CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Edward Burnett Tylor - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0e3984ac-d7a5-4deb-a4e0-c4fb5ca4eb10","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Edward_Burnett_Tylor","wgTitle":"Edward Burnett Tylor","wgCurRevisionId":1239927352,"wgRevisionId":1239927352,"wgArticleId":313766,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from April 2013","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2022","All articles with style issues","EngvarB from August 2014","Use dmy dates from August 2014","Articles with hCards","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference", "Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","1832 births","1917 deaths","19th-century Mesoamericanists","Anthropologists of religion","British anthropologists","British Mesoamericanists","Cross-cultural studies","Cultural anthropologists","English Quakers","Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland","Fellows of the Royal Society","Mesoamerican anthropologists","People associated with the Pitt Rivers Museum","Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Edward_Burnett_Tylor","wgRelevantArticleId":313766,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q141037","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1627"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1085"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="868"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Edward Burnett Tylor - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Edward_Burnett_Tylor rootpage-Edward_Burnett_Tylor skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Edward+Burnett+Tylor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edward+Burnett+Tylor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Edward+Burnett+Tylor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edward+Burnett+Tylor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Professional career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification_and_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classification and criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Basic concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Universals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tylor's_evolutionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tylor's_evolutionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tylor's evolutionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tylor's_evolutionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Survivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Survivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Evolution of religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Burnett Tylor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="إدوارد بيرنت تايلور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد بيرنت تايلور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Taylor" title="Eduard Taylor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eduard Taylor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ادوارد بارنت تایلور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد بارنت تایلور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эдуард Бернет Тайлар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард Бернет Тайлар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="एडवर्ड बर्नेट टायलर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एडवर्ड बर्नेट टायलर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Едуард Бърнет Тайлър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Бърнет Тайлър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Tylor" title="Edward B. Tylor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward B. Tylor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84_%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%81" title="Έντουαρντ Μπάρνετ Τάιλορ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντουαρντ Μπάρνετ Τάιλορ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tylor" title="Edward Tylor – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edward Tylor" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ادوارد بارنت تایلور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد بارنت تایلور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tylor" title="Edward Tylor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Tylor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tylor" title="Edward Tylor – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Edward Tylor" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%B2%84%EB%84%B7_%ED%83%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC" title="에드워드 버넷 타일러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 버넷 타일러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="एडवर्ड बर्नेट टाइलर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडवर्ड बर्नेट टाइलर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אדוארד טיילור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד טיילור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ಬರ್ನೆಟ್ ಟೇಲರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್ ಬರ್ನೆಟ್ ಟೇಲರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ედვარდ ტაილორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედვარდ ტაილორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эдуард Бернетт Тайлор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эдуард Бернетт Тайлор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82" title="Тайлор Эдуард Бернетт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тайлор Эдуард Бернетт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC" title="എഡ്വേർഡ് ബർണറ്റ് ടയ്ലർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്വേർഡ് ബർണറ്റ് ടയ്ലർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ედვარდ ბერნეტ ტაილორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედვარდ ბერნეტ ტაილორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ادوارد بيرنت تايلور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد بيرنت تايلور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="エドワード・バーネット・タイラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・バーネット・タイラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernett_Taylor" title="Eduard Bernett Taylor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eduard Bernett Taylor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0" title="ਐਡਵਰਡ ਬਰਨੈੱਟ ਟਾਇਲਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਡਵਰਡ ਬਰਨੈੱਟ ਟਾਇਲਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tylor" title="Edward Tylor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edward Tylor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82" title="Тайлор, Эдуард Бернетт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайлор, Эдуард Бернетт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tylor" title="Edward Tylor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Tylor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward Burnett Tylor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Едвард Барнетт Тайлор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едвард Барнетт Тайлор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" title="爱德华·伯内特·泰勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱德华·伯内特·泰勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q141037#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Edward_Burnett_Tylor" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&oldid=1239927352" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&id=1239927352&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdward_Burnett_Tylor"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdward_Burnett_Tylor"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edward_Burnett_Tylor" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q141037" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English anthropologist (1832–1917)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Edward Taylor, see <a href="/wiki/Edward_Taylor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Edward Taylor (disambiguation)">Edward Taylor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Edward Burnett Tylor</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute">FRAI</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg/220px-Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Edward Burnett Tylor</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">2 October 1832<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Camberwell" title="Camberwell">Camberwell</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 January 1917<span style="display:none">(1917-01-02)</span> (aged 84)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Somerset" title="Wellington, Somerset">Wellington, Somerset</a>, England, United Kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/220px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/330px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/440px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Perspectives_on_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Perspectives on Religion">Anthropological Perspectives on Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Edward Burnett Tylor</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute">FRAI</a></span></span> (2 October 1832 – 2 January 1917) was an English <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a>, and professor of anthropology.