did into <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Platonic</a> Greek. In the remaining time, Powell later remembered, "I tore it up and translated it again into Herodotean Greek – <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a> – (which I had never written before) and then, still having time to spare, I proceeded to annotate it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199813-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199716-29">[29]</a> He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1930 to 1933. Powell became almost a recluse and devoted his time to studying: On days without lectures or supervisions, he would read from 5:30 in the morning until 9:30 at night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199814-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199718-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Granta" title="Granta">Granta</a> called him "The Hermit of Trinity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199819-32">[32]</a> He later said "I thought the only thing to do was to work. I thought that was what I was going to Cambridge for, because I never knew of anything else".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199717-33">[33]</a> At the age of eighteen his first paper to a classical journal was published (in German) in the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologische_Wochenschrift" class="extiw" title="de:Philologische Wochenschrift">Philologische Wochenschrift</a>, on a line of Herodotus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199815-34">[34]</a> While studying at Cambridge, Powell became aware that there was another classicist who signed his name as "John U. Powell". Powell decided to use his middle name and, from that moment, referred to himself as "Enoch Powell".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199716-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199812-25">[25]</a> Powell won the <a href="/wiki/John_Craven,_1st_Baron_Craven_of_Ryton#Craven_scholarships" title="John Craven, 1st Baron Craven of Ryton">Craven scholarship</a> at the beginning of his second term in January 1931, only the second time since the scholarship was established in 1647 that a freshman had won it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199819-32">[32]</a> It was at Cambridge that Powell fell under the influence of the poet <a href="/wiki/A._E._Housman" title="A. E. Housman">A. E. Housman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> then Professor of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> at the university. He attended Housman's lectures during his second year in 1931, and he later recalled that he was "gripped by the spectacle of that rigorous intellect dissecting remorselessly the textual deformation of poetry which his sensitivity would not permit him to read without betraying his emotions"; it was Housman's "ruthless and fearless logic with which he dissected the text" in an atmosphere of "suppressed emotion" that impressed him. Powell also admired Housman's lectures on <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199818-36">[36]</a> Powell sent him a correction of Virgil's <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> and received the reply: "Dear Mr Powell. You analyse the difficulties of the passage correctly, and your emendation removes them. Yours sincerely, A. E. Housman". In later life, Powell claimed that "no praise in the next forty years was ever to be so intoxicating".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199819-32">[32]</a> Powell won a number of prizes, including the Percy Pemberton Prize, the <a href="/wiki/Porson_Prize" title="Porson Prize">Porson Prize</a>, the Yeats Prize and the Lees Knowles. He won a distinction in Greek and Latin for Part I of his <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tripos" title="Classical Tripos">Classical Tripos</a> and was awarded the Members' prize for Latin prose and the First Chancellor's Classical Medal. He also won the Cromer Greek essay prize of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> in March 1933, having written on "Thucydides, his moral and historical principles and their influence in later antiquities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199726-37">[37]</a> Also in 1933, Powell won the <a href="/wiki/Browne_Medal" title="Browne Medal">Browne Medal</a> and delivered his winning essay in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_House,_Cambridge" title="Senate House, Cambridge">Senate House, Cambridge</a>. The Chancellor of Cambridge University, the Conservative Party leader <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, told the Master of Trinity <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a>: "Powell reads as if he understands".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199727-38">[38]</a> Shortly before his finals in May 1933, Powell became ill with <a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">tonsillitis</a> and then suffered <a href="/wiki/Pyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyelitis">pyelitis</a>. His neighbour in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Great_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Great Court">Trinity Great Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Simpson_(historian)" title="Frederick Simpson (historian)">Frederick Simpson</a>, arranged that the <a href="/wiki/Tripos" title="Tripos">Tripos</a> examination papers be sent to the nursing home where he was convalescing. Despite having a temperature of 104 degrees (40 °C) when he sat the last of the seven papers, Powell gained a <a href="/wiki/First_Class_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First Class Honours">first class</a> with distinction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199821-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199727-38">[38]</a> The Cambridge classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Martin_Charlesworth" title="Martin Charlesworth">Martin Charlesworth</a> said after Powell's graduation: "That man Powell is extraordinary. He is the best Greek scholar since <a href="/wiki/Porson" class="mw-redirect" title="Porson">Porson</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199821-39">[39]</a> As well as his education at Cambridge, Powell took a course in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> at the School of Oriental Studies (now <a href="/wiki/SOAS,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS, University of London">SOAS, University of London</a>), because he felt that his long-cherished ambition of becoming <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> would be unattainable without knowledge of an <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568-8">[8]</a> Later, during his political career, he would speak to his Indian-born constituents in Urdu.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Powell went on to learn other languages, including <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> (in which he edited jointly with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_J._Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen J. Williams (page does not exist)">Stephen J. Williams</a> Cyfreithiau Hywel Dda yn ôl Llyfr Blegywryd, a text on <a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a>, the medieval Welsh law),<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career">edit</a>]</div> After graduating from Cambridge, Powell stayed on at Trinity College as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a>, spending much of his time studying ancient manuscripts in Latin and producing academic works in Greek and Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth197018–20-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> He won the Craven travelling scholarship, which he used to fund travels to Italy, where he read Greek manuscripts in libraries. He also learned Italian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199821-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199727-38">[38]</a> On his first trip to Italy, during 1933–1934, he visited <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, and on his second excursion in 1935 he went to Venice, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199821–22-44">[44]</a> Powell was still convinced of the inevitability of war with Germany after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power in Germany in 1933: he told his father in 1934, "I want to be in the army from the first day that Britain goes to war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199822-45">[45]</a> He suffered a spiritual crisis when he heard of the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a> in July 1934, which shattered his vision of German culture. He later recalled that he sat for hours in a state of shock: "So it had all been illusion, all fantasy, all a self-created myth ... The spiritual homeland had not been a spiritual homeland after all, since nothing can be a homeland, let alone a spiritual homeland, where there is no justice, where justice does not reign".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199824-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199728-47">[47]</a> In 1935, Powell met the German–Jewish classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul_Maas_(classical_scholar)" title="Paul Maas (classical scholar)">Paul Maas</a> in Venice, who confirmed Powell's belief about the nature of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and he had a "furious" argument with an adherent of <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a>, who had tried unsuccessfully to persuade Powell of Mosley's merits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199824-46">[46]</a> He spent his time at Trinity teaching and supervising undergraduates, and worked on a <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> of Herodotus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199825-48">[48]</a> In January 1936 Powell delivered an address to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Association" title="Classical Association">Classical Association</a> on "The War and its Aftermath in their Influence on Thucydidean Studies", which was published in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199828-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199729-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Since 1932 Powell had been working on the Egyptian manuscripts of <a href="/wiki/J._Rendel_Harris" title="J. Rendel Harris">J. Rendel Harris</a> and his translation from the Greek into English was published in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199820-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199731-53">[53]</a> Powell's first collection of poems, First Poems, was published in 1937 and was influenced by Housman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199830-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199723-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a> reviewed them and said they possessed to a degree "the tone and temper" of Housman's <a href="/wiki/A_Shropshire_Lad" title="A Shropshire Lad">A Shropshire Lad</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom">Poet Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Masefield" title="John Masefield">John Masefield</a> told Powell he read them "with a great deal of admiration for their concision and point", and <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> said "I have read them with the greatest pleasure and interest ... I shall always retain them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199833-56">[56]</a> His second volume of poems, Casting Off, and Other Poems, was printed in 1939. In its review, The Times Literary Supplement said Powell's "lyrical feeling, reflection, and an epigrammatic conciseness are pleasantly balanced, and he is particularly happy perhaps in saluting the blossoms of spring".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199724-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Maurice Cowling</a> appraised Powell's poems as "restrained and pessimistic, and written out of a high sense of human destiny. It expressed the position of youth and had an eschatological overtone characteristic of Housman's repressed tombstone emotion. It registered the resigned, masculine gloom of the Trinity ethos into which he had been inducted".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> A further collection of poems, Dancer's End and The Wedding Gift, were published in 1951, and all his poems were published in one volume in 1990. Powell said the first two volumes were "dominated by the War – the War foreseen, the War imminent, and the War actual", and the second group were a "response to a brief period...of intense emotional excitement".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 1937, he was appointed Professor of Greek at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a> aged 25 (failing in his aim of beating Nietzsche's record of becoming a professor at 24). He was the youngest professor in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199835-60">[60]</a> Among his students was future <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>, who described his lectures as 'dry as dust'.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> He revised <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Jones" title="Henry Stuart Jones">Henry Stuart Jones</a>'s edition of <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>' <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Historiae</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> in 1938, and his most lasting contribution to classical scholarship was his Lexicon to Herodotus, published by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> the same year. <a href="/wiki/William_Lorimer_(scholar)" title="William Lorimer (scholar)">William Lorimer</a> reviewed the lexicon in the Classical Review and praised Powell's "amazing industry, much thought and care, and fine scholarship".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The classicist <a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Robin Lane Fox</a> said the lexicon is "an entirely mechanical production with no intellectual power" but is "nonetheless valuable" and demonstrated Powell's "sharp, clear and nit-picking mind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199828-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Waterfield" title="Robin Waterfield">Robin Waterfield</a>, in his translation of Herodotus' Histories for <a href="/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a>, said Powell's lexicon was "absolutely indispensable".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The Australian academic <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Treweek" title="Athanasius Treweek">Athanasius Treweek</a> called it "the most fantastically accurate work of this type that I have ever handled".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199842-64">[64]</a> Soon after arrival in Australia, he was appointed Curator of the <a href="/wiki/Nicholson_Museum" title="Nicholson Museum">Nicholson Museum</a> at the University of Sydney. He stunned the vice-chancellor by informing him that war would soon begin in Europe and that when it did, he would be heading home to enlist in the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth197029-65">[65]</a> He later recalled that his attitude towards Germany was of "great hatred as well as fear ... a fear of my country being defeated"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199837-66">[66]</a> and in his inaugural lecture as professor of Greek on 7 May 1938 he condemned Britain's policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> and prophesied the coming war with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199845-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199733-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> During his time in Australia as a professor, he grew increasingly angry at the appeasement of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and what he saw as a betrayal of the UK's national interests. After <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>'s first visit to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a>, Powell wrote in a letter to his parents on 18 September 1938: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I do here in the most solemn and bitter manner curse the Prime Minister of England for having cumulated all his other betrayals of the national interest and honour, by his last terrible exhibition of dishonour, weakness and gullibility. The depths of infamy to which our accurst "love of peace" can lower us are unfathomable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199847-70">[70]</a></blockquote> During the winter of 1938–1939 he travelled to Britain to arrange his appointment as professor of Greek and classical literature at <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>, which he was due to take up in 1940. After his arrival in Britain he visited Germany and later remembered his "sensation of embarrassment on producing a British passport at the German frontier in December 1938".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199735-71">[71]</a> He met again Paul Maas, other German Jews and members of the <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">anti-Nazi movement</a>, and helped Maas obtain a British visa from the British consul, which enabled Maas to escape Germany just before war broke out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199847–48-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199735–36-73">[73]</a> In another letter to his parents in June 1939, before the beginning of war, Powell wrote: "It is the English, not their Government; for if they were not blind cowards, they would lynch Chamberlain and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a> and all the other smarmy traitors".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199853-74">[74]</a> At the outbreak of war, Powell immediately returned to the UK, but not before buying a Russian dictionary, since he thought "Russia would hold the key to our survival and victory, as it had in <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_Invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's Invasion of Russia">1812</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusilov Offensive">1916</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199855-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military service">edit</a>]</div> During October 1939, almost a month after returning home from Australia, Powell enlisted as a private in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Warwickshire_Regiment" title="Royal Warwickshire Regiment">Royal Warwickshire Regiment</a>. He had trouble enlisting, as during the "<a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>" the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> did not want men with no military training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199857-76">[76]</a> Rather than waiting to be called up, he claimed to be Australian, as Australians, many of whom had travelled to Britain at great expense to join up, were allowed to enlist straight away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199739-77">[77]</a> In a poem, he wrote of men joining the army like "bridegrooms going to meet their brides", but his biographer points out that it is unlikely that many other men shared his joy, particularly not those who were leaving actual brides behind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199739-77">[77]</a> He purchased a copy of <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a> in the original German in a second-hand bookshop, which he read every night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199858–60-78">[78]</a> In later years, Powell recorded his promotion from private to lance-corporal in his <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a> entry, on other occasions describing it as a greater promotion than entering the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199740-79">[79]</a> Early in 1940, he was trained for a commission after, while working in a kitchen, answering the question of an inspecting brigadier with a Greek proverb; on several occasions, he told colleagues that he expected to be at least a major-general by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199857–58-80">[80]</a> He passed out top from his officer training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199740-79">[79]</a> On 18 May 1940, Powell was one of the cadets from the 166th, 167th, 168th, and 170th Officer Cadet Training Units commissioned as a second lieutenant onto the <a href="/wiki/General_List" class="mw-redirect" title="General List">General List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> He was almost immediately transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)">Intelligence Corps</a>. He was soon promoted to captain and posted as GSO3 (Intelligence) to the 1st (later 9th) Armoured Division. During this time he taught himself the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> to read the poet <a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Camões">Camões</a> in the original; as insufficient Russian-speaking officers were available at the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>, his knowledge of the Russian language and textual analysis skills were used to translate a Russian parachute training manual—a task he completed after 11 pm in addition to his normal duties, deducing the meaning of many technical terms from the context; he was convinced that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> must eventually enter the war on the Allied side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199855,_64-82">[82]</a> On one occasion, he was arrested as a suspected German spy for singing the <a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199741-83">[83]</a> He was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Staff_College,_Camberley" title="Staff College, Camberley">Staff College, Camberley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199741-83">[83]</a> In October 1941, Powell was posted to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and transferred back to the Royal Warwickshire Regiment. As secretary to the Joint Intelligence Committee, Middle East, he was soon doing work that would normally have been done by a more senior officer and was promoted to major in May 1942 (backdated to December 1941<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199868-84">[84]</a>). He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-colonel">lieutenant-colonel</a> in August 1942, telling his parents that he was doing the work of three people and expected to be a brigadier within a year or two,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199870-85">[85]</a> and in that role helped plan the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a>, having previously helped plan the attack on <a href="/wiki/Rommel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rommel">Rommel</a>'s supply lines. Powell and his team began work at 0400 each day to digest radio intercepts and other intelligence data (such as estimating how many tanks Rommel currently had and what his likely plans were) ready to present to the chiefs of staff at 0900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199741-83">[83]</a> The following year, he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the British Empire">Member of the Order of the British Empire</a> (MBE) for his military service.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> It was in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> that the beginning of Powell's distrust of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> began. After socially mixing with senior American officers that he met and exploring their cultural views of the world, he became convinced that one of America's war aims was to destroy the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Writing home on 16 February 1943, Powell stated: "I see growing on the horizon the greater peril than Germany or Japan ever were... our terrible enemy, America".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199875-87">[87]</a> Powell's suspicion of the anti-British Empire demeanour of the U.S. Government's foreign policy continued for the remainder of the war and into his subsequent post-war political career. He cut out and retained an article from the <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> magazine published on 13 November 1943 in which the American writer and congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a> said in a speech that <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence</a> from the British Empire would mean that the "USA will really have won the greatest war in the world for democracy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199886–87-88">[88]</a> After the Axis defeat at the Second Battle of El Alamein, Powell's attention increasingly moved to the Far East theatre, and he wanted to go there to take part in the campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (IJA) because: "the war in Europe was won now", and he wanted to see the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> back in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> before, Powell feared, the Americans beat the British Empire to it and secured an imperial domination of their own over the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199876-89">[89]</a> He had at this time an ambition to be assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits">Chindits</a> units operating in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, and secured an interview with their commander, <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a>, to this end while the latter was on a temporary stop-over in Cairo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199882-90">[90]</a> but Powell's duties and rank precluded the assignment. Having declined two posts carrying the rank of full colonel (in Algiers and Cairo, which would have left him in the now moribund <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African theatre</a> "indefinitely"), and despite expecting to have to accept a reduction in rank to major in order to get the transfer, he secured a posting to the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> as a lieutenant-colonel in military intelligence in August 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199882-90">[90]</a> Within a few days of arriving in India, Powell bought as many books as he could about India and read them avidly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199882-90">[90]</a> On one occasion, he wrote to his parents in a letter "I soaked up India like a sponge soaks up water."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199882-90">[90]</a> Powell was appointed Secretary to the Joint Intelligence Committee for India and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Louis Mountbatten">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a>'s <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a> Command,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199750-91">[91]</a> involved in planning an amphibious offensive against <a href="/wiki/Akyab" class="mw-redirect" title="Akyab">Akyab</a>, an island off the coast of Burma. <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a>, also involved in planning that operation, had taken such a dislike to Powell that he asked a colleague to restrain him if he were tempted to "beat his brains in".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199754-92">[92]</a> On one occasion, Powell's yellow skin (he was recovering from <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>), over-formal dress and strange manner caused him to be mistaken for a Japanese spy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199883-93">[93]</a> During this period, he declined to meet a Cambridge academic colleague, <a href="/wiki/Glyn_Daniel" title="Glyn Daniel">Glyn Daniel</a>, for a drink or dinner as he was devoting his limited leisure time to studying the poet <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199752-94">[94]</a> Powell had continued to learn Urdu and was taught by a nephew of the Urdu poet <a href="/wiki/Altaf_Hussain_Hali" title="Altaf Hussain Hali">Altaf Hussain Hali</a>. He had an unrealised ambition to compose a critical edition of Hali's <a href="/wiki/Musaddas" title="Musaddas">Musaddas</a>, The Rise and Fall of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199887-95">[95]</a> He also had an ambition of eventually becoming <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, and when Mountbatten transferred his staff to <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, Powell chose to remain in Delhi. He was promoted to full colonel at the end of March 1944, as assistant director of military intelligence in India, giving intelligence support to the <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> campaign of <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Slim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Slim">Sir William Slim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199893-96">[96]</a> Having begun the war as the youngest professor in the British Empire, Powell ended it as a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">brigadier</a>. He was given the promotion to serve on a committee of generals and brigadiers to plan the postwar defence of India: the resulting 470-page report was almost entirely written by Powell. For a few weeks he was the youngest brigadier in the British Army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199893-96">[96]</a> and he was one of only two men in the entire war to rise from private to brigadier (the other being <a href="/wiki/Sir_Fitzroy_Maclean,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet">Sir Fitzroy Maclean</a>). He was offered a regular commission as a brigadier in the Indian Army, and the post of assistant commandant of an Indian officers' training academy, which he declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer199897-97">[97]</a> He told a colleague that he expected to be head of all military intelligence in "the next war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199754-92">[92]</a> Powell never experienced combat and felt guilty for having survived, writing that soldiers who did so carried "a sort of shame with them to the grave" and referring to the Second Battle of El Alamein as a "separating flame" between the living and the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199744-98">[98]</a> When once asked how he would like to be remembered, he at first answered, "Others will remember me as they will remember me", but when pressed he replied, "I should like to have been killed in the war".