Phycology | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. 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<option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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published annually in the journal.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> </div> <div> <a href="/journal/phycology/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/phycology/phycology_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2673-9410 </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529431" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529431" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529431" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-9410/4/4/32/s1?version=1732606922"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 735 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 2436 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/4/32/pdf?version=1732606921" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Chemical Diversity of Marine Filamentous Benthic Cyanobacteria" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/4/32">Chemical Diversity of Marine Filamentous Benthic Cyanobacteria</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fernanda O. Chagas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo I. Hargreaves</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Victoria Gabriela S. Trindade</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Taiane B. M. Silva</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriela de A. Ferreira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yasmin Pestana</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marina A. Alves</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Sergio Salomon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vincent A. Bielinski</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ricardo M. Borges</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 589-604; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4040032">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4040032</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Genomic and chemical analysis has revealed that numerous species of filamentous cyanobacteria harbor complex secondary metabolisms tailored to their particular ecological niche. The metabolomic analysis of strains and environmental samples from benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) from coral reefs has the potential to expand <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/4/32/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Genomic and chemical analysis has revealed that numerous species of filamentous cyanobacteria harbor complex secondary metabolisms tailored to their particular ecological niche. The metabolomic analysis of strains and environmental samples from benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) from coral reefs has the potential to expand the library of marine cyanobacteria-derived natural products. In this study, cyanobacterial strains were obtained from phytobenthos collected from coral reefs in Abrolhos, Brazil and Ishigaki, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates shows high similarity to previously described members of benthic mats and also suggests the geographic expansion of the <i>Adonisia</i> lineage. Chemical analysis by untargeted liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and data processing via MZmine and FBMN-GNPS confirmed the presence of a wide diversity of secondary metabolites. In addition, similarity analysis applying the newly developed tool DBsimilarity indicated the broad coverage of various biosynthetic and chemical classes of compounds previously reported for cyanobacteria. This report is one of the first applications of untargeted metabolomics workflow and similarity network construction for groups of marine filamentous cyanobacteria isolated from benthic mats on corals reefs. <a href="/2673-9410/4/4/32">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/4/32/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529431"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529431"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529431" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529431" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529431" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529431-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g001-550.jpg?1732607048" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529431" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529431-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g002-550.jpg?1732607049'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529431-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g003-550.jpg?1732607051'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529431-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g004-550.jpg?1732607053'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529431-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g005-550.jpg?1732607055'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529431-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g006-550.jpg?1732607058'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529431-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g001-550.jpg?1732607048" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Map of sampling locations in Japan (orange) and Brazil (green) and their expansions. The stars indicate the location of sampling.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g002-550.jpg?1732607049" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Collection of benthic <span class="html-italic">Moorena</span> spp. ((<b>A</b>) red mass, center of picture) in the Abrolhos Archipelago and microscopic analysis ((<b>B</b>) magnification of 400×). Lab culture of CCMR280 and microscopic analysis under UV light (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) 1000×, black &amp; white image). Light microscopy of CCMR055 (<b>E</b>) 1000×) and under 565 nm light for visualization of phycoerythrin ((<b>F</b>) 1000×).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g003-550.jpg?1732607051" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Phylogenetic analysis based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of the cyanobacteria isolated in this study. Numbers at the branch are bootstrap probability values in percentage. Bootstrap values of &lt;50% are not shown. Scale bar = two nucleotide substitutions per 100 nucleotides.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g004-550.jpg?1732607053" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) PCA score plot of the high-resolution (LC-HRMS) data collected from the entire dataset of strains and (<b>B</b>) expanded view of the highlighted box. PAB, A02, and A01 represent samples of <span class="html-italic">Moorena</span> spp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g005-550.jpg?1732607055" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>An expansion of the similarity network highlighting the annotated compounds (red/blue spheres) among the chemical space typically associated with cyanobacteria (blue spheres) as listed by the CyanosNP2010-2023 and CyanoMetDB. The compounds cyanopeptolin 1007 (a cyanopeptolin), apratoxin S7 (a cyclodepsipeptide), and pompanopeptin B (an anabaenopeptide) are shown as examples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00032/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00032-g006-550.jpg?1732607058" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>t-SNE plot of the combined CyanosNP2010-2023 and CyanoMetDB databases in blue, highlighting annotated