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id="toc-List_of_common_ion_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hydrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Molecular compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_exceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_exceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Common exceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_exceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تسمية الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية للكيمياء اللاعضوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسمية الاتحاد الدولي للكيمياء البحتة والتطبيقية للكيمياء اللاعضوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_quimica_d%27os_compuestos_inorganicos" title="Nomenclatura quimica d'os compuestos inorganicos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nomenclatura quimica d'os compuestos inorganicos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Наменклатура неарганічных злучэнняў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наменклатура неарганічных злучэнняў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_qu%C3%ADmica_dels_compostos_inorg%C3%A0nics" title="Nomenclatura química dels compostos inorgànics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nomenclatura química dels compostos inorgànics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganick%C3%A9_n%C3%A1zvoslov%C3%AD" title="Anorganické názvosloví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anorganické názvosloví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatur_(Anorganische_Chemie)" title="Nomenklatur (Anorganische Chemie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nomenklatur (Anorganische Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_qu%C3%ADmica_de_los_compuestos_inorg%C3%A1nicos" title="Nomenclatura química de los compuestos inorgánicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nomenclatura química de los compuestos inorgánicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konposatu_inorganikoen_nomenklatura" title="Konposatu inorganikoen nomenklatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konposatu inorganikoen nomenklatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نامگذاری آیوپاک در شیمی معدنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامگذاری آیوپاک در شیمی معدنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainmn%C3%ADocht_na_ceimice_neamhorg%C3%A1nacha_de_r%C3%A9ir_AIGCF" title="Ainmníocht na ceimice neamhorgánacha de réir AIGCF – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ainmníocht na ceimice neamhorgánacha de réir AIGCF" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_qu%C3%ADmica_dos_compostos_inorg%C3%A1nicos" title="Nomenclatura química dos compostos inorgánicos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nomenclatura química dos compostos inorgánicos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%9D%98_IUPAC_%EB%AA%85%EB%AA%85%EB%B2%95" title="무기화학의 IUPAC 명명법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무기화학의 IUPAC 명명법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अकार्बनिक रसायनों की आईयूपीएसी नामपद्धति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अकार्बनिक रसायनों की आईयूपीएसी नामपद्धति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC-ova_nomenklatura_anorganske_kemije" title="IUPAC-ova nomenklatura anorganske kemije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="IUPAC-ova nomenklatura anorganske kemije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_nama_anorganik" title="Tata nama anorganik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tata nama anorganik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_chimica_inorganica" title="Nomenclatura chimica inorganica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nomenclatura chimica inorganica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_chemica_compositorum_inorganicorum" title="Nomenclatura chemica compositorum inorganicorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nomenclatura chemica compositorum inorganicorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganik_birikmalar_nomenklaturasi" title="Anorganik birikmalar nomenklaturasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anorganik birikmalar nomenklaturasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenklatura_chemii_nieorganicznej" title="Nomenklatura chemii nieorganicznej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nomenklatura chemii nieorganicznej" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the current Red Book version, see <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry_2005" title="IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005">IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005</a>.</div> <p>In chemical nomenclature, the <b>IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_name" title="Systematic name">systematic</a> method of naming <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>, as recommended by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC). It is published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</a></i> (which is informally called the Red Book).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideally, every <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a> should have a name from which an unambiguous <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">formula</a> can be determined. There is also an <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System">System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names "<a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione" class="mw-redirect" title="3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione">3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione</a>" both signify the same chemical compound. The systematic name encodes the structure and composition of the caffeine molecule in some detail, and provides an unambiguous reference to this compound, whereas the name "caffeine" simply names it. These advantages make the systematic name far superior to the common name when absolute clarity and precision are required. However, for the sake of brevity, even professional chemists will use the non-systematic name almost all of the time, because caffeine is a well-known common chemical with a unique structure. Similarly, H<sub>2</sub>O is most often simply called <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> in English, though other chemical names <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody" title="Dihydrogen monoxide parody">do exist</a>. </p> <ol><li>Single atom <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a> are named with an <i>-ide</i> suffix: for example, H<sup>−</sup> is <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride</a>.</li> <li>Compounds with a positive <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a>): The name of the compound is simply the cation's name (usually the same as the element's), followed by the anion. For example, NaCl is <i><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a></i>, and CaF<sub>2</sub> is <i><a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">calcium fluoride</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> of transition metals able to take multiple charges are labeled with <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> in parentheses to indicate their <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">charge</a>. For example, Cu<sup>+</sup> is copper(I), Cu<sup>2+</sup> is copper(II). An older, deprecated notation is to append <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ous" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-ous">-ous</a></i> or <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-ic">-ic</a></i> to the root of the Latin name to name ions with a lesser or greater charge. Under this naming convention, Cu<sup>+</sup> is cuprous and Cu<sup>2+</sup> is cupric. For naming metal complexes see the page on <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">complex (chemistry)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">Oxyanions</a> (polyatomic anions containing oxygen) are named with <i>-ite</i> or <i>-ate</i>, for a lesser or greater quantity of oxygen, respectively. For example, <span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> is nitrite, while <span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> is nitrate. If four oxyanions are possible, the prefixes <i>hypo-</i> and <i>per-</i> are used: hypochlorite is ClO<sup>−</sup>, perchlorate is <span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>.