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_into_politics">Entry into politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entry into politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">General topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">People </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joining_the_Conservative_Party">Joining the Conservative Party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Joining the Conservative Party">edit</a>]</div> Though he voted for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> in their <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 landslide victory</a>, because he wanted to punish the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, after the war he joined the Conservative Party and worked for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a> (CRD) under <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>, where his colleagues included <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth197051–53-100">[100]</a> Powell's ambition to be <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a> crumbled in February 1947, when <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> announced that <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence</a> was imminent. Powell was so shocked by the change of policy that he spent the whole night after it was announced walking the streets of London.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-13">[13]</a>: 51  He came to terms with it by becoming fiercely anti-imperialist, believing that once India had gone the whole <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">empire</a> should follow it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This <a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">logical absolutism</a> explained his later indifference to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, his contempt for the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and his urging that the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> should end any remaining pretence that it was a world power. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_to_Parliament">Election to Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election to Parliament">edit</a>]</div> After unsuccessfully contesting the Labour Party's <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Normanton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Normanton (UK Parliament constituency)">Normanton</a> at a <a href="/wiki/1947_Normanton_by-election" title="1947 Normanton by-election">by-election in 1947</a> (when the Labour majority was 62 per cent),<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> he was elected as a Conservative <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950 general election</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_years_as_a_backbencher">First years as a backbencher</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First years as a backbencher">edit</a>]</div> On 16 March 1950, Powell made his <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, speaking on a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> on defence and beginning by saying, "There is no need for me to pretend those feelings of awe and hesitation which assail any honourable Member who rises to address this House for the first time."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On 3 March 1953, Powell spoke against the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Titles_Act_1953_(United_Kingdom)" title="Royal Titles Act 1953 (United Kingdom)">Royal Titles Bill</a> in the House of Commons. He said he found three major changes to the style of the United Kingdom, "all of which seem to me to be evil". The first one was "that in this title, for the first time, will be recognised a principle hitherto never admitted in this country, namely, the divisibility of the crown." Powell said that the unity of the realm had evolved over centuries and included the British Empire: "It was a unit because it had one Sovereign. There was one Sovereign: one realm." He feared that by "recognising the division of the realm into separate realms, are we not opening the way for that other remaining unity—the last unity of all—that of the person, to go the way of the rest?"<a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 195–202  The second change he objected to was "the suppression of the word 'British', both from before the words 'Realms and Territories' where it is replaced by the words 'her other' and from before the word 'Commonwealth', which, in the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, is described as the 'British Commonwealth of Nations'": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To say that he is Monarch of a certain territory and his other realms and territories is as good as to say that he is king of his kingdom. We have perpetrated a solecism in the title we are proposing to attach to our Sovereign and we have done so out of what might almost be called an abject desire to eliminate the expression 'British'. The same desire has been felt ... to eliminate this word before the term 'Commonwealth' ... Why is it, then, that we are so anxious, in the description of our own Monarch, in a title for use in this country, to eliminate any reference to the seat, the focus and the origin of this vast aggregate of territories? Why is it that this "teeming womb of royal Kings", as Shakespeare called it, wishes now to be anonymous?<a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 196–199 </blockquote> Powell said that the answer was that because the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a> had removed allegiance to the crown as the basis of citizenship and replaced that with nine separate citizenships combined together by statute. Therefore, if any of these nine countries became republics the law would not change, as happened with India when it became a republic. Furthermore, Powell went on, the essence of unity was "that all the parts recognise they would sacrifice themselves to the interests of the whole." He denied that there was in India that "recognition of belonging to a greater whole which involves the ultimate consequence in certain circumstances of self-sacrifice in the interests of the whole." Therefore, the title 'Head of the Commonwealth', the third major change, was "essentially a sham. They are essentially something which we have invented to blind ourselves to the reality of the position."<a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 199–201  These changes were "greatly repugnant" to Powell: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... if they are changes which were demanded by those who in many wars had fought with this country, by nations who maintained an allegiance to the Crown, and who signified a desire to be in the future as were in the past; if it were our friends who had come to us and said: "We want this," I would say: "Let it go. Let us admit the divisibility of the Crown. Let us sink into anonymity and cancel the word 'British' from our titles. If they like the conundrum 'Head of the Commonwealth' in the Royal style, let it be there." However, the underlying evil of this is that we are doing it for the sake not of our friends but of those who are not our friends. We are doing this for the sake of those to whom the very names 'Britain' and 'British' are repugnant. ... We are doing this for the sake of those who have deliberately cast off their allegiance to our common Monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 201 </blockquote> For the rest of his life, Powell regarded this speech as the finest he ever delivered (rather than the much more well-known 1968 anti-immigration speech).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998184-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 230  In mid-November 1953, Powell secured a place on the <a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a>'s executive at the third attempt. Butler also invited him onto the committee that reviewed party policy for the general election, which he attended until 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998189-105">[105]</a> Powell was a member of the Suez Group of MPs who were against the removal of British troops from the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, because such a move would demonstrate, Powell argued, that the UK could no longer maintain a position there, and that any claim to the Suez Canal would therefore be illogical. However, after the troops had left in June 1956 and the Egyptians nationalised the Canal a month later, Powell opposed the attempt to retake the canal in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> because he thought the British no longer had the resources to be a world power.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-13">[13]</a>: 99–100  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_and_out_of_office">In and out of office</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In and out of office">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junior_Housing_Minister">Junior Housing Minister</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Junior Housing Minister">edit</a>]</div> On 21 December 1955, Powell was appointed parliamentary secretary to <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing and Local Government">Ministry of Housing</a>. He called it "the best ever Christmas box".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568-8">[8]</a> In early 1956, he spoke for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_Subsidies_Act_1956&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Housing Subsidies Act 1956 (page does not exist)">Housing Subsidies Bill</a> in the Commons and argued for the rejection of an amendment that would have hindered slum clearances. He also spoke in support of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slum_Clearance_(Compensation)_Act_1956&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slum Clearance (Compensation) Act 1956 (page does not exist)">Slum Clearances Bill</a>, which provided entitlement for full compensation for those who purchased a house after August 1939 and still occupied it in December 1955 if this property would be compulsorily purchased by the government if it was deemed unfit for human habitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998203–204-106">[106]</a> In early 1956, Powell attended a subcommittee on immigration control as a housing minister and advocated immigration controls. In August, he gave a speech at a meeting of the Institute of Personnel Management and was asked a question about immigration. He answered that limiting immigration would require a change in the law: "There might be circumstances in which such a change of the law might be the lesser of two evils". But he added, "There would be very few people who would say the time had yet come when it was essential that so great a change should be made". Powell later told <a href="/wiki/Paul_Foot_(journalist)" title="Paul Foot (journalist)">Paul Foot</a> that the statement was made "out of loyalty to the Government line".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998205–206-107">[107]</a> Powell also spoke for the Rent Bill, which ended wartime <a href="/wiki/Rent_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent controls">rent controls</a> when existing tenants moved out, thereby phasing out regulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998209-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Financial Secretary to the Treasury">edit</a>]</div> At a meeting of the 1922 Committee on 22 November 1956, Butler made a speech appealing for party unity in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis. His speech did not go down well and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, whom Butler had taken along for moral support, addressed them and was a great success. In Powell's view this was "one of the most horrible things that I remember in politics ... seeing the way in which Harold Macmillan, with all the skill of the old actor-manager, succeeded in false-footing Rab. The sheer devilry of it verged upon the disgusting". After Macmillan's death in 1986, Powell said "Macmillan was a Whig, not a Tory ... he had no use for the Conservative loyalties and affections; they interfered too much with the Whig's true vocation of detecting trends in events and riding them skilfully so as to preserve the privileges, property and interests of his class".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998210-109">[109]</a> However, when Macmillan replaced Eden as Prime Minister, Powell was offered the office of <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a> on 14 January 1957. This office was the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>'s deputy and the most important job outside the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998210–211-110">[110]</a> In January 1958 he resigned, along with the Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a> and his Treasury colleague <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel Birch">Nigel Birch</a>, in protest at government plans for increased expenditure; he was a staunch advocate of disinflation, or, in modern terms, a <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a>, and a believer in market forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth1970180–189-111">[111]</a> Powell was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a>. The by-product of this expenditure was the printing of extra money to pay for it all, which Powell believed to be the cause of inflation, and in effect a form of taxation, as the holders of money find their money is worth less. Inflation rose to 2.5 per cent, a high figure for the era, especially in peacetime. During the late 1950s, Powell promoted control of the money supply to prevent inflation and, during the 1960s, was an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> policies, which at the time were seen as extreme, unworkable and unpopular. Powell advocated the privatisation of the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">Post Office</a> and the telephone network as early as 1964. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth1970318-112">[112]</a> He both scorned the idea of "consensus politics" and wanted the Conservative Party to become a modern business-like party, freed from its old aristocratic and "old boy network" associations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth1970319-113">[113]</a> In his 1958 resignation over public spending and what he saw as an inflationary economic policy, he anticipated almost exactly the views that during the 1980s came to be described as "monetarism".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hola_Massacre_speech">Hola Massacre speech</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hola Massacre speech">edit</a>]</div> On 27 July 1959, Powell delivered a speech in the Commons about the <a href="/wiki/Hola_massacre" title="Hola massacre">Hola Camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a>, where eleven <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Land_and_Freedom_Army" title="Kenya Land and Freedom Army">Mau Mau</a> were killed after refusing work in the camp. Powell noted that some MPs had described the eleven as "sub-human", but Powell responded by saying: "In general, I would say that it is a fearful doctrine, which must recoil upon the heads of those who pronounce it, to stand in judgement on a fellow human being and to say, 'Because he was such-and-such, therefore the consequences which would otherwise flow from his death shall not flow'."<a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 206–207  Powell also disagreed with the notion that because it was in Africa, different methods were acceptable: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nor can we ourselves pick and choose where and in what parts of the world we shall use this or that kind of standard. We cannot say, "We will have African standards in Africa, Asian standards in Asia and perhaps British standards here at home". We have not that choice to make. We must be consistent with ourselves everywhere. All Government, all influence of man upon man, rests upon opinion. What we can do in Africa, where we still govern and where we no longer govern, depends upon the opinion which is entertained of the way in which this country acts and the way in which Englishmen act. We cannot, we dare not, in Africa of all places, fall below our own highest standards in the acceptance of responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 207 </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a>, a member of parliament from 1952 to 1992, later said this speech was "the greatest parliamentary speech I ever heard ... it had all the moral passion and rhetorical force of <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998252-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> report of the speech said that "as Mr Powell sat down, he put his hand across his eyes. His emotion was justified, for he had made a great and sincere speech".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998254-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Health">Minister of Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minister of Health">edit</a>]</div> Powell returned to the government in July 1960, when he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Health minister</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth1970229ff-117">[117]</a> although he did not become a member of the Cabinet until 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth1970270-118">[118]</a> During a meeting with parents of babies that had been born with deformities caused by the drug <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">thalidomide</a>, he was unsympathetic to the victims, refusing to meet any babies affected by the drug.<a href="#cite_note-StephensBrynner2009-119">[119]</a> Powell also refused to launch a <a href="/wiki/Public_inquiry" title="Public inquiry">public inquiry</a>, and resisted calls to issue a warning against any left-over thalidomide pills that might remain in people's medicine cabinets (as US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> had done).<a href="#cite_note-StephensBrynner2009-119">[119]</a> On 4 December 1961, Powell, as Minister of Health, announced that the <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">birth control pill</a> Conovid could be prescribed to women through the NHS at a subsidised price of 2 shillings per month.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In this job, he developed the 1962 Hospital Plan.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> He began a debate on the neglect of the huge <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">psychiatric institutions</a>, calling for them to be replaced by wards in general hospitals. In his 1961 "Water Tower" speech, he said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There they stand, isolated, majestic, imperious, brooded over by the gigantic water-tower and chimney combined, rising unmistakable and daunting out of the countryside—the asylums which our forefathers built with such immense solidity to express the notions of their day. Do not for a moment underestimate their powers of resistance to our assault. Let me describe some of the defences which we have to storm.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></blockquote> The speech catalysed a debate that was one of several strands leading to the <a href="/wiki/Care_in_the_Community" title="Care in the Community">Care in the Community</a> initiative of the 1980s. In 1993, however, Powell stated that his policy could have worked. He said the criminally insane should have never been released and that the problem was one of funding. He said the new way of caring for the mentally ill would cost more, not less, than the old way because community care was decentralised and intimate as well as being "more human". His successors had not, Powell claimed, provided the money for local authorities to spend on mental health care and therefore institutional care had been neglected while at the same time there was not any investment in community care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998941-123">[123]</a> After his speech on immigration in 1968, Powell's political opponents sometimes alleged that he had, when Minister of Health, recruited immigrants from the Commonwealth into the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS). However, the Minister of Health was not responsible for recruitment (this was left to health authorities)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998286-124">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Godber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Godber">Sir George Godber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer (United Kingdom)">Chief Medical Officer</a> for Her Majesty's Government in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> from 1960 to 1973 (and for <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> from 1960 to 1969), stated that the allegation was "bunk ... absolute rubbish. There was no such policy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998597-125">[125]</a> Powell's biographer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Heffer" title="Simon Heffer">Simon Heffer</a> also stated that the claim "is a complete untruth. As Powell's biographer I have been thoroughly through the Ministry of Health papers at the Public Record Office and have found no evidence to support this assertion".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> During the early 1960s, Powell was asked about the recruitment of immigrant workers for the NHS. He replied by saying "recruitment was in the hands of the hospital authorities, but this was something that happened of its own accord given that there was no bar upon entry and employment in the United Kingdom to those from the West Indies or anywhere else [in the Commonwealth or colonies]."<a href="#cite_note-immigration1-127">[127]</a> Powell did welcome immigrant nurses and doctors, under the condition that they were to be temporary workers training in the UK and would then return to their native countries as qualified doctors or nurses.<a href="#cite_note-immigration1-127">[127]</a> Shortly after becoming Minister of Health, Powell asked Rab Butler (the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>) if he could be appointed to a ministerial committee which monitored immigration and was about to be re-constituted.<a href="#cite_note-immigration1-127">[127]</a> Powell was worried about the strain caused by NHS immigrants, and papers show that he wanted a stronger restriction on Commonwealth immigration than that which was passed in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-immigration1-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s">1960s</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_elections">Leadership elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Leadership elections">edit</a>]</div> In October 1963, along with <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a>, Powell tried in vain to persuade Butler not to serve under the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Home" title="Earl of Home">Earl of Home</a> (soon to be known as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alec Douglas-Home">Sir Alec Douglas-Home</a>), in the belief that the latter would be unable to form a government. Powell commented that they had given Butler a revolver, which he had refused to use in case it made a noise or hurt anyone.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Macleod and Powell refused to serve in Lord Home's Cabinet. This refusal is not usually attributed to personal antipathy to Douglas-Home but rather to anger at what Macleod and Powell saw as Macmillan's underhand manipulation of colleagues during the process of choosing a new leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth1970302–303,_315-129">[129]</a> However, at the meeting at his house on the evening of 17 October, Powell, who still enjoyed a liberal reputation on racial issues after his Hola Massacre Speech, reportedly said of Lord Home: "How can I serve under a man whose views on Africa are positively <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese</a>?"<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 general election</a>, Powell said in his election address, "it was essential, for the sake not only of our own people but of the immigrants themselves, to introduce control over the numbers allowed in. I am convinced that strict control must continue if we are to avoid the evils of a 'colour question' in this country, for ourselves and for our children".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998360-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Fowler">Norman Fowler</a>, then a reporter for <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, interviewed Powell during the election and asked him what the biggest issue was: "I expected to be told something about the cost of living but not a bit of it. 'Immigration,' replied Powell. I duly phoned in my piece but it was never used. After all, who in 1964 had ever heard of a former Conservative cabinet minister thinking that immigration was an important political issue?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998360-131">[131]</a> Following the Conservatives' defeat in the election, he agreed to return to the front bench as Transport Spokesman.<a href="#cite_note-Roth-13">[13]</a>: 316  In July 1965, he stood in the first-ever <a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">party leadership election</a> but came a distant third to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, obtaining only 15 votes, just below the result <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fraser_(British_politician)" title="Hugh Fraser (British politician)">Hugh Fraser</a> would gain in the 1975 contest. Heath appointed him Shadow Secretary of State for Defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth1970327ff-132">[132]</a> Powell said that he had "left his visiting card", i.e. demonstrated himself to be a potential future leader, but the immediate effect was to demonstrate his limited support in the Parliamentary Party, enabling Heath to feel more comfortable calling his bluff.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shadow_Defence_Secretary">Shadow Defence Secretary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Shadow Defence Secretary">edit</a>]</div> In his first speech to the Conservative Party conference as Shadow Secretary of State for Defence on 14 October 1965, Powell outlined a fresh defence policy, jettisoning what he saw as outdated global military commitments left over from the UK's imperial past and stressing that the UK was a European power and therefore an alliance with Western European states from possible attack from the East was central to the UK's safety. He defended the UK's nuclear weapons and argued that it was "the merest casuistry to argue that if the weapon and the means of using it are purchased in part, or even altogether, from another nation, therefore the independent right to use it has no reality. With a weapon so catastrophic, it is possession and the right to use which count".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Also, Powell called into question Western military commitments <a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">However much we may do to safeguard and reassure the new independent countries in Asia and Africa, the eventual limits of Russian and Chinese advance in those directions will be fixed by a balance of forces which will itself be Asiatic and African. The two Communist empires are already in a state of mutual antagonism; but every advance or threat of advance by one or the other calls into existence countervailing forces, sometimes nationalist in character, sometimes expansionist, which will ultimately check it. We have to reckon with the harsh fact that the attainment of this eventual equilibrium of forces may at some point be delayed rather than hastened by Western military presence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998391-135">[135]</a></blockquote> The Daily Telegraph journalist <a href="/wiki/David_Howell,_Baron_Howell_of_Guildford" title="David Howell, Baron Howell of Guildford">David Howell</a> remarked to Andrew Alexander that Powell had "just withdrawn us from East of Suez, and received an enormous ovation because no-one understood what he was talking about".