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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livonian_Confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livonian_Confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Livonian Confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livonian_Confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duchy_of_Courland_and_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_1561–1795" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_of_Courland_and_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_1561–1795"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Duchy of Courland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1561–1795</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_of_Courland_and_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_1561–1795-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courland_as_part_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courland_as_part_of_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Courland as part of the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courland_as_part_of_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courland_during_and_after_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courland_during_and_after_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Courland during and after World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courland_during_and_after_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courland_as_part_of_interbellum_Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courland_as_part_of_interbellum_Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Courland as part of interbellum Latvia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courland_as_part_of_interbellum_Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courland_during_and_after_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courland_during_and_after_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Courland during and after World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courland_during_and_after_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable residents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Courland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="كورلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كورلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlandia" title="Curlandia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Curlandia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzeme" title="Kurzeme – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kurzeme" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Курляндыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Курляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Курляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Курляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Курландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzeme" title="Kurzeme – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurzeme" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl%C3%A0ndia" title="Curlàndia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Curlàndia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuronsko" title="Kuronsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kuronsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurland" title="Kurland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurland" title="Kurland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandska" title="Kurlandska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kurlandska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuramaa" title="Kuramaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuramaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Κουρλάνδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουρλάνδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlandia" title="Curlandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Curlandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuronio" title="Kuronio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuronio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandia" title="Kurlandia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurlandia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کورلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کورلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courlande" title="Courlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Courlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerl%C3%A2n" title="Koerlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koerlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlandia" title="Curlandia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Curlandia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%9E%80%ED%8A%B8" title="쿠를란트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠를란트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5" title="Կուրզեմե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուրզեմե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurska" title="Kurska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kurska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandija" title="Kurlandija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kurlandija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlando" title="Kurlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kurlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandia" title="Kurlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kurlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BArland" title="Kúrland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúrland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlandia" title="Curlandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Curlandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="קורלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კურლანდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კურლანდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Курземе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Курземе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABrzeme" title="Kūrzeme – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kūrzeme" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlandia" title="Curlandia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Curlandia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzeme" title="Kurzeme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurzeme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C5%A1as" title="Kuršas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuršas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzeme" title="Kurzeme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kurzeme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koerland" title="Koerland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koerland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="クールラント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クールラント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurland" title="Kurland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurland" title="Kurland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kurland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandia" title="Kurlandia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kurlandia