</li> <li>The prefix <i>bi-</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Deprecated" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecated">deprecated</a> way of indicating the presence of a single <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> ion, as in "<a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">sodium bicarbonate</a>" (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>). The modern method specifically names the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atom. Thus, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> would be pronounced sodium hydrogen carbonate.</li></ol> <p>Positively charged ions are called cations and negatively charged ions are called anions. The cation is always named first. Ions can be metals, non-metals or polyatomic ions. Therefore, the name of the metal or positive polyatomic ion is followed by the name of the non-metal or negative polyatomic ion. The positive ion retains its element name whereas for a single non-metal anion the ending is changed to <i>-ide</i>. </p> <dl><dd>Example: sodium chloride, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">potassium oxide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>.</dd></dl> <p>When the metal has more than one possible ionic charge or <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation number">oxidation number</a> the name becomes <a href="/wiki/Ambiguous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiguous">ambiguous</a>. In these cases the oxidation number (the same as the charge) of the metal ion is represented by a Roman numeral in parentheses immediately following the metal ion name. For example, in uranium(VI) fluoride the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation number">oxidation number</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> is 6. Another example is the iron oxides. FeO is iron(II) oxide and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is iron(III) oxide. </p><p>An older system used prefixes and suffixes to indicate the oxidation number, according to the following scheme: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oxidation state </th> <th>Cations and acids </th> <th>Anions </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lowest</td> <td><i>hypo- -ous</i></td> <td><i>hypo- -ite</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>-ous</i></td> <td><i>-ite</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>-ic</i></td> <td><i>-ate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i>per- -ic</i></td> <td><i>per- -ate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highest</td> <td><i>hyper- -ic</i></td> <td><i>hyper- -ate</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Thus the four oxyacids of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">hypochlorous acid</a> (HOCl), <a href="/wiki/Chlorous_acid" title="Chlorous acid">chlorous acid</a> (HOClO), <a href="/wiki/Chloric_acid" title="Chloric acid">chloric acid</a> (HOClO<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid">perchloric acid</a> (HOClO<sub>3</sub>), and their respective <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">conjugate bases</a> are <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">chlorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">chlorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a> ions. This system has partially fallen out of use, but survives in the <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>: the modern literature contains few references to "ferric chloride" (instead calling it "iron(III) chloride"), but names like "potassium permanganate" (instead of "potassium manganate(VII)") and "<a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>" abound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_naming">Traditional naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_ionic_compounds">Simple ionic compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Simple ionic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An ionic compound is named by its cation followed by its anion. See <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">polyatomic ion</a> for a list of possible ions. </p><p>For cations that take on multiple charges, the charge is written using <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numerals</a> in parentheses immediately following the element name. For example, Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> is <i><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_nitrate" title="Copper(II) nitrate">copper(II) nitrate</a></i>, because the charge of two <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> ions (<span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) is 2 × −1 = −2, and since the net charge of the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compound</a> must be zero, the Cu ion has a 2+ charge. This compound is therefore copper(II) nitrate. In the case of cations with a +4 oxidation state, the only acceptable format for the Roman numeral 4 is IV and not IIII. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numerals</a> in fact show the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation number">oxidation number</a>, but in simple ionic compounds (i.e., not <a href="/wiki/Complex_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex (chemistry)">metal complexes</a>) this will always equal the ionic charge on the metal. For a simple overview see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cofc.edu/~deavorj/101/nomenclature.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016122538/http://www.cofc.edu/~deavorj/101/nomenclature.html">Archived</a> 2008-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, for more details see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.potsdam.edu/walkerma/inorg_naming.pdf">selected pages from IUPAC rules for naming inorganic compounds</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180515/http://www2.potsdam.edu/walkerma/inorg_naming.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_common_ion_names">List of common ion names</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of common ion names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monatomic anions: </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">S<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Phosphide" title="Phosphide">phosphide</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">Polyatomic ions</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">hydronium</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">chlorite</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">chlorate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">sulfite</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">S<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2–</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">thiosulfate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">HSO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen sulfite">hydrogen sulfite</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Bisulfite" title="Bisulfite">bisulfite</a>)</dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_carbonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen carbonate">hydrogen carbonate</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>)</dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">HPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Monohydrogen_phosphate" title="Monohydrogen phosphate">hydrogen phosphate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_phosphate" title="Dihydrogen phosphate">dihydrogen phosphate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">CrO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chromate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromate ion">chromate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">Cr<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromate">dichromate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">BO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">borate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">AsO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arsenate" title="Arsenate">arsenate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">CN<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">SCN<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanate</a></dd> <dd><span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">permanganate</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrates">Hydrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hydrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">Hydrates</a> are ionic compounds that have absorbed water. They are named as the ionic compound followed by a numerical prefix and <i>-hydrate</i>. The numerical prefixes used are listed below (see <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_numerical_multiplier" title="IUPAC numerical