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998391-135">[135]</a> However, the Americans were worried by Powell's speech as they wanted British military commitments in South-East Asia as they were still fighting in Vietnam. A transcript of the speech was sent to Washington and the American embassy requested to talk to Heath about the "Powell doctrine". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> said Powell's speech was "a potential declaration of independence from American policy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998391–392-136">[136]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">election campaign of 1966</a>, Powell claimed that the British government had contingency plans to send at least a token British force to Vietnam and that, under Labour, "Britain has behaved perfectly clearly and perfectly recognisably as an American satellite".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> had indeed asked Wilson for some British forces for Vietnam, and when it was later suggested to Powell that Washington understood that the public reaction to Powell's allegations had made Wilson realise he would not have favourable public opinion and so could not go through with it, Powell responded: "The greatest service I have performed for my country, if that is so".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998406-138">[138]</a> Labour was returned with a large majority, and Powell was retained by Heath as Shadow Defence Secretary as he believed Powell "was too dangerous to leave out".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998410-139">[139]</a> In a controversial speech on 26 May 1967, Powell criticised the UK's post-war world role: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In our imagination the vanishing last vestiges ... of Britain's once vast Indian Empire have transformed themselves into a peacekeeping role on which the sun never sets. Under God's good providence and in partnership with the United States, we keep the peace of the world and rush hither and thither containing Communism, putting out brush fires and coping with subversion. It is difficult to describe, without using terms derived from psychiatry, a notion having so few points of contact with reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998431-140">[140]</a></blockquote> In 1967, Powell spoke of his opposition to the immigration of Kenyan Asians to the United Kingdom after the African country's leader <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a>'s discriminatory policies led to the flight of <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Asians</a> from that country.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The biggest argument Powell and Heath had during Powell's time in the Shadow Cabinet was over a dispute over the role of <a href="/wiki/Black_Rod" title="Black Rod">Black Rod</a>, who would go to the Commons to summon them to the Lords to hear the Royal Assent of Bills. In November 1967, Black Rod arrived during a debate on the EEC and was met with cries of "Shame" to "'Op it". At the next Shadow Cabinet meeting Heath said this "nonsense" must be stopped. Powell suggested that Heath did not mean it should be ended. He asked whether Heath realised that the words Black Rod used went back to the 1307 Parliament of Carlisle and were ancient even then. Heath reacted furiously, saying that the British people "were tired of this nonsense and ceremonial and mummery. He would not stand for the perpetuation of this ridiculous business etc".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_figure">National figure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National figure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968_'Rivers_of_Blood'_speech">1968 'Rivers of Blood' speech</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1968 'Rivers of Blood' speech">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood speech</a></div> The Birmingham-based television company <a href="/wiki/Associated_Television" title="Associated Television">ATV</a> saw an advance copy of the speech on the Saturday morning, and its news editor ordered a television crew to go to the venue, where they filmed sections of the speech. Earlier in the week, Powell said to his friend Clement 'Clem' Jones, a journalist and then editor at the <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> <a href="/wiki/Express_%26_Star" title="Express & Star">Express & Star</a>, "I'm going to make a speech at the weekend and it's going to go up 'fizz' like a rocket; but whereas all rockets fall to the earth, this one is going to stay up."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Powell was renowned for his oratorical skills and his maverick nature. On 20 April 1968, he gave a speech in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in which he warned his audience of what he believed would be the consequences of continued unchecked mass immigration from the Commonwealth to the UK. Above all, it is an allusion to the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> towards the end of the speech which has been remembered, giving the speech its colloquial name: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As I look ahead, I am filled with foreboding. Like the Roman, I seem to see 'the River <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> foaming with much blood'. That tragic and intractable phenomenon which we watch with horror on the other side of the Atlantic but which there is interwoven with the history and existence of the States itself, is coming upon us here by our own volition and our own neglect. Indeed, it has all but come. In numerical terms, it will be of American proportions long before the end of the 20th century. Only resolute and urgent action will avert it even now. Whether there will be the public will to demand and obtain that action, I do not know. All I know is that to see, and not to speak, would be the great betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> declared it "an evil speech", stating, "This is the first time that a serious British politician has appealed to racial hatred in this direct way in our postwar history."<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The main political issue addressed by the speech was not immigration as such, however. It was the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1968" title="Race Relations Act 1968">Race Relations Act 1968</a> (by the Labour Government at the time), which Powell found offensive and immoral. The Act would prohibit discrimination on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> in certain areas of British life, particularly housing, where many local authorities had been refusing to provide houses for immigrant families until they had lived in the country for a certain number of years.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> One feature of his speech was the extensive quotation of a letter he received detailing the experiences of one of his constituents in <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wolverhampton South West (UK Parliament constituency)">Wolverhampton</a>. The writer described the fate of an elderly woman who was supposedly the last White person living in her street. She had repeatedly refused applications from non-Whites requiring rooms-to-let, which resulted in her being called a "racialist" outside her home and receiving "excreta" through her letterbox.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> When Heath telephoned <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> to tell her that he was going to sack Powell, she responded: "I really thought that it was better to let things cool down for the present rather than heighten the crisis". Heath sacked Powell from his <a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a> the day after the speech and he never held another senior political post again. Powell received almost 120,000 (predominantly positive) letters and a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> at the end of April showed that 74 per cent of those asked agreed with his speech and only 15 per cent disagreed, with 11 per cent unsure.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> One poll concluded that between 61 and 73 per cent disagreed with Heath sacking Powell.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_1994,_p._352-3">[3]</a> According to George L. Bernstein, many British people felt that Powell "was the first British politician who was actually listening to them".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> After <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> branded his speeches "racialist", Powell sued it for <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a>, but withdrew when he was required to provide the letters he had quoted from because he had promised anonymity for the writer, who refused to waive it.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Powell had also expressed his opposition to the Race Relations legislation being put into place by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Following the "Rivers of Blood" speech, Powell was transformed into a national public figure and won huge support across the UK.<a href="#cite_note-dumbrell-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-alor-7">[7]</a> Three days after the speech, on 23 April, as the Race Relations Bill was being debated in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, 1,000 dockers marched on Westminster protesting against the "<a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">victimisation</a>" of Powell, with slogans such as "we want Enoch Powell!" and "Enoch here, Enoch there, we want Enoch everywhere". The next day, 400 meat porters from Smithfield market handed in a 92-page petition in support of Powell, amidst other mass demonstrations of working-class support, much of it from trade unionists, in London and Wolverhampton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1997354-153">[153]</a> Conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a> stated that in the aftermath of the "Rivers of blood" speech, if Enoch Powell had stood for leadership of the Conservative party he would have won "by a landslide" and if he had stood to be Prime Minister he would have won by a "national landslide".<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Morecambe_Budget'">'Morecambe Budget'</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 'Morecambe Budget'">edit</a>]</div> Powell made a speech in <a href="/wiki/Morecambe" title="Morecambe">Morecambe</a> on 11 October 1968 on the economy, setting out alternative, radical free-market policies that would later be called the 'Morecambe Budget'. Powell used the financial year of 1968–69 to show how income tax could be halved from 8s 3d to 4s 3d in the pound (basic rate cut from 41 to 21 per cent)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a>: 484  and how capital gains tax and <a href="/wiki/Selective_Employment_Tax" title="Selective Employment Tax">Selective Employment Tax</a> could be abolished without reducing expenditure on defence or the social services. These tax reductions required a saving of £2,855,000,000 and this would be funded by eradicating losses in the nationalised industries and privatising the profit-making state concerns; ending all housing subsidies except for those who could not afford their own housing; ending all foreign aid; ending all grants and subsidies in agriculture; ending all assistance to development areas; ending all investment grants;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1997375–376-156">[156]</a> and abolishing the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_Development_Council" title="National Economic Development Council">National Economic Development Council</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prices_and_Incomes_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prices and Incomes Board (page does not exist)">Prices and Incomes Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998485-157">[157]</a> The cuts in taxation would also allow the state to borrow from the public to spend on capital projects such as hospitals and roads and spend on "the firm and humane treatment of criminals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998485–486-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Lords_reform">House of Lords reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: House of Lords reform">edit</a>]</div> In mid-1968, Powell's book The House of Lords in the Middle Ages was published after twenty years' work. At the press conference for its publication, Powell said if the government introduced a Bill to reform the Lords he would be its "resolute enemy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998474-159">[159]</a> Later in 1968, when the Labour government published its Bills for the new session, Powell was angry at Heath's acceptance of the plan drawn up by the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a> and Labour's <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a> to reform the Lords, titled the Parliament (No. 2) Bill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998489-160">[160]</a> Crossman, opening the debate on 19 November, said the government would reform the Lords in five ways: removing the voting rights of hereditary peers; making sure no party had a permanent majority; ensuring the government of the day usually passed its laws; weakening the Lords' powers to delay new laws; and abolishing the power to refuse subordinate legislation if it had been passed by the Commons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998495-161">[161]</a> Powell spoke in the debate, opposing these plans. He said the reforms were "unnecessary and undesirable" and that there was no weight in the claim that the Lords could "check or frustrate the firm intentions" of the Commons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998496-162">[162]</a> Powell said that only election or nomination could replace the hereditary nature of the Lords. If they were elected it would pose the dilemma of which House was truly representative of the electorate. He also had another objection: "How can the same electorate be represented in two ways so that the two sets of representatives can conflict and disagree with one another?" Those nominated would be bound to the Chief Whip of their party through a sort of oath and Powell asked "what sort of men and women are they to be who would submit to be nominated to another chamber upon condition that they will be mere dummies, automatic parts of a voting machine?" He also stated that the inclusion in the proposals of thirty <a href="/wiki/Crossbenchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbenchers">crossbenchers</a> was "a grand absurdity", because they would have been chosen "upon the very basis that they have no strong views of principle on the way in which the country ought to be governed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998496-162">[162]</a> Powell said the Lords derived their authority not from a strict hereditary system but from its prescriptive nature: "It has long been so, and it works". He then added that there was not any widespread desire for reform: he indicated a recent survey of working-class voters that showed that only one-third of them wanted to reform or abolish the House of Lords, with another third believing the Lords were an "intrinsic part of the national traditions of Britain". Powell deduced from this, "As so often, the ordinary rank and file of the electorate have seen a truth, an important fact, which has escaped so many more clever people—the underlying value of that which is traditional, that which is prescriptive".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998497-163">[163]</a> Following more speeches against the Bill during early 1969, and faced with the fact a bloc of left-wing Labour members were also against reforming the House of Lords as they desired its abolition altogether, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> announced on 17 April that the Bill was being withdrawn. Wilson's statement was brief, with Powell intervening: "Don't eat them too quickly", which provoked much laughter in the House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998521-164">[164]</a> Later that day Powell said in a speech to the <a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There was an instinct, inarticulate but deep and sound, that the traditional, prescriptive House of Lords posed no threat and injured no interests, but might yet, for all its illogicalities and anomalies, make itself felt on occasion to useful purpose. The same sound instinct was repelled by the idea of a new-fashioned second chamber, artificially constructed by power, party, and patronage, to function in a particular way. Not for the first time, the common people of this country proved the surest defenders of their traditional institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998521-164">[164]</a></blockquote> Powell's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Heffer" title="Simon Heffer">Simon Heffer</a>, described the defeat of Lords reform as "perhaps the greatest triumph of Powell's political career".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998521-164">[164]</a> In 1969, when it was first suggested that the United Kingdom should join the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, Powell spoke openly of his opposition to such a move. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departure_from_the_Conservative_Party">Departure from the Conservative Party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Departure from the Conservative Party">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> in February 1969 showed Powell to be the "most admired person" in British public opinion.<a href="#cite_note-dumbrell-6">[6]</a> In a defence debate in March 1970, Powell said that "the whole theory of the tactical nuclear weapon, or the tactical use of nuclear weapons, is an unmitigated absurdity" and that it was "remotely improbable" that any group of nations engaged in war would "decide upon general and mutual suicide", and advocated enlargement of the UK's conventional forces. However, when fellow Conservative <a href="/wiki/Julian_Amery" title="Julian Amery">Julian Amery</a> later in the debate criticised Powell for his antinuclear pronouncements, Powell responded: "I have always regarded the possession of the nuclear capability as a protection against <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_blackmail" title="Nuclear blackmail">nuclear blackmail</a>. It is a protection against being threatened with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>. What it is not a protection against is war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998549-165">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 general election</a> took place on 18 June and was unexpectedly won by the Conservatives, with a late surge in their support. Powell's supporters claim that he contributed to this surprise victory. In "exhaustive research" on the election, the American pollster Douglas Schoen and University of Oxford academic R. W. Johnson believed it "beyond dispute" that Powell had attracted 2.5 million votes to the Conservatives, but the Conservative vote had increased by only 1.7 million since 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568-8">[8]</a> However the Conservative victory was reportedly not to Powell's advantage, who according to friends "sat in his head in his hands" for many days afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Powell had voted against the <a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> in 1950 and had supported entry into the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> only because he believed that it was simply a means to secure free trade. In March 1969, he opposed the UK's joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>. Opposition to entry had hitherto been confined largely to the Labour Party but now, he said, it was clear to him that the sovereignty of Parliament was in question, as was UK's very survival as a nation. This nationalist analysis attracted millions of middle-class Conservatives and others, and as much as anything else it made Powell the implacable enemy of Heath, a fervent pro-European; but there was already enmity between the two.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During 1970, Powell gave speeches about the EEC in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> (in French), <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> (in German), <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> (in Italian) and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The Conservatives had promised at the 1970 general election<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> in relation to the Common Market. "Our sole commitment is to negotiate; no more, no less". The second reading of the Bill to put the Treaty into law was passed by just eight votes on second reading, and Powell declared his hostility to his party's line. He voted against the government on every one of the 104 divisions in the course of the European Communities Bill. When Britain finally entered the EEC in January 1973, after three years of campaigning on the question, he decided he could no longer sit in a parliament that he believed was no longer sovereign. A <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> opinion poll in 1972 showed Powell to be the most popular politician in the country.<a href="#cite_note-alor-7">[7]</a> In mid-1972, he prepared to resign the Conservative whip and changed his mind only because of fears of a renewed wave of immigration from Uganda after the accession of <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>, who had expelled Uganda's Asian residents. He decided to remain in parliament and in the Conservative Party, and was expected to support the party in Wolverhampton at the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">snap general election of February 1974</a> called by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>. However, on 23 February 1974, with the election only five days away, Powell dramatically turned his back on his party, giving as the reasons that it had taken the United Kingdom into the EEC without having a mandate to do so, and that it had abandoned other manifesto commitments, so that he could no longer support it at the election.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The monetarist economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> sent Powell a letter praising him as principled,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998703-170">[170]</a> and notably, there was a breakaway faction of the Conservative Party in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Gloucester (UK Parliament constituency)">Gloucester</a> which selected a candidate who stood under the party name of "Powell Conservative", securing 366 votes, 0.7% of the overall vote share in the constituency.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> There was also a candidate listed in the neighbouring constituency of <a href="/wiki/Stroud_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)">Stroud</a> who obtained 470 votes, 0.8% of the overall vote share in the constituency. Powell had arranged for his friend <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Alexander_(journalist)" title="Andrew Alexander (journalist)">Andrew Alexander</a> to talk to <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haines_(journalist)" title="Joe Haines (journalist)">Joe Haines</a>, the press secretary of the Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, about the timing of Powell's speeches against Heath. Powell had been talking to Wilson irregularly since June 1973 during chance meetings in the gentlemen's lavatories of the "aye" lobby in the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998701–702-172">[172]</a> Wilson and Haines had ensured that Powell would dominate the newspapers of the Sunday and Monday before election day by having no Labour frontbencher give a major speech on 23 February, the day of Powell's speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998704–705-173">[173]</a> Powell gave this speech at the Mecca Dance Hall in the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham" title="Bull Ring, Birmingham">Bull Ring</a>, Birmingham, to an audience of 1,500, with some press reports estimating that 7,000 more had to be turned away. Powell said the issue of British membership of the EEC was one where "if there be a conflict between the call of country and that of party, the call of country must come first": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Curiously, it so happens that the question "Who governs Britain?" which at the moment is being frivolously posed, might be taken, in real earnest, as the title of what I have to say. This is the first and last election at which the British people will be given the opportunity to decide whether their country is to remain a democratic nation, governed by the will of its own electorate expressed in its own Parliament, or whether it will become one province in a new European superstate under institutions which know nothing of the political rights and liberties that we have so long taken for granted.<a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 454 </blockquote> Powell went on to criticise the Conservative government for obtaining British membership despite the party having promised at the general election of 1970 that it would "negotiate: no more, no less" and that "the full-hearted consent of Parliament and people" would be needed if the UK were to join. He also denounced Heath for accusing his political opponents of lacking respect for Parliament while also being "the first Prime Minister in three hundred years who entertained, let alone executed, the intention of depriving Parliament of its sole right to make the laws and impose the taxes of this country".<a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 456–457  He then advocated a vote for the Labour Party: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The question is: can they now be prevented from taking back into their own hands the decision about their identity and their form of government which truly was theirs all along? I do not believe they can be prevented: for they are now, at a general election, provided with a clear, definite and practicable alternative, namely, a fundamental renegotiation directed to regain free access to world food markets and recover or retain the powers of Parliament, a renegotiation to be followed in any event by a specific submission of the outcome to the electorate, a renegotiation protected by an immediate moratorium or stop on all further integration of the UK into the Community. This alternative is offered, as such an alternative must be in our parliamentary democracy, by a political party capable of securing a majority in the House of Commons and sustaining a Government.<a href="#cite_note-Collings-103">[103]</a>: 458 </blockquote> This call to vote Labour surprised some of Powell's supporters who were more concerned with beating socialism than the supposed loss of national independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998707-174">[174]</a> On 25 February, he made another speech at <a href="/wiki/Shipley,_West_Yorkshire" title="Shipley, West Yorkshire">Shipley</a>, again urging a vote for Labour, saying he did not believe the claim that Wilson would renege on his commitment to renegotiation, which Powell believed was ironic because of Heath's premiership: "In acrobatics Harold Wilson, for all his nimbleness and skill, is simply no match for the breathtaking, thoroughgoing efficiency of the present Prime Minister". At this moment a heckler shouted "Judas!" Powell responded: "Judas was paid! Judas was paid! I am making a sacrifice!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998708–709-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Later in the speech Powell said, "I was born a Tory, am a Tory and shall die a Tory. It is part of me ... it is something I cannot alter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998709-177">[177]</a> In 1987, Powell said there was no contradiction between urging people to vote Labour while proclaiming to be a Tory: "Many Labour members are quite good Tories".