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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Annexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Annexes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lipans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 17 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%89" title="شعب ليبان اباتشى – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب ليبان اباتشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Липанал – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Липанал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ліпан – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліпан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apacheeg_lipek" title="Apacheeg lipek – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Apacheeg lipek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipans" title="Lipans – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lipans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan" title="Lipan – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lipan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lipan Apache people" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%C3%A1n" title="Lipán – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lipán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan" title="Lipan – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lipan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Lipan" title="Apache Lipan – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apache Lipan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan" title="Lipan – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lipan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipanapacher" title="Lipanapacher – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lipanapacher" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan" title="Lipan – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lipan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan" title="Lipan – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lipan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F)" title="Липаны (племя) – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Липаны (племя)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lipan Apache people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipanapacher" title="Lipanapacher – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lipanapacher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1402468#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lipans" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Lipans" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lipans"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lipans"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Lipans" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Lipans" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&oldid=173249420" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Lipans&id=173249420&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLipans"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLipans"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Lipans"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lipans&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lipan_Apache" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1402468" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cet article concerne le peuple amérindien. Pour la langue, voir <a href="/wiki/Lipan" title="Lipan">lipan</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg/38px-Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg/58px-Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg/76px-Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant les <a href="/wiki/Nord-Am%C3%A9rindiens" title="Nord-Amérindiens">Nord-Amérindiens</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) ; pour plus d’indications, visitez le <a href="/wiki/Projet:Nord-Am%C3%A9rindiens" title="Projet:Nord-Amérindiens">projet Nord-Amérindiens</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Apachean_ca.18-century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Apachean_ca.18-century.png/220px-Apachean_ca.18-century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Apachean_ca.18-century.png/330px-Apachean_ca.18-century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Apachean_ca.18-century.png/440px-Apachean_ca.18-century.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Répartition des tribus apaches au <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle : Ch – <a href="/wiki/Chiricahuas" title="Chiricahuas">Chiricahuas</a>, WA – <a href="/wiki/Apaches_de_l%27Ouest" title="Apaches de l'Ouest">Apaches de l'Ouest</a>, N – <a href="/wiki/Navajos" title="Navajos">Navajos</a>, M – <a href="/wiki/Mescaleros" title="Mescaleros">Mescaleros</a>, J – <a href="/wiki/Jicarillas" title="Jicarillas">Jicarillas</a>, L – <b>Lipans</b>, Pl – <a href="/wiki/Apaches_des_Plaines" title="Apaches des Plaines">Apaches des Plaines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <b>Lipans</b> sont un groupe d'<a href="/wiki/Apaches" title="Apaches">Apaches</a> vivant dans le <a href="/wiki/Sud-Ouest_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Sud-Ouest des États-Unis">Sud-Ouest des États-Unis</a>. Avant le contact avec les Européens, ils vivaient dans les plaines du <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> avant de migrer pour une grande partie d'entre eux au <a href="/wiki/Nouveau-Mexique" title="Nouveau-Mexique">Nouveau-Mexique</a> après une série d'attaques menées par les <a href="/wiki/Comanches" title="Comanches">Comanches</a>, puis au <a href="/wiki/Mexique" title="Mexique">Mexique</a> lorsque les Américains ont entrepris de mener une politique d'extermination<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker2000-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une grande partie des Lipans vivent aujourd'hui dans la <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9serve_indienne_de_Mescalero_Apache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réserve indienne de Mescalero Apache (page inexistante)">réserve indienne de Mescalero Apache</a> au Nouveau-Mexique<sup id="cite_ref-Pritzker2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritzker2000-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pritzker2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker2000_1-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Pritzker2000_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pritzker2000">Pritzker 2000</a>. </span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Annexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span> : document utilisé comme source pour la rédaction de cet article. </p> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Minor2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nancy_McGown_Minor2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nancy McGown <span class="nom_auteur">Minor</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The light gray people : an ethno-history of the Lipan Apaches of Texas and northern Mexico</cite>, Lanham, <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>, <time>2009</time>, 188 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7618-4853-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7618-4853-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7618-4853-0</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/435421567">435421567</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3RkqtYVhJbIC">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+light+gray+people&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.stitle=an+ethno-history+of+the+Lipan+Apaches+of+Texas+and+northern+Mexico&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Nancy+McGown&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=188&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-4853-0&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F435421567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipans"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Minor2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nancy_McGown_Minor2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nancy McGown <span class="nom_auteur">Minor</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Turning adversity to advantage : a history of the Lipan Apaches of Texas and northern Mexico, 1700-1900</cite>, Lanham, <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>, <time>2009</time>, 231 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7618-4858-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7618-4858-5"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7618-4858-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/435421571">435421571</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Xsjn8yQD8-UC">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+adversity+to+advantage&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.stitle=a+history+of+the+Lipan+Apaches+of+Texas+and+northern+Mexico%2C+1700-1900&rft.aulast=Minor&rft.aufirst=Nancy+McGown&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=231&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-4858-5&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F435421571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipans"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Pritzker2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Barry_Pritzker2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Barry <span class="nom_auteur">Pritzker</span>, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Apache, Lipan : history, culture, and peoples »</cite>, dans <cite class="italique" lang="en">A Native American encyclopedia</cite>, New York, Oxford University Press, <time>2000</time>, 591 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-513877-1"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-513877-1</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/42683042">42683042</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ZxWJVc4ST0AC&pg=PA15">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">15-17</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Native+American+encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Apache%2C+Lipan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=15-17&rft.tpages=591&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513877-1&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42683042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipans"></span></span></span>. <span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Robinson2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sherry_Robinson2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Sherry <span class="nom_auteur">Robinson</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">I fought a good fight : a history of the Lipan Apaches</cite>, Denton, University of North Texas Press, <time>2013</time>, 495 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-57441-506-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-57441-506-3"><span class="nowrap">978-1-57441-506-3</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/822532987">822532987</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ZF-PKg6Q4Y8C">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+fought+a+good+fight&rft.place=Denton&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft.stitle=a+history+of+the+Lipan+Apaches&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=495&rft.isbn=978-1-57441-506-3&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F822532987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALipans"></span></span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipans&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipan" title="Lipan">Lipan</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Nord-Am%C3%A9rindiens" title="Portail des Nord-Amérindiens"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg/26px-Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg/39px-Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg/52px-Logo_Tipi_Indien_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Nord-Am%C3%A9rindiens" title="Portail:Nord-Amérindiens">Portail des Nord-Amérindiens</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Nouveau-Mexique" title="Portail du Nouveau-Mexique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/50px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/66px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Nouveau-Mexique" title="Portail:Nouveau-Mexique">Portail du Nouveau-Mexique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Texas" title="Portail du Texas"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/25px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/37px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/49px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Texas" title="Portail:Texas">Portail du Texas</a></span> 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