compounds in red (<b>A</b>), and compounds from the combined databases with positive indications for cytotoxic assays in yellow (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/32'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 716 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/4/31/pdf?version=1728985969" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Bioactivity Screening of Extracts from Icelandic Seaweeds for Potential Application in Cosmeceuticals" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/4/31">Bioactivity Screening of Extracts from Icelandic Seaweeds for Potential Application in Cosmeceuticals</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sophie Jensen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Júlía Karítas Helgadóttir</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rósa Jónsdóttir</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 576-588; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4040031">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4040031</a> - 15 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Seaweed is a great source of biologically active metabolites which could prove interesting in cosmeceutical applications. In this study, seven Icelandic seaweed species (<i>Ascophyllum nodosum</i>, <i>Alaria esculenta</i>, <i>Laminaria hyperborea</i>, <i>Laminaria digitata</i>, <i>Saccharina latissima</i>, <i>Palmaria palmata</i>, and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/4/31/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Seaweed is a great source of biologically active metabolites which could prove interesting in cosmeceutical applications. In this study, seven Icelandic seaweed species (<i>Ascophyllum nodosum</i>, <i>Alaria esculenta</i>, <i>Laminaria hyperborea</i>, <i>Laminaria digitata</i>, <i>Saccharina latissima</i>, <i>Palmaria palmata</i>, and <i>Schizymenia jonssonii</i>) were screened for total polyphenol content, antioxidant properties, and inhibition of skin-degrading enzymes. Antioxidant assays included DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), reducing power, and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). In most assays, <i>A. nodosum</i> extracts were the most active. <i>A. nodosum</i> extracts also showed the strongest inhibition of the skin-degrading enzymes elastase and collagenase at low concentrations, demonstrating its skin-protective qualities. To further investigate the activity, <i>A. nodosum</i> was subsequently extracted with solvents with increasing polarity into seven different extracts. Compared to other extracts, the extracts obtained by extraction with acetone and methanol showed the highest activity in all assays. Extracts obtained with room-temperature water and 85 °C water also demonstrated moderate to high activities. The outcomes of this study support the potential utilization of the brown seaweed <i>A. nodosum</i> as a source of natural ingredients in cosmeceuticals. <a href="/2673-9410/4/4/31">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/4/31/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1499074-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00031/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00031-g001-550.jpg?1728986052" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1499074-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00031/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00031-g001-550.jpg?1728986052" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>An overview of the subsequent extraction of <span class="html-italic">A. nodosum</span>. Residual dry biomass: 6.48 g.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/31'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 28 pages, 5277 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/4/30/pdf?version=1728653655" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Advancements and Prospects in Algal Biofuel Production: A Comprehensive Review" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/4/30">Advancements and Prospects in Algal Biofuel Production: A Comprehensive Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Halina Falfushynska</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 548-575; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4040030">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4040030</a> - 11 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Microalgae represent a valuable renewable resource for biofuel production due to their high lipid content, rapid growth rates, and non-competition with food resources. Both freshwater species like <i>Chlorella</i> and marine species such as <i>Dunaliella</i>, <i>Tetraselmis</i>, and <i>Nannochloropsis</i> are among the most <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/4/30/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Microalgae represent a valuable renewable resource for biofuel production due to their high lipid content, rapid growth rates, and non-competition with food resources. Both freshwater species like <i>Chlorella</i> and marine species such as <i>Dunaliella</i>, <i>Tetraselmis</i>, and <i>Nannochloropsis</i> are among the most commonly utilized candidates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current cultivation and harvesting methodologies for microalgae in the context of biofuel production, emphasizing sustainable aviation fuel and biohydrogen. It synthesizes recent findings, technological advancements, and practical implementations to enhance the productive and economic viability of microalgae-based biofuels, highlighting their potential as a sustainable renewable energy source. Among the biofuels, sustainable aviation fuel and biohydrogen stand out as significant contributors to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Technologies such as the oil-to-jet process and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis are being optimized to convert algal lipids into high-quality fuels. Biohydrogen offers several advantages, including the potential for negative CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and compatibility with existing hydrogen infrastructure. Despite the challenges associated with the high costs of cultivation and processing, advances in biotechnological methods and process engineering promise to overcome these barriers. This review highlights the importance of continued research and development to maximize the potential of microalgal biofuels in achieving sustainable energy goals and contributing to global efforts in mitigating climate change. <a href="/2673-9410/4/4/30">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/4/30/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1496726"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1496726"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1496726" data-cycle-prev="#prev1496726" data-cycle-progressive="#images1496726" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1496726-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00030/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00030-g001-550.jpg?1728653757" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1496726" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1496726-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00030/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00030-g002-550.jpg?1728653758'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1496726-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00030/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00030-g003-550.jpg?1728653759'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1496726-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00030/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00030-g001-550.jpg?1728653757" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Classification of microalgae lipids and fields of their main application.