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1997404-178">[178]</a> Powell, in an interview on 26 February, said he would be voting for <a href="/wiki/Helene_Middleweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Helene Middleweek">Helene Middleweek</a>, the Labour candidate, rather than the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Budgen" title="Nicholas Budgen">Nicholas Budgen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998709–710-179">[179]</a> Powell did not stay up on election night to watch the results on television, and when on 1 March he picked up his copy of The Times from his letterbox and saw the headline "Mr Heath's general election gamble fails", he reacted by singing the <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a>. He later said: "I had had my revenge on the man who had destroyed the self-government of the United Kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998710–711-180">[180]</a> The election result was a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>. Although the Tories had won the most votes, Labour finished five seats ahead of the Conservatives. The national swing to Labour was 1 per cent; 4 per cent in Powell's heartland, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_conurbation" title="West Midlands conurbation">West Midlands conurbation</a>; and 16 per cent in his old constituency (although Budgen won the seat).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998712-181">[181]</a> According to the Telegraph journalist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Heffer" title="Simon Heffer">Simon Heffer</a>, both Powell and Heath believed that Powell had been responsible for the Conservatives' losing the election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998712-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ulster_Unionist">Ulster Unionist</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ulster Unionist">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974–1979">1974–1979</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1974–1979">edit</a>]</div> In a sudden <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">general election in October 1974</a>, Powell returned to Parliament as <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionist">Ulster Unionist</a> (UUP) MP for <a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a>, having rejected an offer to stand as a candidate for the far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a>, formed seven years earlier and fiercely opposed to non-white immigration. He repeated his call to vote Labour because of their policy on the EEC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998732–733-182">[182]</a> Since 1968, Powell had been an increasingly frequent visitor to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, and in keeping with his general British nationalist viewpoint, he sided strongly with the Ulster Unionists in their desire to remain a constituent part of the United Kingdom. From early 1971, he opposed, with increasing vehemence, Heath's approach to Northern Ireland, the greatest breach with his party coming over the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Direct_rule_over_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct rule over Northern Ireland">direct rule</a> in 1972. He strongly believed that it would survive only if the <a href="/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (Ireland)">Unionists</a> strove to integrate completely with the United Kingdom by abandoning devolved rule in Northern Ireland. He refused to join the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>, the first Ulster Unionist MP at <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Commons (UK)">Westminster</a> never to be a member (and, to date, one of only four, the others being <a href="/wiki/Ken_Maginnis" title="Ken Maginnis">Ken Maginnis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kinahan" title="Danny Kinahan">Danny Kinahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Hermon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Hermon">Lady Hermon</a>), and he was an outspoken opponent of the more extremist <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalism</a> espoused by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> and his supporters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (PIRA) on 21 November 1974, the government passed the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Acts" title="Prevention of Terrorism Acts">Prevention of Terrorism Act</a> (PTA). During its second reading, Powell warned of passing legislation "in haste and under the immediate pressure of indignation on matters which touch the fundamental liberties of the subject; for both haste and anger are ill counsellors, especially when one is legislating for the rights of the subject". He said terrorism was a form of warfare that could not be prevented by laws and punishments but by the aggressor's certainty that the war was impossible to win.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998742-183">[183]</a> When Heath called a <a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">leadership election</a> at the end of 1974, Powell claimed they would have to find someone who was not a member of the Cabinet that "without a single resignation or public dissent, not merely swallowed but advocated every single reversal of election pledge or party principle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998745-184">[184]</a> During February 1975, after winning the leadership election, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> refused to offer Powell a Shadow Cabinet place because "he turned his back on his own people" by leaving the Conservative Party exactly 12 months earlier and telling the electorate to vote Labour. Powell replied she was correct to exclude him: "In the first place I am not a member of the Conservative Party and secondly, until the Conservative Party has worked its passage a very long way it will not be rejoining me".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998747-185">[185]</a> Powell also attributed Thatcher's success to luck, saying that she was faced with "supremely unattractive opponents at the time".<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 referendum</a> on British membership of the EEC, Powell campaigned for a 'No' vote. Powell was one of the few prominent supporters of the 'No' camp, with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Peter Shore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a>. The electorate voted 'Yes' by a margin of more than two to one.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> On 23 March 1977, in a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of confidence">vote of confidence</a> against the minority Labour government, Powell, along with a few other Ulster Unionists, abstained. The government won by 322 votes to 298, and remained in power for another two years. Powell said that the only way to stop the Provisional IRA was for Northern Ireland to be an integral part of the United Kingdom, treated the same as any other of its constituent parts. He said the ambiguous nature of the region's status, with its own <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Building_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament Building of Northern Ireland">parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Prime Minister of Northern Ireland">prime minister</a>, gave hope to the IRA that it could be detached from the rest of the UK: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Every word or act which holds out the prospect that their unity with the rest of the United Kingdom might be negotiable is itself, consciously or unconsciously, a contributory cause to the continuation of violence in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998543-189">[189]</a></blockquote> Nonetheless, in the 1987 general election that he lost, Powell campaigned in <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Jim_Kilfedder" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Kilfedder">Jim Kilfedder</a>, the devolutionist North Down Popular Unionist Party MP, and against <a href="/wiki/Robert_McCartney_(Northern_Irish_politician)" title="Robert McCartney (Northern Irish politician)">Bob McCartney</a>, who was standing as a Real Unionist on a policy of integration and equal citizenship for Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In Powell's later career as an Ulster Unionist MP, he continued to criticise the United States and stated that the Americans were trying to persuade the British to surrender Northern Ireland into an all-Ireland state because the condition for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>'s membership of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, Powell said, was Northern Ireland.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Americans wanted to close the 'yawning gap' in NATO defence that was the Republic of Ireland's coast to northern Spain. Powell had a copy of a <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> Policy Statement<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> from 15 August 1950, in which the American government said that the "agitation" caused by partition in Ireland "lessens the usefulness of Ireland in international organisations and complicates strategic planning for Europe". "It is desirable", the document continued, "that Ireland should be integrated into the defence planning of the North Atlantic area, for its strategic position and present lack of defensive capacity are matters of significance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998635-192">[192]</a> Though he voted with the Conservatives in a vote of confidence that brought down the Labour government on 28 March, Powell did not welcome the victory of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">May 1979 election</a>. "Grim" was Powell's response when he was asked what he thought of Thatcher's victory because he believed she would renege like Heath did in 1972. During the election campaign, Thatcher, when questioned, again repeated her vow that there would be no position for Powell in her cabinet if the Conservatives won the forthcoming general election. In the days following the election, Powell wrote to Callaghan to commiserate on his defeat, pay tribute to his reign and to wish him well.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1979–1982">1979–1982</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1979–1982">edit</a>]</div> Following a <a href="/wiki/1980_St_Pauls_riot" title="1980 St Pauls riot">riot in Bristol</a> in 1980, Powell stated that the media were ignoring similar events in south London and Birmingham, and said: "Far less than the foreseeable New Commonwealth and Pakistan ethnic proportion would be sufficient to constitute a dominant political force in the United Kingdom able to extract from a government and the main parties terms calculated to render its influence still more impregnable. Far less than this proportion would provide the bases and citadels for urban terrorism, which would in turn reinforce the overt political leverage of simple numbers". He criticised "the false nostrums and promises of those who apparently monopolise the channels of communication. Who then is likely to listen, let alone to respond, to the proof that nothing short of major movements of population can shift the lines along which we are being carried towards disaster?"<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In the 1980s, Powell began espousing the policy of unilateral nuclear disarmament. In a debate on the nuclear deterrent on 3 March 1981, Powell claimed that the debate was now more political than military; that the UK did not possess an independent deterrent and that through NATO the UK was tied to the nuclear deterrence theory of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998843-195">[195]</a> In the debate on the address shortly after the general election of 1983, Powell picked up on Thatcher's willingness, when asked, to use nuclear weapons as a "last resort". Powell presented a scenario of what he thought the last resort would be, namely that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> would be ready to invade the UK and had used a nuclear weapon on somewhere such as <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a> to demonstrate their willingness to use it: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What would the United Kingdom do? Would it discharge <a href="/wiki/Polaris_(UK_nuclear_programme)" title="Polaris (UK nuclear programme)">Polaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trident_(UK_nuclear_programme)" title="Trident (UK nuclear programme)">Trident</a> or whatever against the main centres of population of the Continent of Europe or in European Russia? If so, what would be the consequence? The consequence would not be that we should survive, that we should repel our antagonist—nor would it be that we should escape defeat. The consequence would be that we would make certain, as far as is humanly possible, the virtual destruction and elimination of the hope of the future in these islands. ... I would much sooner that the power to use it was not in the hands of any individual in this country at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998876–877-196">[196]</a></blockquote> Powell went on to say that if the Soviet invasion had already begun and the UK resorted to a retaliatory strike the results would be the same: "We should be condemning, not merely to death, but as near as may be the non-existence of our population". To Powell, an invasion would take place with or without the UK's nuclear weapons and therefore there was no point in retaining them. He said that after years of consideration, he had come to the conclusion that there were no "rational grounds on which the deformation of our defence preparations in the United Kingdom by our determination to maintain a current independent nuclear deterrent can be justified".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998877-197">[197]</a> On 28 March 1981, Powell gave a speech to <a href="/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a> Young Conservatives where he criticised the "conspiracy of silence" between the government and the opposition over the prospective growth through births of the immigration population, and added, "'We have seen nothing yet' is a phrase that we could with advantage repeat to ourselves whenever we try to form a picture of that future". He also criticised those who believed it was "too late to do anything" and that "there lies the certainty of violence on a scale which can only adequately be described as civil war".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> He also said that the solution was "a reduction in prospective numbers as would represent re-emigration hardly less massive than the immigration which occurred in the first place". The Shadow Home Secretary, Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Roy Hattersley</a>, criticised Powell for using "Munich beer-hall language".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998845-200">[200]</a> On 11 April, there was a <a href="/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot" title="1981 Brixton riot">riot in Brixton</a> and when on 13 April an interviewer quoted to Thatcher Powell's remark that "We have seen nothing yet", she replied: "I heard him say that and I thought it was a very very alarming remark. And I hope with all my heart that it isn't true".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998845-200">[200]</a> In July, a <a href="/wiki/1981_Toxteth_riots" title="1981 Toxteth riots">riot</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Toxteth" title="Toxteth">Toxteth</a>, Liverpool. On 16 July 1981, Powell gave a speech in the Commons in which he said the riots could not be understood unless one takes into consideration the fact that in some large cities between a quarter and a half of those under 25 were immigrant or descended from immigrants. He read out a letter he had received from a member of the public about immigration that included the line: "As they continue to multiply and as we can't retreat further there must be conflict". A Labour MP, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flannery_(British_politician)" title="Martin Flannery (British politician)">Martin Flannery</a>, intervened, saying Powell was making "a National Front speech". Powell predicted "inner London becoming ungovernable or violence which could only effectively be described as civil war", and Flannery intervened again to ask what Powell knew about <a href="/wiki/Inner_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner cities">inner cities</a>. Powell replied: "I was a Member for Wolverhampton for a quarter of a century. What I saw in those early years of the development of this problem in Wolverhampton has made it impossible for me ever to dissociate myself from this gigantic and tragic problem". He also criticised the view that the causes of the riots were economic: "Are we seriously saying that so long as there is poverty, unemployment and deprivation our cities will be torn to pieces, that the police in them will be the objects of attack and that we shall destroy our own environment? Of course not". <a href="/wiki/Judith_Hart" title="Judith Hart">Dame Judith Hart</a> attacked his speech as "an evil incitement to riot". Powell replied: "I am within the judgment of the House, as I am within the judgment of the people of this country, and I am content to stand before either tribunal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998846-201">[201]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Scarman_Report" title="Scarman Report">Scarman Report</a> on the riots was published, Powell gave a speech on 10 December in the Commons. Powell disagreed with Scarman, as the report stated that the black community was alienated because it was economically disadvantaged. Powell instead argued that the black community was alienated because it was alien. He said tensions would worsen because the non-white population was growing: whereas in <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a> it was 25 per cent, of those of secondary school age it was 40 per cent. Powell said that the government should be honest to the people by telling them that in thirty years' time, the black population of Lambeth would have doubled in size.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998851-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Casey_(academic)" title="John Casey (academic)">John Casey</a> records an exchange between Powell and Thatcher during a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norman_(historian)" title="Edward Norman (historian)">Edward Norman</a> (then Dean of Peterhouse) had attempted to mount a Christian argument for nuclear weapons. The discussion moved on to "Western values". Mrs Thatcher said (in effect) that Norman had shown that the Bomb was necessary for the defence of our values. Powell: "No, we do not fight for values. I would fight for this country even if it had a communist government." Thatcher (it was just before the Argentinian invasion of the Falklands): "Nonsense, Enoch. If I send British troops abroad, it will be to defend our values." "No, Prime Minister, values exist in a transcendental realm, beyond space and time. They can neither be fought for, nor destroyed." Mrs Thatcher looked utterly baffled. She had just been presented with the difference between Toryism and American Republicanism.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falklands_conflict">Falklands conflict</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Falklands conflict">edit</a>]</div> When <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">invaded the Falkland Islands</a> in April 1982, Powell was given secret briefings on <a href="/wiki/Privy_Counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Counsellor">Privy Counsellor</a> terms on behalf of his party. On 3 April, Powell said in the Commons that the time for inquests on the government's failure to protect the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> would come later and that although it was right to put the issue before the United Nations, the UK should not wait upon that organisation to deliberate but use forceful action now. He then turned to face Thatcher: "The Prime Minister, shortly after she came into office, received a sobriquet as the 'Iron Lady'. It arose in the context of remarks which she made about defence against the Soviet Union and its allies; but there was no reason to suppose that the right hon. Lady did not welcome and, indeed, take pride in that description. In the next week or two this House, the nation and the right hon. Lady herself will learn of what metal she is made".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> According to Thatcher's friends this had a "devastating impact" on her and encouraged her resolve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998856-205">[205]</a> On 14 April, in the Commons, Powell said: "it is difficult to fault the military and especially the naval measures which the Government have taken". He added: "We are in some danger of resting our position too exclusively upon the existence, the nature and the wishes of the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands ... if the population of the Falkland Islands did not desire to be British, the principle that the Queen wishes no unwilling subjects would long ago have prevailed; but we should create great difficulties for ourselves in other contexts, as well as in this context, if we rested our action purely and exclusively on the notion of restoring tolerable, acceptable conditions and self-determination to our fellow Britons on the Falkland Islands. ... I do not think that we need be too nice about saying that we defend our territory as well as our people. There is nothing irrational, nothing to be ashamed of, in doing that. Indeed, it is impossible in the last resort to distinguish between the defence of territory and the defence of people". Powell also criticised the United Nations Security Council's resolution calling for a "peaceful solution". He said while he wanted a peaceful solution, the resolution's meaning "seems to be of a negotiated settlement or compromise between two incompatible positions—between the position which exists in international law, that the Falkland Islands and their dependencies are British sovereign territory and some other position altogether ... It cannot be meant that one country has only to seize the territory of another country for the nations of the world to say that some middle position must be found. ... If that were the meaning of the resolution of the Security Council, the charter of the United Nations would not be a charter of peace; it would be a pirates' charter. It would mean that any claim anywhere in the world had only to be pursued by force, and points would immediately be gained and a bargaining position established by the aggressor".<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> On 28 April, Powell spoke in the Commons against the Northern Ireland Secretary's (<a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Jim Prior</a>) plans for devolution to a power-sharing assembly in Northern Ireland: "We assured the people of the Falkland Islands that there should be no change in their status without their agreement. Yet at the very same time that those assurances were being repeated, the actions of the Government and their representatives elsewhere were belying or contradicting those assurances and showing that part at any rate of the Government was looking to a very different outcome that could not be approved by the people of the islands. Essentially, exactly the same has happened over the years to Northern Ireland". He further said that power-sharing was a negation of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The next day Powell disagreed with the Labour Party leader <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>'s claim that the British government was acting under the authority of the United Nations: "The right of self-defence—to repel aggression and to expel an invader from one's territory and one's people whom he has occupied and taken captive—is, as the Government have said, an inherent right. It is one which existed before the United Nations was dreamt of".<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> On 13 May Powell said the task force was sent "to repossess the Falkland Islands, to restore British administration of the islands and to ensure that the decisive factor in the future of the islands should be the wishes of the inhabitants" but the Foreign Secretary (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Francis Pym</a>) desired an "interim agreement": "So far as I understand that interim agreement, it is in breach, if not in contradiction, of each of the three objects with which the task force was dispatched to the South Atlantic. There was to be a complete and supervised withdrawal of Argentine forces ... matched by corresponding withdrawal of British forces. There is no withdrawal of British force that 'corresponds' to the withdrawal from the territory of the islands of those who have unlawfully occupied them. We have a right to be there; those are our waters, the territory is ours and we have the right to sail the oceans with our fleets whenever we think fit. So the whole notion of a 'corresponding withdrawal', a withdrawal of the only force which can possibly restore the position, which can possibly ensure any of the objectives which have been talked about on either side of the House, is in contradiction of the determination to repossess the Falklands".<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> After British forces successfully recaptured the Falklands, Powell asked Thatcher in the Commons on 17 June, recalling his statement to her of 3 April: "Is the right hon. Lady aware that the report has now been received from the public analyst on a certain substance recently subjected to analysis and that I have obtained a copy of the report? It shows that the substance under test consisted of ferrous matter of the highest quality, that it is of exceptional tensile strength, is highly resistant to wear and tear and to stress, and may be used with advantage for all national purposes?" She replied, "I think that I am very grateful indeed to the right hon. Gentleman. I agree with every word that he said".<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Their mutual friend <a href="/wiki/Ian_Gow" title="Ian Gow">Ian Gow</a> printed and framed this and the original question and presented it to Thatcher, who hung it in her office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998861-211">[211]</a> Powell wrote an article for The Times on 29 June, in which he said: "The Falklands have brought to the surface of the British mind our latent perception of ourselves as a sea animal. ... No assault on a landward possession would have evoked the same automatic defiance, tinged with a touch of that self sufficiency which belongs to all nations". The United States' response was "very different but just as deep an instinctual reaction ... the United States have an almost neurotic sense of vulnerability ... its two coastlines, its two theatres, its two navies are separated by the entire length of the New World ... she lives with ... the nightmare of having one day to fight a decisive sea battle without the benefit of concentration, the perpetual spectre of naval 'war on two fronts'." Powell added: "The <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> from 1914 onwards could never quite exorcise the spectre. ... It was the position of the Falkland Islands in relation to that route which gave and gives them their significance—for the United States above all. The British people have become uneasily aware that their American allies would prefer the Falkland Islands to pass out of Britain's possession into hands which, if not wholly American, might be amenable to American control. In fact, the American struggle to wrest the islands from Britain has only commenced in earnest now that the fighting is over". Powell then said there was "the Hispanic factor": "If we could gather together all the anxieties for the future which in Britain cluster around race relations ... and then attribute them, translated into Hispanic terms, to the Americans, we would have something of the phobias which haunt the United States and addressed itself to the aftermath of the Falklands campaign".<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Writing in The Guardian on 18 October, Powell said that due to the Falklands War, "Britain no longer looked upon itself and the world through American spectacles" and the view was "more rational; and it was more congenial; for, after all, it was our own view". He quoted an observation that Americans thought their country was "a unique society ... where God has put together all nationalities, races and interests of the globe for one purpose—to show the rest of the world how to live". He denounced the "manic exaltation of the American illusion" and compared it to the "American nightmare". Powell also disliked the American belief that "they are authorised, possibly by the deity, to intervene, openly or covertly, in the internal affairs of other countries anywhere in the world". The UK should dissociate herself from American intervention in the Lebanon: "It is not in Britain's self-interest alone that Britain should once again assert her own position. A world in which the American myth and the American nightmare go unchallenged by question or by contradiction is not a world as safe or as peaceable as human reason, prudence and realism can make it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998861–862-213">[213]</a> Speaking to the Aldershot and North Hants Conservative Association on 4 February 1983, Powell blamed the United Nations for the Falklands War by the General Assembly resolution of December 1967 that stated "its gratitude for the continuous efforts made by the Government of Argentina to facilitate the process of decolonisation" and further called on the UK and Argentina to negotiate. Powell said that "it would be difficult to imagine a more cynically wicked or criminally absurd or insultingly provocative action". As 102 had voted for this resolution, with only the UK voting against it (with 32 abstentions), he said it was not surprising that Argentina had continually threatened the UK until this threatening turned into aggression: "It is with the United Nations that the guilt lies for the breach of the peace and the bloodshed". The UN knew that no international forum had ruled against British possession of the Falklands but had voted its gratitude to Argentina who wanted to annexe the Islands from their rightful owners. It was therefore "disgraceful" for the UK to belong to such a body that engaged in "pure spite for spite's sake against the United Kingdom": "We were, and are, the victims of our own insincerity. For over thirty years we have sanctimoniously and dishonestly pretended respect, if not awe, for an organisation which all the time we knew was a monstrous and farcical humbug. ... The moral is to cease to engage in humbug, which almost all have happily and self-righteously engaged in for a generation".