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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cherokee_Nation_West_(1810–1839)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cherokee Nation West (1810–1839)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cherokee_Nation_West_(1810–1839)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_(1824–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_(1824–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_(1824–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cherokee_Nation_in_Indian_Territory_(1839–1907)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cherokee_Nation_in_Indian_Territory_(1839–1907)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cherokee_Nation_in_Indian_Territory_(1839–1907)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cherokee_Nation_(1975–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cherokee_Nation_(1975–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cherokee Nation (1975–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cherokee_Nation_(1975–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cherokee Nation (1975–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cherokee_Nation_(1975–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Appointed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Elected</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_(1939–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_(1939–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_(1939–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cherokee Chiefs" redirects here. For the high school team, see <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_High_School_(Tennessee)" title="Cherokee High School (Tennessee)">Cherokee High School (Tennessee)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Title of the chief executives of the Cherokee Nations</div> <p><b>Principal Chief</b> is today the title of the chief executives of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians</a>, the three <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>. In the eighteenth century, when the people were primarily organized by clans and towns, they would appoint a leader for negotiations with the Europeans. They called him <i>Uku</i>, or "First Beloved Man". </p><p>The title of "Principal Chief" was created in 1794, when the Cherokee began to formalize a more centralized political structure. They founded the original <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee Nation (19th century)">Cherokee Nation</a>. The Cherokee Nation–East adopted a written constitution in 1827, creating a government with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The Principal Chief was elected by the National Council, which was the legislature of the Nation. The Cherokee Nation–West adopted a similar constitution in 1833. In 1839 most of the reunited nation was reunited in Indian Territory, after forced removal from the Southeast. There they adopted one constitution. In 1868, the Eastern Band of Cherokee, made up of those who had managed to remain primarily in the homelands of North Carolina, created a separate and distinct constitution and formalized the position of Principal Chief. The position had existed in the east since the time of <i><a href="/wiki/Yonaguska" title="Yonaguska">Yonaguska</a></i>. Their descendants make up the members of the federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a> today, referred to as the EBCI. </p><p>In 1906, the US government dismantled the Cherokee Nation's governmental structure under the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a> (except for allowing the tribe to retain limited authority to deal with remaining land issues, a provision that lasted until June 1914). This act also provided for the allotment of communal lands and extinguishing of Cherokee land title in preparation for admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Conley,_p._198_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conley,_p._198-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following passage of the federal <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a> of 1934 and the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Indian_Welfare_Act" title="Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act">Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act</a> of 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Nighthawk Society</a> organized in 1939 as the United Keetoowah Band. The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> approved their constitution in 1940. </p><p>The United States President began appointing a Principal Chief for the non-UKB Cherokee in 1941. In 1975, these Cherokee drafted their constitution as the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, which was ratified on June 26, 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-thorpe1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorpe1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, they approved several changes to the constitution, including the removal of the qualifying phrase "of Oklahoma" from their name, leaving it simply "Cherokee Nation". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_leaders">Early leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Parsons_-_Cunne_Shote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Francis_Parsons_-_Cunne_Shote.jpg/220px-Francis_Parsons_-_Cunne_Shote.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Francis_Parsons_-_Cunne_Shote.jpg/330px-Francis_Parsons_-_Cunne_Shote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Francis_Parsons_-_Cunne_Shote.jpg/440px-Francis_Parsons_-_Cunne_Shote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Conocotocko_II" title="Conocotocko II">Cunne Shote</a>, Cherokee Chief</i>, by Francis Parsons (English), 1762, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/Gilcrease_Museum" title="Gilcrease Museum">Gilcrease Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-m28_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1794, the Cherokee had no standing national government. Their structure was based on clans and towns, which had various leaders. The clans had functions within each town and within the tribe. The towns appointed their own leaders to represent the tribe to British, French, and (later) American authorities. They typically had both peace ("white") and war ("red") chiefs. The range of aboriginal titles were usually translated by the English as "chief," but the Cherokee called their headmen of towns and villages "<i>Beloved Man</i>." The term "emperor" is placed in quotation marks, since this title was created by British emissary Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cuming" title="Alexander Cuming">Alexander Cuming</a>; it was not accepted by the tribe as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-c16_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outacite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outacite (page does not exist)">Outacite</a> (d. 1729), peace chief, signed a 1720 treaty with Governor Nicholson; <i>outacite</i> is his title rather than his given name<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charitey_Hagey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charitey Hagey (page does not exist)">Charitey Hagey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tugaloo" title="Tugaloo">Tugaloo</a> (1716–1721)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Warrior_of_Tanasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Warrior of Tanasi (page does not exist)">Long Warrior</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanasi" title="Tanasi">Tanasi</a> (1729–1730)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wrosetasetow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wrosetasetow (page does not exist)">Wrosetasetow</a>, "emperor" of the Cherokee until 1730;<sup id="cite_ref-c16_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his given name was <i>Ama-edohi</i> or "water-goer",<sup id="cite_ref-c17_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c17-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he served as a trade commissioner<sup id="cite_ref-c57_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Tellico" title="Moytoy of Tellico">Moytoy of Tellico</a> (also known as Ama-edohi);<sup id="cite_ref-c16_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c16-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (d. 1741),<sup id="cite_ref-c18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declared "emperor" by British emissary, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cuming" title="Alexander Cuming">Alexander Cuming</a>, from 1730<sup id="cite_ref-txcii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-txcii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1741<sup id="cite_ref-c57_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attakullakulla" title="Attakullakulla">Attakullakulla</a> (or "Little Carpenter", also spelled Ada-gal'kala, Attacullaculla, Oukou-naka)<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1708/1711<sup id="cite_ref-txcii_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-txcii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1780<sup id="cite_ref-fxiii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fxiii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), "white" peace chief from <a href="/wiki/Echota" class="mw-redirect" title="Echota">Echota</a><sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognized as primary chief by the British,<sup id="cite_ref-c168_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c168-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "president of the nation" from 1762 to 1778<sup id="cite_ref-c57_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amouskositte" title="Amouskositte">Amouskositte</a> (or Ammouskossittee, Amascossite, Ammonscossittee, Amosgasite, "Dreadfulwater")<sup id="cite_ref-c18_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Great Tellico (b. ca. 1728), served as "emperor" 1741–1753,<sup id="cite_ref-c18_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> son of Moytoy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hop">Old Hop</a> (or Guhna-gadoga,<sup id="cite_ref-c168_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c168-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanagatucko, and "Standing Turkey")<sup id="cite_ref-c168_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c168-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(1753–1756),<sup id="cite_ref-c168_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c168-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> war chief from Echota; either Ammouskossitte's uncle<sup id="cite_ref-c57_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or father.