multiplier">IUPAC numerical multiplier</a>): </p> <ol><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mono-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mono-">mono-</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/di-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:di-">di-</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tri-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tri-">tri-</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tetra-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tetra-">tetra-</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penta-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:penta-">penta-</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hexa-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hexa-">hexa-</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hepta-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hepta-">hepta-</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/octa-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:octa-">octa-</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nona-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nona-">nona-</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deca-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:deca-">deca-</a></li></ol> <p>For example, CuSO<sub>4</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O is "copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_compounds">Molecular compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Molecular compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inorganic molecular compounds are named with a prefix (see list above) before each element. The more <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegative</a> element is written last and with an <i>-ide</i> suffix. For example, H<sub>2</sub>O (water) can be called <i>dihydrogen monoxide</i>. Organic molecules do not follow this rule. In addition, the prefix <i>mono-</i> is not used with the first element; for example, SO<sub>2</sub> is <i>sulfur dioxide</i>, not "monosulfur dioxide". Sometimes prefixes are shortened when the ending vowel of the prefix "conflicts" with a starting vowel in the compound. This makes the name easier to pronounce; for example, CO is "carbon monoxide" (as opposed to "monooxide"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_exceptions">Common exceptions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common exceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "a" of the penta- prefix is not dropped before a vowel. As the IUPAC Red Book 2005 page 69 states, "The final vowels of multiplicative prefixes should not be elided (although 'monoxide', rather than 'monooxide', is an allowed exception because of general usage)." </p><p>There are a number of exceptions and special cases that violate the above rules. Sometimes the prefix is left off the initial atom: I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> is known as <i>iodine pentaoxide</i>, but it should be called <i>diiodine pentaoxide</i>. N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is called <i>nitrogen sesquioxide</i> (<i>sesqui-</i> means <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>). </p><p>The main oxide of phosphorus is called <i><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">phosphorus pentaoxide</a></i>. It should actually be <i>diphosphorus pentaoxide</i>, but it is assumed that there are two phosphorus atoms (P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>), as they are needed in order to balance the oxidation numbers of the five oxygen atoms. However, people have known for years that the real form of the molecule is P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, not P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, yet it is not normally called <i>tetraphosphorus decaoxide</i>. </p><p>In writing formulas, <i>ammonia</i> is NH<sub>3</sub> even though nitrogen is more electronegative (in line with the convention used by IUPAC as detailed in Table VI of the red book). Likewise, <i>methane</i> is written as CH<sub>4</sub> even though carbon is more electronegative (<a href="/wiki/Hill_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill system">Hill system</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedBookCover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/RedBookCover.jpg/220px-RedBookCover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/RedBookCover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The front cover of the 2005 edition of the <i>Red Book</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</i>, commonly referred to by chemists as the <i>Red Book</i>, is a collection of recommendations on IUPAC nomenclature, published at irregular intervals by the IUPAC. The last full edition was published in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in both paper and electronic versions. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Published editions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Release year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Publisher </th> <th>ISBN </th></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry_2005" title="IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005">Recommendations 2005 (Red Book)</a> </td> <td>RSC Publishing </td> <td>0-85404-438-8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>Recommendations 2000 (Red Book II)<br />(supplement) </td> <td>RSC Publishing </td> <td>0-85404-487-6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>Recommendations 1990 (Red Book I) </td> <td>Blackwell </td> <td>0-632-02494-1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>Definitive Rules 1970 </td> <td>Butterworth </td> <td>0-408-70168-4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>1957 Rules </td> <td>Butterworth </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940/1941 </td> <td>1940 Rules </td> <td>Scientific journals </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC nomenclature">IUPAC nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">Water of crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry_2005" title="IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005">IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005</a> (the <i>Red Book</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Organic_Chemistry" title="Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry">Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry</a> (the <i>Blue Book</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantities,_Units_and_Symbols_in_Physical_Chemistry" title="Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry">Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</a> (the <i>Green Book</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendium of Chemical Terminology">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a> (the <i>Gold Book</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Analytical_Nomenclature" title="Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature">Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature</a> (the <i>Orange Book</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005</a> - Full text (PDF)<br />2004 version with separate chapters as pdf: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/connelly_310804.html">IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (2004)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219122415/http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/connelly_310804.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Inorganic_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry">Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry</a></i> (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">RSC</a>–<a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8">0-85404-438-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Electronic version.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/what-we-do/nomenclature/">IUPAC website - Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/author/connelly.html">IUPAC (old site) Red Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">IUPAC (old site) Red Book - PDF (2005 Recommendations)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgZrtFSzGIUC&pg=PA1">Recommendations 2000-Red Book II (incomplete)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/seriestitles/nomenclature.html">IUPAC (old site) Nomenclature Books Series</a> (commonly known as the "<i>Colour Books</i>")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124150745/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Nomenclature/Nomenclature.html">ChemTeam Highschool Tutorial</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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