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/30'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00030/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00030-g002-550.jpg?1728653758" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Possible pathway for biofuel production from algae.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/30'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00030/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00030-g003-550.jpg?1728653759" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Biological and thermochemical methods of biohydrogen production.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/30'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 3522 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/4/29/pdf?version=1727943674" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sexual Propagation in the Green Seaweed Codium tomentosum—An Emerging Species for Aquaculture" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/4/29">Sexual Propagation in the Green Seaweed <i>Codium tomentosum</i>—An Emerging Species for Aquaculture</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Francisca Sá</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Teresa Cunha Pacheco</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Isabel Sousa-Pinto</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gonçalo Silva Marinho</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 533-547; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4040029">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4040029</a> - 3 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <i>Codium tomentosum</i> holds a variety of bioactive compounds, high nutritional value and health benefits, which makes it a valuable natural resource for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, <i>C. tomentosum</i> is farmed at a small-scale targeting niche markets, and further expansion of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/4/29/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <i>Codium tomentosum</i> holds a variety of bioactive compounds, high nutritional value and health benefits, which makes it a valuable natural resource for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, <i>C. tomentosum</i> is farmed at a small-scale targeting niche markets, and further expansion of production is limited by a lack of optimised propagation and cultivation methods. This study aims to identify the conditions required to control key production parameters including gametogenesis, gamete release and suitable culture conditions for the early stages of development of <i>C. tomentosum</i>. Wild specimens of <i>C. tomentosum</i> were collected on the Aguçadoura shore, north of Portugal. Gametogenesis was successfully induced in infertile specimens cultured under a short-day photoperiod (8 h:16 h; L:D). Gamete release was optimised through a combination of hydric shock and ultrasounds, with the highest gamete yield obtained after a 2 h 30 min desiccation period, followed by re-hydration and a series of three ultrasounds. Germlings, precursors of the adult <i>C. tomentosum</i>, grew faster when cultured under a lower light intensity (20 μmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>) compared to higher intensities (40 and 60 μmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>) in every light spectrum; additionally, the growth of germlings exposed to the lowest light intensity was significantly higher under white, red and green light spectra compared to blue light. The results on key production parameters constitute an important contribution to the establishment of nursery protocols based on sexual reproduction for aquaculture of the species. <a href="/2673-9410/4/4/29">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/4/29/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1491633"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1491633"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1491633" data-cycle-prev="#prev1491633" data-cycle-progressive="#images1491633" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1491633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g001-550.jpg?1727943801" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1491633" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1491633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g002-550.jpg?1727943802'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1491633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g003-550.jpg?1727943805'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1491633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g004-550.jpg?1727943806'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1491633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g005-550.jpg?1727943808'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1491633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g006-550.jpg?1727943810'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1491633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g007-550.jpg?1727943812'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1491633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g008-550.jpg?1727943813'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1491633-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g001-550.jpg?1727943801" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Emission spectra of the four light conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g002-550.jpg?1727943802" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Thalli of <span class="html-italic">C. tomentosum</span> after the 8-week culture in the short-day photoperiod (8 h:16 h; L:D) (<b>A</b>) and the long-day photoperiod (16 h:8 h; L:D) (<b>B</b>) under controlled conditions (100 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> and 16 °C). Scale bar = 2 cm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g003-550.jpg?1727943805" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Reproductive structures and early development stages of <span class="html-italic">C. tomentosum</span>: (<b>A</b>) gametangia developed after 8 weeks in the culture under the short-day photoperiod (8 h:16 h; L:D; 16 °C and 100 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>); (<b>B</b>) female and male gametes right after release; and (<b>C</b>) germlings seven days after gamete release. Scale bar = 100 µm (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>); scale bar = 50 µm (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g004-550.jpg?1727943806" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Relative growth rates (RGRs) of <span class="html-italic">C. tomentosum</span> (mean ± SEM; n = 3) along the 8-week culture period under the long-day photoperiod (16 h:8 h; L:D) and the short-day photoperiod (8 h:16 h; L:D) at 100 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> intensity and 16 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g005-550.jpg?1727943808" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Productivity of <span class="html-italic">C. tomentosum</span> (mean ± SEM; n = 3) along the 8-week culture period under the long-day photoperiod (16 h:8 h; L:D) and the short-day photoperiod (8 h:16 h; L:D) at 100 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> intensity and 16 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g006-550.jpg?1727943810" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Effects of the desiccation period (h) and the number of ultrasounds (US) on the yield of released female gametes (number of gametes per g of fertile thalli; mean ± SEM; n = 3). Different letters denote significant differences between ultrasounds within each desiccation period (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g007-550.jpg?1727943812" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Yield curve of female gametes (number of female gametes per gram of fertile thalli) released over 24 h (mean ± SEM; n = 3). Different letters denote significant differences between means (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00029-g008-550.jpg?1727943813" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Lengths of germlings exposed to blue, green, red and white spectra at 20, 40 and 60 µmol m<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> light intensities over 28 days in culture at 16 °C and a 12 h:12 h (L:D) photoperiod (mean ± SEM).