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Citico" title="Moytoy of Citico">Moytoy of Citico</a> (or Amo-adaw-ehi), war chief during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1759–1761), nephew of the Moytoy of Tellico.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uka_Ulah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uka Ulah (page does not exist)">Uka Ulah</a> (also Ukah Ulah)<sup id="cite_ref-c57_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (d. 1761), "emperor;" nephew of Old Hop,<sup id="cite_ref-c168_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c168-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conocotocko_II" title="Conocotocko II">Standing Turkey</a> (or Cunne Shote), traveled to England in 1762 with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Timberlake" title="Henry Timberlake">Henry Timberlake</a><sup id="cite_ref-m28_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outacite_of_Keowee" class="mw-redirect" title="Outacite of Keowee">Outacite of Keowee</a> (ca. 1703–ca. 1780) (also known as "Judd's Friend",<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outacity, Outassite, Outacite, Outassatah, Wootasite, Wrosetasetow,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ostenaco, Outassete,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scyacust Ukah); he met Anglo-American emissary <a href="/wiki/Henry_Timberlake" title="Henry Timberlake">Henry Timberlake</a> when the latter went to Overhill country, and traveled with him to England in 1762<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconostota" title="Oconostota">Oconostota</a> (also known as Ogan'sto', "Groundhog Sausage") (1712–1781), red war chief of Echota;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served entire tribe 1778–1785<sup id="cite_ref-c57_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanukah" title="Savanukah">Savanukah</a> of Chota (1781–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tassel" title="Old Tassel">Old Tassel</a> (or "Corntassel," "Tassel," Kaiyatahee) (d. 1788),<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> peace chief from Echota,<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served 1783–1788<sup id="cite_ref-c57_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_of_Chota" title="Raven of Chota">Raven of Chota</a> (or Colonah), war chief; nephew of Oconostota<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turkey" title="Little Turkey">Little Turkey</a>, served 1788–1794<sup id="cite_ref-c57_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>opposed by <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Maw" title="Hanging Maw">Hanging Maw</a> (or Scolaguta),<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served 1788–1794</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chickamauga/Lower_Cherokee_(1777–1809)"><span id="Chickamauga.2FLower_Cherokee_.281777.E2.80.931809.29"></span>Chickamauga/Lower Cherokee (1777–1809)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chickamauga/Lower Cherokee (1777–1809)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1777, Dragging Canoe and a large body of Cherokee, primarily from Tennessee, separated from the bands that had signed treaties of peace with the Americans during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. They migrated first to the Chickamauga (now <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>) region, then to the "Five Lower Towns" area – further west and southwest of there – in order to continue fighting (see <a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a>). In time, these <i><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Cherokee" title="Chickamauga Cherokee">Chickamauga Cherokee</a></i> comprised a majority of the nation, due to both sympathy with their cause and the destruction of the homes of other Cherokee who later joined them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The separation ended at a reunification council with the Cherokee Nation in 1809. </p><p>Chiefs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragging_Canoe" title="Dragging Canoe">Dragging Canoe</a> (1777–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Watts (Cherokee chief)">John Watts</a> (1792–1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublehead" title="Doublehead">Doublehead</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Old_Tassel" title="Old Tassel">Old Tassel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-brown_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served 1802–1807</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_(Cherokee_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glass (Cherokee chief)">The Glass</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ta%27gwadihi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'gwadihi">Ta'gwadihi</a> (1807–1809)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cherokee_Nation_East_(1794–1839)"><span id="Cherokee_Nation_East_.281794.E2.80.931839.29"></span>Cherokee Nation East (1794–1839)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cherokee Nation East (1794–1839)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ross_of_the_Cherokee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/John_Ross_of_the_Cherokee.jpg/220px-John_Ross_of_the_Cherokee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/John_Ross_of_the_Cherokee.jpg/330px-John_Ross_of_the_Cherokee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/John_Ross_of_the_Cherokee.jpg/440px-John_Ross_of_the_Cherokee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>John Ross, c. 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>Little Turkey was elected First Beloved Man of the Cherokee (the council seat of which was shifted south to Ustanali (later known as New Echota), near what is now <a href="/wiki/Calhoun,_Georgia" title="Calhoun, Georgia">Calhoun, Georgia</a>) in the aftermath of the assassination by frontiersmen of <a href="/wiki/Old_Tassel" title="Old Tassel">Corntassel</a> (also called Cornsilk) and several other leaders. Hanging Maw of Coyatee, listed above, claimed the title as his right by tradition, as he was the headman of the Upper Towns. Many Cherokee and the US government recognized him as Principal Chief. Little Turkey was finally recognized as "Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation" by all the towns after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a>, when the Cherokee established their first nominal national government. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turkey" title="Little Turkey">Little Turkey</a> (1794–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Fox_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Fox (chief)">Black Fox</a> (1801–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathkiller" title="Pathkiller">Pathkiller</a> (1811–1827) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Tiger" title="Big Tiger">Big Tiger</a> (1824–1828); self-proclaimed chief of a faction of those following <a href="/wiki/Whitepath" title="Whitepath">Whitepath</a>'s teachings (which were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Seneca_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca nation">Seneca</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Hicks" title="Charles R. Hicks">Charles R. Hicks</a> (1827), <i>de facto</i> head of government from 1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_(Cherokee_chief)" title="William Hicks (Cherokee chief)">William Hicks</a> (1827–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a> (1828–1839) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_(Cherokee_chief)" title="William Hicks (Cherokee chief)">William Hicks</a> (1833–1835), elected principal chief of the faction supporting emigration to the west</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cherokee_Nation_West_(1810–1839)"><span id="Cherokee_Nation_West_.281810.E2.80.931839.29"></span>Cherokee Nation West (1810–1839)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cherokee Nation West (1810–1839)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally settling along the <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_River" title="St. Francis