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tylor's ideas typify 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">cultural evolutionism</a>. In his works <i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Culture_(book)" title="Primitive Culture (book)">Primitive Culture</a></i> (1871) and <i>Anthropology</i> (1881), he defined the context of the scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>. He believed that there was a functional basis for the development of society and religion, which he determined was universal. Tylor maintained that all societies passed through three basic stages of development: from <a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">savagery</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tylor is a founding figure of the science of social anthropology, and his scholarly works helped to build the discipline of anthropology in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that "research into the history and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> of man [...] could be used as a basis for the reform of <a href="/wiki/British_society" class="mw-redirect" title="British society">British society</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tylor reintroduced the term <i><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a></i> (faith in the individual <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> or <i>anima</i> of all things and <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">natural</a> manifestations) into common use.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He regarded animism as the first phase in the development of religions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tylor was born in 1832, in <a href="/wiki/Camberwell" title="Camberwell">Camberwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and was the son of Joseph Tylor and Harriet Skipper, part of a family of wealthy <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> who owned a London brass factory. His elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tylor" title="Alfred Tylor">Alfred Tylor</a>, became a geologist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Grove_House_School" title="Grove House School">Grove House School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tottenham" title="Tottenham">Tottenham</a>, but due to his Quaker faith and the death of his parents he left school at the age of 16 without obtaining a degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowie_1917_pp._262–268_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowie_1917_pp._262–268-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After leaving school, he prepared to help manage the family business. This plan was put aside when he developed <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> at age 23. Following medical advice to spend time in warmer climes, Tylor left England in 1855, and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">the Americas</a>. The experience proved to be an important and formative one, sparking his lifelong interest in studying unfamiliar cultures. </p><p>During his travels, Tylor met <a href="/wiki/Henry_Christy" title="Henry Christy">Henry Christy</a>, a fellow <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnologist">ethnologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a>. Tylor's association with Christy greatly stimulated his awakening interest in anthropology, and helped broaden his inquiries to include prehistoric studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_career">Professional career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Professional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E._B._Tylor_portrait._Folk-Lore,_vol._28.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/E._B._Tylor_portrait._Folk-Lore%2C_vol._28.png/170px-E._B._Tylor_portrait._Folk-Lore%2C_vol._28.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/E._B._Tylor_portrait._Folk-Lore%2C_vol._28.png/255px-E._B._Tylor_portrait._Folk-Lore%2C_vol._28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/E._B._Tylor_portrait._Folk-Lore%2C_vol._28.png/340px-E._B._Tylor_portrait._Folk-Lore%2C_vol._28.png 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>One of the last portraits of the aged Tylor; from <i>Folk-Lore</i>, 1917.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tylor's first publication was a result of his 1856 trip to Mexico with Christy. His notes on the beliefs and practices of the people he encountered were the basis of his work <i>Anahuac: Or Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern</i> (1861), published after his return to England. Tylor continued to study the customs and beliefs of tribal communities, both existing and prehistoric (based on archaeological finds). He published his second work, <i>Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization</i>, in 1865. Following this came his most influential work, <i>Primitive Culture</i> (1871). This was important not only for its thorough study of human civilisation and contributions to the emergent field of anthropology, but for its undeniable influence on a handful of young scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/J._G._Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. G. Frazer">J. G. Frazer</a>, who were to become Tylor's disciples and contribute greatly to the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> in later years. </p><p>Tylor was appointed Keeper of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">University Museum</a> at Oxford in 1883, and, as well as serving as a lecturer, held the title of the first "Reader in Anthropology" from 1884 to 1895. In 1896 he was appointed the first Professor of Anthropology at Oxford University.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also closely involved in the early history of the <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Pitt Rivers Museum">Pitt Rivers Museum</a>, built adjacent to the University Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tylor acted as anthropological consultant on the first edition of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1907, festschrift <i>Anthropological Essays presented to Edward Burnett Tylor</i>, formally presented to Tylor on his 75th birthday, contains essays by 20 anthropologists, a 15-page appreciation of Tylor's work by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>, and a comprehensive bibliography of Tylor's publications compiled by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Freire-Marreco" title="Barbara Freire-Marreco">Barbara Freire-Marreco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought">Thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_and_criticisms">Classification and criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification and criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_Herbert_Spencer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Picture_of_Herbert_Spencer.jpg/170px-Picture_of_Herbert_Spencer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Picture_of_Herbert_Spencer.jpg/255px-Picture_of_Herbert_Spencer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Picture_of_Herbert_Spencer.jpg/340px-Picture_of_Herbert_Spencer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>Herbert Spencer, evolutionist par excellence.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word evolution is forever associated in the popular mind with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Theory of Evolution</a>, which professes, among other things, that man as a species developed diachronically from some ancestor among the <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> who was also ancestor to the <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Great Apes</a>, as they are popularly termed, and yet this term was not a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> of Darwin's. He took it from the cultural milieu, where it meant etymologically "unfolding" of something heterogeneous and complex from something simpler and more homogeneous. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, a contemporary of Darwin, applied the term to the universe, including philosophy and what Tylor would later call culture.