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl%C3%A2ndia" title="Curlândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Curlândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlanda" title="Curlanda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curlanda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Курземе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курземе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlannia" title="Curlannia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Curlannia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland" title="Courland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Courland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3nsko" title="Kurónsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kurónsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandija" title="Kurlandija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kurlandija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandyj%C5%8F" title="Kurlandyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kurlandyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Курландија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Курландија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandija" title="Kurlandija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurlandija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuurinmaa" title="Kuurinmaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuurinmaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurland" title="Kurland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandiya" title="Kurlandiya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurlandiya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Курземе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курземе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlandia" title="Curlandia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Curlandia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzeme" title="Kurzeme – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kurzeme" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C5%BEem%C4%97" title="Koržemė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Koržemė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" title="庫爾蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="庫爾蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185072#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in Latvia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kurzeme" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kurzeme_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kurzeme (disambiguation)">Kurzeme (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kurland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kurland (disambiguation)">Kurland (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Courland (disambiguation)">Courland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Courland" title="Special:EditPage/Courland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Courland%22">"Courland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Courland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Courland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Courland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Courland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Courland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Latvia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Courland</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><em>Kurzeme (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>)</em></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Kurāmō (<a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:260px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventspils_viduslaiku_pils_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of Ventspils with the port and castle"><img alt="Aerial view of Ventspils with the port and castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ventspils_viduslaiku_pils_1.jpg/129px-Ventspils_viduslaiku_pils_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ventspils_viduslaiku_pils_1.jpg/194px-Ventspils_viduslaiku_pils_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ventspils_viduslaiku_pils_1.jpg/258px-Ventspils_viduslaiku_pils_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3931" data-file-height="2946" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of Liepāja with the St. Joseph Cathedral"><img alt="Aerial view of Liepāja with the St. Joseph Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg/129px-Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg/194px-Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg/258px-Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_12_ziemas_saule_Baznicas_iela_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuldīga Old Town"><img alt="Kuldīga Old Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2021_12_ziemas_saule_Baznicas_iela_%282%29.jpg/129px-2021_12_ziemas_saule_Baznicas_iela_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2021_12_ziemas_saule_Baznicas_iela_%282%29.jpg/194px-2021_12_ziemas_saule_Baznicas_iela_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2021_12_ziemas_saule_Baznicas_iela_%282%29.jpg/258px-2021_12_ziemas_saule_Baznicas_iela_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5021" data-file-height="3347" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazdanga_palace_manor_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kazdanga Palace"><img alt="Kazdanga Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kazdanga_palace_manor_complex.jpg/129px-Kazdanga_palace_manor_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kazdanga_palace_manor_complex.jpg/194px-Kazdanga_palace_manor_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kazdanga_palace_manor_complex.jpg/258px-Kazdanga_palace_manor_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>From top, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga" title="Kuldīga">Kuldīga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kazdanga_Palace" title="Kazdanga Palace">Kazdanga Palace</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Courland_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Courland"><img alt="Historical flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Courland" title="Flag of Courland">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Courland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Courland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg/84px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg/126px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg/168px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="475" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Courland" title="Coat of arms of Courland">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurzeme_location_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Courland in Latvia"><img alt="Location of Courland in Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kurzeme_location_Latvia.svg/250px-Kurzeme_location_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kurzeme_location_Latvia.svg/375px-Kurzeme_location_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kurzeme_location_Latvia.svg/500px-Kurzeme_location_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Courland in