River">St. Francis</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Arkansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="White River (Arkansas)">White</a> rivers in what was classified first as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Louisiana">Spanish Louisiana</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas Territory</a> after the United States acquired it, the Western Cherokee eventually migrated to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> in 1828 after the Treaty of Washington. They named their capital there Tahlontiskee. John Jolly died while the Latecomers were arriving, and John Looney succeeded him automatically. Looney was deposed by the council and replaced with Brown; his supporters wanted to put the Cherokee Nation West in a better position vis-a-vis the Ross party of Cherokee Nation East. </p><p>The removal of the eastern Cherokee Territory took place in 1839. It was followed by the executions in June 1839 of <a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Major Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ridge" title="John Ridge">John Ridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elias_Boudinot_(Cherokee)" title="Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)">Elias Boudinot</a> (Treaty party members who had aligned with the Old Settlers). At that time, the council deposed Brown, replacing him with Looney. A sizable faction of the Old Settlers refused to recognize Looney and elected Rogers in his stead, but their efforts to maintain autonomy petered out the next year. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bowl_(Cherokee)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bowl (Cherokee)">The Bowl</a> (1810–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degadoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Degadoga">Degadoga</a> (1813–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Tahlonteeskee (Cherokee chief)">Tahlonteeskee</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jolly" title="John Jolly">John Jolly</a> (1819–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Looney_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Looney (Cherokee chief)">John Looney</a> (1838–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Brown (Cherokee chief)">John Brown</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Looney_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Looney (Cherokee chief)">John Looney</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Rogers (Cherokee chief)">John Rogers</a> (1839–1840)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_(1824–present)"><span id="Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_.281824.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimrodsmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nimrodsmith.jpg/170px-Nimrodsmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Nimrodsmith.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Nimrod Jarret Smith (1837–1893) was 4th Principal Chief of the Eastern Band and a Confederate Army veteran of the Thomas Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a> is made up of descendants of Cherokee primarily from along the <a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_River" title="Oconaluftee River">Oconaluftee River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_North_Carolina" title="Western North Carolina">Western North Carolina</a>, in today's Cherokee County. The band formed after the treaties of 1817 and 1819 were made between the Cherokee Nation East and the US government; they were outside the former territory. They were later joined by Utsala's band from the <a href="/wiki/Nantahala_River" title="Nantahala River">Nantahala River</a> in western North Carolina, and those few from the Valley Towns who managed to remain in 1838 following <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">Indian Removal</a> of most of the Cherokee to Indian Territory. </p><p>Principal chiefs: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguska" title="Yonaguska">Yonaguska</a> (1824–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonitah" title="Salonitah">Salonitah</a>, or Flying Squirrel (1870–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_R._Welch_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Lloyd R. Welch (Cherokee chief)">Lloyd R. Welch</a> (1875–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Jarrett_Smith" title="Nimrod Jarrett Smith">Nimrod Jarrett Smith</a> (1880–1891)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillwell_Saunooke_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stillwell Saunooke (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Stillwell Saunooke</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andy_Standing_Deer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andy Standing Deer (page does not exist)">Andy Standing Deer</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Reed_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse Reed (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Jesse Reed</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_Saloloneeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bird Saloloneeta (page does not exist)">Bird Saloloneeta</a>, or Young Squirrel (1903–1907)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Goins_Welch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Goins Welch (page does not exist)">John Goins Welch</a> (1907–1911)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_A._Saunooke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph A. Saunooke (page does not exist)">Joseph A. Saunooke</a> (1911–1915)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blythe_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Blythe (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">David Blythe</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li>Joseph A. Saunooke (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampson_Owl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sampson Owl (page does not exist)">Sampson Owl</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Tahquette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Tahquette (page does not exist)">John A. Tahquette</a> (1927–1931)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarret_Blythe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarret Blythe (page does not exist)">Jarret Blythe</a> (1931–1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bradley_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Bradley (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Henry Bradley</a> (1947–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osley_Bird_Saunooke" title="Osley Bird Saunooke">Osley Bird Saunooke</a> (1951–1955)</li> <li>Jarret Blythe (1955–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osley_Bird_Saunooke" title="Osley Bird Saunooke">Osley Bird Saunooke</a> (1959–1963)</li> <li>Jarret Blythe (1963–1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Jackson_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Jackson (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Walter Jackson</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noah_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noah Powell (page does not exist)">Noah Powell</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Crowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Crowe (page does not exist)">John A. Crowe</a> (1973–1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._Youngdeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert S. Youngdeer (page does not exist)">Robert S. Youngdeer</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_L._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan L. Taylor (page does not exist)">Jonathan L. Taylor</a> (1987–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Parker" title="Gerard Parker">Gerard Parker</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Dugan" title="Joyce Dugan">Joyce Dugan</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Jones_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Jones (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Leon Jones</a> (1999–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michell_Hicks" title="Michell Hicks">Michell Hicks</a> (2003–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lambert" title="Patrick Lambert">Patrick Lambert</a> (2015-2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sneed" title="Richard Sneed">Richard Sneed</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michell_Hicks" title="Michell Hicks">Michell Hicks</a> (2023-present)</li></ul> <p>Two principal chiefs of the tribe have been <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">impeached</a> since the late 20th century: Jonathan L. Taylor in 1995 and Patrick Lambert in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cherokee_Nation_in_Indian_Territory_(1839–1907)"><span id="Cherokee_Nation_in_Indian_Territory_.281839.E2.80.931907.29"></span>Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Downing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lewis_Downing.jpg/200px-Lewis_Downing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lewis_Downing.jpg/300px-Lewis_Downing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Lewis_Downing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Lewis Downing</figcaption></figure> <p>After removal of the eastern Cherokee to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>, they created a new constitution to unify the former Eastern Cherokee with the Western Cherokee. This allowed for direct election of the Principal Chief. Though a holdout minority of the Old Settlers elected <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Rogers (Cherokee chief)">John Rogers</a> as their principal chief, his government never gained further support and soon faded away. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a> faction abandoned the established capital of Tahlontiskee and built <a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a> instead. During the Civil War, the Nation voted to support the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, and Ross acquiesced for a time. In 1862, however, he and many of his supporters fled to Washington, DC. At that time <a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Stand Watie</a>, serving as a Confederate officer, was elected Principal Chief by a portion of the Nation. The remaining Ross group never supported Watie's election, though, and lived apart under their own officials. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a> (1839–1866) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Pegg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Pegg (page does not exist)">Thomas Pegg</a>, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_Christie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith Christie (page does not exist)">Smith Christie</a>, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Downing" title="Lewis Downing">Lewis Downing</a>, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1864–1866)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Stand Watie</a>, (1862–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Ross" title="William P. Ross">William P. Ross</a> (1866–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Downing" title="Lewis Downing">Lewis Downing</a> (1867–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Ross" title="William P. Ross">William P. Ross</a> (1872–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thompson_(Cherokee_Chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thompson (Cherokee Chief)">Charles Thompson</a> (1875–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bushyhead" title="Dennis Bushyhead">Dennis Bushyhead</a> (1879–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_B._Mayes" title="Joel B. Mayes">Joel B. Mayes</a> (1887–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Harris" title="Johnson Harris">C. J. Harris</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Houston_Mayes" title="Samuel Houston Mayes">Samuel Houston Mayes</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buffington" title="Thomas Buffington">Thomas Buffington</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers" title="William Charles Rogers">William Rogers</a> (1903–1905); deposed by the council</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Boudinot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank J. Boudinot (page does not exist)">Frank J. Boudinot</a> (1905–1906); also president of the <a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Nighthawk Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers" title="William Charles Rogers">William Charles Rogers</a> (1906)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cherokee_Nation_(1975–present)"><span id="Cherokee_Nation_.281975.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Cherokee Nation (1975–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cherokee Nation (1975–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChadSmithByPhilKonstantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/ChadSmithByPhilKonstantin.jpg/170px-ChadSmithByPhilKonstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/ChadSmithByPhilKonstantin.jpg/255px-ChadSmithByPhilKonstantin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/ChadSmithByPhilKonstantin.jpg/340px-ChadSmithByPhilKonstantin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chad_%22Corntassel%22_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad "Corntassel" Smith">Chad "Corntassel" Smith</a>, former Principal Chief (1999–2011)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg/220px-ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg/330px-ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg/440px-ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a>, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, at the Cherokee Leaders Conference in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>In preparation for Oklahoma statehood, the original Cherokee Nation's governmental authority was dismantled by the United States in 1906, except for limited authority to deal with land issues until 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Conley,_p._198_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conley,_p._198-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Principal Chief was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US federal government</a>. In 1971 an election was held. Principal Chief and incumbent, <a href="/wiki/W.W._Keeler" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Keeler">W.W. Keeler</a>, who had been appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> in 1949, was elected. </p><p>The constitution of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma">Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma</a> was drafted in 1975 and ratified on June 26, 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-thorpe1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorpe1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new constitution was ratified in 2003 with the name of the tribe changed to simply "Cherokee Nation".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointed">Appointed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Appointed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appointed "Principal Chiefs", many holding the title to serve for a single day, signed documents and performed other pro forma duties as required by the federal government. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers" title="William Charles Rogers">William C. Rogers</a> (1907–1917)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>With the admission of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> to the Union as the forty-sixth state and to extinguish land claims and terminate any unfinished business of the tribe, an Act of April 26, 1906 (34 Statutes at Large, 148) continued the tribal governments, and retained the principal chiefs and governors then in office. Under provisions of this act, Rogers continued in office to sign the deeds transferring the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> to the individual allottees. Upon his death on November 8, 1917, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> was authorized by this act to appoint Rogers' successor.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Charles J. Hunt (December 27, 1928)</li> <li>Oliver P. Brewer (May 26, 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_Hastings" title="William Wirt Hastings">William Wirt Hastings</a> (January 22, 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.B._Milam" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Milam">J.B. Milam</a> (1941–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.W._Keeler" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Keeler">W.W. Keeler</a> (1949–1971)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elected">Elected</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elected"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W.W._Keeler" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Keeler">W.W. Keeler</a> (1971–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Swimmer" title="Ross Swimmer">Ross Swimmer</a> (1975–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a> (1985–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Byrd_(Cherokee_Chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Byrd (Cherokee Chief)">Joe Byrd</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_%22Corntassel%22_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Chad "Corntassel" Smith">Chad "Corntassel" Smith</a> (1999–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Crittenden" title="Joe Crittenden">Joe Crittenden</a> (acting, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hoskin_Jr." title="Chuck Hoskin Jr.">Chuck Hoskin Jr.</a> (2019–present)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_(1939–present)"><span id="United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians_.281939.E2.80.93present.29"></span>United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UKB Cherokee are descendants primarily of Old Settlers who organized under the federal Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the state Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of 1936. They ratified their constitution and bylaws and were recognized by the federal government in 1950. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hitcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hitcher (page does not exist)">John Hitcher</a> (1939–1946)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Pickup_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Pickup (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Jim Pickup</a> (1946–1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Tindle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Tindle (page does not exist)">Jeff Tindle</a> (1954–1960)</li> <li>Jim Pickup (1960–1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Glory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Glory (page does not exist)">William Glory</a> (1967–1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Gordon_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James L. Gordon (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">James L. Gordon</a> (1979–1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hair_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hair (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">John Hair</a> (1983–1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_(UKB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ross (UKB) (page does not exist)">John Ross</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Henson_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Henson (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">Jim Henson</a> (1996–2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Proctor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas Proctor (page does not exist)">Dallas Proctor</a> 2000–2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wickliffe" title="George Wickliffe">George Wickliffe</a> 2005–2016</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joe_Bunch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joe Bunch (page does not exist)">Joe Bunch</a> 2016–present</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junaluska" title="Junaluska">Junaluska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor_Indian_Community" title="Mount Tabor Indian Community">Mount Tabor Indian Community</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Conley,_p._198-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conley,_p._198_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conley,_p._198_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thorpe1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thorpe.ou.edu/constitution/cherokee/index.html">"Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212104623/http://thorpe.ou.edu/constitution/cherokee/index.html">Archived</a> 2009-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>University of Oklahoma Law Center.</i> (retrieved January 16, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m28-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m28_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-m28_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morand et al 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c16-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c16_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c16_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c16_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, John P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v016/v016p003.html#fn13">"Eastern Cherokee Chiefs."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211113950/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v016/v016p003.html#fn13">Archived</a> February 11, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Chronicles of Oklahoma.</i> Vol. 16, No. 1. March 1938. Retrieved January 1, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c17-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c17_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c57-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c57_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c57_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c57_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c57_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c57_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c57_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c57_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c57_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c18-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c18_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c18_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c18_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-txcii-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-txcii_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-txcii_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timberlake and King xvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fxiii-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fxiii_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c168-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c168_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c168_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c168_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c168_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c168_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morand et al 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conley, "Encyclopedia," 168–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMargulis2017" class="citation news cs1">Margulis, Abigail (May 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2017/05/25/tribal-council-votes-impeach-cherokee-chief/345085001/">"Tribal Council votes to impeach Cherokee chief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asheville_Citizen-Times" title="Asheville Citizen-Times">Asheville Citizen-Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asheville+Citizen-Times&rft.atitle=Tribal+Council+votes+to+impeach+Cherokee+chief&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizen-times.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2017%2F05%2F25%2Ftribal-council-votes-impeach-cherokee-chief%2F345085001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Principal+Chiefs+of+the+Cherokee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cherokee.org/TribalGovernment/Executive/CCC/ccc1999Changes.pdf">The 1999 Constitution Cherokee Nation.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327031945/http://www.cherokee.org/TribalGovernment/Executive/CCC/ccc1999Changes.pdf">Archived</a> March 27, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Cherokee Nation.</i> . Retrieved September 21, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jouzapavicius, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iwhUrWnBO3f-sNT7UkWEXAKKEEBA?docId=43441e1bca6f42d8bcb4ef97e4b62b8f">"Cherokee Nation: Challenger wins chief election."</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i>Associated Press.</i> October 11, 2011 (retrieved October 12, 2011)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Brown, John P. <i>Old Frontiers</i>. Kingsport: Southern Publishers, 1938.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Conley" title="Robert J. Conley">Conley, Robert J</a>. <i>The Cherokee Nation: A History</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008.</li> <li>Conley, Robert J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jjfu4rAAyU8C&dq=1762%20cherokee%20Timberlake%20Pouting&pg=PA171"><i>A Cherokee Encyclopedia.</i></a> Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826339515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826339515">978-0826339515</a>.</li> <li>Hoig, Stanley. <i>The Cherokees and Their Chiefs: In the Wake of Empire</i>. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._McLoughlin" title="William G. McLoughlin">McLoughlin, William G.</a> <i>Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.</li> <li>Mooney, James. <i>Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee</i> (1900). Reprint: Nashville: Charles and Randy Elder-Booksellers, 1982.</li> <li>Moore, John Trotwood and Austin P. Foster. <i>Tennessee, The Volunteer State, 1769–1923, Vol. 1</i>. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1923.</li> <li>Morand, Anne, Kevin Smith, Daniel C. Swan, Sarah Erwin. <i>Treasures of Gilcrease: Selections from the Permanent Collection.</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806199566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806199566">978-0806199566</a>.</li> <li>Timberlake, Henry and Duane King. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHr-cf5j0AEC&q=Stalking+Turkey&pg=PR17"><i>The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake: The Story of a Soldier, Adventurer, and Emissary to the Cherokees, 1756–1765.</i></a> University of North Carolina Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807831267" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807831267">978-0807831267</a>.</li> <li>Wilkins, Thurman. <i>Cherokee Tragedy: The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People</i>. New York: Macmillan Company, 1970.