<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1983_general_election">1983 general election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1983 general election">edit</a>]</div> In an article for the Sunday Telegraph on 3 April, Powell expressed his opposition to the Labour Party's manifesto pledge to outlaw fox hunting. He claimed that angling was much crueller and that it was just as logical to ban the boiling of live lobsters or eating live oysters. The ceremonial part of fox hunting was "a side of our national character which is deeply antipathetic to the Labour party".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998871-215">[215]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983 general election</a>, Powell had to face a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a> candidate in his constituency and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> denounced Powell as "a foreigner and an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998872-216">[216]</a> On 31 May Powell gave a speech at <a href="/wiki/Downpatrick" title="Downpatrick">Downpatrick</a> against nuclear weapons. Powell said that war could not be banished because "War is implicit in the human condition". The "true case against the nuclear weapon is the nightmarish unreality and criminal levity of the grounds upon which its acquisition and multiplication are advocated and defended". Thatcher had claimed nuclear weapons were our defence "of last resort". Powell said he supposed this to mean "that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which seems always to be assumed to be the enemy in question, proved so victorious in a war of aggression in Europe as to stand upon the verge of invading these islands. ... Suppose further, because this is necessary to the alleged case for our nuclear weapon as the defence of last resort, that, as in 1940, the United States was standing aloof from the contest but that, in contrast with 1940, Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> respectively possessed the nuclear weaponry which they do today. Such must surely be the sort of scene in which the Prime Minister is asserting that Britain would be saved by possession of her present nuclear armament. I can only say: 'One must be mad to think it'." Powell pointed out that the UK's nuclear weaponry "is negligible in comparison with that of Russia: if we could destroy 16 Russian cities she could destroy practically every vestige of life on these islands several times over. For us to use the weapon would therefore be equivalent to more than suicide: it would be genocide—the extinction of our race—in the literal and precise meaning of that much abused expression. Would anybody in their senses contemplate that this ought to be our choice or would be our choice?" Powell further stated that the continental nations held the nuclear weapon in such esteem that they had conventional forces "manifestly inadequate to impose more than brief delay upon an assault from the East. The theory of nuclear deterrence states that, should Warsaw Pact forces score substantial military successes or make substantial advances this side of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, the United States would initiate the suicidal duel of strategic nuclear exchanges with the Soviet Union. One can only greet this idea with an even more emphatic 'One must be mad to think of it'. That a nation staring ultimate military defeat in the face would choose self-extermination is unbelievable enough; but that the United States, separated from Europe by the Atlantic Ocean, would regard the loss of the first pawn in the long game as necessitating <a href="/wiki/Harakiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakiri">harakiri</a> is not describable by the ordinary resources of language". The reason why governments, including in the US, supported nuclear weapons was that "enormous economic and financial interests are vested in the continuation and elaboration of nuclear armaments. I believe, however, that the crucial explanation lies in another direction: the nuclear hypothesis provides governments with an excuse for not doing what they have no intention of doing anyhow, but for reasons which they find it inconvenient to specify".<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> On 2 June, Powell spoke against the stationing of US cruise missiles in the UK and asserted that the United States had an obsessive sense of mission and a hallucinatory view of international relations: "The American nation, as we have watched their proceedings during these last 25 years, will not, when another Atlantic crisis, another Middle East crisis or another European crisis comes, wait upon the deliberations of the British Cabinet, whose point of view and appreciation of the situation will be so different from their own".<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> In 1983, his local agent was <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Donaldson" title="Jeffrey Donaldson">Jeffrey Donaldson</a>, later an Ulster Unionist MP before defecting to the DUP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1983–1987">1983–1987</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1983–1987">edit</a>]</div> In 1984, Powell alleged that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) had murdered <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">the Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a> and that the assassinations of the MPs <a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_(NI_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bradford (NI politician)">Robert Bradford</a> were carried out at the direction of elements in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States of America">Government of the United States of America</a> with the strategic objective of preventing Neave's policy of integration of Northern Ireland fully into the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998881-219">[219]</a> In 1986, Powell stated that the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> (INLA) had not killed Neave but that "<a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> and their friends" were responsible: Powell cited as his sources information that had been disclosed to him from within the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998906-220">[220]</a> Margaret Thatcher, however, rejected and dismissed these assertions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1985, race riots between the black community and the police broke out in <a href="/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadwater Farm Riot">London</a> and in <a href="/wiki/1985_Handsworth_riots" title="1985 Handsworth riots">Birmingham</a>, leading Powell to repeat his warning that ethnic civil conflict would be the ultimate outcome of foreign mass migration into the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, and re-issue his call for a government sponsored programme of repatriation. Powell later came into conflict with Thatcher in November 1985 over her support for the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a>. On the day it was signed, 14 November, Powell asked her in the Commons: "Does the Right Hon. Lady understand — if she does not yet understand she soon will — that the penalty for treachery is to fall into public contempt?", the Prime Minister replying that she found his remarks "deeply offensive".<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections" title="1986 Northern Ireland by-elections">Along with other Unionist MPs</a>, Powell resigned his seat in protest and then narrowly regained it at the <a href="/wiki/1986_South_Down_by-election" title="1986 South Down by-election">ensuing by-election</a>. In 1986, the former Irish schoolteacher <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Mallon" title="Seamus Mallon">Seamus Mallon</a> was a new entrant to the House of Commons. During his maiden speech, Mallon quoted the Dutch philosopher <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>, saying "Peace is not an absence of war. It is … a state of mind, a disposition for benevolence, confidence, justice."<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Powell, sitting close to Mallon, hissed an objection. When Mallon enquired why, Powell said that he had misquoted Spinoza. Mallon stated he had not and, to reconcile the standoff between them, they both proceeded to the library to verify the quote.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Mallon was found to have been correct.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> In 1987, Thatcher visited the Soviet Union, which signified to Powell a "radical transformation which is in progress in both the foreign policy and the defence policy of the United Kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In a speech in the Commons on 7 April, Powell said the nuclear hypothesis had been shaken by two events. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> or "Star Wars": "Star wars raised the terrible prospect that there might be an effective means of neutralising the inter-continental ballistic missile, whereby the two great giants who held what had become to be seen as the balance of terror would contract out of the game altogether: the deterrent would be switched off by the invulnerability of the two providers of the mutual terror". America's "European allies were brought along to acquiesce in the United States engaging in the rational activity of discovering whether there was after all some defence against nuclear attack ... by the apparent assurance obtained from the United States that it was only engaged in experiment and research, and that, if there were any danger of effective protection being devised, of course the United States would not avail itself of that protection without the agreement of its European allies. That was the first recent event which shook to its foundations the nuclear deterrent with which we had lived these last 30 years". The second event was <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s offer of both the Soviet Union and the United States agreeing to abolish intermediate-range ballistic missiles. Powell said that Thatcher's "most significant point was when she went on to say that we must aim at a conventional forces balance. So, after all our journeys of the last 30 or 40 years, the disappearance of the intermediate range ballistic missile revived the old question of the supposed conventional imbalance between the Russian alliance and the North Atlantic Alliance". Powell further said that even if nuclear weapons had not existed, the Russians would still not have invaded Western Europe: "What has prevented that from happening was ... the fact that the Soviet Union knew ... that such an action on its part would have led to a third world war—a long war, bitterly fought, a war which in the end the Soviet Union would have been likely to lose on the same basis and in the same way as the corresponding war was lost by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. It was that fear, that caution, that understanding, that perception on the part of Russia and its leaders that was the real deterrent against Russia committing the utterly irrational and suicidal act of plunging into a third world war in which the Soviet Union would be likely to find itself confronting a combination of the greatest industrial and economic powers in the world". Powell said, "In the minds of the Russians the inevitable commitment of the United States in such a war would have come not directly or necessarily from the stationing of American marines in Germany, but, as it came in the previous two struggles, from the ultimate involvement of the United States in any war determining the future of Europe". Thatcher's belief in the nuclear hypothesis "in the context of the use of American bases in Britain to launch an aggressive attack on Libya, that it was 'inconceivable' that we could have refused a demand placed upon this country by the United States. The Prime Minister supplied the reason why: she said it was because we depend for our liberty and freedom upon the United States. Once let the nuclear hypothesis be questioned or destroyed, once allow it to break down, and from that moment the American imperative in this country's policies disappears with it".<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> At the start of <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987 general election</a>, Powell claimed the Conservatives' prospects did not look good: "I have the feeling of 1945".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998909-227">[227]</a> During the final weekend of the election campaign Powell gave a speech in London reiterating his opposition to the nuclear hypothesis, calling it "barmy", and advocating a vote for the Labour Party, which had unilateral nuclear disarmament as a policy. He claimed that <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a> had strengthened "a growing impulse to escape from the nightmare of peace being dependent upon the contemplation of horrific and mutual carnage. Events have now so developed that this aspiration can at last be rationally, logically and—I dare to add—patriotically seized by the people of the United Kingdom if they will use their votes to do so".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1997496-228">[228]</a> However, Powell lost his seat in the election by 731 votes to the <a href="/wiki/SDLP" class="mw-redirect" title="SDLP">SDLP</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eddie_McGrady" title="Eddie McGrady">Eddie McGrady</a>, mainly because of demographic and boundary changes that resulted in there being many more Irish Nationalists in the constituency than before. The boundary changes had arisen due to his own campaign for the number of MPs representing Northern Ireland to be increased to the equivalent proportion for the rest of the United Kingdom, as part of the steps towards greater integration. McGrady paid tribute to Powell, recognising the respect he was held in by both Unionists and Nationalists in the constituency. Powell said, "For the rest of my life when I look back on the 13 years I shall be filled with affection for the Province and its people, and their fortunes will never be out of my heart". He received a warm ovation from the mostly Nationalist audience and as he walked off the platform, he said the words <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> used on the death of candidate Richard Coombe: "What shadows we are, what shadows we pursue". When a BBC reporter asked Powell to explain his defeat, he replied: "My opponent polled more votes than me".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998911-229">[229]</a> He was offered a <a href="/wiki/Life_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Life peerage">life peerage</a>, which was regarded as his right as a former Cabinet minister, but declined it. He argued that as he had opposed the <a href="/wiki/Life_Peerages_Act_1958" title="Life Peerages Act 1958">Life Peerages Act 1958</a>, it would be hypocritical for him to take one.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-parliamentary_life">Post-parliamentary life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post-parliamentary life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987–1992">1987–1992</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1987–1992">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Dark_3_July_1987.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/After_Dark_3_July_1987.JPG/350px-After_Dark_3_July_1987.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/After_Dark_3_July_1987.JPG/525px-After_Dark_3_July_1987.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/After_Dark_3_July_1987.JPG 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Powell debating on the television discussion programme <a href="/wiki/After_Dark_(TV_programme)" title="After Dark (TV programme)">After Dark</a> in 1987 (more <a href="/wiki/After_Dark_(TV_programme)#Edward_Teller_and_"Peace_in_Our_Time"" title="After Dark (TV programme)">here</a>).</figcaption></figure> Powell was critical of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS) <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">shootings</a> of three unarmed IRA members in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> in March 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998918-231">[231]</a> Powell claimed in an article for The Guardian on 7 December 1988 that the new Western-friendly foreign policy of Russia under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> heralded "the death and burial of the American empire". Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> had decided to visit Moscow to negotiate <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, signalling to Powell that the last gasp of American power in Europe to be replaced by a new balance of power not resting on military force but on the "recognition of the restraints which the ultimate certainty of failure places upon the ambitions of the respective national states".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998922-232">[232]</a> In an interview for the Sunday People in December 1988, Powell said the Conservative Party was "rejoining Enoch" on the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> but repeated his warning of civil war as the consequence of immigration: "I still cannot forsee how a country can be peaceably governed in which the composition of the population is progressively going to change. I am talking about violence on a scale which can only be described as civil war. I cannot see there can be any other outcome". It would not be a race war but "about people who revolt against being trapped in a situation where they feel at the mercy of a built-in racial majority, whatever its colour" and claimed that the government had made contingency plans for such an event. The solution, he said, was repatriation on a large scale and the cost of doing this in welfare payments and pensions was well worth paying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998922-232">[232]</a> In early 1989, he made a programme (broadcast in July) on his visit to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a> and his impressions on that country. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> originally wanted him to do a programme on India but the <a href="/wiki/India_House,_London" title="India House, London">Indian High Commission</a> in London refused him a visa. When he visited Russia, Powell went to the graves of 600,000 people who died during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>, saying that he could not believe a people who had suffered so much would willingly start another war. He also went to a veterans' parade (wearing his own medals) and talked with Russian soldiers with the aid of an interpreter. However, the programme was criticised by those who believed that Powell had dismissed the Soviet Union's threat to the West since 1945 and that he had been too impressed with Russia's sense of national identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998925-233">[233]</a> When <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> was on the agenda in mid-1989, Powell said that the UK urgently needed to create an alliance with the Soviet Union in view of Germany's effect on the balance of power in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998925-233">[233]</a> Following Thatcher's <a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> in September 1988 and her increasing hostility to a European currency in the last years of her premiership, Powell made many speeches publicly supporting her attitude to Europe. When Heath criticised Thatcher's speech in May 1989, Powell called him "the old virtuoso of the U-turn".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998925-233">[233]</a> When inflation crept up that year, he condemned Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>'s policy of printing money so sterling would shadow the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a> and said that it was for the UK to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a> (EMS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998926-235">[235]</a> In early September 1989, a collection of Powell's speeches on Europe was published titled Enoch Powell on 1992 (1992 being the year set for the creation of the Single Market by the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> of 1986). In a speech at <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> for the launch of the book on 6 September, he advised Thatcher to fight the next general election on a nationalist theme as many Eastern European nations previously under Russian rule were gaining their freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998927-236">[236]</a> At the Conservative Party conference in October, he told a fringe meeting, "I find myself today less on the fringe of that party than I have done for 20 years".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998927-236">[236]</a> After Thatcher resisted further European integration at a meeting at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> in November, Powell asked her parliamentary private secretary, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lennox-Boyd" title="Mark Lennox-Boyd">Mark Lennox-Boyd</a>, to pass to her "my respectful congratulations on her stand ... she both spoke for Britain and gave a lead to Europe—in the line of succession of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt</a>. Those who lead are always out in front, alone". Thatcher replied, "I am deeply touched by your words. They give me the greatest possible encouragement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998927-236">[236]</a> On 5 January 1990, addressing Conservatives in Liverpool, Powell said that if the Conservatives played the "British card" at the next general election, they could win; the new mood in the UK for "self-determination" had given the newly independent nations of Eastern Europe a "beacon", adding that the UK should stand alone, if necessary, for European freedom, adding: "We are taunted—by the French, by the Italians, by the Spaniards—for refusing to worship at the shrine of a common government superimposed upon them all ... where were the European unity merchants in 1940? I will tell you. They were either writhing under a hideous oppression or they were aiding and abetting that oppression. Lucky for Europe that Britain was alone in 1940". The Conservative Party would have to ask, preferably at the next election: "Do you intend still to control the laws which you obey, the taxes you pay and the policies of your government?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998928-237">[237]</a> Five days after this speech, in an interview for The Daily Telegraph, Thatcher praised Powell: "I have always read Enoch Powell's speeches and articles very carefully. ... I always think it was a tragedy that he left. He is a very, very able politician. I say that even though he has sometimes said vitriolic things against me".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998928-237">[237]</a> On the day of the <a href="/wiki/1990_Mid_Staffordshire_by-election" title="1990 Mid Staffordshire by-election">Mid-Staffordshire by-election</a>, Powell said that the government should admit that the <a href="/wiki/Community_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Community charge">community charge</a> was "a disaster" and that what mattered most to the people of Mid-Staffordshire was the question of who should govern the UK and that only the Conservative Party was advocating that the British should govern themselves. Thatcher had been labelled "dictatorial" for wanting to "go it alone" in Europe: "Well, I do not mind somebody being dictatorial in defending my own rights and those of my fellow countrymen ... lose self-government, and I have lost everything, and for good". This was the first election since 1970 in which Powell was advocating a vote for the Conservative Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998929-238">[238]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraq invaded Kuwait</a> on 2 August 1990, Powell said that since the UK was not an ally of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in the "formal sense" and because the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> in the Middle East had ceased to be a British concern after the end of the British Empire, the UK should not go to war. Powell said that "<a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> has a long way to go yet before his troops come storming up the beaches of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>". On 21 October, he wrote, "The world is full of evil men engaged in doing evil things. That does not make us policemen to round them up nor judges to find them guilty and to sentence them. What is so special about the ruler of Iraq that we suddenly discover that we are to be his jailers and his judges? ... we as a nation have no interest in the existence or non-existence of Kuwait or, for that matter, Saudi Arabia as an independent state. I sometimes wonder if, when we shed our power, we omitted to shed our arrogance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998933-239">[239]</a> When Thatcher was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">leadership of the Conservative Party</a> during November 1990, Powell said he would rejoin the party, which he had left in February 1974 over the issue of Europe, if Thatcher won, and would urge the public to support both her and, in Powell's view, national independence. He wrote to one of Thatcher's supporters, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Norman Tebbit</a>, on 16 November, telling him Thatcher was entitled to use his name and his support in any way she saw fit. Since she resigned on 22 November, Powell never rejoined the Conservatives. Powell wrote the following Sunday: "Good news is seldom so good, nor bad news so bad, as at first sight it appears. Her downfall was due to having so few like-minded people on European integration amongst her colleagues and that as she had adopted a line that would improve her party's popularity, it was foolish of them to force her out." He added, "The battle has been lost, but not the war. The fact abides that, outside the magic circle at the top, a deep rooted opposition has been disclosed in the UK to surrendering to others the right to make our laws, fix our taxes, or decide our policies. Running deep beneath the overlay of years of indifference is still the attachment of the British public to their tradition of democracy. Their resentment on learning that their own decisions can be overruled from outside remains as obstinate as ever". Thatcher had relit the flame of independence and "what has happened once can happen again ... sooner or later those who aspire to govern ... will have to listen".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998934-240">[240]</a> In December 1991, Powell said that "Whether <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> dissolves into two states or half a dozen states or does not dissolve at all makes no difference to the safety and well being of the United Kingdom". The UK's national interests determined that the country should have "a foreign policy which befits the sole insular and oceanic state in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998936-241">[241]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992 general election</a> Powell spoke for <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Budgen" title="Nicholas Budgen">Nicholas Budgen</a> in his old seat of <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a>. He praised Budgen for his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> and condemned the rest of the Conservative Party for supporting it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998936–937-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Final years">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enoch_Powell_27_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Enoch_Powell_27_Allan_Warren.jpg/180px-Enoch_Powell_27_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Enoch_Powell_27_Allan_Warren.jpg/270px-Enoch_Powell_27_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Enoch_Powell_27_Allan_Warren.jpg/360px-Enoch_Powell_27_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="6776" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Enoch Powell by Allan Warren in 1987.