CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>中古荷兰语 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"209acb0a-9e53-4ec8-af41-aa8d5336473c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"中古荷兰语","wgTitle":"中古荷兰语","wgCurRevisionId":77539828,"wgRevisionId":77539828,"wgArticleId":7843757,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["ISO 639-2代码的语言","含有中古英語的條目","含有非中文內容的條目","含有荷蘭語的條目","有未列明来源语句的条目","荷蘭語","低地法兰克语","中世紀語言"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"中古荷兰语","wgRelevantArticleId":7843757,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q178806","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly", "ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="中古荷兰语 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-中古荷兰语 rootpage-中古荷兰语 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-音系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>音系</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-音系-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关音系子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-音系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-与古荷兰语的差异" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#与古荷兰语的差异"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>与古荷兰语的差异</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-与古荷兰语的差异-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-辅音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辅音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>辅音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辅音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>元音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-短元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#短元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>短元音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-短元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-长元音与双元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#长元音与双元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>长元音与双元音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-长元音与双元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中古荷兰语时代的音变" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中古荷兰语时代的音变"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>中古荷兰语时代的音变</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中古荷兰语时代的音变-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>方言</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-方言-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关方言子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-布拉班特方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#布拉班特方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>布拉班特方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-布拉班特方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弗拉芒语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弗拉芒语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>弗拉芒语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弗拉芒语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荷兰语荷兰方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荷兰语荷兰方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>荷兰语荷兰方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-荷兰语荷兰方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-林堡语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#林堡语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>林堡语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-林堡语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-莱茵兰语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#莱茵兰语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>莱茵兰语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-莱茵兰语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>语法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-语法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关语法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-名词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>名词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-强变形名词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#强变形名词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>强变形名词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-强变形名词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弱变形名词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弱变形名词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>弱变形名词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弱变形名词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形容词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形容词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>形容词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形容词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-代词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#代词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>代词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-代词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-限定词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#限定词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>限定词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-限定词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-动词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#动词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>动词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-动词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-强（变化）动词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#强（变化）动词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>强（变化）动词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-强（变化）动词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弱动词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弱动词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>弱动词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弱动词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-另见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#另见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>另见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-另见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">中古荷兰语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。17种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelnederlands" title="Middelnederlands – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Middelnederlands" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="اللغة الهولندية الوسطى – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الهولندية الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelniederl%C3%A4ndische_Sprache" title="Mittelniederländische Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelniederländische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Middle Dutch" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen_n%C3%A9erlandais" title="Moyen néerlandais – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moyen néerlandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnederl%C3%A2nsk" title="Midnederlânsk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Midnederlânsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjovjekovni_nizozemski_jezik" title="Srednjovjekovni nizozemski jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednjovjekovni nizozemski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Belanda Pertengahan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Belanda Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0hollenska" title="Miðhollenska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðhollenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_olandese_media" title="Lingua olandese media – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua olandese media" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9F%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E8%AA%9E" title="中期オランダ語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中期オランダ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Шӧр нидерланд кыв – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шӧр нидерланд кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelnederlands" title="Middelnederlands – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Middelnederlands" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelnederlands" title="Middelnederlands – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middelnederlands" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Средненидерландский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средненидерландский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Середньонідерландська мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середньонідерландська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelnederlands" title="Middelnederlands – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Middelnederlands" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&oldid=77539828" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&id=77539828&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258F%25A4%25E8%258D%25B7%25E5%2585%25B0%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258F%25A4%25E8%258D%25B7%25E5%2585%25B0%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Middle_Dutch" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q178806" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">中古荷兰语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"><span style="font-size: small;">dietsc、duutsch</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><b>区域</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="低地国家">低地国家</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">年代</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1500年前后演化为现代<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a><sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族">日耳曼语族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="西日耳曼语支">西日耳曼语支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%82%89-%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威悉-莱茵日耳曼语（页面不存在）">威悉-莱茵日耳曼语</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="低地法兰克语">低地法兰克语</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>中古荷兰语</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">早期形式</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="法兰克语">法兰克语</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古荷兰语">古荷兰语</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:2em;padding-left:0"><li><b>中古荷兰语</b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dum" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dum">dum</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dum" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dum">dum</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/midd1321">midd1321</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>本条目包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">国际音标</a>符号。</b>部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>需要<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">特殊字母与符号支持</a>才能正確显示，否则可能显示为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>中古荷兰语</b>是一群关系密切的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="西日耳曼语支">西日耳曼语支</a>方言，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古荷兰语">古荷兰语</a>的后代，使用时间在1150-1500年间。直到1550年演化为现代<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a><sup id="cite_ref-#1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，都没有统领全国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="标准语">标准语</a>，但所有方言都能互通。这一时期，荷兰语涌现出丰富的文学作品，对使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="存古（页面不存在）">存古</a>正字法的现代荷兰语母语者来说也可读。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音系"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>音系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：音系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="与古荷兰语的差异"><span id=".E4.B8.8E.E5.8F.A4.E8.8D.B7.E5.85.B0.E8.AF.AD.E7.9A.84.E5.B7.AE.E5.BC.82"></span>与古荷兰语的差异</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：与古荷兰语的差异"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>早期古荷兰语<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ie/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ia/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/io/</span>在古荷兰语中合流为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ie/</span>。</li> <li>清擦音在音节首浊化：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/z/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/f/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/v/</span>(与原始日耳曼语产生的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/b>v/</span>合流)、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/θ/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ð/</span>。(10或11世纪)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ft/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/xt/</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iu/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yː/</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iə/</span>，取决于方言，西部方言有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ie/</span>，东部则有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yː/</span>，产生dietsc<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/dietsk/</span> vs. duitsc <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/dyːtsk/</span>。 <ul><li>许多方言也发生<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iw/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yw/</span>，而其他方言仍保持<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iw/</span>。比较东南中古荷兰语hiwen<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/hiwən/</span>与现代荷兰语huwen<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɦyʋə(n)/</span>。</li> <li>部分北部方言在词首还展示降双元音到升双元音(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iu/</span> > <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/juː/</span>)的变化，同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古弗里西亚语（页面不存在）">古弗里西亚语</a>。参第二人称宾格复数代词iu<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iu/</span>>北部jou<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/jɔu/</span>vs.南部u<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yː/</span>。</li></ul></li> <li>后元音<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼语元音变音">日耳曼语元音变音</a>的音位化。产生新音素<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/y/</span>(来自早期古荷兰语<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u+i或u+j/</span>)。不同于大多数其他日耳曼语，元音变音音位化只发生最东部地区的短元音；长元音和双元音常常无影响。</li> <li>插音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/w/</span>在<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː/</span>与元音间出现。</li> <li>部分地区音节尾<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː(w)/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ouw/</span>，产生duwen<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/dywən/</span> vs. douwen <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/dou(w)ən/</span>，或nu <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ny/</span> vs. nou <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/nou/</span>。</li> <li>不元音变音时<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/o/</span>。 <ul><li>该变化没有在西南（弗拉芒）方言中完全出现，这些方言拼写为sunne“太阳”，其他方言为sonne。</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/y/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yː/</span>。部分方言中<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː/</span>在音节尾或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/w/</span>前保留。 <ul><li>此变化不发生于林堡语。</li> <li>弗拉芒语中，这一变化也影响之前未发生低化元音，产生sunne<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ˈzynnə/</span>。</li></ul></li> <li>元音弱化：非重读音节中的元音弱化、合流为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ə/</span>，写作<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>e<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>。(11或12世纪)长元音似乎无变化，至少<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iː/</span>在特定后缀中一定保留(如-kijn<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/kiːn/</span>)。</li> <li>长中元音裂化：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/øː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oː/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eɛ/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/øœ/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oɔ/</span>。</li> <li>高短元音非音位性低化：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/i/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/y/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɪ/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʏ/</span>。</li> <li>开音节元音延长：重读开音节短元音变长。多音节词的所有重读音节都变<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="音节重量">重</a>。古荷兰语(原来的)长元音“锐长”以扬抑符表示(â、ê、î、ô)。延长了的元音则是“钝长”，以平调符表示(ā、ē、ī、ō)。 <ul><li>延长了的元音一开始和短元音的音质相同，产生<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[aː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[eː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɪː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[oː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʏː]</span>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɪː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʏː]</span>后来分别低化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[eː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[øː]</span>。