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_society" title="Cherokee society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Holiday" title="Cherokee National Holiday">National holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_calendar" title="Cherokee calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_clans" title="Cherokee clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chiefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadugi">Gadugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghigau" title="Ghigau">Ghigau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cherokee_language" title="History of the Cherokee language">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_(Unicode_block)" title="Cherokee (Unicode block)">Cherokee (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Supplement" title="Cherokee Supplement">Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Immersion_School" title="Cherokee Immersion School">Cherokee Immersion School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kituwah_Academy" title="New Kituwah Academy">New Kituwah Academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_marbles" title="Cherokee marbles">Marbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Spiritual beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon-eyed_people" title="Moon-eyed people">Moon-eyed people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_ethnobotany" title="Cherokee ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuchi" title="Kanuchi">Kanuchi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booger_dance" title="Booger dance">Booger dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Nation" title="Flag of the Cherokee Nation">Flag of the Cherokee Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ani_Hyuntikwalaski" title="Ani Hyuntikwalaski">Ani Hyuntikwalaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Woman" title="Deer Woman">Deer Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon-eyed_people" title="Moon-eyed people">Moon-eyed people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun%27Yunu%27Wi" title="Nun'Yunu'Wi">Nun'Yunu'Wi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BB%C3%B1n%C3%AB%27h%C3%AF" title="Nûñnë'hï">Nûñnë'hï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Mocker" title="Raven Mocker">Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">U'tlun'ta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsul_%27Kalu" title="Tsul 'Kalu">Tsul 'Kalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cherokee_history" title="Timeline of Cherokee history">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_military_history" title="Cherokee military history">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_treaties" title="Cherokee treaties">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kituwa" title="Kituwa">Kituwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ani-kutani" title="Ani-kutani">Ani-kutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiagusta" title="Skiagusta">skiagusta (rank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsidihi" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsidihi">outacite (rank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_of_Chota" title="Raven of Chota">Raven of Chota</a></li> <li>Wars <ul><li>Tribal Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taliwa" title="Battle of Taliwa">Battle of Taliwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Loudoun" title="Siege of Fort Loudoun">Siege of Fort Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Echoee" title="Battle of Echoee">Battle of Echoee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_War_of_1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee War of 1776">Cherokee War of 1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hightower" title="Battle of Hightower">Battle of Hightower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lindley%27s_Fort" title="Battle of Lindley's Fort">Battle of Lindley's Fort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickajack_Expedition" title="Nickajack Expedition">Nickajack Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Cherokee_Mounted_Rifles" title="1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles">1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_treaties" title="Cherokee treaties">Cherokee treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tellico" title="Treaty of Tellico">Treaty of Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkeytown" title="Treaty of Turkeytown">Treaty of Turkeytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dewitt%27s_Corner" title="Treaty of Dewitt's Corner">Treaty of Dewitt's Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hard_Labour" title="Treaty of Hard Labour">Treaty of Hard Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lochaber" title="Treaty of Lochaber">Treaty of Lochaber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hopewell" title="Treaty of Hopewell">Treaty of Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Holston" title="Treaty of Holston">Treaty of Holston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_and_McMinn_Treaty" title="Jackson and McMinn Treaty">Jackson and McMinn Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Colony" title="Transylvania Colony">Transylvania Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Cherokee" title="Chickamauga Cherokee">Chickamauga Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee" title="Overhill Cherokee">Overhill Cherokee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Phoenix" title="Cherokee Phoenix">Cherokee Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_removal" title="Cherokee removal">Removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_descent" title="Cherokee descent">Cherokee descent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_Grant_Deeds" title="Jacob Brown Grant Deeds">Jacob Brown Grant Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Cherokees" title="Texas Cherokees">Texas Cherokees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Heritage_Center" title="Cherokee Heritage Center">Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Preservation_Foundation" title="Cherokee Preservation Foundation">Cherokee Preservation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_Warriors_Society" title="Cherokee Nation Warriors Society">Warriors Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Keetoowah_Society" title="Original Keetoowah Society">Original Keetoowah Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Nighthawk Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Youth_Choir" title="Cherokee National Youth Choir">Youth Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_heritage_groups" title="Cherokee heritage groups">Heritage groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Southwest_Township_(Albuquerque,_New_Mexico)" title="Cherokee Southwest Township (Albuquerque, New Mexico)">Cherokee Southwest Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_Indian_Village" title="Oconaluftee Indian Village">Oconaluftee Indian Village</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unto_These_Hills" title="Unto These Hills">Unto These Hills</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Female_Seminary" title="Cherokee Female Seminary">Female Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Male_Seminary" title="Cherokee Male Seminary">Male Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Central_Schools" title="Cherokee Central Schools">Cherokee Central Schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_High_School_(North_Carolina)" title="Cherokee High School (North Carolina)">Cherokee High School</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sequoyah Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_High_School_(Cherokee_County,_Oklahoma)" title="Sequoyah High School (Cherokee County, Oklahoma)">Sequoyah High School</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee">Principal Chiefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Law" title="Blood Law">Blood Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerindian_slave_ownership#Cherokee" title="Amerindian slave ownership">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1842_Slave_Revolt_in_the_Cherokee_Nation" title="1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation">1842 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">freedmen controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_v._Georgia" title="Cherokee Nation v. Georgia">Cherokee Nation v. Georgia</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Worcester_v._Georgia" title="Worcester v. Georgia">Worcester v. Georgia</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cherokee_Tobacco" title="The Cherokee Tobacco">The Cherokee Tobacco</a> case</i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_of_Oklahoma_v._Leavitt" title="Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt">Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Commission" title="Cherokee Commission">Cherokee Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Outlet" title="Cherokee Outlet">Cherokee Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Strip_(Kansas)" title="Cherokee Strip (Kansas)">in Kansas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Constitutional_Convention" title="Sequoyah Constitutional Convention">Sequoyah Constitutional Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and<br /> villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Cherokee_settlements" title="Historic Cherokee settlements">Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Tennessee)" title="Long Island (Tennessee)">Amoyeligunahita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasstown,_North_Carolina" title="Brasstown, North Carolina">Brasstown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chatuga_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chatuga (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Chatuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilhowee_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chilhowee (Cherokee town)">Chilhowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chota (Cherokee town)">Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conasauga,_Georgia" title="Conasauga, Georgia">Conasauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too-Cowee" title="Too-Cowee">Cowee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coyotee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coyotee (page does not exist)">Coyotee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crowtown,_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crowtown, Alabama (page does not exist)">Crowtown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirt_town_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirt town (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Dirt town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducktown,_Tennessee" title="Ducktown, Tennessee">Ducktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_Georgia" title="Rome, Georgia">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogtown_Creek" title="Frogtown Creek">Frogtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hiwassee" title="Great Hiwassee">Hiwassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_town_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Island town (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Island town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isunigu" title="Isunigu">Isunigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joara" title="Joara">Joara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keowee" title="Keowee">Keowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kituwa" title="Kituwa">Kituwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugartown" title="Sugartown">Kulsetsiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mialoquo_(Cherokee_town)" title="Mialoquo (Cherokee town)">Mialoquo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacoochee_Mound" title="Nacoochee Mound">Nacoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantahala,_North_Carolina" title="Nantahala, North Carolina">Nantahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Echota" title="New Echota">New</a><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Georgia" title="New Town, Georgia">Echota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickajack" title="Nickajack">Nickajack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikwasi" title="Nikwasi">Nikwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nununyi" title="Nununyi">Nununyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocoee,_Tennessee" title="Ocoee, Tennessee">Ocoee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconee_County,_South_Carolina" title="Oconee County, South Carolina">Oconee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oostanaula,_Georgia" title="Oostanaula, Georgia">Oostanaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Clay,_Georgia" title="Red Clay, Georgia">Red Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)" title="Citico (Cherokee town)">Settico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spikebuck_Town_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Spikebuck Town Mound and Village Site">Spike Bucktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallassee_(Cherokee_town)" title="Tallassee (Cherokee town)">Talisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talulah_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talulah (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Talulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanasi" title="Tanasi">Tanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tellico" title="Great Tellico">Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomassee_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomassee (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Tomassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotley" title="Tomotley">Tomotley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqua_(Tennessee)" title="Toqua (Tennessee)">Toqua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxoway_(Cherokee_town)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxoway (Cherokee town) (page does not exist)">Toxoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_Historic_District_(Chattanooga,_Tennessee)" title="St. Elmo Historic District (Chattanooga, Tennessee)">Tsatanugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckasegee,_North_Carolina" title="Tuckasegee, North Carolina">Tuckasegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugaloo" title="Tugaloo">Tugaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkeytown_(Cherokee_town)" title="Turkeytown (Cherokee town)">Turkeytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtletown,_Tennessee" title="Turtletown, Tennessee">Turtletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_(Cherokee_town)" title="Tuskegee (Cherokee town)">Tuskegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteside,_Tennessee" title="Whiteside, Tennessee">Running Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willstown_(Cherokee_town)" title="Willstown (Cherokee town)">Titsohili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nations</a></li> <li>Western Cherokee Nation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlonteeskee, Oklahoma">Tahlonteeskee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Band <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee,_North_Carolina" title="Cherokee, North Carolina">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualla_Boundary" title="Qualla Boundary">Qualla Boundary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks and<br /> memorial sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Capitol" title="Cherokee National Capitol">Cherokee National Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Removal_Memorial_Park" title="Cherokee Removal Memorial Park">Cherokee Removal Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chieftains_Museum" title="Chieftains Museum">Chieftains Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cherokee_Female_Seminary_Site" title="First Cherokee Female Seminary Site">First Cherokee Female Seminary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaculla_Rock" title="Judaculla Rock">Judaculla Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Tennessee)" title="Long Island (Tennessee)">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_House_(Rossville,_Georgia)" title="John Ross House (Rossville, Georgia)">John Ross House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_Landing" title="Ross's Landing">Ross's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah%27s_Cabin" title="Sequoyah's Cabin">Sequoyah's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellico_Blockhouse" title="Tellico Blockhouse">Tellico Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears_State_Park" title="Trail of Tears State Park">Trail of Tears State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainerd_Mission" title="Brainerd Mission">Brainerd Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake_Springs" title="Rattlesnake Springs">Rattlesnake Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Cass" title="Fort Cass">Fort Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Clay_State_Historic_Park" title="Red Clay State Historic Park">Red Clay State Historic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_Conrad_Cabin" title="Hair Conrad Cabin">Hair Conrad Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ward_Tomb" title="Nancy Ward Tomb">Nancy Ward Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blythe_Ferry" title="Blythe Ferry">Blythe Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussell_Island" title="Bussell Island">Bussell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Vann_House_Historic_Site" title="Chief Vann House Historic Site">Chief Vann House Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_Rock_Archeological_District" title="Mantle Rock Archeological District">Mantle Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Cherokee_People" title="Museum of the Cherokee People">Museum of the Cherokee People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Untokiasdiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stone_State_Park" title="Standing Stone State Park">Standing</a> <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_Tennessee" title="Monterey, Tennessee">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Ground,_Georgia" title="Ball Ground, Georgia">Stick Ball Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullasaja_River" title="Cullasaja River">Cullasaja River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckasegee_River" title="Tuckasegee River">Tuckasegee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_(Great_Smoky_Mountains)" title="Oconaluftee (Great Smoky Mountains)">Oconaluftee valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconaluftee_River" title="Oconaluftee River">Oconaluftee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrams_Creek_(Tennessee)" title="Abrams Creek (Tennessee)">Abrams Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Shoals" title="Sycamore Shoals">Sycamore Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_Path" title="Trading Path">The Great Trading Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Indian_Warpath" title="Great Indian Warpath">The Great War Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_River_Heritage_Center" title="Hiwassee River Heritage Center">Hiwassee River Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatata" title="Chatata">Chatata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend,_Tennessee" title="Townsend, Tennessee">Tuckaleechee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Smith National Historic Site"> Fort Smith Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal_State_Park" title="Port Royal State