</figcaption></figure> In late 1992, aged 80, Powell was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>. In 1994, he published The Evolution of the Gospel: A New Translation of the First Gospel with Commentary and Introductory Essay. On 5 November, the European printed an article by Powell in which he said he did not expect the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a> to be amended or repealed but added, "Still, something has happened. There has been an explosion. Politicians, political parties, the public itself have looked into the abyss ... the British people, somehow or other, will not be parted from their right to govern themselves in parliament".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998939-243">[243]</a> In 1993, the twenty-fifth anniversary of Powell's "Rivers of Blood" speech, Powell wrote an article for The Times, in which he claimed the concentration of immigrant communities in inner cities would lead to "<a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communalism</a>", which would have grave effects on the electoral system: "communalism and democracy, as the experience of India demonstrates, are incompatible". In May, he spoke for <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sked" title="Alan Sked">Alan Sked</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_League" title="Anti-Federalist League">Anti-Federalist League</a> (the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a>) who was standing at the <a href="/wiki/1993_Newbury_by-election" title="1993 Newbury by-election">Newbury by-election</a>. Sked went on to lose his deposit at the by-election, polling only 601 votes (1.0 per cent). At <a href="/wiki/Michael_Portillo" title="Michael Portillo">Michael Portillo</a>'s 40th birthday party the same month, Thatcher greeted him enthusiastically and asked him: "Enoch, I haven't seen you since your eightieth-birthday dinner. How are you?" Powell replied, "I'm eighty-one". Powell's opinion of Thatcher had declined after she endorsed <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> at the 1992 general election, which he believed to be a repudiation of her fight against <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998939–940-244">[244]</a> On 16 May 1994, Powell spoke at the <a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a> and said Europe had "destroyed one Prime Minister and will destroy another Prime Minister yet" and demanded powers surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> to be repatriated. In June 1994, he wrote an article for the Daily Mail, where he stated that "Britain is waking from the nightmare of being part of the continental bloc, to rediscover that these offshore islands belong to the outside world and lie open to its oceans". Innovations in contemporary society did not worry him: "When exploration has run its course, we shall revert to the normal type of living to which nature and instinct predispose us. The decline will not have been permanent. The deterioration will not have been irreversible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998943-245">[245]</a> In his book The Evolution of the Gospel, published in August 1994, Powell said he had arrived at the view that Jesus Christ was not crucified but stoned to death by the Jews. Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Austin_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="John Austin Baker">John Austin Baker</a> commented "He is a great classicist, but theology is out of his academic field."<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Following his death, Powell's friend Richard Ritchie recorded in 1998 that "during one of the habitual coal crises of recent years he told me that he had no objection to supporting the coal industry, either through the restriction of cheap coal imports or subsidy, if it were the country's wish to preserve local coal communities".<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> In the 1990s, Powell endorsed three UKIP candidates in parliamentary elections.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> He also turned down two invitations to stand for the party in elections, citing retirement.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> In April 1995, he said in an interview that for the Conservatives "defeat [at the next election] would help. It helps one to change one's tune". The party was just "slithering around". The same month, he took part at a debate on Europe at the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Union" title="Cambridge Union">Cambridge Union</a> and won.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> In July 1995, there was a <a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">leadership election for the Conservative Party</a>, in which Major resigned as leader of the party and stood in the election. Powell wrote, "He says to the Sovereign: I no longer am leader of the majority party in the House of Commons; but I am carrying on as your Prime Minister. Now I don't think anybody can say that—at least without inflicting damage on the constitution". To seek to offer advice to the Queen while unable to feel they could command a majority in the Commons was "tantamount to treating the monarch herself with disrespect and denying the very principle in which our parliamentary democracy is founded". After Major's challenger, <a href="/wiki/John_Redwood" title="John Redwood">John Redwood</a>, was defeated, Powell wrote to him, "Dear Redwood, you will never regret the events of the last week or two. Patience will evidently have to be exercised—and patience is the greatest of the political virtues—by those of us who want to keep Britain independent and self-governed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998945–946-251">[251]</a> During the final years of his life, he managed occasional pieces of journalism and co-operated in a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary about his life in 1995 (Odd Man Out was broadcast on 11 November). In April 1996, he wrote an article for the Daily Express, in which he said: "Those who consented to the surrender made in 1972 will have to think again. Thinking again means that activity most unthinkable for politicians—unsaying what has been said. The surrender ... we have made is not irrevocable. Parliament still has the power (thank God) to reclaim what has been surrendered by treaty. It is time we told the other European nations what we mean by being self-governed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998948–949-252">[252]</a> In October, he gave his last interview, to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_d%27Ancona" title="Matthew d'Ancona">Matthew d'Ancona</a> in the Sunday Telegraph. He said: "I have lived into an age in which my ideas are now part of common intuition, part of a common fashion. It has been a great experience, having given up so much to find that there is now this range of opinion in all classes, that an agreement with the EEC is totally incompatible with normal parliamentary government. ... The nation has returned to haunt us".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998949-253">[253]</a> When Labour won the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997 general election</a>, Powell told his wife, Pamela Wilson, "They have voted to break up the United Kingdom." She rejoined the Conservative Party the next day, but he did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998950-254">[254]</a> By then, Powell had been hospitalised several times as a result of a succession of falls. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enoch_Powell%27s_Grave,_Warwick_Cemetery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3576436.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Enoch_Powell%27s_Grave%2C_Warwick_Cemetery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3576436.jpg/220px-Enoch_Powell%27s_Grave%2C_Warwick_Cemetery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3576436.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Enoch_Powell%27s_Grave%2C_Warwick_Cemetery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3576436.jpg/330px-Enoch_Powell%27s_Grave%2C_Warwick_Cemetery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3576436.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Enoch_Powell%27s_Grave%2C_Warwick_Cemetery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3576436.jpg/440px-Enoch_Powell%27s_Grave%2C_Warwick_Cemetery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3576436.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Powell's grave at Warwick Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a>, Warwickshire.</figcaption></figure> A few hours following Powell's final admission to <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII%27s_Hospital" title="King Edward VII's Hospital">King Edward VII's Hospital</a> in London, he asked where his lunch was. On being told that he was being fed intravenously, he remarked, "I don't call that much of a lunch." These were his last recorded words.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> On 8 February 1998, he died there at the age of 85.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Powell was survived by his widow and two daughters. His study of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> remained unfinished. Dressed in a brigadier's uniform, Powell's body was buried in his regiment's plot in Warwick Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> ten days after a family funeral service at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> and public services at <a href="/wiki/St._Margaret%27s,_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Margaret's, Westminster">St. Margaret's, Westminster</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_St_Mary,_Warwick" title="Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick">Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-funeral1-258">[258]</a> Following Powell's death, many politicians, including his rivals, paid tribute to him. <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> said, "However controversial his views, he was one of the great figures of 20th-century British politics, gifted with a brilliant mind. However much we disagreed with many of his views, there was no doubting the strength of his convictions or their sincerity, or his tenacity in pursuing them, regardless of his own political self-interest."<a href="#cite_note-tribute1-259">[259]</a> Former Conservative Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> said, "There will never be anybody else so compelling as Enoch Powell. He was magnetic. Listening to his speeches was an unforgettable privilege. He was one of those rare people who made a difference and whose moral compass led us in the right direction."<a href="#cite_note-tribute1-259">[259]</a> Over 1,000 people attended Powell's funeral, and during the ceremony he was hailed as a man of prophecy, political sacrifice and as a great parliamentarian.<a href="#cite_note-funeral1-258">[258]</a> During the service, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Biffen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Biffen">Lord Biffen</a> said that Powell's nationalism "certainly did not bear the stamp of racial superiority or xenophobia".<a href="#cite_note-funeral1-258">[258]</a> Other mourners at the service included socialist Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, who, despite criticising the Rivers of Blood speech, maintained a close relationship with Powell, and when asked why he had attended the funeral, responded "he was my friend."<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enoch_Powell_in_garden_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Enoch_Powell_in_garden_Allan_Warren.jpg/250px-Enoch_Powell_in_garden_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Enoch_Powell_in_garden_Allan_Warren.jpg/375px-Enoch_Powell_in_garden_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Enoch_Powell_in_garden_Allan_Warren.jpg/500px-Enoch_Powell_in_garden_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10912" data-file-height="10538" /></a><figcaption>Powell in his garden in <a href="/wiki/Belgravia" title="Belgravia">Belgravia</a>, London, in 1986.</figcaption></figure> Powell spoke German, French, Italian, Modern Greek, and Hindi/Urdu,<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> and had a reading knowledge of Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, and Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-auto-265">[265]</a> Among classical languages, he knew Ancient Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-auto-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Despite his earlier <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, Powell became a devout member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, thinking in 1949 "that he heard the bells of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Wolverhampton" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Wolverhampton">St Peter's Wolverhampton</a> calling him" while walking to his flat in his (then future) constituency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998130-268">[268]</a> He subsequently became a church warden of <a href="/wiki/St._Margaret%27s,_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Margaret's, Westminster">St. Margaret's, Westminster</a>. On 2 January 1952, the 39-year-old Powell married 26-year-old Margaret Pamela Wilson, a former colleague from the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Central_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Central Office">Conservative Central Office</a>. Their first daughter, Susan, was born in January 1954, and their second daughter, Jennifer, was born in October 1956. Powell was an <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">anti-Stratfordian</a>, who firmly believed that <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stratford_on_Avon" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratford on Avon">Stratford on Avon</a> was not the writer of the plays and poems of Shakespeare. He appeared on an episode of <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">Frontline</a>, "The Shakespeare Mystery," 19 April 1989,<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> in which he said, "My astonishment was to discover that these were the works of someone who'd 'been in the kitchen.' They are written by someone who has lived the life, who has been part of a life of politics and power, who knows what people feel when they are near to the centre of power. Near to the heat of the kitchen." He called the traditional biography a "Stratfordian fantasy." On the subject of Shakespeare's will, he says, "That is a will in which this great spirit, this man of immense learning and vision, not only bequeathed no books..." but he also neglected to bequeath "the most valuable thing he had to bequeath, the remaining manuscripts of his plays which were eventually to be published seven years after his death." Powell calls the <a href="/wiki/Droeshout_portrait" title="Droeshout portrait">Droeshout portrait of Shakespeare</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a>, and the monument to Shakespeare in Stratford "a mask," "a fix," "a spoof" to conceal the identity of the true author. Powell's rhetorical gifts were also employed, with success, beyond politics. He was a poet of some accomplishment, with four published collections to his name: First Poems; Casting Off; Dancer's End; and The Wedding Gift. His Collected Poems appeared in 1990. He translated <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a> and published many other works of classical scholarship. He published a biography of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, which treated the split with <a href="/wiki/William_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> over <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a> in 1886 as the pivotal point of his career, rather than the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Tariff_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff reform">tariff reform</a>, and contained the line: "All political lives, unless they are cut off in midstream at a happy juncture, end in failure, because that is the nature of politics and of all human affairs". His political publications were often as critical of his own party as they were of Labour, often making fun of what he saw as <a href="/wiki/Logical_fallacies" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical fallacies">logical fallacies</a> in reasoning or action. His book Freedom & Reality contained many quotes from Labour party manifestos or by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> that he regarded as nonsensical. In Robert Shepherd's biography of Powell, it is noted that <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cawthorn" title="Walter Cawthorn">Walter Cawthorn</a> 'became almost a second father' to him.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> In March 2015, The Independent reported that Powell was one of the MPs whose activities had been investigated as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fernbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fernbridge">Operation Fernbridge</a>. His name had been passed to police by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(bishop)" title="Paul Butler (bishop)">Paul Butler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a>, after allegations of Powell's involvement in historic child abuse had been made by one individual in the 1980s to the then <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Monmouth" title="Bishop of Monmouth">Bishop of Monmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Walker_(bishop)" title="Dominic Walker (bishop)">Dominic Walker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Heffer" title="Simon Heffer">Simon Heffer</a>, who has published a biography of Powell, has described the allegation as a "monstrous lie" and criticised the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s actions in "putting this smear into the public domain", while the church stated that it had simply responded to an inquiry from the press and confirmed that allegations about Powell, which related to an alleged <a href="/wiki/Satanic_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic cult">satanic cult</a> rather than any criminal activity, had been passed to the police.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Aaronovitch" title="David Aaronovitch">David Aaronovitch</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> wrote in April 2015 that the 1980s claims about Powell originated from fabricated claims invented by a conman, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derry_Mainwaring_Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derry Mainwaring Knight (page does not exist)">Derry Mainwaring Knight</a>, whose false assertions had become known to the clergy, but had been unwittingly conveyed to the police in good faith.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloch" title="Michael Bloch">Michael Bloch</a>, in his old age, Powell confessed to <a href="/wiki/Canon_(title)" title="Canon (title)">Canon</a> Eric James, a former Trinity College chaplain, that he had been in love with a fellow male undergraduate at Cambridge, whom Bloch identifies as "probably Edward Curtis of <a href="/wiki/Clare_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Clare College">Clare College</a>", and that this infatuation had inspired love verses published in his First Poems. This confession was revealed by Canon James in a letter to <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> on 10 February 1998.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Following his appointment as Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney in 1937, he wrote to his parents (on 22 May and 16 June 1938) that he was repelled by his female students, while feeling "an instant and instinctive affection" for young Australian males. This, he added, might be "deplored, but it cannot be altered", and it therefore had to be "endured – and (alas!) camouflaged." The letters are now in the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill College">Churchill College</a> Archives (POLL 1/1/1).<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> Following a long illness, Pamela Powell died in November 2017 at the age of 91, 19 years after her husband.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_beliefs">Political beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Political beliefs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_Kingdom" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cazalet#Advocating_Jewish_homeland" title="Victor Cazalet">Cazalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Staines" title="Paul Staines">Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a> (1867–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a> (1912)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a> (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Bailey" title="Allison Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">Forsyth (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Payne" title="Sebastian Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit" title="Social Affairs Unit">Social Affairs Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> (Defunct)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jacobin_Review" title="Anti-Jacobin Review">Anti-Jacobin Review</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fawkes" title="Guido Fawkes">Guido Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkTV (British TV channel)">TalkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Populism:_The_Revolt_Against_Liberal_Democracy" title="National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy">National Populism</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></div> Powell delivered his <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood speech</a> on 20 April 1968. A poll which was taken after the speech reported that 74 per cent of Britons agreed with Powell's opinions on mass immigration. In The Trial of Enoch Powell, a <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> television programme broadcast in April 1998, on the thirtieth anniversary of his Rivers of Blood speech (and two months after his death), 64 per cent of the studio audience voted that Powell was not a racist. Some in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, of which Powell was a member, took a different view. Upon Powell's death, <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Wood_(bishop)" title="Wilfred Wood (bishop)">Wilfred Wood</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Croydon" title="Bishop of Croydon">Bishop of Croydon</a>, said "Enoch Powell gave a certificate of respectability to white racist views which otherwise decent people were ashamed to acknowledge".<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Anderson_(columnist)" title="Bruce Anderson (columnist)">Bruce Anderson</a> has claimed that the Rivers of Blood speech would have come as a complete surprise to anyone who had studied Powell's record: he had been a West Midlands MP for 18 years but had said hardly anything about immigration.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2007-278">[278]</a> On this view, the speech was merely part of a badly miscalculated strategy to become party leader if Heath fell. Anderson adds that the speech had no effect on immigration, except to make it more difficult for the subject to be discussed rationally in polite society.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2007-278">[278]</a> Powell's opponents claimed he was far-right, <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> and racist. His supporters claim that the first two charges clash with his voting record on most social issues, such as homosexual law reform (he was actually a co-sponsor of a bill on this issue in May 1965 and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom#Abolition" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">death penalty</a>, both reforms unpopular among Conservatives at the time; however, he kept a low profile to his stance on these non-party "issues of conscience").<a href="#cite_note-Roth-13">[13]</a>: 318  Powell voted against the reinstitution of the death penalty several times between 1969 and 1987. By the early 1960s, Powell was in support of the campaign for immigration controls.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> The earliest and only statement from then by Powell on immigration was in August 1956, when, in Wolverhampton, Powell said that "a fundamental change in the law is necessary" in the UK's citizenship law. However, he explained that a change was not needed at that time, but did not rule out the possibility of a future change.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In the late 1950s, when other Conservatives were advocating a campaign for immigration control following <a href="/wiki/1958_Notting_Hill_race_riots" title="1958 Notting Hill race riots">race riots</a>, Powell declined to join them, remarking that it was no good discussing the details when the "real issue" of the citizenship laws had remained unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> In November 1960, Powell became one of nine members of the ministerial committee which wanted to introduce controls of Commonwealth immigration; he submitted a letter in April 1961 which said "if we desire to limitations or conditions on the entry of coloured British subjects into this country" a change in the existing legal definition of a "British subject" was needed, since the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a> considered all those from independent Commonwealth countries listed under the UK's nationality law to be British subjects.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> In February 1967, Powell wrote an article for the Daily Telegraph titled “Facing up to Britain’s Race Problem” in which he wrote that, long before the immigrant population had reached 5% of the overall proportion of the United Kingdom, a “proportion would have filtered into the general population, mingled with it in occupation, residence, habits and intermarriage” compared to the other proportion which would be “more separated than now in habits, occupation and way of life“.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Concerns raised about effects of coloured immigration in communities in his constituency played a part in his commentary. In March 1968, the month before the "Rivers of Blood" speech, he made his first public references to them in a speech in <a href="/wiki/Walsall" title="Walsall">Walsall</a>, when he described the concern of an anonymous constituent whose daughter was the only white child in her primary school class and suffered bullying from non-white pupils. When Wolverhampton Express and Star journalists failed to find the child or the class, the paper's editor and a then personal friend, Clement Jones, challenged him, stating Jones himself had similar anonymous complaints that were traced to members of the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Front">National Front</a> (NF). Powell would not accept the explanation, and told Jones he had received "bags of supporting mail" as a result of the Walsall speech.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> During an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Post" title="Birmingham Post">Birmingham Post</a>, a fortnight after Powell's "Rivers of Blood" speech, he was asked whether or not he was a <a href="/wiki/Racialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialist">racialist</a>. He replied: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What I would take racialist to mean is a person who believes in the inherent inferiority of one race of mankind to another, and who acts and speaks in that belief. So the answer to your question of whether I am a racialist is 'No' – unless perhaps, in reverse. I regard many of the peoples in India as being superior in many respects – intellectually for example, and in other respects – to Europeans. Perhaps that is over-reacting.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_1994,_p._364-285">[285]</a></blockquote> Powell accepted an invitation to appear on <a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a>'s evening television programme on 3 January 1969. Frost asked Powell whether or not he was a racialist, to which Powell replied: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It depends on how you define the word "racialist". If you mean being conscious of the differences between men and nations, and from that, races, then we are all racialists. However, if you mean a man who despises a human being because he belongs to another race, or a man who believes that one race is inherently superior to another, then the answer is emphatically "No".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998504-286">[286]</a></blockquote> During the 1970 election, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> declared in a speech that Powell's approach to immigration was 'evil', and said "The flag of racialism which has been hoisted in Wolverhampton is beginning to look like the one that fluttered over <a href="/wiki/Dachau" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau">Dachau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Belsen">Belsen</a>." In response, when a television reporter told Powell at a meeting of Benn's comments, he snatched the microphone and replied "All I will say is that for myself, in 1939 I voluntarily returned from Australia to this country, to serve as a private soldier against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. I am the same man today."