Latvia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Courland&params=57_0_0_N_22_0_0_E_region:LV_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°0′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">22°0′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.00000°N 22.00000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">57.00000; 22.00000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mention</th><td class="infobox-data">6th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga" title="Kuldīga">Kuldīga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Courland</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Latvian_Lands" title="Historical Latvian Lands">Historical Latvian Lands</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. Courland's largest city is <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a>, which is the third largest city in Latvia. The regions of <a href="/wiki/Semigallia" title="Semigallia">Semigallia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selonia" title="Selonia">Selonia</a> are sometimes considered as part of Courland<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as they were formerly held by the same <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">duke</a>. </p><p>The literal meaning of the name is "Land of <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvian_regions_and_latvians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Latvian_regions_and_latvians.png/220px-Latvian_regions_and_latvians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Latvian_regions_and_latvians.png/330px-Latvian_regions_and_latvians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Latvian_regions_and_latvians.png/440px-Latvian_regions_and_latvians.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Historical regions of Latvia, together with Latvian cultural groups; Courland (<i>Kurzeme</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Semigallia" title="Semigallia">Semigallia</a> (<i>Zemgale</i>) in yellow</figcaption></figure> <p>Situated in western <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, Courland roughly corresponds to the former <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Latvia">Latvian districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuldīga District">Kuldīga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liepaja_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Liepaja District">Liepāja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saldus_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Saldus District">Saldus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talsi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Talsi District">Talsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukums_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukums District">Tukums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventspils_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventspils District">Ventspils</a>. </p><p>When combined with Semigallia and Selonia, Courland's northeastern boundary is the <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava</a> River, which separates it from the regions of <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme" title="Vidzeme">Vidzeme</a>. To the north, Courland's coast lies along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga" title="Gulf of Riga">Gulf of Riga</a>. On the west it is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, and on the south by <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. It lies between 55° 45′ and 57° 45′ <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">North</a> and 21° and 27° East. </p><p>The name is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a> and Lithuanian <i>Karšuvos giria</i> - the Courland wood. </p><p>The area comprises 27,286 square kilometres (10,535 sq mi), of which 262 square kilometres (101 sq mi) is made up of lakes. The landscape generally has a low and undulating character, with flat and marshy coastlands. The interior features wooded dunes, covered with <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, with swamps and lakes, and fertile patches between. Courland's elevation never rises more than 213 metres (699 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a> plain divides Courland into two parts, the western side, which is fertile and densely inhabited, except in the north, and the eastern side, less fertile and thinly inhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly one hundred rivers drain Courland, but only three of these rivers – the Daugava, the <a href="/wiki/Lielupe" title="Lielupe">Lielupe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venta_(river)" title="Venta (river)">Venta</a> – are navigable. They all flow northwestward and discharge into the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to its numerous lakes and marshes, Courland has a damp, often foggy, and changeable climate; its winters are severe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient times the <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> tribe, inhabited Courland. The <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Brethren of the Sword</a>, a German <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Catholic military order</a>, subdued the Curonians and converted them to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the first quarter of the 13th century. Thus in 1230, the Curonian king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lammekinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lammekinus (page does not exist)">Lammekinus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamekins" class="extiw" title="lt:Lamekins">lt</a>]</span> (Latvian: Lamekins) made peace directly with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a>. He accepted <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, and became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1237 the area passed into the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> owing to the amalgamation of this order with that of the Brethren of the Sword.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livonian_Confederation">Livonian Confederation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Livonian Confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a></div> <p>The Livonian Confederation was a loosely organized confederation formed by the German-led <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishoprics</a> that encompassed much of present-day <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and Latvia. It existed from 1228 to the 1560s, when it was dismembered by the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchy_of_Courland_and_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_1561–1795"><span id="Duchy_of_Courland_and_the_Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth.2C_1561.E2.80.931795"></span>Duchy of Courland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1561–1795</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duchy of Courland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1561–1795"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg/220px-Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg/330px-Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg/440px-Duchy_of_Courland_%26_Semigallia_1740.