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view of the universe was generally termed evolutionism, while its exponents were evolutionists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1871 Tylor published <i>Primitive Culture</i>, becoming the originator of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His methods were comparative and historical ethnography. He believed that a "uniformity" was manifest in culture, which was the result of "uniform action of uniform causes." He regarded his instances of parallel ethnographic concepts and practices as indicative of "laws of human thought and action." He was an evolutionist. The task of cultural anthropology therefore is to discover "stages of development or evolution." </p><p>Evolutionism was distinguished from another creed, <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">diffusionism</a>, postulating the spread of items of culture from regions of innovation. A given apparent parallelism thus had at least two explanations: the instances descend from an evolutionary ancestor, or they are alike because one diffused into the culture from elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two views are exactly parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Tree_model" title="Tree model">tree model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wave_model" title="Wave model">wave model</a> of historical linguistics, which are instances of evolutionism and diffusionism, language features being instances of culture. </p><p>Two other classifications were proposed in 1993 by Upadhyay and Pandey,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical Evolutionary School and Neo Evolutionary School, the Classical to be divided into British, American, and German. The Classical British Evolutionary School, primarily at Oxford University, divided society into two evolutionary stages, savagery and civilization, based on the archaeology of <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury</a>. Upadhyay and Pandey list its adherents as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Ranulph Marett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_Sumner_Maine" title="Henry James Sumner Maine">Henry James Sumner Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ferguson_McLennan" title="John Ferguson McLennan">John Ferguson McLennan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a>, as well as Tylor.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marett was the last man standing, dying in 1943. By the time of his death, Lubbock's archaeology had been updated. The American School, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Henry_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Henry Morgan">Lewis Henry Morgan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was likewise superseded, both being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Neoevolutionism" title="Neoevolutionism">Neoevolutionist</a> School, beginning with <a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">V. Gordon Childe</a>. It brought the archaeology up-to-date and tended to omit the intervening society names, such as savagery; for example, Neolithic is both a tool tradition and a form of society. </p><p>There are some other classifications. Theorists of each classification each have their own criticisms of the Classical/Neo Evolutionary lines, which despite them remains the dominant view. Some criticisms are in brief as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is really no universality; that is, the apparent parallels are accidental, on which the theorist has imposed a model that does not really fit. There is no uniform causality, but different causes might produce similar results. All cultural groups do not have the same stages of development. The theorists are arm-chair anthropologists; their data is insufficient to form realistic abstractions. They overlooked cultural diffusion. They overlooked cultural innovation. None of the critics claim definitive proof that their criticisms are less subjective or interpretive than the models they criticise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_concepts">Basic concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basic concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culture">Culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tylor's notion is best described in his most famous work, the two-volume <i>Primitive Culture</i>. The first volume, The <i>Origins of Culture</i>, deals with ethnography including social evolution, linguistics, and myth. The second volume, <i>Religion in Primitive Culture</i>, deals mainly with his interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. </p><p>On the first page of <i>Primitive Culture</i>, Tylor provides a definition which is one of his most widely recognised contributions to anthropology and the study of religion:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Culture or Civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tylor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETylor18711Vol._1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETylor18711Vol._1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Also, the first chapter of the work gives an outline of a new discipline, <a href="/wiki/Science_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Science of culture">science of culture</a>, later known as culturology.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universals">Universals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Universals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike many of his predecessors and contemporaries, Tylor asserts that the human mind and its capabilities are the same globally, despite a particular society's stage in social evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that a hunter-gatherer society would possess the same amount of intelligence as an advanced industrial society. The difference, Tylor asserts, is education, which he considers the cumulative knowledge and methodology that takes thousands of years to acquire. Tylor often likens primitive cultures to "children", and sees culture and the mind of humans as progressive. His work was a refutation of the theory of social <a href="/wiki/Social_degeneration" title="Social degeneration">degeneration</a>, which was popular at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowie_1917_pp._262–268_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowie_1917_pp._262–268-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of <i>Primitive Culture,</i> Tylor writes, "The science of culture is essentially a reformers' science."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETylor1920410_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETylor1920410-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tylor's_evolutionism"><span id="Tylor.27s_evolutionism"></span>Tylor's evolutionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tylor's evolutionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1881 Tylor published a work he called <i>Anthropology</i>, one of the first under that name. In the first chapter he uttered what would become a sort of constitutional statement for the new field, which he could not know and did not intend at the time: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"History, so far as it reaches back, shows arts, sciences, and political institutions beginning in ruder states, and becoming in the course of ages, more intelligent, more systematic, more perfectly arranged or organized, to answer their purposes."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFTylor1881">Tylor 1881</a>, p. 15</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The view was a restatement of ideas first innovated in the early 1860s. The theorist perhaps most influential on Tylor was <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury</a>, innovator of the terminology, "Paleolithic" and "Neolithic." A prominent banker and British liberal Parliamentarian, he was imbued with a passion for archaeology. The initial concepts of prehistory were his. Lubbock's works featured prominently in Tylor's lectures and in the Pitt Rivers Museum subsequently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Survivals">Survivals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Survivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A term ascribed to Tylor was his theory of "survivals". His definition of survivals is </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>processes, customs, and opinions, and so forth, which have been carried on by force of habit into a new state of society different from that in which they had their original home, and they thus remain as proofs and examples of an older condition of culture out of which a newer has been evolved.