</li> <li>延长的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[eː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[øː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[oː]</span>与之前裂化的长中元音维持对立。</li> <li>部分方言中，延长的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[aː]</span>与原<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/aː/</span>合流，另一些方言则产生舌位前后的差异。</li> <li>这使得语法变形产生许多长度交替，如单数dag<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/dax/</span>，复数<span lang="enm">dag(h)e</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/daːɣə/</span>。</li></ul></li> <li>齿擦音塞化：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ð/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/θ/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>,，与已有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span>合流。(约12世纪) <ul><li>叠音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/θθ/</span>(<原始日耳曼语*-þj-)变为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ss/</span>：<span lang="odt">*withtha</span>><span lang="dum">wisse</span>；<span lang="odt">*smiththa</span>><span lang="dum">smisse</span>。</li></ul></li> <li>齿音前<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ol/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/al/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ou/</span>。 <ul><li>不发生于林堡语，林堡语维持的两者的对立，但在现代也元音化，分别产生<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ow/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/aː/</span>。</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span>+齿音前元音延长。不发生于所有方言，部分方言中<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>低化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/aː/</span>。如farth<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/farθ/</span>>vāert<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/vaːrt/</span>、ertha<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/erθa/</span>>āerde<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/aːrdə/</span>、wort<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/wort/</span>>wōort<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/woːrt/</span>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ə/</span>在特定环境下插入，特别是在屈折词尾。这使得开音节延长产生的软元音变为音位，现代也可出现在闭音节。如hēvet>hēeft。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="辅音"><span id=".E8.BE.85.E9.9F.B3"></span>辅音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：辅音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古荷兰语辅音与古荷兰语相比最显著的差别是齿擦音消失了。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[z]</span>音位化也发生了。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>中古荷兰语辅音 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齿音</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齿龈音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬顎音">硬颚音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">软腭音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="声门音">声门音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <th><small>清</small> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>浊</small> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <th><small>清</small> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清唇齒擦音">f</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭擦音">x</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>浊</small> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁唇齒擦音">v</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭擦音">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁圓唇軟腭近音">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/R%E9%9F%B3" title="R音">R音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>注释： </p> <ul><li>所有阻碍音都经历末阻碍音清化<b>。</b></li> <li>中古荷兰语早期，绝大多数辅音的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A0%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叠音（页面不存在）">叠音</a>变体仍存在。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɣ/</span>叠音为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɡɡ/</span>，现代林堡语反映为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɡ/</span>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m, p, b/</span>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a>，而<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/f, v/</span>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="唇齿音">唇齿音</a>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n, t, d, s, z, l/</span>可能是齿音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齿鼻音">n̪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿塞音">t̪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="浊齿塞音">d̪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E6%9C%89%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齒有噝擦音">s̪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E6%9C%89%E5%99%9D%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁齒有噝擦音">z̪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齿边近音">l̪</a>]</span>或齿龈音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n͇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t͇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d͇</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s͇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z͇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l͇</a>]</span>。 <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span>可能在软腭音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/k, ɣ/</span>前有软腭同位异音<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭鼻音">ŋ</a>]</span>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span>后<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɣ/</span>实现为塞音<span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">ɡ</a>]</span>。</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span>最可能是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齿龈音</a>，可能是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="颤音 (语音学)">颤音</a><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r͇</a>]</span>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="闪音">闪音</a><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦閃音">ɾ͇</a>]</span>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>元音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>与古荷兰语相比，中古荷兰语的元音系统最引人注目的变化是前圆唇元音音位的出现，以及所有非重读短元音全部合流。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="短元音"><span id=".E7.9F.AD.E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>短元音</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：短元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>中古荷兰语短元音 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%BA%A6" title="元音圓唇度">展唇</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%BA%A6" title="元音圓唇度">圆唇</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="央元音">央元音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="後元音">后元音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="闭元音">闭元音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɪ</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʏ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中元音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">e</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ə</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">o</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="开元音">开元音</a> </th> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʏ/</span>的确切高度不明，可能比<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʏ]</span>低一些，到<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ø]</span>甚至<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[œ]</span>。</li> <li>和现代荷兰语一样，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/o/</span>也可能是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɛ]</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɔ]</span>。</li> <li>部分方言中<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>为后元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɑ]</span>，西部方言可能为前元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a]</span>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="长元音与双元音"><span id=".E9.95.BF.E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3.E4.B8.8E.E5.8F.8C.E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>长元音与双元音</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：长元音与双元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>长元音和双元音实际上没有清晰界限，许多长元音发生裂化，而双元音也可以单化为单元音。变化的地域范围有小有大。