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="945" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Pilten" title="District of Pilten">District of Pilten</a> as it appeared in 1740</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Couronian colonization</a></div> <p>The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> that existed from 1561 until 1795, encompassing the areas of Courland and Semigallia. Although nominally a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> state of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, the dukes operated autonomously. In the 18th century, Russia acquired great influence over the Duchy; the future Empress <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna of Russia</a> served as regent there from 1711 until her accession to the Russian throne in 1730. After the last of the <a href="/wiki/Ketteler" title="Ketteler">ducal line</a> into which she had married died in 1737, she arranged for the Duchy to be given to her lover, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann von Biron</a> instead. </p><p>The Duchy was one of the smallest European nations to colonize overseas territories, establishing short-lived outposts on the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> and at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> on what was then known as <a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">James Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1795, the last Duke, <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Biron" title="Peter von Biron">Peter von Biron</a>, ceded the Duchy to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">Bishopric of Courland</a> was directly incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Pilten" title="District of Pilten">District of Pilten</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wenden_Voivodeship" title="Wenden Voivodeship">Wenden</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Inflanty Voivodeship</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courland_as_part_of_the_Russian_Empire">Courland as part of the Russian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Courland as part of the Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After annexation by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the territory of the former Duchy formed the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a>. </p><p>From the time of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> in the early 13th century, most land was owned by nobles descended from the German invaders. In 1863, the Russian authorities issued laws to enable Latvians, who formed the bulk of the population, to acquire the farms which they held, and special banks were founded to help them. By this means, some occupants bought their farms, but the great mass of the population remained landless, and lived as hired labourers, occupying a low position in the social scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> was the chief occupation, with the principal crops being <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>. The large estates conducted agriculture with skill and scientific knowledge. Fruit grew well. Excellent breeds of cattle, sheep and pigs were kept. <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a> operated as the principal industrial centres, with <a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">ironworks</a>, agricultural machinery works, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanneries</a>, glass and soap works. Flax <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a> took place mostly as a domestic industry. Iron and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> were the chief minerals; a little <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> was found on the coast. The only seaports were Liepāja, <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palanga" title="Palanga">Palanga</a>, there being none on the Courland coast of the Gulf of Riga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Population">Population</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:300px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Residents of Courland by ethnicity (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Latvians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:77.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">77.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Russians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:13.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Lithuanians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:2.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Ukrainians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:violet; width:2.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Belarusians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:1.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Poles</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:0.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:1.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.9%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>In 1870 the population was 619,154; in 1897 it was 674,437 (of whom 345,756 were women); in 1906 it was estimated at 714,200. Of the whole, 79% were <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a>, 8.4% <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a>, about 8% <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jewsofcourland_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewsofcourland-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poles</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a>. </p><p>The chief towns of the ten districts were <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a> (Mitau), Courland's capital (pop. 35,011 in 1897); <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a> (Libau) (pop. 64,500 in 1897); <a href="/wiki/Bauska" title="Bauska">Bauska</a> (6,543); <a href="/wiki/Jaunjelgava" title="Jaunjelgava">Jaunjelgava</a> (Friedrichstadt) (5,223); <a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga" title="Kuldīga">Kuldīga</a> (Goldingen) (9,733); <a href="/wiki/Grobi%C5%86a" title="Grobiņa">Grobiņa</a> (1,489); <a href="/wiki/Aizpute" title="Aizpute">Aizpute</a> (Hasenpoth) (3,338); <a href="/wiki/Il%C5%ABkste" title="Ilūkste">Ilūkste</a> (Illuxt) (2,340); <a href="/wiki/Talsi" title="Talsi">Talsi</a> (Talsen) (6,215); <a href="/wiki/Tukums" title="Tukums">Tukums</a> (Tuckum) (7542); and <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a> (Windau) (7,132). </p><p>75% of the population belonged to the prevailing denomination, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>; the rest belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> churches. There was a small but vigorous Jewish population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courland_during_and_after_World_War_I">Courland during and after World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Courland during and after World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OberOst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/OberOst.jpg/170px-OberOst.