<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Similarly, Powell responded to student hecklers at a speech in Cardiff: "I hope those who shouted 'Fascist' and 'Nazi' are aware that before they were born I was fighting against Fascism and Nazism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998489-160">[160]</a> In November 1968, Powell also suggested that the problems that would be caused if there were a large influx of Germans or Russians into the UK "would be as serious – and in some respects more serious – than could follow from the introduction of a similar number of West Indies or Pakistanis".<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_1994,_p_365-288">[288]</a> Powell said his views were neither genetic nor eugenic, and that he never arranged his fellow men on a merit according to their origins.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> Powell said in a 1964 speech: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have and always will set my face like flint against making any difference between one citizen of this country and another on grounds of his origins.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></blockquote> In a speech in November 1968 he said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The West Indian or Asian does not, by being born in England, become an Englishman. In law he becomes a United Kingdom citizen by birth; in fact he is a West Indian or an Asian still.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></blockquote> In 1944, when Powell was visiting <a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a> with another member of the Joint Intelligence Committee, an Indian, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (India)">Field Marshal</a>) <a href="/wiki/K._M._Cariappa" title="K. M. Cariappa">K. M. Cariappa</a>, he refused to stay at the Byculla Club once it became clear that Cariappa as an Indian would not be allowed to stay there.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Close friends also recall that Powell took great pleasure in speaking Urdu when dining at Indian restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_1994,_p._364-285">[285]</a> Nevertheless, Powell's nationalism and accusations of racialism sometimes trod a fine line. In 1996, BBC journalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cockerell" title="Michael Cockerell">Michael Cockerell</a> asked him about the language he used in the "Rivers of Blood" speech, arguing that it could be used by self-proclaimed racialists against non-whites. In defence of the language he used in the speech, Powell replied: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What's wrong with racism? Racism is the basis of a nationality. Nations are, upon the whole, united by identity with one another, the self-identification of our citizens, and that's normally due to similarities which are regarded as racial differences.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_1994,_p_365-288">[288]</a></blockquote> Powell further went on to say that "it's not impossible but it's difficult, for a non-white person to be British."<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Victoria Honeyman, Lecturer in Politics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> in England, wrote of Powell's beliefs on immigration: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Enoch Powell was, like other politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a>, an intellectual in the true sense of the word. He would follow the logic of an intellectual argument to its conclusion, regardless of how unpalatable that conclusion was, and then present it and often expect others to appreciate his process. ... Powell is usually viewed as being a racist, but that is too simplistic. Powell was interested in what he saw as being best for Britain. ... While it is easy to label him a racist, if you view his argument as an intellectual argument, he simply delivered what he considered the reasoned conclusion to it. It was not a reflection on Indian and Pakistani people, only a comment on what immigration from these countries might do to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></blockquote> Powell's speeches and TV interviews throughout his political life displayed a suspicion towards "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">the Establishment</a>" in general, and by the 1980s there was a regular expectation that he would make some sort of speech or act in a way designed to upset the government and ensure he would not be offered a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peerage</a> (and thus be transferred to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>), which, some believe, he had no intention of accepting so long as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> sat in the Commons. (Heath remained in the Commons until after Powell's death.) He had opposed the Life Peerages Act, and felt it would be hypocritical to accept a life peerage himself since no Prime Minister ever offered him a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">hereditary peerage</a>. According to Libertarian theorist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>, Powellism was seen as a proper step toward free markets in the early 1970s, writing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is only one political strategy that carries hope for Britain in the foreseeable future: that of the dissident stormy petrel of British politics, Enoch Powell. Decades of horrific British policies have created a rigid, stratified, and cartellized economy, a set of frozen power blocs integrated with Big Government: namely, Big Business and Big Labor. Even the most cautious and gradualist of English libertarians now admit that only a radical political change can save England. Enoch Powell is the only man on the horizon who could be the sparkplug for such a change. It is true, of course, that for libertarians Enoch Powell has many deficiencies. For one thing he is an admitted High Tory who believes in the divine right of kings; for another, his immigration policy is the reverse of libertarian. But on the critical issues in these parlous times: on checking the inflationary rise in the money supply, and on scuttling the disastrous price and wage controls, Powell is by far the soundest politician in Britain. A sweep of Enoch Powell into power would hardly be ideal, but it offers the best existing hope for British freedom and survival.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portraits">Portraits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Portraits">edit</a>]</div> Powell sat for sculptor <a href="/wiki/Alan_Thornhill" title="Alan Thornhill">Alan Thornhill</a> for a portrait<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> in clay. The correspondence file relating to the Powell portrait bust is held as part of the Thornhill Papers (2006:56) in the archive<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore_Foundation" title="Henry Moore Foundation">Henry Moore Foundation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Moore Institute">Henry Moore Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and the terracotta remains in the collection of the artist. English photographer <a href="/wiki/Allan_Warren" title="Allan Warren">Allan Warren</a> photographed many portraits of Powell. There are 24 images of Powell in the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Portrait Gallery (London)">National Portrait Gallery</a> Collection including work by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bassano" title="Alexander Bassano">Bassano</a>'s studios, <a href="/wiki/Anne-Katrin_Purkiss" title="Anne-Katrin Purkiss">Anne-Katrin Purkiss</a>,<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> and a 1971 cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Scarfe" title="Gerald Scarfe">Gerald Scarfe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatic_portrayals">Dramatic portrayals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dramatic portrayals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Powell's "Rivers of Blood" speech was subject of the play What Shadows by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Hannan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Hannan (page does not exist)">Chris Hannan</a>, staged in Birmingham from 27 October to 12 November 2016, with Powell portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid" title="Ian McDiarmid">Ian McDiarmid</a> and Clem Jones by <a href="/wiki/George_Costigan" title="George Costigan">George Costigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></li> <li>Powell appears briefly as a character in <a href="/wiki/James_Graham_(playwright)" title="James Graham (playwright)">James Graham's</a> 2021 play <a href="/wiki/Best_of_Enemies_(play)" title="Best of Enemies (play)">Best of Enemies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> In August 2002, Powell appeared 55th in the list of <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a> of all time (voted for by the public in a BBC nationwide poll).<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPowellRendel1936" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch; Rendel, Harris J. (1936). The Rendel Harris Papyri. Cambridge The University Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000WGT4XG">B000WGT4XG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rendel+Harris+Papyri&rft.pub=Cambridge+The+University+Press&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000WGT4XG%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft.au=Rendel%2C+Harris+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1937" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1937). First Poems. Shakespeare Head Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003U5HJCO">B003U5HJCO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Poems&rft.pub=Shakespeare+Head+Press&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB003U5HJCO%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1960" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1960) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ALEXICONTOHERODOTUS1938ByJ.ENOCHPOWELL/mode/2up">A Lexicon to Herodotus</a>. Georg Olms Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3487011492" title="Special:BookSources/3487011492"><bdi>3487011492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lexicon+to+Herodotus&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Publishers&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=3487011492&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FALEXICONTOHERODOTUS1938ByJ.ENOCHPOWELL%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1939" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1939). The History of Herodotus. Coronet Books Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0685133621" title="Special:BookSources/0685133621"><bdi>0685133621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus&rft.pub=Coronet+Books+Inc&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=0685133621&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1939" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1939). Casting-off, and other poems. Basil Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0050ID6GW">B0050ID6GW</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casting-off%2C+and+other+poems&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0050ID6GW%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1939" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1939). Herodotus, Book VIII. Pitt Press Series. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000XCU7HQ">B000XCU7HQ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%2C+Book+VIII&rft.pub=Pitt+Press+Series&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000XCU7HQ%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellJ1942" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch; J, Stephen (1942). Cyfreithiau Hywel Dda Yn Ol Llyfr Blegywryd. Gwasg Prifsgol Cymru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyfreithiau+Hywel+Dda+Yn+Ol+Llyfr+Blegywryd&rft.pub=Gwasg+Prifsgol+Cymru&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft.au=J%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellJones1963" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch; Jones, Henry Stuart (1963) [1942]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thucydidishistor0002thuc_t3d8">Thucydides Historiae Vol. I: Books I–IV 2/e</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198145500" title="Special:BookSources/0198145500"><bdi>0198145500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thucydides+Historiae+Vol.+I%3A+Books+I%E2%80%93IV+2%2Fe&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0198145500&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft.au=Jones%2C+Henry+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthucydidishistor0002thuc_t3d8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1949" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1949). Herodotus. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B005INFMTI">B005INFMTI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB005INFMTI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1950" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch; et al. (1950). One Nation. Conservative Political Centre. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001Y3CHZ8">B001Y3CHZ8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Nation&rft.pub=Conservative+Political+Centre&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001Y3CHZ8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1951" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1951). Dancer's End and The Wedding Gift.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancer%27s+End+and+The+Wedding+Gift&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellMacleod1952" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch; Macleod, Iain Norman (1952). The Social Services: needs and means. Conservative Political Centre. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0014M19BM">B0014M19BM</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Services%3A+needs+and+means&rft.pub=Conservative+Political+Centre&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0014M19BM%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft.au=Macleod%2C+Iain+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1954" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1954). Change is our Ally. Conservative Political Centre. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CIVQA">B0000CIVQA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Change+is+our+Ally&rft.pub=Conservative+Political+Centre&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CIVQA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellMaude1970" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch; <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maude" title="Angus Maude">Maude, Angus</a> (1970) [1955]. Biography of a Nation (second ed.). London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0212983733" title="Special:BookSources/0212983733"><bdi>0212983733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+of+a+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.edition=second&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0212983733&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft.au=Maude%2C+Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1960" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1960). Great Parliamentary Occasions. The Queen Anne Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001P1VJEO">B001P1VJEO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Parliamentary+Occasions&rft.pub=The+Queen+Anne+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001P1VJEO%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1960" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/savinginfreesoci0000powe">Saving in a Free Society</a>. Institute of Economic Affairs by Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CKQQO">B0000CKQQO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+in+a+Free+Society&rft.pub=Institute+of+Economic+Affairs+by+Hutchinson&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CKQQO%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsavinginfreesoci0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1965" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1965). Wood, John (ed.). A Nation not Afraid. Hodder & Stroughton. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CMRLH">B0000CMRLH</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+not+Afraid&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stroughton&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CMRLH%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1976" class="citation cs2">Powell, Enoch (1976) [1966], Medicine and Politics: 1975 and After, Pitman Medical, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0272793779" title="Special:BookSources/0272793779"><bdi>0272793779</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+and+Politics%3A+1975+and+After&rft.pub=Pitman+Medical&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0272793779&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellWallis1968" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch; Wallis, Keith (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/houseoflordsinmi0000powe">The House of Lords in the Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297761051" title="Special:BookSources/9780297761051"><bdi>9780297761051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Lords+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780297761051&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhouseoflordsinmi0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1999" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1999) [1969]. Freedom and Reality. Kingswood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716005417" title="Special:BookSources/0716005417"><bdi>0716005417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+and+Reality&rft.pub=Kingswood&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0716005417&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1969" class="citation cs2">Powell, Enoch (March 1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Freeman%201969_2.pdf">"A Housing Policy for Great Britain"</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/The_Freeman" title="The Freeman">The Freeman</a>, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 171–175, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910094026/https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Freeman%201969_2.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2021 – via The Mises Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Freeman&rft.atitle=A+Housing+Policy+for+Great+Britain&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=171-175&rft.date=1969-03&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.mises.org%2FThe%2520Freeman%25201969_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1971" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1971). Common Market: The Case Against. Elliot Right Way Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/071600559X" title="Special:BookSources/071600559X"><bdi>071600559X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Market%3A+The+Case+Against&rft.pub=Elliot+Right+Way+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=071600559X&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1972" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1972). Still to Decide. Elliot Right Way Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716005662" title="Special:BookSources/0716005662"><bdi>0716005662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Still+to+Decide&rft.pub=Elliot+Right+Way+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0716005662&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1973" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1973). The Common Market: Re-negotiate or Come Out. Elliot Right Way Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716005859" title="Special:BookSources/0716005859"><bdi>0716005859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Common+Market%3A+Re-negotiate+or+Come+Out&rft.pub=Elliot+Right+Way+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0716005859&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1973" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noeasyanswers00powe">No Easy Answers</a>. Sheldon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859690016" title="Special:BookSources/0859690016"><bdi>0859690016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Easy+Answers&rft.pub=Sheldon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0859690016&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoeasyanswers00powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1977" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1977). Wrestling With the Angel. Sheldon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0859691276" title="Special:BookSources/0859691276"><bdi>0859691276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wrestling+With+the+Angel&rft.pub=Sheldon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0859691276&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1977" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1977). Joseph Chamberlain. Thames & Hudson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500011850" title="Special:BookSources/0500011850"><bdi>0500011850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Chamberlain&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0500011850&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1978" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1978). Ritchie, Richard (ed.). A Nation or No Nation. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713415428" title="Special:BookSources/0713415428"><bdi>0713415428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+or+No+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0713415428&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1989" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1989). Ritchie, Richard (ed.). Enoch Powell on 1992. London: Anaya Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854700081" title="Special:BookSources/1854700081"><bdi>1854700081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+Powell+on+1992&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Anaya+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1854700081&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1991" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1991). Collings, Rex (ed.). Reflections of a Statesman: The Selected Writings and Speeches of Enoch Powell. London: Bellew Publishing Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0947792880" title="Special:BookSources/0947792880"><bdi>0947792880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+of+a+Statesman%3A+The+Selected+Writings+and+Speeches+of+Enoch+Powell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bellew+Publishing+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0947792880&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1990" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1990). Collected Poems. Bellew Publishing Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0947792368" title="Special:BookSources/0947792368"><bdi>0947792368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Poems&rft.pub=Bellew+Publishing+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0947792368&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1994" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Enoch (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofgospe00powe">The Evolution of the Gospel</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300054211" title="Special:BookSources/0300054211"><bdi>0300054211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Gospel&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0300054211&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofgospe00powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_contested">Elections contested</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Elections contested">edit</a>]</div> UK Parliament elections <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date of election</th> <th>Constituency</th> <th>Party</th> <th>Votes</th> <th>%</th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1947_Normanton_by-election" title="1947 Normanton by-election">1947 Normanton by-election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Normanton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Normanton (UK Parliament constituency)">Normanton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> <td>4,258</td> <td>17.9</td> <td>Not elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> <td>20,239</td> <td>46.0</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> <td>23,660</td> <td>53.6</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> <td>25,318</td> <td>60.0</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> <td>25,696</td> <td>63.9</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> <td>21,736</td> <td>57.4</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> <td>21,466</td> <td>59.1</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td> <td>26,220</td> <td>64.3</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October 1974 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionist">Ulster Unionist</a></td> <td>33,614</td> <td>50.8</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionist">Ulster Unionist</a></td> <td>32,254</td> <td>50.0</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionist">Ulster Unionist</a></td> <td>20,693</td> <td>40.3</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1986_Northern_Ireland_by-elections" title="1986 Northern Ireland by-elections">1986 Northern Ireland by-elections</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionist">Ulster Unionist</a></td> <td>24,963</td> <td>48.4</td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987 United Kingdom general election</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionist">Ulster Unionist</a></td> <td>25,848</td> <td>45.7</td> <td>Not elected </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hastilow" title="Nigel Hastilow">Nigel Hastilow</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeffer1998">Heffer 1998</a>, p. 461 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Editorial comment, The Times, 22 April 1968. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd_1994,_p._352-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_1994,_p._352_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_1994,_p._352_3-1">b</a> Shepherd 1994, p. 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2011" class="citation cs2">Schwarz, Bill (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOxwMFUnH8YC&pg=PA48">The White Man's World</a>, OUP Oxford, p. 48, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199296910" title="Special:BookSources/9780199296910"><bdi>9780199296910</bdi></a>, <q>So far as these can tell us anything, the opinion polls following the speech provide an indication of the scale of popular support. Gallup recorded 74 per cent, ORC 82 per cent, NOP 67 per cent, and the Express 79 per cent in favour of what Powell had proposed in Birmingham.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Man%27s+World&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199296910&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzOxwMFUnH8YC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvey2008" class="citation web cs1">Garvey, Bruce (4 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511101758/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/story.html?id=ac315342-4333-4bcf-8916-fe85d7d21746">"Part 2: Enoch Powell and the 'Rivers of Blood' speech"</a>. The Ottawa Citizen. Canada.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/story.html?id=ac315342-4333-4bcf-8916-fe85d7d21746">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Part+2%3A+Enoch+Powell+and+the+%27Rivers+of+Blood%27+speech&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft.aulast=Garvey&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fottawacitizen%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dac315342-4333-4bcf-8916-fe85d7d21746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dumbrell-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dumbrell_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dumbrell_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dumbrell_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumbrell2001" class="citation cs2">Dumbrell, John (2001), A Special Relationship, Macmillan, pp. 34–35, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333622490" title="Special:BookSources/9780333622490"><bdi>9780333622490</bdi></a>, <q>A Feb 1969 Gallup poll showed Powell the 'most admired person' in British public opinion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Special+Relationship&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780333622490&rft.aulast=Dumbrell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alor-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alor_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alor_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alor_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219220845/http://www.alor.org/Volume8/Vol8No47.htm">OnTarget</a>, vol. 8, ALOR, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alor.org/Volume8/Vol8No47.htm">the original</a> on 19 February 2011, retrieved 2 January 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OnTarget&rft.pub=ALOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alor.org%2FVolume8%2FVol8No47.