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 4605 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/28/pdf?version=1726366921" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Bioprospecting Microalgae: A Systematic Review of Current Trends" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Systematic Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/28">Bioprospecting Microalgae: A Systematic Review of Current Trends</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Juan S. Chiriví-Salomón</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Steven García-Huérfano</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ivan A. Giraldo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 508-532; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030028">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030028</a> - 15 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The growing interest in microalgae is driven by their potential in various bioindustries, such as biofuel production, bioremediation, and the generation of high-value biomolecules. This paper aims to systematically review the state of research on bioprospecting microalgae, their applications, and recognize trends. This <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/28/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The growing interest in microalgae is driven by their potential in various bioindustries, such as biofuel production, bioremediation, and the generation of high-value biomolecules. This paper aims to systematically review the state of research on bioprospecting microalgae, their applications, and recognize trends. This study employs an exploratory and descriptive research approach, using bibliometric methods to analyze scientific production and identify emerging trends in bioprospecting microalgae research. The analysis reveals exponential publication growth, with multidisciplinary sources indicating a strong applied focus. Leading countries in this research field benefit from clear technology transfer policies, and the prevalent terms “production” and “biomass” underscore the industrial relevance. Key research areas include biofuels and bioremediation, with a combined emphasis that is often studied in cultivation and biomass production. Bioactive compounds derived from microalgae are a current trend for industrial, medical, and food applications. Although the potential for CO<sub>2</sub> capture is acknowledged, direct studies are limited. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of current trends and identifies opportunities and challenges in microalgae research, highlighting its significance for sustainable development and industrial applications. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/28">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/28/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1478625"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1478625"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1478625" data-cycle-prev="#prev1478625" data-cycle-progressive="#images1478625" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1478625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g001-550.jpg?1726366996" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1478625" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1478625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g002-550.jpg?1726366998'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1478625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g003-550.jpg?1726367001'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1478625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g004-550.jpg?1726367003'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1478625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g005-550.jpg?1726367004'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1478625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g006-550.jpg?1726367006'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1478625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g007-550.jpg?1726367009'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1478625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g008a-550.jpg?1726367010'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1478625-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g008b-550.jpg?1726367012'><p>Figure 8 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1478625-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g001-550.jpg?1726366996" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>PRISMA Flow Diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g002-550.jpg?1726366998" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Annual Scientific Production from central search equation: “All(microalgae AND (application OR industry OR innovation) AND bioprospecting)”: (<b>a</b>) Annual Scientific Production by Document Type; (<b>b</b>) behavior trend for Annual Scientific Production.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g003-550.jpg?1726367001" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>WordCloud of total source names from the central search equation database.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g004-550.jpg?1726367003" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Density map of the world’s scientific production according to the database resulting from the central search equation: “All(microalgae AND (application OR industry OR innovation) AND bioprospecting)”. The blue scale demonstrates the abundance of scientific production. The gray color demonstrates the absence of information about scientific production.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g005-550.jpg?1726367004" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>WordCloud of the main search equation: “All(microalgae AND (application OR industry OR innovation) AND bioprospecting)” and generated from: (<b>a</b>) Title information; (<b>b</b>) Abstract information.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g006-550.jpg?1726367006" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Co-occurrence network for “All(microalgae AND (application OR industry OR innovation) AND bioprospecting)” and generated from Title information.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g007-550.jpg?1726367009" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Thematic maps of the central search equation: “All(microalgae AND (application OR industry OR innovation) AND bioprospecting)” and generated from: (<b>a</b>) Keywords Plus information; (<b>b</b>) Author’s Keywords information; (<b>c</b>) Title information; (<b>d</b>) Abstract information.