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/OberOst.jpg/255px-OberOst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/OberOst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Public notice of the German <i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i> region including Courland <i>(Kurland)</i> District in 1917</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Courland formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> theatre of operations that saw fighting primarily between forces of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empires</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Retreat (Russian)">Russia's Great Retreat</a> of 1915, Courland came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a> commander in the person of <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> military hero. (The Russian authorities of the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a> were exiled to <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, never to return.) With large territories coming under the Ober Ost's administration as a result of military successes on the Eastern Front, General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a> was charged with managing the large area now under its jurisdiction. Courland District (which included parts of Semigallia) was made one of three districts of the region, which also came to be known as <i>Ober Ost</i>. </p><p>As Russian rule in the rest of what is now Latvia began collapsing at the end of World War I, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> began a process of forming provincial councils between September 1917 and March 1918, competing with <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">ethnic Latvians</a>' moves toward independence. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> of 3 March 1918, the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> formally relinquished control of Courland to Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> was proclaimed on 8 March 1918 by a Baltic German <i>Landesrat</i>, who offered the crown of the duchy to German Kaiser Wilhelm II. Wilhelm recognised the duchy as a German <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> that same month. However, the duchy was absorbed on 22 September 1918 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a>. </p><p>On 18 November 1918, Latvia proclaimed its independence and on 7 December 1918, the German military handed over authority to the pro-German <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Provisional_Government" title="Latvian Provisional Government">Latvian Provisional Government</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis" title="Kārlis Ulmanis">Kārlis Ulmanis</a>. By January 1919, much of Courland had been overrun by the Bolsheviks' <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic">Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic</a>, but the provisional government with the aid of German forces pushed back and took back Courland by April. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a>, much of Courland remained a German stronghold. Latvia eventually signed a cease-fire with Germany on 15 July 1920, and the <a href="/wiki/Latvian%E2%80%93Soviet_Peace_Treaty" title="Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty">Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty</a> of 11 August ended the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courland_as_part_of_interbellum_Latvia">Courland as part of interbellum Latvia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Courland as part of interbellum Latvia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War I, Courland became one of five provinces of the newly formed nation of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. These provinces corresponded to Latvia's four traditional regions plus Riga. In 1935, Courland had an area of 13,210 square kilometres (5,099 sq mi) and a population of 292,659 making it the least populous of the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurland6pf20apr1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kurland6pf20apr1945.jpg/170px-Kurland6pf20apr1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Kurland6pf20apr1945.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Postage stamp used in the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland Pocket</a> (1945)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courland_during_and_after_World_War_II">Courland during and after World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Courland during and after World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Courland_pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Courland pocket">Courland pocket</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:300px; text-align:center; border-spacing:0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:white;padding: 0.4em"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg/55px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg/83px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kurzeme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><b>Historical affiliations<br />of Courland</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#F2E6FF;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonian lands</a><br />until the 13th century </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"><b><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></b><br />13th century-1561 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:40%; background-color:red;vertical-align:middle"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/45px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></b><br />1561-1569 </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:60%; background-color:salmon;vertical-align:middle"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:40%; background-color:red;vertical-align:middle"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/23px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/35px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/45px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></b><br />1569-1656 </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:60%; background-color:salmon;vertical-align:middle"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland and Lithuania</a><br />1561-1795 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:salmon;vertical-align:middle"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:40%; background-color:red;vertical-align:middle"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_Banner_of_Stanis%C5%82aw_II_of_Poland.svg/23px-Royal_Banner_of_Stanis%C5%82aw_II_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_Banner_of_Stanis%C5%82aw_II_of_Poland.svg/35px-Royal_Banner_of_Stanis%C5%82aw_II_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_Banner_of_Stanis%C5%82aw_II_of_Poland.svg/45px-Royal_Banner_of_Stanis%C5%82aw_II_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></b><br />1717-1795 </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:60%; background-color:salmon;vertical-align:middle"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#00966E;vertical-align:middle"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></b><br />1795-1812 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#00aaff;vertical-align:middle"><b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland,_Semigallia_and_Pilten" title="Duchy of Courland, Semigallia and Pilten">Duchy of Courland, Semigallia and Pilten</a></b>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a><br />1812 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#00966E;vertical-align:middle"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></b><br />1812-1915 