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tylor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETylor192016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETylor192016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>"Survivals" can include outdated practices, such as the European practice of <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a>, which lasted long after the medical theories on which it was based had faded from use and been replaced by more modern techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics argued that he identified the term but provided an insufficient reason as to why survivals continue. Tylor's <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">meme</a>-like concept of survivals explains the characteristics of a culture that are linked to earlier stages of human culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore199723_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199723-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studying survivals assists ethnographers in reconstructing earlier cultural characteristics and possibly reconstructing the evolution of culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore199724_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199724-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolution_of_religion">Evolution of religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evolution of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tylor argued that people had used religion to explain things that occurred in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200693_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200693-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw that it was important for religions to have the ability to explain why and for what reason things occurred in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, God (or the divine) gave us sun to keep us warm and give us light. Tylor argued that animism is the true natural religion that is the essence of religion; it answers the questions of which religion came first and which religion is essentially the most basic and foundation of all religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him, animism was the best answer to these questions, so it must be the true foundation of all religions. Animism is described as the belief in spirits inhabiting and animating beings, or souls existing in things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Tylor, the fact that modern religious practitioners continued to believe in spirits showed that these people were no more advanced than primitive societies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him, this implied that modern religious practitioners do not understand the ways of the universe and how life truly works because they have excluded science from their understanding of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By excluding scientific explanation in their understanding of why and how things occur, he asserts modern religious practitioners are rudimentary. Tylor perceived the modern religious belief in God as a "survival" of primitive ignorance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Tylor did not believe that <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> was the logical end of cultural and religious development, but instead a highly minimalist form of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheist</a> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>. Tylor thus posited an anthropological description of "the gradual elimination of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201799_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201799-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><b>1861</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13115"><i>Anahuac: or, Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern</i></a>. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts. 1861.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anahuac%3A+or%2C+Mexico+and+the+Mexicans%2C+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman+and+Roberts&rft.date=1861&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F13115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1865</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIMIAAAAQAAJ"><i>Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization</i></a>. London: John Murray. 1865.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches+into+the+Early+History+of+Mankind+and+the+Development+of+Civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIMIAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1867</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, Edward B. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Historiog/Tylor_1867_Phenomena.pdf">"Phenomena of the Higher Civilisation: Traceable to a Rudimental Origin among Savage Tribes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropological Review</i>. <b>5</b> (18/19): 303–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3024922">10.2307/3024922</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024922">3024922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Review&rft.atitle=Phenomena+of+the+Higher+Civilisation%3A+Traceable+to+a+Rudimental+Origin+among+Savage+Tribes&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=18%2F19&rft.pages=303-314&rft.date=1867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3024922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3024922%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FHistoriog%2FTylor_1867_Phenomena.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1871</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AucLAAAAIAAJ"><i>Primitive Culture</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAucLAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1871</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUMBAAAAQAAJ"><i>Primitive Culture</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. 1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUMBAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1877</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, Edward B. (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Historiog/Tylor_1877_Japanese_Mythology.pdf">"Remarks on Japanese Mythology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>6</b>: 55–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2841246">10.2307/2841246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2841246">2841246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Japanese+Mythology&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=55-60&rft.date=1877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2841246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2841246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FHistoriog%2FTylor_1877_Japanese_Mythology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1877</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, Herbert; Tylor, Edward B. (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2211107">"Review of The Principles of Sociology"</a>. <i>Mind</i>. <b>2</b> (7). With Herbert Spencer: 415–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2Fos-2.7.415">10.1093/mind/os-2.7.415</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2246921">2246921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Principles+of+Sociology&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=415-429&rft.date=1877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2Fos-2.7.415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2246921%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Tylor%2C+Edward+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2211107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1880</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, Edward B. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Historiog/Tylor_1880_Games.pdf">"Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of Games"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>9</b>: 23–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2841865">10.2307/2841865</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2841865">2841865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Geographical+Distribution+of+Games&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=23-30&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2841865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2841865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FHistoriog%2FTylor_1880_Games.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1881</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, E. B. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449554">"On the Origin of the Plough, and Wheel-Carriage"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>10</b>: 74–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2841649">10.2307/2841649</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2841649">2841649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+Plough%2C+and+Wheel-Carriage&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=74-84&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2841649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2841649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1881</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropologyintr00tylouoft"><i>Anthropology an introduction to the study of man and civilization</i></a>. London: Macmillan and Co. 1881.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+an+introduction+to+the+study+of+man+and+civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthropologyintr00tylouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1882</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, Edward B. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449558">"Notes on the Asiatic Relations of Polynesian Culture"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>11</b>: 401–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2841767">10.2307/2841767</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2841767">2841767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Asiatic+Relations+of+Polynesian+Culture&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=401-405&rft.date=1882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2841767&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2841767%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1884</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, E. B. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Historiog/Tylor_1884_Scand.pdf">"Old Scandinavian Civilisation Among the Modern Esquimaux"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>13</b>: 348–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2841897">10.2307/2841897</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2841897">2841897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Old+Scandinavian+Civilisation+Among+the+Modern+Esquimaux&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=348-357&rft.date=1884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2841897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2841897%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FHistoriog%2FTylor_1884_Scand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1884</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Life of Dr. Rolleston". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdfRAAAAMAAJ&q=Materials+for+a+full+memoir"><i>Scientific Papers and Addresses by George Rolleston</i></a>. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1884. pp. lx–lxv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Dr.+Rolleston&rft.btitle=Scientific+Papers+and+Addresses+by+George+Rolleston&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=lx-lxv&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdfRAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMaterials%2Bfor%2Ba%2Bfull%2Bmemoir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1889</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, Edward B. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Historiog/Tylor_1889_Method.pdf">"On a Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions; applied to Laws of Marriage and Descent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland">Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</a></i>. <b>18</b>: 245–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2842423">10.2307/2842423</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044097779680">2027/hvd.32044097779680</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2842423">2842423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=On+a+Method+of+Investigating+the+Development+of+Institutions%3B+applied+to+Laws+of+Marriage+and+Descent&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=245-272&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044097779680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2842423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2842423&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FHistoriog%2FTylor_1889_Method.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1890</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, E. B. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Historiog/Tylor_1890_Amulets.pdf">"Notes on the Modern Survival of Ancient Amulets Against the Evil Eye"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>19</b>: 54–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2842533">10.2307/2842533</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2842533">2842533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Modern+Survival+of+Ancient+Amulets+Against+the+Evil+Eye&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=54-56&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2842533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2842533%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FHistoriog%2FTylor_1890_Amulets.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1896</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39403/page/n79/mode/2up">"The Matriarchal Family System"</a>. <i>Nineteenth Century</i>. <b>40</b>: 81–96. 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nineteenth+Century&rft.atitle=The+Matriarchal+Family+System&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=81-96&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.39403%2Fpage%2Fn79%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1896</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QF4TAAAAYAAJ"><i>American Lot-Games as Evidence of Asiatic Intercourse Before the Time of Columbus</i></a>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Lot-Games+as+Evidence+of+Asiatic+Intercourse+Before+the+Time+of+Columbus&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQF4TAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1898</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, Edward B. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Folklore3/Tylor_1899_Totemism_Remarks.pdf">"Remarks on Totemism, with Especial Reference to Some Modern Theories Respecting It"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>28</b> (1/2): 138–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2842940">10.2307/2842940</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2842940">2842940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Totemism%2C+with+Especial+Reference+to+Some+Modern+Theories+Respecting+It&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=138-148&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2842940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2842940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FFolklore3%2FTylor_1899_Totemism_Remarks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1898</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oygTAAAAYAAJ"><i>Three Papers</i></a>. London: Harrison and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Papers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harrison+and+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoygTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><b>1905</b><span style="padding-left:0.9em;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Tylor, Edward B. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbedrosian.com/Historiog/Tylor_1905_Bastian_Obit.pdf">"Professor Adolf Bastian: Born June 26, 1826; Died February 3, 1905"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Man</i>. <b>5</b>: 138–143. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2788004">2788004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Professor+Adolf+Bastian%3A+Born+June+26%2C+1826%3B+Died+February+3%2C+1905&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=138-143&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2788004%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbedrosian.com%2FHistoriog%2FTylor_1905_Bastian_Obit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_achievements">Awards and achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards and achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1871: Elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>.</li> <li>1875: Honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Laws from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.</li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Huxley_Memorial_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Huxley Memorial Medal">Huxley Memorial Medal</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knighted</a> for his contributions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in anthropology">List of important publications in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)">Wilhelm Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1785">"Tylor, Edward Burnett"</a>. <i>Who's Who</i>. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 1785.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.atitle=Tylor%2C+Edward+Burnett&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=1785&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEcuAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong" class="citation web cs1">Long, Heather. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307041829/http://www.anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php?culture=Social%20Evolutionism">"Social Evolutionism"</a>. <i>University of Alabama Department of Anthropology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php?culture=Social%20Evolutionism">the original</a> on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Alabama+Department+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Social+Evolutionism&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropology.ua.edu%2Fcultures%2Fcultures.php%3Fculture%3DSocial%2520Evolutionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Bohannan, <i>Social Anthropology</i> (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Herbert S (1998). "The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and its Consequences". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a></i>. <b>100</b> (3): 716–731. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1998.100.3.716">10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.716</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/682051">682051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Misrepresentation+of+Anthropology+and+its+Consequences&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=716-731&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1998.100.3.716&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F682051%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Herbert+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=animism">"Animism"</a>, <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>, accessed 2 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowie_1917_pp._262–268-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowie_1917_pp._262–268_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowie_1917_pp._262–268_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowie1917" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Lowie" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert H. Lowie">Lowie, Robert H.</a> (April–June 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2149408">"Edward B. Tylor"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. New Series. <b>19</b> (2): 262–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1917.19.2.02a00050">10.1525/aa.1917.19.2.02a00050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/660758">660758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Edward+B.+Tylor&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-268&rft.date=1917-04%2F1917-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1917.19.2.02a00050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F660758%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lowie&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2149408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.prm.ox.ac.uk/collector_tylor.html">"Edward Burnett Tylor: biography"</a>, Pitt Rivers Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvie2012" class="citation book cs1">Ogilvie, Sarah (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IqvNTSuoH1EC&q=tylor"><i>Words of the World: A Global History of the Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107021839" title="Special:BookSources/9781107021839"><bdi>9781107021839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+of+the+World%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107021839&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIqvNTSuoH1EC%26q%3Dtylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZVWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Anthropological Essays presented to Edward Burnett Tylor</i></a>. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropological+Essays+presented+to+Edward+Burnett+Tylor&rft.pub=Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZVWAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__I_PcOFSw8C&pg=PA522">"Review of <i>Anthropological Essays presented to Edward Burnett Tylor</i> edited by W. H. R. Rivers, R. R. Marett, and N. W. Thomas"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i> (4174): 522–523. 26 October 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+Anthropological+Essays+presented+to+Edward+Burnett+Tylor+edited+by+W.+H.+R.+Rivers%2C+R.+R.+Marett%2C+and+N.+W.+Thomas&rft.issue=4174&rft.pages=522-523&rft.date=1907-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__I_PcOFSw8C%26pg%3DPA522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldenweiser1922">Goldenweiser 1922</a>, pp. 50–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Evolution". <i>The American Educator</i>. Vol. 3. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution&rft.btitle=The+American+Educator&rft.date=1897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first sentence of Chapter 1 states the founding definition of culture: "Culture, or Civilization, ... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldenweiser1922">Goldenweiser 1922</a>, pp. 55–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpadhyayPandey1993">Upadhyay & Pandey 1993</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpadhyayPandey1993">Upadhyay & Pandey 1993</a>, pp. 33–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpadhyayPandey1993">Upadhyay & Pandey 1993</a>, pp. 53–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpadhyayPandey1993">Upadhyay & Pandey 1993</a>, pp. 65–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Angioni" title="Giulio Angioni">Giulio Angioni</a>, <i>L'antropologia evoluzionistica di Edward B. Tylor</i> in <i>Tre saggi...</i> cit. in <i>Related Studies</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETylor18711Vol._1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETylor18711Vol._1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTylor1871">Tylor 1871</a>, p. 1, Vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leslie_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_A._White1958" class="citation journal cs1">Leslie A. White (21 November 1958). "Culturology". <i>Science</i>. New Series. <b>128</b> (3334): 1246. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Sci...128.1246W">1958Sci...128.1246W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.128.3333.1246">10.1126/science.128.3333.1246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1754562">1754562</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17751354">17751354</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239772878">239772878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Culturology&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=3334&rft.pages=1246&rft.date=1958-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239772878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Sci...128.1246W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17751354&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.128.3333.1246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1754562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Leslie+A.+White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stringer, Martin D. (December 1999). "Rethinking Animism: Thoughts from the Infancy of Our Discipline". <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 541–555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2661147">10.2307/2661147</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2661147">2661147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Animism%3A+Thoughts+from+the+Infancy+of+Our+Discipline&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=541-555&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2661147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2661147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stringer&rft.aufirst=Martin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETylor1920410-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETylor1920410_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTylor1920">Tylor 1920</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETylor192016-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETylor192016_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTylor1920">Tylor 1920</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braun, Willi and Russel T. McCutcheon, eds. 2000. <i>Guide to the Study of Religion</i>. London: Continuum. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199723-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore199723_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1997">Moore 1997</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199724-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore199724_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1997">Moore 1997</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200693-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200693_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrenski2006">Strenski 2006</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200694_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrenski2006">Strenski 2006</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrenski200699_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrenski2006">Strenski 2006</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201799-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm201799_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm 2017</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tylor,_Edward_Burnett" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tylor, Edward Burnett">Tylor, Edward Burnett</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 498.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tylor%2C+Edward+Burnett&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=498&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenweiser1922" class="citation journal cs1">Goldenweiser, Alexander A. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yF0JAQAAIAAJ&q=Four+Phases&pg=PR3">"Four Phases Of Anthropological Thought: An Outline"</a>. <i>Papers and Proceedings: Sixteenth Annual Meeting, American Sociological Society, Held at Pittsburgh, Pa., December 27–30, 1921</i>. <b>XVI</b>: 50–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+and+Proceedings%3A+Sixteenth+Annual+Meeting%2C+American+Sociological+Society%2C+Held+at+Pittsburgh%2C+Pa.%2C+December+27%E2%80%9330%2C+1921&rft.atitle=Four+Phases+Of+Anthropological+Thought%3A+An+Outline&rft.volume=XVI&rft.pages=50-69&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Goldenweiser&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyF0JAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DFour%2BPhases%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1997" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Jerry D. (1997). "Edward Tylor: The Evolution of Culture". <i>Visions of Culture: an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists</i>. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+Tylor%3A+The+Evolution+of+Culture&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Culture%3A+an+Introduction+to+Anthropological+Theories+and+Theorists&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+CA&rft.pub=Altamira&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Jerry+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrenski2006" class="citation book cs1">Strenski, Ivan (2006). "The Shock of the 'Savage': Edward Burnett Tylor, Evolution, and Spirits". <i>Thinking About Religion: An Historical Introduction to Theories of Religion</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shock+of+the+%27Savage%27%3A+Edward+Burnett+Tylor%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Spirits&rft.btitle=Thinking+About+Religion%3A+An+Historical+Introduction+to+Theories+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Strenski&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylor1871" class="citation book cs1">Tylor, Edward (1871). <i>Primitive Culture: Research into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custum</i>. New York: J. P. Putnam’s Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Culture%3A+Research+into+the+Development+of+Mythology%2C+Philosophy%2C+Religion%2C+Art%2C+and+Custum&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=J.+P.+Putnam%E2%80%99s+Sons&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylor1920" class="citation book cs1">Tylor, Edward (1920) [1871]. <i>Primitive Culture: Research into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custum</i>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Culture%3A+Research+into+the+Development+of+Mythology%2C+Philosophy%2C+Religion%2C+Art%2C+and+Custum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylor1881" class="citation book cs1">Tylor, Edward Burnett (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthropologyintr00tylouoft"><i>Anthropology an introduction to the study of man and civilization</i></a>. London: Macmillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+an+introduction+to+the+study+of+man+and+civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+Burnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthropologyintr00tylouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpadhyayPandey1993" class="citation book cs1">Upadhyay, Vijay S; Pandey, Gaya (1993). "Chapter 1. Evolutionary School". <i>History of Anthropological Thought</i>. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.+Evolutionary+School&rft.btitle=History+of+Anthropological+Thought&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Upadhyay&rft.aufirst=Vijay+S&rft.au=Pandey%2C+Gaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Joan Leopold, <i>Culture in Comparative and Evolutionary Perspective: E. B. Tylor and the Making of Primitive Culture</i> (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1980).</li> <li>Efram Sera-Shriar, <i>The Making of British Anthropology, 1813–1871</i>, London: Pickering and Chatto, 2013, pp. 147–176.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStocking1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stocking,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Stocking, Jr.">Stocking, George W.</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1963.65.4.02a00010">"Matthew Arnold, E. B. Tylor, and the Uses of Invention"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>65</b> (4): 783–799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1963.65.4.02a00010">10.1525/aa.1963.65.4.02a00010</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Matthew+Arnold%2C+E.+B.+Tylor%2C+and+the+Uses+of+Invention&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=783-799&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1963.65.4.02a00010&rft.aulast=Stocking&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1963.65.4.02a00010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert Graber, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070512170130/http://www2.truman.edu/~rgraber/cultev/tylor.html">"Edward B. Tylor: The Science of Culture"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truman_State_University" title="Truman State University">Truman State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Angioni" title="Giulio Angioni">Giulio Angioni</a>, <i>Tre saggi sull'antropologia dell'età coloniale</i> (Palermo, Flaccovio, 1973); <i>Fare, dire, sentire: l'identico e il diverso nelle culture</i> (Nuoro, Il Maestrale, 2011).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatnapalan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ratnapalan, Laavanyan (2008). "E. B. Tylor and the Problem of Primitive Culture". <i><a href="/wiki/History_and_Anthropology" title="History and Anthropology">History and Anthropology</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2): 131142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757200802320934">10.1080/02757200802320934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145769489">145769489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=E.+B.+Tylor+and+the+Problem+of+Primitive+Culture&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131142&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757200802320934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145769489%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ratnapalan&rft.aufirst=Laavanyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Hugh J. (1993). "E. B. Tylor's Theory of Survivals and Veblen's Social Criticism". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas" title="Journal of the History of Ideas">Journal of the History of Ideas</a></i>. <b>54</b> (3): 489–504. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2710025">10.2307/2710025</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2710025">2710025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=E.+B.+Tylor%27s+Theory+of+Survivals+and+Veblen%27s+Social+Criticism&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=489-504&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2710025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2710025%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgen1931" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hodgen" title="Margaret Hodgen">Hodgen, Margaret T.</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1931.33.3.02a00010">"The doctrine of survivals: the history of an idea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a></i>. <b>33</b> (3): 307–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1931.33.3.02a00010">10.1525/aa.1931.33.3.02a00010</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+doctrine+of+survivals%3A+the+history+of+an+idea&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-324&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1931.33.3.02a00010&rft.aulast=Hodgen&rft.aufirst=Margaret+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1931.33.3.02a00010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Burnett+Tylor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edward_Burnett_Tylor" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/4841">Works by Edward Burnett