Park">Port Royal State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes_Museum" title="Five Civilized Tribes Museum">Five Civilized Tribes Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy,_North_Carolina" title="Murphy, North Carolina">Tlanusiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Path" title="Cherokee Path">Cherokee Path</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Tellico" title="Moytoy of Tellico">Moytoy of Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attakullakulla" title="Attakullakulla">Attakullakulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amouskositte" title="Amouskositte">Amouskositte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conocotocko_I" title="Conocotocko I">Old Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moytoy_of_Citico" title="Moytoy of Citico">Moytoy of Citico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conocotocko_II" title="Conocotocko II">Standing Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostenaco" title="Ostenaco">Outacite of Keowee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconostota" title="Oconostota">Oconostota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanukah" title="Savanukah">Savanukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tassel" title="Old Tassel">Old Tassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turkey" title="Little Turkey">Little Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragging_Canoe" title="Dragging Canoe">Dragging Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Watts (Cherokee chief)">Kunokeski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublehead" title="Doublehead">Incalatanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagwadihi" title="Tagwadihi">Tagwadihi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation East (1794–1839) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Fox_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Black Fox (Cherokee chief)">Enola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathkiller" title="Pathkiller">Pathkiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Tiger" title="Big Tiger">Big Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Hicks" title="Charles R. Hicks">Charles R. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hicks_(Cherokee_chief)" title="William Hicks (Cherokee chief)">William Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation West (1810–1839) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bowl_(Cherokee_chief)" title="The Bowl (Cherokee chief)">The Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatoka" title="Takatoka">Degadoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Tahlonteeskee (Cherokee chief)">Tahlonteeskee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jolly" title="John Jolly">John Jolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Looney_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Looney (Cherokee chief)">John Looney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Rogers (Cherokee chief)">John Rogers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguska" title="Yonaguska">Yonaguska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holland_Thomas" title="William Holland Thomas">William Holland Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Jarrett_Smith" title="Nimrod Jarrett Smith">Tsaladihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Parker" title="Gerard Parker">Gerard Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Dugan" title="Joyce Dugan">Joyce Dugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Lambert" title="Patrick Lambert">Patrick Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sneed" title="Richard Sneed">Richard Sneed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Downing" title="Lewis Downing">Lewis Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Ross" title="William P. Ross">William P. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thompson_(Cherokee_chief)" title="Charles Thompson (Cherokee chief)">Utselata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bushyhead" title="Dennis Bushyhead">Dennis Bushyhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_B._Mayes" title="Joel B. Mayes">Joel B. Mayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Harris" title="Johnson Harris">Johnson Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Houston_Mayes" title="Samuel Houston Mayes">Samuel Houston Mayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buffington" title="Thomas Buffington">Thomas Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Rogers" title="William Charles Rogers">William Charles Rogers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherokee Nation (1975–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Milam" title="J. B. Milam">J. B. Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._W._Keeler" title="W. W. Keeler">W. W. Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Swimmer" title="Ross Swimmer">Ross Swimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Byrd_(Cherokee_Nation_Principal_Chief)" title="Joe Byrd (Cherokee Nation Principal Chief)">Joe Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Smith_(politician)" title="Chad Smith (politician)">Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hoskin_Jr." title="Chuck Hoskin Jr.">Chuck Hoskin Jr.</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Gordon_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James L. Gordon (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">James L. Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hair_(Cherokee_chief)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hair (Cherokee chief) (page does not exist)">John W. Hair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other notable Cherokee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ward" title="Nancy Ward">Nancy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsali" title="Tsali">Tsali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlonteeskee_(Cherokee_warrior)" title="Tahlonteeskee (Cherokee warrior)">Tahlonteeskee (warrior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle-at-Home" title="Turtle-at-Home">Turtle-at-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junaluska" title="Junaluska">Junaluska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goingsnake" title="Goingsnake">Goingsnake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Boudinot_(Cherokee)" title="Elias Boudinot (Cherokee)">Elias Boudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wauhatchie" title="Wauhatchie">Wauhatchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Vann" title="James Vann">James Vann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Vann_(Cherokee_leader)" title="David Vann (Cherokee leader)">David Vann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vann" title="Joseph Vann">Joseph Vann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Benge" title="Bob Benge">Bob Benge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitepath" title="Whitepath">Nunnahitsunega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_Christie" title="Ned Christie">Ned Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(judge)" title="John Martin (judge)">John Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin" title="Markwayne Mullin">Markwayne Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Herrell" title="Yvette Herrell">Yvette Herrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Major Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McIntosh" title="Jenny McIntosh">Jenny McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sixkiller" title="Sam Sixkiller">Sam Sixkiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_V._Rogers" title="Clement V. Rogers">Clement V. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbird_Smith" title="Redbird Smith">Redbird Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbin_Feeling" title="Durbin Feeling">Durbin Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Shade" title="Hastings Shade">Hastings Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Teehee" title="Kimberly Teehee">Kimberly Teehee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawna_Baker" title="Shawna Baker">Shawna Baker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also: <a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="chr:">Cherokee-language Wikipedia</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&oldid=1259560865">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee&oldid=1259560865</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Titles_and_offices_of_Native_American_leaders" title="Category:Titles and offices of Native American leaders">Titles and offices of Native American leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Cherokee" title="Category:History of the Cherokee">History of the Cherokee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_Native_American_people" title="Category:Lists of Native American people">Lists of Native American people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1794_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1794 establishments in the United States">1794 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" title="Category:Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee">Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2024">Articles with dead external links from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 20:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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