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Reich</a></b> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">occupation</a>)</i><br />1915-1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Courland_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></b>,<br />client state of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a><br />1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/United_Baltic_Duchy_flag.svg/23px-United_Baltic_Duchy_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/United_Baltic_Duchy_flag.svg/35px-United_Baltic_Duchy_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/United_Baltic_Duchy_flag.svg/46px-United_Baltic_Duchy_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></b>, client state of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a><br />1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:maroon;vertical-align:middle"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Republic of Latvia</a></b><br />1918-1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:teal;vertical-align:middle"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281940%E2%80%931953%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a></b>, republic of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940"><i>occupation</i></a>) <br />1940-1941 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:#D0E7FF;vertical-align:middle"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></b> <i>(<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">occupation</a>)</i><br />1941-1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:teal;vertical-align:middle"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a></b>, republic of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">occupation</a></i>) <br />1944-1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="width:100%; background-color:maroon;vertical-align:middle"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Republic of Latvia</a></b><br />1990–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupied</a> Latvia in conformity with the terms of 1939 <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> on 17 June 1940. On 5 August 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> annexed the region along with the rest of Latvia which was made a <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">constituent republic of the USSR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a>. </p><p>At the start of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> in the summer of 1941, the German Wehrmacht's <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a> overran Courland, along with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> littoral. During the German occupation Courland was administered as Liepāja County area (<i>Kreisgebiet Libau</i>). </p><p>In 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> lifted the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Leningrad">siege of Leningrad</a> and re-conquered the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic countries">Baltic countries</a> along with much of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. However, some 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> troops held out in Courland. With their backs to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, they remained trapped in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland Pocket</a>, blockaded by the Red Army and by the Red Baltic Fleet. <a href="/wiki/Colonel-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel-General">Colonel-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>, the Chief of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a>, pleaded with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> to allow evacuation of the troops in Courland by sea for use in the defense of Germany. Hitler refused and ordered the Wehrmacht, Waffen-SS, Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine forces in Courland to continue the defense of the area. Germany’s naval capacity to evacuate these forces was restricted as it needed the majority of its transport ships to evacuate troops from East Prussia and maintain vital trade with Sweden. On January 15, 1945, <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Courland" title="Army Group Courland">Army Group Courland</a> (<i>Heeresgruppe Kurland</i>) formed under <a href="/wiki/Colonel-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel-General">Colonel-General</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Lothar_Rendulic" title="Lothar Rendulic">Lothar Rendulic</a>. The blockade by elements of the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Leningrad Front</a> remained until May 8, 1945, when Army Group Courland, then under its last commander, <a href="/wiki/Colonel-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel-General">Colonel-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hilpert" title="Carl Hilpert">Carl Hilpert</a>, surrendered to Marshal <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Leonid Govorov</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Leningrad Front</a> (reinforced by elements of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Baltic_Front" title="2nd Baltic Front">2nd Baltic Front</a>) on the Courland perimeter. At this time the group consisted of the remnants of some 31 divisions. After May 9, 1945, approximately 203,000 troops of Army Group Courland began to be moved to Soviet prison camps to the east. The majority of them never returned to Germany (Haupt, 1997). </p><p>Courland remained part of the Latvian SSR within the Soviet Union following World War II. Courland was no longer an administrative unit under the Soviets. Liepājas apgabals (1952-1953), one of three <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">oblasts</a> in Latvia, roughly corresponded to Courland. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Courland became part of independent Latvia once more and it remains so to this day. Although Courland is not an administrative entity today, the <a href="/wiki/Kurzeme_Planning_Region" title="Kurzeme Planning Region">Courland <i>(Kurzeme)</i> Planning Region</a>, with an area of 13,596 square kilometres (5,249 sq mi) and a population of 301,621 in 2008, includes much of the traditional region. The remainder of Courland is part of the <a href="/wiki/Planning_regions_of_Latvia" title="Planning regions of Latvia">planning regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Riga_Planning_Region" title="Riga Planning Region">Riga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zemgale_Planning_Region" title="Zemgale Planning Region">Semigallia <i>(Zemgale)</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Deinard" title="Ephraim Deinard">Ephraim Deinard</a> (1846–1930), born in <a href="/wiki/Valdem%C4%81rpils" title="Valdemārpils">Valdemārpils</a>, publisher and author.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Loskiel" title="George Henry Loskiel">George Henry Loskiel</a> (1740–1814), born in <a href="/wiki/Ance,_Latvia" title="Ance, Latvia">Angermuende</a> in Courland, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian</a> <a href="/wiki/Clergyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Clergyman">clergyman</a> who obtained complete separation of the European and American branches of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_1607-1896_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis_1607-1896-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Mears" title="Otto Mears">Otto Mears</a>, (1840–1931), pioneering road and railway builder in Colorado, United States; born in Courland.