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>中古荷兰语长元音 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%BA%A6" title="元音圓唇度">展唇</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%BA%A6" title="元音圓唇度">圆唇</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="後元音">后元音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="闭元音">闭元音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iː</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">yː</span> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uː</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="闭元音">闭</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%8D%E5%8F%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="降双元音（页面不存在）">降</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ie̯</span> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">yø̯</span>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uo̯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%8D%E5%8F%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="降双元音（页面不存在）">降</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eɛ̯</span> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">øœ̯</span>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oɔ̯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中元音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eː</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">øː</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="开元音">开元音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%87%E5%8F%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="升双元音（页面不存在）">升</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛi̯</span> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">œy̯</span>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɔu̯</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>括号里的前圆唇元音只出现在东部方言中的长元音变音和双元音中。</li> <li>后圆唇元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː/</span>只出现在林堡语中。</li></ul> <p>音值的许多细节不明，似乎取决于方言。不过总体的架构还算清晰，现代林堡语维持了它们几乎所有对立：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iə̯/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eɛ̯/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/aː/</span>在现代林堡语中分别为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iə̯/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/æː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/aː/</span>。 </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ie̯/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yø̯/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uo̯/</span>从古荷兰语降双元音演化而来，但中古特征不明。能确定的是：<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>东布拉班特方言、林堡语中，发音仍是双元音。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ie̯/</span>常只写作<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>i<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>，可能发作单元音。但<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ie̯/</span>从不与<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iː/</span>合流，它们间不押韵。</li> <li>沿海方言的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uo̯/</span>可能是单元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[oː]</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʊː]</span>。在软腭音和唇音前，是闭元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[uː]</span>。这可以从<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>oe<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>和<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>ou<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>的拼写中看出。</li> <li>西布拉班特方言中，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uo̯/</span>更高些，接近单元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː/</span>。</li></ul> <p>“锐长”元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eɛ̯/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/øœ̯/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oɔ̯/</span>来自古荷兰语长元音，降双元音的读法可能广布，可能一度是通语的读法，今日尚能在西弗莱芒方言和林堡语中发现，两者位于中古荷兰语分布地域的两端。两者间的地区，包括标准荷兰语在内，则在早期现代荷兰语阶段与“钝长”元音合流。 </p> <ul><li>南弗兰德斯方言、南布拉班特方言和荷兰方言中，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eɛ̯/</span>可见写作<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>ie<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>，而<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ie̯/</span>则是<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>e<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>，说明两者主元音合流。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oɔ̯/</span>偶尔与<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oː/</span>押韵。两者可能在部分条件下合流。</li> <li>布拉班特方言中，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oɔ̯/</span>偶尔与<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uo̯/</span>押韵。西布拉班特方言中，两者均为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[uː]</span>。</li></ul> <p>“钝长”元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/œː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oː/</span>来自古荷兰语开音节短元音，不过<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span>前也可发生延长。中古荷兰语所有方言中均为单元音，西弗兰德斯方言后来演化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ei̯/</span>。它们可能是半闭元音，也可能向现代林堡语一样是半开元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɛː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[œː]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɔː]</span>。 </p><p>有“锐长”â和“钝长”ā两个低元音。现在它们只在林堡语、最东端的下莱茵语和最西端的沿海荷兰语中有别，两者以舌位的前后区分两个元音，但两地的对立是相反的： </p> <ul><li>沿海方言中，â前移为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/aː/</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/æː/</span>，而ā是央或后的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑː/</span>。</li> <li>东部方言中，â是后元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑː/</span>，而ā是前或央的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/aː/</span>。中古<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oː/</span>合流，先发生于下莱茵语，后发生于林堡语。</li> <li>两者中间的方言不分。语音实现从后元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɑː]</span>(布拉班特)至前元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[aː ~ æː]</span>(荷兰离岛)不一。</li></ul> <p>升双元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɛi̯/</span>对应相同的古荷兰语双元音，主要出现在元音变音环境中，其他时候是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eɛ̯/</span>。以西部方言为首的方言在所有环境中都为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/eɛ̯/</span>。林堡语在所有高地德语保存了的情况下也保存了双元音。 </p><p>升双元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɔu̯/</span>有两个来源，中古荷兰语的多数方言中来自古<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ol/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/al/</span>+齿音发生的<a href="/w/index.php?title=L%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L元音化（页面不存在）">L元音化</a>，东部林堡语则是古高地德语双元音的残留，该双元音在其余地方变为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oɔ̯/</span>。L元音化只发生于现代林堡语，发生后林堡语也维持了<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ol/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/al/</span>之别，两者分别是ów、aa。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中古荷兰语时代的音变"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.8F.A4.E8.8D.B7.E5.85.B0.E8.AF.AD.E6.97.B6.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.84.E9.9F.B3.E5.8F.98"></span>中古荷兰语时代的音变</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：中古荷兰语时代的音变"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/mb/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/mː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋɡ/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋː/</span>。这使得荷兰语中的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɡ/</span>消失。 <ul><li>来自词尾清化的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/b>p/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/g>k/</span>不受影响，产生单数coninc<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/koːniŋk/</span> vs. 复数coninghe<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/koːniŋːə/</span>、单数lamp<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/lamp/</span> vs. 复数lammere<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/lamː(ə)rə/</span>。</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/sk/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/sx/</span>(拼写为<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>sc<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>，后来<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>sch<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>)。年代不明，拼写似乎不分两种读音。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɛ/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɛi/</span>发生于<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n+C/</span>前，与古荷兰语原有的(原始日耳曼语<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑi/</span>>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɛi/</span>合流。如ende>einde、pensen>peinsen(来自古法语penser)。该变化在古荷兰语时代已零星发生，中古荷兰语更加频繁。</li> <li>响音复辅音中的插音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span>，如donre>donder、solre>solder、bunre>bunder。