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998568_8-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeffer1998">Heffer 1998</a>, p. 568. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998710–712-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998710–712_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeffer1998">Heffer 1998</a>, pp. 710–712. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Controversial MP's family links and childhood memories of the [Shropshire] county". Shropshire Star. 15 April 2021. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shropshire+Star&rft.atitle=Controversial+MP%27s+family+links+and+childhood+memories+of+the+%5BShropshire%5D+county&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2021-04-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988">Report by Toby Neal. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19975-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd19975_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1997">Shepherd 1997</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19973-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd19973_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd19973_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1997">Shepherd 1997</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roth_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth_13-4">e</a> Roth. </li> <li 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Retrieved 8 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Let%27s+expose+the+satanic+abuse+con+artists&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.aulast=Aaronovitch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Farticle4399591.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch2015" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408704127" title="Special:BookSources/9781408704127"><bdi>9781408704127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closet+Queens&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781408704127&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch2015" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408704127" title="Special:BookSources/9781408704127"><bdi>9781408704127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closet+Queens&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781408704127&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2017" class="citation news cs1">Williamson, Marcus (20 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/pamela-powell-the-wife-whose-steadfast-support-sustained-enoch-powell-a8058331.html">"Pamela Powell: the wife who backed Enoch Powell through the 'Rivers of blood' speech and beyond"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Pamela+Powell%3A+the+wife+who+backed+Enoch+Powell+through+the+%27Rivers+of+blood%27+speech+and+beyond&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fpamela-powell-the-wife-whose-steadfast-support-sustained-enoch-powell-a8058331.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> "Bishops criticise Abbey over Powell honour", The Irish Times, 16 February 1998, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_2007-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2007_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_2007_278-1">b</a> Bruce Anderson, "Enoch Powell made the Rivers of Blood speech out of ambition, not conviction", <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, London, 5 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Shepherd 1994, pp. 223–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Shepherd 1994, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Shepherd 1994, pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Shepherd 1994, pp. 223–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Enoch Powell, Still to Decide, p. 295 </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"My father and Enoch Powell". Shropshire Star. 8 October 2016. p. 3 (Weekend supplement).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shropshire+Star&rft.atitle=My+father+and+Enoch+Powell&rft.pages=3+%28Weekend+supplement%29&rft.date=2016-10-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> Edited article by Nicholas Jones on his father's dealings with Powell, originally published in book What Do We Mean By Local? The Rise, Fall – and possible rise again – of Local journalism (2013, Abramis). </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd_1994,_p._364-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_1994,_p._364_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_1994,_p._364_285-1">b</a> Shepherd 1994, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998504-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffer1998504_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeffer1998">Heffer 1998</a>, p. 504. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Shepherd 1994, p. 395. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd_1994,_p_365-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_1994,_p_365_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_1994,_p_365_288-1">b</a> Shepherd 1997, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Shepherd 1994, pp. 364–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Letter from Enoch Powell, Wolverhampton Express and Star, October 1964, quoted in Humphry Berkeley, "Mr Powell: still Yesterday's Man", The Times, London, 5 September 1972, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_SmithiesPeter_Fiddick" class="citation book cs1">Bill Smithies; Peter Fiddick. Enoch Powell on immigration. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+Powell+on+immigration&rft.pages=77&rft.au=Bill+Smithies&rft.au=Peter+Fiddick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Shepherd 1994, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Shepherd 1994, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/remembrance-appraisal-enoch-powell-290673">"A Remembrance and Appraisal of Enoch Powell"</a>. International Business Times. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=A+Remembrance+and+Appraisal+of+Enoch+Powell&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fremembrance-appraisal-enoch-powell-290673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkanopiadmin2014" class="citation web cs1">kanopiadmin (18 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/lf/1974/1974_03.pdf">"Complete Libertarian Forum (1969–1984)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mises.org/journals/lf/1974/1974_03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complete+Libertarian+Forum+%281969%E2%80%931984%29&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft.au=kanopiadmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fjournals%2Flf%2F1974%2F1974_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719115306/http://www.alanthornhill.co.uk/sm_004.htm">portrait head of Enoch Powell</a>, Alan Thornhill, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alanthornhill.co.uk/sm_004.htm">the original</a> (image of sculpture) on 19 July 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=portrait+head+of+Enoch+Powell&rft.pub=Alan+Thornhill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falanthornhill.co.uk%2Fsm_004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112193428/http://www.henry-moore-fdn.co.uk/matrix_engine/content.php?page_id=584">"HMI Archive"</a>. UK: Henry Moore Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henry-moore-fdn.co.uk/matrix_engine/content.php?page_id=584">the original</a> on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HMI+Archive&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Henry+Moore+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.henry-moore-fdn.co.uk%2Fmatrix_engine%2Fcontent.php%3Fpage_id%3D584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?firstRun=true&sText=purkiss&search=sa&LinkID=mp10637&page=1&rNo=7&role=art">"Portrait NPG x29287; (John) Enoch Powell"</a>. UK: National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 10 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portrait+NPG+x29287%3B+%28John%29+Enoch+Powell&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fportrait.php%3FfirstRun%3Dtrue%26sText%3Dpurkiss%26search%3Dsa%26LinkID%3Dmp10637%26page%3D1%26rNo%3D7%26role%3Dart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?LinkID=mp05680&page=1&rNo=1&role=sit">"Portrait NPG 6475; (John) Enoch Powell"</a>. UK: National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 10 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portrait+NPG+6475%3B+%28John%29+Enoch+Powell&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fportrait.php%3FLinkID%3Dmp05680%26page%3D1%26rNo%3D1%26role%3Dsit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Acting out: That famous speech set for the stage". Shropshire Star. 8 October 2016. p. 2 (Weekend supplement).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shropshire+Star&rft.atitle=Acting+out%3A+That+famous+speech+set+for+the+stage&rft.pages=2+%28Weekend+supplement%29&rft.date=2016-10-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkersteveanglesey2022" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Tim; steveanglesey (5 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/theatre-review-james-graham-best-of-enemies/">"Theatre Review: Best of Enemies is of debatable merit"</a>. The New European. Retrieved 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+European&rft.atitle=Theatre+Review%3A+Best+of+Enemies+is+of+debatable+merit&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=steveanglesey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theneweuropean.co.uk%2Ftheatre-review-james-graham-best-of-enemies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/aug/22/britishidentityandsociety.television">"The 100 greatest Britons: lots of pop, not so much circumstance"</a>. The Guardian. 22 August 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+100+greatest+Britons%3A+lots+of+pop%2C+not+so+much+circumstance&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2002%2Faug%2F22%2Fbritishidentityandsociety.television&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Paul Corthorn, Enoch Powell: Politics and Ideas in Modern Britain, OUP Oxford, 2019.</li> <li>Olivier Esteves et Stéphane Porion, The Lives and Afterlives of Enoch Powell, London, Routledge, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Foot_(journalist)" title="Paul Foot (journalist)">Foot, Paul</a> (1969). The Rise of Enoch Powell. Harmondsworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Enoch+Powell&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeffer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Heffer" title="Simon Heffer">Heffer, Simon</a> (1998). <a href="/wiki/Like_the_Roman:_The_Life_of_Enoch_Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell">Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297842866" title="Special:BookSources/9780297842866"><bdi>9780297842866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+the+Roman%3A+The+Life+of+Enoch+Powell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780297842866&rft.aulast=Heffer&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2014" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Lord (2014). Enoch at 100: A re-evaluation of the life, politics and philosophy of Enoch Powell. Biteback publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849547420" title="Special:BookSources/9781849547420"><bdi>9781849547420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+at+100%3A+A+re-evaluation+of+the+life%2C+politics+and+philosophy+of+Enoch+Powell&rft.pub=Biteback+publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781849547420&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Lewis" title="Roy Lewis">Lewis, Roy</a> (1979), Enoch Powell. Principle in Politics, Cassell, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304300721" title="Special:BookSources/0304300721">0304300721</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roth" title="Andrew Roth">Roth, Andrew</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enochpowelltoryt0000roth">Enoch Powell: Tory Tribune</a>. London: TBS The Book Service Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780356031507" title="Special:BookSources/9780356031507"><bdi>9780356031507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+Powell%3A+Tory+Tribune&rft.place=London&rft.pub=TBS+The+Book+Service+Ltd&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780356031507&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenochpowelltoryt0000roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raheem_Kassam" title="Raheem Kassam">Raheem Kassam</a>, Enoch Was Right, London, Independently published, 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandbrook2005" class="citation book cs1">Sandbrook, Dominic (2005). Never Had It So Good. London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780349115306" title="Special:BookSources/9780349115306"><bdi>9780349115306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Had+It+So+Good&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780349115306&rft.aulast=Sandbrook&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schofield, Camilla (2013), Enoch Powell and the Making of Postcolonial Britain, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107007949" title="Special:BookSources/9781107007949">9781107007949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Schoen" title="Douglas Schoen">Schoen, Douglas E.</a> (1977), Enoch Powell and the Powellites, Macmillan, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333198662" title="Special:BookSources/0333198662">0333198662</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1994" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Robert (1994). Iain Macleod. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780091785673" title="Special:BookSources/9780091785673"><bdi>9780091785673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iain+Macleod&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780091785673&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1997" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Robert (1997). Enoch Powell. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0712673253" title="Special:BookSources/0712673253"><bdi>0712673253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+Powell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0712673253&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff1998" class="citation news cs1">Staff (9 February 1998). "Enoch Powell (obituary)". <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Enoch+Powell+%28obituary%29&rft.date=1998-02-09&rft.au=Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey1970" class="citation book cs1">Stacey, Tom (1970). Immigration and Enoch Powell. London. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/151226">151226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Enoch+Powell&rft.place=London&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F151226&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Clarke, Peter (7 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210617121649/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v35/n05/peter-clarke/i-am-a-classical-scholar-and-you-are-not">"I am a classical scholar, and you are not."</a> <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, vol. 35, no. 5. pp. 31–32. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0260-9592">0260-9592</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n05/peter-clarke/i-am-a-classical-scholar-and-you-are-not">the original.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enoch_Powell&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Enoch_Powell" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Enoch_Powell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Enoch_Powell" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_P03.html#Powell_JE">British Army Officers 1939–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-enoch-powell">contributions in Parliament by Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05680">Portraits of Enoch Powell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333028#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2001" class="citation cs2">Phillips, Mike (7 February 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/politicsobituaries/story/0,1441,563473,00.html">"Obituary"</a>, The Guardian, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary&rft.date=2001-02-07&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.guardian.co.uk%2Fpoliticsobituaries%2Fstory%2F0%2C1441%2C563473%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation cs2">Powell, Enoch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1777">The Papers of Enoch Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Enoch+Powell&rft.pub=Churchill+Archives+Centre&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Enoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Frepositories%2F9%2Fresources%2F1777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"> are accessible to the public.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugD4W12S-cU">Radio Interview on Immigration</a>, UK: BBC, 5 September 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Interview+on+Immigration&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DugD4W12S-cU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988">: Powell interviewed shortly after his controversial "<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of Blood">Rivers of Blood</a>" speech (3 min 38 s).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths" class="citation cs2">Griffiths, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111133256/http://www.david-griffiths.co.uk/enoch-powell/4581933375">Enoch Powell</a>, UK, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.david-griffiths.co.uk/enoch-powell/4581933375">the original</a> (Official portrait) on 11 January 2014, retrieved 11 January 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+Powell&rft.place=UK&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.david-griffiths.co.uk%2Fenoch-powell%2F4581933375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosgrave1998" class="citation cs2">Cosgrave, Patrick (9 February 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-enoch-powell-1143867.html">"Obituary: Enoch Powell"</a>, The Independent, London, retrieved 30 October 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Enoch+Powell&rft.date=1998-02-09&rft.aulast=Cosgrave&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fobituary-enoch-powell-1143867.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnoch+Powell" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80009826">Imperial War Museum Interview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://generals.dk/general/Powell/John_Enoch/Great_Britain.html">Generals of World War II</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New constituency </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton South West">Wolverhampton South West</a> <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a> – <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Budgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Budgen">Nick Budgen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Orr" title="Lawrence Orr">Lawrence Orr</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Down (UK Parliament constituency)">South Down</a> <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974</a>–<a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_McGrady" title="Eddie McGrady">Eddie McGrady</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Henry Brooke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a> 1957–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Simon,_Baron_Simon_of_Glaisdale" title="Jack Simon, Baron Simon of Glaisdale">Jack Simon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Walker-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Derek Walker-Smith">Derek Walker-Smith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a> 1960–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Anthony Barber</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Shadow Secretary of State for Defence">Shadow Secretary of State for Defence</a> 1965–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enoch_Powell" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enoch_Powell" title="Template:Enoch Powell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enoch_Powell" title="Template talk:Enoch Powell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enoch_Powell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enoch Powell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enoch_Powell" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enoch Powell</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Output</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">"Rivers of Blood" speech</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Like_the_Roman" title="Like the Roman">Like the Roman</a> (1998 biography)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Shadows" title="What Shadows">What Shadows</a> (2016 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Enoch" title="Radio Enoch">Radio Enoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Health_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secretary_of_State_for_Health" title="Template:Secretary of State for Health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secretary_of_State_for_Health" title="Template talk:Secretary of State for Health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secretary_of_State_for_Health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secretary of State for Health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Health_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Health secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Ministers of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Christopher Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mond,_1st_Baron_Melchett" title="Alfred Mond, 1st Baron Melchett">Alfred Mond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" title="Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford" title="William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford">William Joynson-Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wheatley" title="John Wheatley">John Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young,_1st_Baron_Kennet" title="Hilton Young, 1st Baron Kennet">Hilton Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Kingsley Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brown_(British_politician)" title="Ernest Brown (British politician)">Ernest Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Willink" title="Henry Willink">Henry Willink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Marquand" title="Hilary Marquand">Hilary Marquand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Harry Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Turton,_Baron_Tranmire" title="Robin Turton, Baron Tranmire">Robin Turton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Vosper,_Baron_Runcorn" title="Dennis Vosper, Baron Runcorn">Dennis Vosper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Walker-Smith,_Baron_Broxbourne" title="Derek Walker-Smith, Baron Broxbourne">Derek Walker-Smith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Anthony Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Social_Services" title="Secretary of State for Social Services">Secretaries of State for Social Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Sir Keith Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ennals,_Baron_Ennals" title="David Ennals, Baron Ennals">David Ennals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Jenkin" title="Patrick Jenkin">Patrick Jenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Norman Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Lower_Marsh" title="John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh">John Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Secretaries of State for Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Kenneth Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waldegrave,_Baron_Waldegrave_of_North_Hill" title="William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill">William Waldegrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Bottomley" title="Virginia Bottomley">Virginia Bottomley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dorrell" title="Stephen Dorrell">Stephen Dorrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dobson" title="Frank Dobson">Frank Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Milburn" title="Alan Milburn">Alan Milburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">John Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hewitt" title="Patricia Hewitt">Patricia Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Alan Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Burnham" title="Andy Burnham">Andy Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Andrew Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Secretary of State for Health and Social Care">Secretaries of State for Health and Social Care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Thérèse Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Atkins" title="Victoria Atkins">Victoria Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wes_Streeting" title="Wes Streeting">Wes Streeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shadow_secretaries_of_state_for_defence_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shadow_Defence_Secretaries" title="Template:Shadow Defence Secretaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rippon" title="Geoffrey Rippon">Rippon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thomson,_Baron_Thomson_of_Monifieth" title="George Thomson, Baron Thomson of Monifieth">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gilmour,_Baron_Gilmour_of_Craigmillar" title="Ian Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar">Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Walker,_Baron_Walker_of_Worcester" title="Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_4th_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gilmour,_Baron_Gilmour_of_Craigmillar" title="Ian Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar">Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mulley" title="Fred Mulley">Mulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brynmor_John" title="Brynmor John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Silkin" title="John Silkin">Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denzil_Davies" title="Denzil Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill,_Baron_O%27Neill_of_Clackmannan" title="Martin O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Clackmannan">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Clark,_Baron_Clark_of_Windermere" title="David Clark, Baron Clark of Windermere">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maples" title="John Maples">Maples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Jenkin" title="Bernard Jenkin">Jenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Soames" title="Nicholas Soames">Soames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ainsworth" title="Bob Ainsworth">Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Murphy" title="Jim Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coaker" title="Vernon Coaker">Coaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Eagle" title="Maria Eagle">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Thornberry" title="Emily Thornberry">Thornberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Healey_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Healey (politician)">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cartlidge" title="James Cartlidge">Cartlidge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div>Outgoing Leader: <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Sir Alec Douglas-Home</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enoch Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2002159989&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1154438">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1738555">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070118876">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90340363">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=93476">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt796kjf15sjvxm">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/884233">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/iwSZQI9M">UK Parliament</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118793152.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/CgQqQdQ4g">Deutsche Synchronkartei</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/092592430">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ft9pfn">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>]    </div><noscript><img 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