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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dubois_(Mediziner)" title="Paul Dubois (Mediziner) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Dubois (Mediziner)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Charles_Dubois" title="Paul Charles Dubois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Charles Dubois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="پول تشارلز دوبويس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پول تشارلز دوبويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dubois_(psychotherapeut)" title="Paul Dubois (psychotherapeut) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Dubois (psychotherapeut)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Charles_Dubois" title="Paul Charles Dubois – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Charles Dubois" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Charles Dubois</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0_(Paul-Charles_Dubois).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0_%28Paul-Charles_Dubois%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0_%28Paul-Charles_Dubois%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0_%28Paul-Charles_Dubois%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0_%28Paul-Charles_Dubois%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0_%28Paul-Charles_Dubois%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B0_%28Paul-Charles_Dubois%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1848-11-28</span>)</span>28 November 1848</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 1918<span style="display:none">(1918-11-04)</span> (aged 69)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Swiss</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">"persuasion therapy"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Medical career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Research</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neuropathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropathologist">neuropathologist</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Charles Dubois</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[pɔl<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃaʁl<span class="wrap"> </span>dybwa]</a></span>; 28 November 1848 – 4 November 1918) was a Swiss <a href="/wiki/Neuropathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropathologist">neuropathologist</a> who was a native of <a href="/wiki/La_Chaux-de-Fonds" title="La Chaux-de-Fonds">La Chaux-de-Fonds</a>. </p><p>Dubois studied medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a>, and in 1876 was a general practitioner of medicine in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>. He was interested in <a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine">psychosomatic medicine</a>, eventually gaining a reputation as a highly regarded <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotherapist">psychotherapist</a>. In 1902 he became a professor of <a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">neuropathology</a> at Bern. Dubois was influenced by the writings of German <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_August_Heinroth" title="Johann Christian August Heinroth">Johann Christian August Heinroth</a> (1773–1843). </p><p>Dubois is known for the introduction of "persuasion therapy", a process that employed a rational approach for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurotic disorders</a>. Within this discipline, he developed a psychotherapeutic methodology that was a form of <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Doctor-patient_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor-patient relationship">doctor-patient relationship</a> as a means to persuade the patient to change his/her behavior. He believed it was necessary to appeal to a patient's intellect and reason in order to eliminate negative and self-destructive habits. He also maintained it was necessary for the physician to convince the patient of the irrationality of their own neurotic feelings and thought processes. Dubois was disdainful of <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnotic therapy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dubois has been described as "the first significant modern proponent" of a <a href="/wiki/Rational_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational therapy">rational therapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a>, and for some time in the early 20th century it had competed in popularity with Freudian <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, especially in the USA, but is little known today.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His best known written work was the 1904 <i>Les psychonévroses et leur traitement moral</i>, which was later translated into English as "Psychic Treatment of Nervous Disorders (The Psychoneuroses and Their Moral Treatment)". The preface of this book was written by his friend, <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jules_Dejerine" title="Joseph Jules Dejerine">Joseph Jules Dejerine</a> (1849–1917). Another influential publication by Dubois was a "mind over matter" treatise titled <i>De l'influence de l'esprit sur le corps</i>. Dubois was also an editor of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Monakow" title="Constantin von Monakow">Constantin von Monakow</a>'s <i>Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie</i> (Swiss Archive for Neurology and Psychiatry). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Charles_Dubois&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Robertson_2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_2010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobertson,_D2010" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, D (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsOFyJaR5vEC"><i>The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy</i></a>. London: Karnac. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-756-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85575-756-1"><bdi>978-1-85575-756-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Cognitive-Behavioural+Therapy%3A+Stoicism+as+Rational+and+Cognitive+Psychotherapy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Karnac&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85575-756-1&rft.au=Robertson%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsOFyJaR5vEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Charles+Dubois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_Millon2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Millon" title="Theodore Millon">Theodore Millon</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nfvaX3eyYjEC&q=%22paul+dubois%22+1848&pg=PA394"><i>Masters of the Mind</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46985-8"><bdi>978-0-471-46985-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+the+Mind&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-46985-8&rft.au=Theodore+Millon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnfvaX3eyYjEC%26q%3D%2522paul%2Bdubois%2522%2B1848%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Charles+Dubois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/gac/081758.shtml">AntiQbook, Psychic Treatment of Nervous Disorders</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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