现代荷兰语中，这一变化语法化为以-r结尾的词的-er(比较级、施事名词)后缀。</li> <li>叠音缩略，如bidden<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/bɪdːən/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/bɪdən/</span>，这在多音节词中重新产生了重读轻音节。</li> <li>早期长高元音裂化（在<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/w/</span>前除外）：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iː/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɪi/</span>&<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yː/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʏy/</span>，大约开始于14世纪。 <ul><li>这些双元音的音质变得越来越强，最终前者与<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɛi/</span> ei合流。但双元音的拼写不变，16世纪受教育使用者称其为“南部口音”，说明那时候这个变化还没扩散到荷兰语所有阶层。</li></ul></li> <li>前面的音变发生后，又发生降双元音的单化：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iə/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uə/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː/</span>。也可能产生短元音(如今日大部分荷兰语方言)，在<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span>前一定为长音。</li> <li>晚期中古荷兰语开始，直到早期现代荷兰语，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ə/</span>在词尾和一些非重读音节中逐渐消失：vrouwe>vrouw、hevet>heeft。此音变也不连续，有时存在二形，如mate、maat。 <ul><li>词尾schwa在弱动词单数过去时中恢复，以避免因词尾清化而产生的第三人称现在时单数同音词撞车。不规则弱动词变形中，因为不存在同音的问题，还是消失了：不规则dachte>dacht(现在时denkt)，而规则opende没有变成*<span lang="nl">opend</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oːpənt/</span>，因为这没法和opent区分。</li></ul></li> <li>15世纪，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> 开始在非短元音和<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">Schwa</a>间消失。 <ul><li>此音变的过程方言间各不相同。北部方言、荷兰方言中，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span>简单消失，后面跟的schwa也消失：<span lang="nl">luyden</span>>lui、lade>la、mede>mee、东南方言中，元音间的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span>则常变成<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/j/</span>：mede>meej。</li> <li>此音变不连续，现代荷兰语还有许多词有两种形式，有时没有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/d/</span>的形式会被视作“俗”并消失，如Nederland和neer，都来自neder。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="方言"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>方言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不同地方的中古荷兰语拼写发音不一样，词汇也常常不同。方言界常受行政区划影响，同一个行政区划内的方言往往会相互趋同。不过它们间的边界并不像行政区划界那样分明，而是连续的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E8%BF%9E%E7%BB%AD%E4%BD%93" title="方言连续体">方言连续体</a>，方言区边界上的方言展现出介于两者间的过渡性质。 </p><p>中古荷兰语主要有4组方言：<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>弗兰德斯和泽兰的<b>弗拉芒语</b>，</li> <li>布鲁塞尔、鲁汶、安特卫普、梅希林、布列达等地的<b>布拉班特方言</b>，</li> <li>荷兰伯国的<b>荷兰方言</b>，</li> <li>东部的<b>林堡语</b>。</li></ol> <p>弗拉芒语、布拉班特方言和荷兰方言被统称为西弗兰肯语，林堡语则属于东弗兰肯语。(注意不要与高地德语<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E8%82%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东弗兰肯方言（页面不存在）">东弗兰肯方言</a>混淆)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="布拉班特方言"><span id=".E5.B8.83.E6.8B.89.E7.8F.AD.E7.89.B9.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>布拉班特方言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：布拉班特方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="布拉班特方言">布拉班特方言</a>主要分布在古<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="布拉班特公国">布拉班特公国</a>的地域。中世纪大多数时候都是最有影响力的方言。与其他方言相比，布拉班特方言是一种介于沿海和内陆方言间的“过渡”或“中介”。 </p> <ul><li>â、ā合流为后元音。</li> <li>第二人称复数用<span lang="dum">g(h)i</span>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ft/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/xt/</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iː/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yː/</span>裂化</li> <li>受东部莱茵兰和/或林堡语影响，长元音和双元音发生<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼语元音变音">日耳曼语元音变音</a>。这使得元音变音具备较完善的语法功能，典型如指小辞。</li> <li>缺乏西部方言的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/xt/</span>前<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="弗拉芒语"><span id=".E5.BC.97.E6.8B.89.E8.8A.92.E8.AF.AD"></span>弗拉芒语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：弗拉芒语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>弗拉芒语含<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="西弗拉芒语">西弗拉芒语</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东弗拉芒语（页面不存在）">东弗拉芒语</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%BD%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泽兰方言（页面不存在）">泽兰方言</a>，主要分布在古<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD" title="佛兰德伯国">佛兰德伯国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9C%96%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%AF%E5%9C%8B" title="阿圖瓦伯國">阿图瓦伯国</a>北部和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E8%8E%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="加莱">加莱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A8%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E6%B6%85" title="滨海布洛涅">滨海布洛涅</a>周边。东弗拉芒语位于西弗拉芒语和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="布拉班特方言">布拉班特方言</a>之间，展现出一些过渡性质，但与后者更相似。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>弗拉芒语在中世纪初一度相当有影响力，到13世纪渐渐丧失了对临近的布拉班特方言的优势。 </p> <ul><li>â前移为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/æː/</span>。</li> <li>前圆唇元音去圆唇。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/h/</span>消失，文本中偶见<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AB%E6%9E%89%E8%BF%87%E6%AD%A3_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="矫枉过正 (语言学)">矫枉过正</a>。</li> <li>ê、ô实现为降双元音，常写作<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>ee<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>、<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>oe<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>。</li> <li>古荷兰语<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iu/</span>变为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/iə/</span>而不是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/yː/</span>，产生诸如vier(“火”)，其他方言为vuur。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>在<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r+C/</span>前低化为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>，常还使其延长。齿音前的此音变一般限于西弗拉芒语，唇音、软腭音前的此音变更广布。</li> <li>缺乏<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/xt/</span>前的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>。</li> <li>部分词中<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/i/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>。</li> <li>西弗拉芒语中偶见<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r+C/</span>前<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/o/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="荷兰语荷兰方言"><span id=".E8.8D.B7.E5.85.B0.E8.AF.AD.E8.8D.B7.E5.85.B0.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>荷兰语荷兰方言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：荷兰语荷兰方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰方言（页面不存在）">荷兰方言</a>分布在古<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD" title="荷兰伯国">荷兰伯国</a>地域。中世纪的影响较小，16世纪南部发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="八十年战争">八十年战争</a>时“荷兰繁荣”促使其扩张。 </p> <ul><li>该地区早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="弗里斯兰人">弗里斯兰人</a>带来的强烈<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%B2%83%E5%86%85%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="因格沃内语">因格沃内语</a>影响。这在沿海地区和北部更明显(<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0" title="西弗里斯兰">西弗里斯兰</a>)。</li> <li>â、ā合流、前移(现代标准荷兰语发音基于此)。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="北海日耳曼語鼻音消失法則">北海日耳曼语鼻音消失法则</a>偶见。见于部分地名，如-mude(“口”)，西南地区保留了鼻音：-monde。</li> <li>第二人称复数代词为ji。</li> <li>保留<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ft/</span>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/xt/</span>前缺乏元音变音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="林堡语"><span id=".E6.9E.97.E5.A0.A1.E8.AF.AD"></span>林堡语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：林堡语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a>分布在现代的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E7%9C%81_(%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0)" title="林堡省 (荷兰)">林堡省 (荷兰)</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E7%9C%81_(%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6)" title="林堡省 (比利时)">林堡省 (比利时)</a>。其与行政区划的联系不紧密，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="林堡公國">林堡公国</a>的地域位于今日林堡语语区南部。 </p> <ul><li>强烈的“东南方向”影响，很多方面更像<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中古高地德语">中古高地德语</a>。常有<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" title="高地德語子音推移">高地德语子音推移</a>的影响。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼语元音变音">日耳曼语元音变音</a>影响了所有元音和整体的词法系统。</li> <li>保留古日耳曼语双元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɛi/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɔu/</span>，其他中古荷兰语方言单化为ê、ô。