Tylor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Tylor%2C%20Edward%20Burnett%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Tylor%2C%20Edward%20B%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Tylor%2C%20E%2E%20B%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20Burnett%20Tylor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20B%2E%20Tylor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E%2E%20B%2E%20Tylor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Tylor%2C%20Edward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20Tylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20Burnett%20Tylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20B%2E%20Tylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20B%2E%20Tylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20Burnett%20Tylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tylor%2C%20Edward%20Burnett%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tylor%2C%20Edward%20B%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tylor%2C%20E%2E%20B%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tylor%2C%20E%2E%20Burnett%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20Tylor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Tylor%2C%20Edward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20Burnett%20Tylor%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20B%2E%20Tylor%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E%2E%20B%2E%20Tylor%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20Tylor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20Burnett%20Tylor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20B%2E%20Tylor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E%2E%20B%2E%20Tylor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tylor%2C%20Edward%20Burnett%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tylor%2C%20Edward%20B%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20Tylor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Tylor%2C%20Edward%22%29%20OR%20%28%221832-1917%22%20AND%20Tylor%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Edward Burnett Tylor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/15561">Works by Edward Burnett Tylor</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanethnography.com/article.php?id=9">American Ethnography – Edward B. Tylor's obituary written by Robert H. Lowie</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141037#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081032055">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24663573">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/706148390821110830009">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1733626/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxyRcMgDGxVQfrM67bVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118624873">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50017045">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122816339">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122816339">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459314">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35559831">Australia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an58773207">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0016772&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000106878&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000106880&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1142558">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/476912">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073070556">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90216577">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000053124&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000745216&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=248837">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201900228">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810613003405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/304438">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269288005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058613591506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04015021?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/995897">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118624873.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118624873">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Taylor, Edward Burnett (1832-1917)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/114921474">IdRef</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tylor, Edward Burnett (1832-1917 ; anthropologue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031639186">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vz15n6">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n58z8n">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&oldid=1239927352">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&oldid=1239927352</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1832_births" title="Category:1832 births">1832 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_deaths" title="Category:1917 deaths">1917 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Mesoamericanists" title="Category:19th-century Mesoamericanists">19th-century Mesoamericanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropologists_of_religion" title="Category:Anthropologists of religion">Anthropologists of religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_anthropologists" title="Category:British anthropologists">British anthropologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Mesoamericanists" title="Category:British Mesoamericanists">British Mesoamericanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cross-cultural_studies" title="Category:Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_anthropologists" title="Category:Cultural anthropologists">Cultural anthropologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Quakers" title="Category:English Quakers">English Quakers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland">Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Society">Fellows of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesoamerican_anthropologists" title="Category:Mesoamerican anthropologists">Mesoamerican anthropologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_Pitt_Rivers_Museum" title="Category:People associated with the Pitt Rivers Museum">People associated with the Pitt Rivers Museum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Category:Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland">Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_April_2013" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from April 2013">Vague or ambiguous time from April 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_March_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2022">Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_August_2014" title="Category:EngvarB from August 2014">EngvarB from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2014">Use dmy dates from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 August 2024, at 13:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-mcz5d","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.941","walltime":"1.166","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7237,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":146991,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6695,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":141750,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1034.815 1 -total"," 16.34% 169.128 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 14.79% 153.065 17 Template:Cite_book"," 10.78% 111.522 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.32% 96.483 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.31% 96.376 1 Template:Anthropology_of_religion"," 9.10% 94.168 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.33% 75.886 17 Template:Sfn"," 6.70% 69.282 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.56% 67.913 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.638","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9726409,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenweiser1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgen1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie_A._White1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowie1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgilvie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRatnapalan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStocking1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrenski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStringer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTylor1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTylor1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTylor1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpadhyayPandey1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anthropology of religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Tylor, Edward Burnett\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Essay-like\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 5,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Pad\"] = 20,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Quote\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 17,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jgfr2","timestamp":"20241124053146","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Edward Burnett Tylor","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Burnett_Tylor","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q141037","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q141037","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-07T19:14:44Z","dateModified":"2024-08-12T13:34:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/12\/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg","headline":"English anthropologist (1832\u20131917)"}</script> </body> </html>