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_von_Medem" title="Dorothea von Medem">Dorothea von Medem</a> (1761–1821), Duchess of Courland, wife of the last Duke of Courland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_von_der_Recke" title="Elisa von der Recke">Elisa von der Recke</a> (1754–1833), writer and poet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Kurzeme</i>; <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>: <i lang="liv">Kurāmō</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Scandinavian languages</a>: <i>Kurland</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Curonia</i>/<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Couronia</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Курляндия</span>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i>Kuurinmaa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i>Kuramaa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Kuršas</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Kurlandia</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Courland">"Courland - historical region, Europe"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Courland+-+historical+region%2C+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCourland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołodziejczyk1994" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Ko%C5%82odziejczyk" title="Dariusz Kołodziejczyk">Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210829171827/http://niniwa22.cba.pl/kolodziejczyk_kolonie_w_afryce.htm">"Czy Rzeczpospolita miałakolonie w Afryce i Ameryce? – czyli czy kolonia mojego wasala jest moją kolonią?"</a> [Did the [Polish-Lithuanian] Commonwealth have colonies in Africa and America? - or, is my vassal's colony my colony?]. <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3wi%C4%85_Wieki" title="Mówią Wieki">Mówią Wieki</a></i> (in Polish). Vol. 5. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>47. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-29</span></span> – via www.niniwa22.cba.pl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%B3wi%C4%85+Wieki&rft.atitle=Czy+Rzeczpospolita+mia%C5%82akolonie+w+Afryce+i+Ameryce%3F+%E2%80%93+czyli+czy+kolonia+mojego+wasala+jest+moj%C4%85+koloni%C4%85%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82odziejczyk&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniniwa22.cba.pl%2Fkolodziejczyk_kolonie_w_afryce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE030">"Iedzīvotāju skaits un īpatsvars pēc tautības reģionos, republikas pilsētās, novados un 21 attīstības centrā gada sākumā 2011 - 2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ju+skaits+un+%C4%ABpatsvars+p%C4%93c+taut%C4%ABbas+re%C4%A3ionos%2C+republikas+pils%C4%93t%C4%81s%2C+novados+un+21+att%C4%ABst%C4%ABbas+centr%C4%81+gada+s%C4%81kum%C4%81+2011+-+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stat.gov.lv%2Fpxweb%2Flv%2FOSP_PUB%2FSTART__POP__IR__IRE%2FIRE030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewsofcourland-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewsofcourland_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman Rosenthal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=831&letter=C">Courland</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1935 census figures cited at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/ulv.html">Municipalities of Latvia</a> at Statoids.com. retrieved 10 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marquis_1607-1896-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_1607-1896_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896</i>. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Who+in+America%2C+Historical+Volume%2C+1607%E2%80%931896&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Marquis+Who%27s+Who&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell1973" class="citation book cs1">Ferrell, Mallory Hope (1973). <i>Silver San Juan</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Press, Inc. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87108-057-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87108-057-5"><bdi>0-87108-057-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silver+San+Juan&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Pruett+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-87108-057-5&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Mallory+Hope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1919" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Wilbur Fiske (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-hYAAAAMAAJ&q=%22History+of+Colorado%22+otto+mears&pg=PA640"><i>History of Colorado, Illustrated</i></a>. Vol. IV. Chicago, Illinois: The S. J. Clarke publishing company. p. 640.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Colorado%2C+Illustrated&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=640&rft.pub=The+S.+J.+Clarke+publishing+company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+Fiske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-hYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522History%2Bof%2BColorado%2522%2Botto%2Bmears%26pg%3DPA640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Courland" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Courland">Courland</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Courland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=320&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Murray, John, <i>Russia, Poland, and Finland, – Handbook for Travellers</i>, 3rd revised edition, London, 1875. (Includes Kurland).</li> <li>Hollmann, H, <i>Kurlands Agrarverhältnisse</i>, Riga, 1893.</li> <li>Seraphim, E, <i>Geschichte Liv-, Esth-, und Kurlands</i>, Reval, 1895–1896 (2 vols).</li> <li>Christiansen, Eric, <i>The Northern Crusades</i> – the Baltic & the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525, London, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-26243-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-26243-3">0-333-26243-3</a></li> <li>Hiden, John, <i>The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32037-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-32037-2">0-521-32037-2</a></li> <li>Kirby, David, <i>Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period</i> – The Baltic World 1492 -1772, Longman, London, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-00410-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-00410-1">0-582-00410-1</a></li> <li>Hiden, John W., & Patrick Salmon, <i>The Baltic Nations & Europe</i>, Longman, London, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-08246-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-08246-3">0-582-08246-3</a></li> <li>Haupt, Werner, <i>Army Group North: The Wehrmacht in Russia 1941–1945</i>, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, PA., 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0182-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-0182-9">0-7643-0182-9</a></li> <li>Kauffmann, Jean-Paul, <i>A Journey to Nowhere: Detours and Riddles in the Lands and History of Courland</i>, MacLehose Press, 2012</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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