</li> <li>保留<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>，不与<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/o/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/uː/</span>合流。</li> <li>正字法偏东方，<span class="Unicode">⟨</span>u<span class="Unicode">⟩</span>表示后元音，闭音节元音长度无标记。</li> <li>第二人称单数代词为du。</li> <li>以单辅音结尾的词中的a为长音，也出现在<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/l/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/x/</span>+齿音前。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="莱茵兰语"><span id=".E8.8E.B1.E8.8C.B5.E5.85.B0.E8.AF.AD"></span>莱茵兰语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：莱茵兰语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>莱茵兰语分布在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5" title="下萊茵">下莱茵</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E6%B2%83%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="克莱沃公国">克莱沃公国</a>周边。它是林堡语和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中古低地德语">中古低地德语</a>的过渡。 </p> <ul><li>与林堡语类似，有来自东部的影响，正字法比较东方化。元音变音更规则。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中古低地德语">中古低地德语</a>的影响更强。</li> <li>â后移、常圆唇化，有与ō合流的倾向，这与北部低地德语相同。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语法"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>语法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="名词"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E8.AF.8D"></span>名词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：名词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古荷兰语名词依数、格变形。非重读音节元音的弱化使得许多古荷兰语名词变形合流，产生的是名词变形的强弱对立。演化到现代荷兰语，这对立也开始混淆，强弱名词词尾逐渐合流。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="强变形名词"><span id=".E5.BC.BA.E5.8F.98.E5.BD.A2.E5.90.8D.E8.AF.8D"></span>强变形名词</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：强变形名词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>强名词源自古荷兰语a、i、u-词干的变形。它们的主格单数大多没有后缀，主格复数为-e，部分中性名词无后缀。大多数强名词为阳性或中性，此类中的阴性词为古i-词干词，与格单数可能缺乏后缀。这是晚期古荷兰语屈折的残留。属格单数偶尔也没有后缀。部分名词单数也以-e结尾，它们主要是古ja-词根词，无阴性词。也有几个是古i-词根、短词根词。此类名词倾向于类推进弱名词变格。 </p><p>下表为阳性名词<i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/dach#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:dach">dach</a></i>“一天”、阴性名词<i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/daet#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:daet">dâet</a></i>“行动；契约”、中性名词<i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/broot#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:broot">brôot</a></i>“面包”的变形。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>单 </th> <th>复 </th> <th>单 </th> <th>复 </th> <th>单 </th> <th>复 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>dach </td> <td>dāge </td> <td>dâet </td> <td>dâde </td> <td>brôot </td> <td>brôot, brôde </td></tr> <tr> <th>宾格 </th> <td>dach </td> <td>dāge </td> <td>dâet </td> <td>dâde </td> <td>brôot </td> <td>brôot, brôde </td></tr> <tr> <th>属格 </th> <td>dāechs, dāges </td> <td>dāge </td> <td>dâets, dâdes </td> <td>dâde </td> <td>brôots, brôdes </td> <td>brôde </td></tr> <tr> <th>与格 </th> <td>dāge </td> <td>dāgen </td> <td>dâet, dâde </td> <td>dâden </td> <td>brôde </td> <td>brôden </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="弱变形名词"><span id=".E5.BC.B1.E5.8F.98.E5.BD.A2.E5.90.8D.E8.AF.8D"></span>弱变形名词</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：弱变形名词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>弱名词的复数全部以-en结尾，单数后缀是-e。 </p><p>下表展示阳性名词<i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C5%8Dge#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:bōge">bōge</a></i>“弓、弧形”的变形。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>单 </th> <th>复 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>bōge </td> <td>bōgen </td></tr> <tr> <th>宾格 </th> <td>bōge </td> <td>bōgen </td></tr> <tr> <th>属格 </th> <td>bōgen </td> <td>bōgen </td></tr> <tr> <th>与格 </th> <td>bōge </td> <td>bōgen </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="形容词"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E5.AE.B9.E8.AF.8D"></span>形容词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：形容词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古荷兰语形容词依所修饰名词的性、数、格变形。 </p><p>中古荷兰语已经不剩多少日耳曼语强弱之分或限定非限定之分了，只见于阳性和中性主格单数。前加限定词（指示词或冠词）时加-e后缀，其他时候无后缀。以系词相连时不变形。因此，修饰阴性名词也没有后缀：die vrouwe is goet“这女士不错”。 </p><p>古ja-词根形容词在强、连系形也是-e，如die vrouwe is clein<b>e</b>“这女士很小”。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>阳 </th> <th>阴 </th> <th>中 </th> <th>复 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>goet (不限)<br />goede (限) </td> <td>goede </td> <td>goet (不限)<br />goede (限) </td> <td>goede </td></tr> <tr> <th>宾格 </th> <td>goeden </td> <td>goede </td> <td>goede </td> <td>goede </td></tr> <tr> <th>属格 </th> <td>goets </td> <td>goeder </td> <td>goets </td> <td>goeder </td></tr> <tr> <th>与格 </th> <td>goeden </td> <td>goeder </td> <td>goeden </td> <td>goeden </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="代词"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.AF.8D"></span>代词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：代词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古荷兰语代词与现代形式相差不远，主要是随<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%96%8F%E5%B0%8A%E5%8D%91%E7%A8%B1%E8%AC%82" title="親疏尊卑稱謂">亲疏尊卑称谓</a>演变的第二人称上的差异。第二人称复数代词ghi逐渐获得第二人称单数敬称的用法，原单数形式du渐渐废弃。新的第二人称复数代词通过加上gij/jij、lui(“人们”)创造出来，形成gullie/jullie(字面“你们人们”)。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"></th> <th colspan="5">单</th> <th colspan="3">复 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1</th> <th rowspan="2">2</th> <th colspan="3">3</th> <th rowspan="2">1</th> <th rowspan="2">2</th> <th rowspan="2">3 </th></tr> <tr> <th>阳</th> <th>阴</th> <th>中 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主格 </th> <td>ic, icke</td> <td>du</td> <td>hi</td> <td>si</td> <td rowspan="2">het/'t</td> <td>wi</td> <td>ghi</td> <td>si </td></tr> <tr> <th>宾格 </th> <td rowspan="2">mi</td> <td rowspan="2">di</td> <td rowspan="2">hem/hen/'n</td> <td>haer/se</td> <td rowspan="2">ons</td> <td rowspan="2">u</td> <td rowspan="2">hem/hen/'n </td></tr> <tr> <th>与格 </th> <td>haer</td> <td>hem </td></tr> <tr> <th>属格 </th> <td>mijns</td> <td>dijns</td> <td>sijns</td> <td>harer</td> <td>'es</td> <td>onser</td> <td>uwer</td> <td>haer/'re </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>注释：还有几个其他形式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="限定词"><span id=".E9.99.90.E5.AE.9A.E8.AF.8D"></span>限定词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：限定词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>定冠词</b><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>格</b> </th> <th><b>阳</b> </th> <th><b>阴</b> </th> <th><b>中</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" align="center"><b>单</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a></b> </th> <td align="center">die </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">die </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">dat </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">宾格</a></b> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center">den </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">与格</a></b> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center">der </td> <td align="center">den </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">属格</a></b> </th> <td align="center">des </td> <td align="center">des </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" align="center"><b>复</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a></b> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" align="center">die </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">宾格</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">与格</a></b> </th> <td colspan="3" align="center">den </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">属格</a></b> </th> <td colspan="3" align="center">der </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="动词"><span id=".E5.8A.A8.E8.AF.8D"></span>动词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：动词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古荷兰语基本保持了古荷兰语的动词系统。和所有日耳曼语族语言一样，屈折变化的3个大类为<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E5%BC%B7%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="日耳曼語強變化動詞">日耳曼语强变化动词</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%BC%B1%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语弱变化动词（页面不存在）">日耳曼语弱变化动词</a>和过去-现在动词。依现在时和过去时变形，有陈述、虚拟和祈使3种语气的变形。 </p><p>非重读元音的弱化影响到了<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E8%BF%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="陈述语气">陈述语气</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%94" title="虚拟语气">虚拟语气</a>的对立，古荷兰语它们间的差异主要由屈折后缀的元音体现。中古荷兰语所有非重读元音都合流了，虚拟语气只在单数、弱动词过去时能和陈述语气区分。这使得虚拟语气逐渐被抛弃，现代荷兰语已经完全消失。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="强（变化）动词"><span id=".E5.BC.BA.EF.BC.88.E5.8F.98.E5.8C.96.EF.BC.89.E5.8A.A8.E8.AF.8D"></span>强（变化）动词</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：强（变化）动词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日耳曼语一般的7类强动词变形保留。4个主要部分为现在时、第一三人称单数过去时、剩余的过去时、过去分词。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>类 </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去<br />1/3单 </th> <th>过去<br />剩 </th> <th>Ptcp. </th> <th>例词 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>î </td> <td>ê </td> <td>ē </td> <td>ē </td> <td><i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/bliven#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:bliven">bliven</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>ie, û </td> <td>ô </td> <td>ō </td> <td>ō </td> <td><i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/bieden#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:bieden">bieden</a></i>, <i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/bugen#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:bugen">bugen</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>e, i </td> <td>a </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td><i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/helpen#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:helpen">helpen</a></i>, <i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/binden#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:binden">binden</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>ē </td> <td>a </td> <td>â </td> <td>ō </td> <td><i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/stelen#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:stelen">stelen</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>ē, i </td> <td>a </td> <td>â </td> <td>ē </td> <td><i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/lesen#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:lesen">lesen</a></i>, <i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/liggen#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:liggen">liggen</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td>ā </td> <td>oe </td> <td>oe </td> <td>â </td> <td><i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/dragen#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:dragen">dragen</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td>(any) </td> <td>ie </td> <td>ie </td> <td>(any) </td> <td><i lang="dum"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/slapen#Middle_Dutch" class="extiw" title="wikt:slapen">slapen</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>己类和庚类过去时的元音无别。丁类和戊类中，差别主要在于长度，因为大多方言不分ā、â。甲乙类动词ê、ē与ô、ō的差别更坚实些，但也在现代荷兰语中合流。丙类中泾渭分明的区分不依赖于元音长度，而是复数形式的o。 </p><p>现在时带长元音的类仲，单数祈使语气常出现为短元音，如les、drach。结尾处-e偶尔类推为与弱动词相同。 </p><p>东部方言偶尔在第二、三人称单数现在时陈述语气展现i而不是e。这是古i-突变的残留。元音变音有时也在东部方言的过去虚拟语气中发现。 </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>不定式 </th> <td colspan="2">bliven </td></tr> <tr> <th>动名词 </th> <td colspan="2">blivene </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">陈述 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>blive </td> <td>blêef </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>blijfs, blives </td> <td>blēefs, blēves </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>blijft, blivet </td> <td>blêef </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>bliven </td> <td>blēven </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>blijft, blivet </td> <td>blēeft, blēvet </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>bliven </td> <td>blēven </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">虚拟 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>blive </td> <td>blēve </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>blijfs, blives </td> <td>blēefs, blēves </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>blive </td> <td>blēve </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>bliven </td> <td>blēven </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>blijft, blivet </td> <td>blēeft, blēvet </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>bliven </td> <td>blēven </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <th>单 </th> <td colspan="2">blijf, blive </td></tr> <tr> <th>复 </th> <td colspan="2">blijft, blivet </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">分词 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>blivende </td> <td>geblēven </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>不定式 </th> <td colspan="2">binden </td></tr> <tr> <th>动名词 </th> <td colspan="2">bindene </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">陈述 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>binde </td> <td>bant </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>bints, bindes </td> <td>bonts, bondes </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>bint, bindet </td> <td>bant </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>binden </td> <td>bonden </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>bint, bindet </td> <td>bont, bondet </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>binden </td> <td>bonden </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">虚拟 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>binde </td> <td>bonde </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>bints, bindes </td> <td>bonts, bondes </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>binde </td> <td>bonde </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>binden </td> <td>bonden </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>bint, bindet </td> <td>bont, bondet </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>binden </td> <td>bonden </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <th>单 </th> <td colspan="2">bint, binde </td></tr> <tr> <th>复 </th> <td colspan="2">bint, bindet </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">分词 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>bindende </td> <td>gebonden </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>不定式 </th> <td colspan="2">drāgen </td></tr> <tr> <th>动名词 </th> <td colspan="2">drāgene </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">陈述 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>drāge </td> <td>droech </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>drāechs, drāges </td> <td>droechs, droeges </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>drāecht, drāget </td> <td>droech </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>drāgen </td> <td>droegen </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>drāecht, drāget </td> <td>droecht, droeget </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>drāgen </td> <td>droegen </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">虚拟 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>drāge </td> <td>droege </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>drāechs, drāges </td> <td>droechs, droeges </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>drāge </td> <td>droege </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>drāgen </td> <td>droegen </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>drāecht, drāget </td> <td>droecht, droeget </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>drāgen </td> <td>droegen </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <th>单 </th> <td colspan="2">drach, drāge </td></tr> <tr> <th>复 </th> <td colspan="2">drāecht, drāget </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">分词 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>drāgende </td> <td>gedrāgen </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="弱动词"><span id=".E5.BC.B1.E5.8A.A8.E8.AF.8D"></span>弱动词</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：弱动词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古荷兰语的弱动词是唯一能产的动词词类。古荷兰语有两类弱动词，但因非重读元音的弱化而在中古合流。 </p><p>过去时以后缀-ed-表示，e常因词中音删略消失。这引发清音同化，词干以清音结尾时必接t，现代荷兰语保存了该现象。未发生删略的形式-ed-多见于以唇音或软腭音结尾的词干后。 </p><p>部分古甲类弱动词现在时经历了元音变音，但引发元音变音的元音早在古荷兰语时代就在过去时中被删略了。因此senden的第一三单数过去时为sande。这些动词倾向于在中古荷兰语中变为强动词；sande变为现代zond，对应强动词丙类。 </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>不定式 </th> <td colspan="2">māken </td></tr> <tr> <th>动名词 </th> <td colspan="2">mākene </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">陈述 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>māke </td> <td>māecte </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>māecs, mākes </td> <td>māectes </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>māect, māket </td> <td>māecte </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>māken </td> <td>māecten </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>māect, māket </td> <td>māectet </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>māken </td> <td>māecten </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">虚拟 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>māke </td> <td>māecte </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>māecs, mākes </td> <td>māectes </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>māke </td> <td>māecte </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>māken </td> <td>māecten </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>māect, māket </td> <td>māectet </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>māken </td> <td>māecten </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <th>单 </th> <td colspan="2">māke </td></tr> <tr> <th>复 </th> <td colspan="2">māect, māket </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">分词 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>mākende </td> <td>gemāect, gemāket </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>不定式 </th> <td colspan="2">senden </td></tr> <tr> <th>动名词 </th> <td colspan="2">sendene </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">陈述 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>sende </td> <td>sende, sande </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>sents, sendes </td> <td>sende, sandes </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>sent, sendet </td> <td>sende, sande </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>senden </td> <td>senden, sanden </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>sent, sendet </td> <td>sendet, sandet </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>senden </td> <td>senden, sanden </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">虚拟 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>现在 </th> <th>过去 </th></tr> <tr> <th>1单 </th> <td>sende </td> <td>sende </td></tr> <tr> <th>2单 </th> <td>sents, sendes </td> <td>sende </td></tr> <tr> <th>3单 </th> <td>sende </td> <td>sende </td></tr> <tr> <th>1复 </th> <td>senden </td> <td>senden </td></tr> <tr> <th>2复 </th> <td>sent, sendet </td> <td>sendet </td></tr> <tr> <th>3复 </th> <td>senden </td> <td>senden </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">祈使 </th></tr> <tr> <th>单 </th> <td colspan="2">sende </td></tr> <tr> <th>复 </th> <td colspan="2">sent, sendet </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">分词 </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>sendende </td> <td>gesent, gesendet, gesant </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="另见"><span id=".E5.8F.A6.E8.A7.81"></span>另见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：另见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族">日耳曼语族</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-#1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaas van Berkel, Albert van Helden, Lodewijk Palm (eds.): <i>A History of Science in the Netherlands: Survey, Themes and Reference</i>, 1999, p. xvi: "Linguists usually distinguish between Old Dutch (c. 700–c. 1150), Middle Dutch (c. 1150–c. 1550), and Modern Dutch (after 1550)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/midd1321">Middle Dutch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Middle+Dutch&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fmidd1321&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">DBNL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002303/http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/loey001midd03_01/loey001midd03_01_0005.php">A. van Loey, Middelnederlandse spraakkunst. Deel II. Klankleer · dbnl</a>. DBNL. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2017]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/loey001midd03_01/loey001midd03_01_0005.php">原始内容</a>存档于2017-09-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=A.+van+Loey%2C+Middelnederlandse+spraakkunst.+Deel+II.+Klankleer+%C2%B7+dbnl&rft.au=DBNL&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DBNL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Floey001midd03_01%2Floey001midd03_01_0005.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colette M. van Kerckvoorde: <i>An Introduction to Middle Dutch.</i> Berlin and New York, 1993, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">ed, Keith Brown. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-08-044299-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-08-044299-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-08-044299-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Keith+Brown&rft.aulast=ed&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+%26+Linguistics&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=2.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044299-0&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%B5%E8%82%B2%E5%A0%B4" title="Wikipedia:維基孵育場">维基孵育场</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="維基百科">維基百科</a>語言試驗版：<b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/dum" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/dum">中古荷兰语試驗版</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/texte2.htm#mndl">Middle Dutch text database</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201208100254/http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/texte2.htm#mndl">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (TITUS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/middeleeuwen/middelnederlands-in-10-lessen">Grammatical information on Middle Dutch (in Dutch)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220325133408/https://www.literatuurgeschiedenis.org/middeleeuwen/middelnederlands-in-10-lessen">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vogala.org/">Spoken examples of Old Dutch, Middle Dutch and Old Frisian (in Dutch)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220207095916/http://www.vogala.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:荷兰语（页面不存在）">Template:荷兰语</a> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=中古荷兰语&oldid=77539828">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=中古荷兰语&oldid=77539828</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="Category:荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="Category:低地法兰克语">低地法兰克语</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Category:中世紀語言">中世紀語言</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_639-2%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Category:ISO 639-2代码的语言">ISO 639-2代码的语言</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有中古英語的條目">含有中古英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有非中文內容的條目">含有非中文內容的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有荷蘭語的條目">含有荷蘭語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%AA%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:有未列明来源语句的条目">有未列明来源语句的条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2023年6月3日 (星期六) 17:19。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4d6jn","wgBackendResponseTime":199,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.782","walltime":"0.918","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11927,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":72912,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7719,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":179325,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 767.220 1 -total"," 29.99% 230.080 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 25.98% 199.345 1 Template:Infobox"," 20.10% 154.223 14 Template:Wikt-lang"," 16.76% 128.562 8 Template:Lang"," 16.03% 122.971 8 Template:Category_handler"," 10.71% 82.174 18 Template:IPA_link"," 9.83% 75.402 302 Template:IPA"," 9.56% 73.365 18 Template:IPAlink/core"," 6.01% 46.132 2 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.287","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19667284,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84d8f4b96-j6tz5","timestamp":"20241116053544","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u4e2d\u53e4\u8377\u5170\u8bed","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178806","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q178806","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2022-01-20T21:18:20Z","dateModified":"2023-06-03T17:19:59Z"}</script> </body> </html>