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g008a-550.jpg?1726367010" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Thematic maps of the specific applications’ equations: (<b>a</b>) bioremediation; (<b>b</b>) industrial and medical interest biomolecules; (<b>c</b>) biofuels; (<b>d</b>) food; (<b>e</b>) carbon fixation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00028-g008b-550.jpg?1726367012" title=" <strong>Figure 8 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Thematic maps of the specific applications’ equations: (<b>a</b>) bioremediation; (<b>b</b>) industrial and medical interest biomolecules; (<b>c</b>) biofuels; (<b>d</b>) food; (<b>e</b>) carbon fixation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1475559" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1475559" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1475559" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/27/s1?version=1726034111"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 141 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 43 pages, 41616 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/27/pdf?version=1726034110" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Impact of Blue Haslea spp. Blooms on Benthic Diatom and Bacterial Communities" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/27">Impact of Blue <i>Haslea</i> spp. Blooms on Benthic Diatom and Bacterial Communities</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Julie Seveno</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrzej Witkowski</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ana Car</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Romain Gastineau</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Damien Sirjacobs</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vincent Leignel</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jean-Luc Mouget</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 465-507; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030027">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030027</a> - 11 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Climate change and nutrient enrichment are increasing the frequency of algal blooms, with sometimes significant impacts on coastal ecosystems. <i>Haslea ostrearia</i> blooms have been documented in oyster ponds and are not harmful, yet their effects in open environments remain underexplored. Marennine, a blue <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/27/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Climate change and nutrient enrichment are increasing the frequency of algal blooms, with sometimes significant impacts on coastal ecosystems. <i>Haslea ostrearia</i> blooms have been documented in oyster ponds and are not harmful, yet their effects in open environments remain underexplored. Marennine, a blue pigment produced by <i>H. ostrearia</i>, can display a range of biological properties in laboratory conditions, including antibacterial and allelopathic properties. Other blue <i>Haslea</i> species, forming blooms, synthesize bioactive marennine-like pigments. This study aims to understand if and how these blooms could affect the underlying community of microorganisms living in the biofilms. Morphological and molecular techniques were used to assess community dynamics during bloom events. Our findings indicate that blue <i>Haslea</i> blooms do not significantly alter the diatom or bacterial populations. However, they are paired with enhanced alpha diversity in the microbial communities. These observations suggest a complex interaction between bloom events and microbial dynamics. Additionally, this study expands our understanding of the bioactive properties of marennine-like pigments and their ecological roles, suggesting new avenues for biotechnological applications. This work underscores the importance of further research into the environmental and biological implications of blue <i>Haslea</i> blooms. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/27">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/27/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1475559"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1475559"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1475559" data-cycle-prev="#prev1475559" data-cycle-progressive="#images1475559" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g001-550.jpg?1726034257" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1475559" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g002-550.jpg?1726034258'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g003-550.jpg?1726034259'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g004-550.jpg?1726034261'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g005-550.jpg?1726034263'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g006-550.jpg?1726034264'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A1-550.jpg?1726034265'><p>Figure A1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A2-550.jpg?1726034292'><p>Figure A2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A3-550.jpg?1726034319'><p>Figure A3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A4-550.jpg?1726034320'><p>Figure A4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A5-550.jpg?1726034321'><p>Figure A5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A6-550.jpg?1726034324'><p>Figure A6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A7-550.jpg?1726034327'><p>Figure A7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A8-550.jpg?1726034330'><p>Figure A8</p></div> --- <div 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A12-550.jpg?1726034269'><p>Figure A12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A13-550.jpg?1726034271'><p>Figure A13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A14-550.jpg?1726034275'><p>Figure A14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A15-550.jpg?1726034278'><p>Figure A15</p></div> --- <div 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A19-550.jpg?1726034291'><p>Figure A19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A20-550.jpg?1726034294'><p>Figure A20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A21-550.jpg?1726034296'><p>Figure A21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='27' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A22-550.jpg?1726034300'><p>Figure A22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='28' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A23-550.jpg?1726034302'><p>Figure A23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='29' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A24-550.jpg?1726034306'><p>Figure A24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='30' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A25-550.jpg?1726034309'><p>Figure A25</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='31' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A26-550.jpg?1726034313'><p>Figure A26</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='32' data-target='article-1475559-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A27-550.jpg?1726034316'><p>Figure A27</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1475559-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g001-550.jpg?1726034257" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Example of a blue <span class="html-italic">Haslea</span> bloom, <span class="html-italic">H. provincialis</span>, in the open environment (Corsica, France, May 2021), (<b>b</b>) view of living cells of <span class="html-italic">H. provincialis</span> under light microscopy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g002-550.jpg?1726034258" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Map of the study area including (<b>a</b>) location of the sites in Calvi Bay, (<b>b</b>) location of the sites on the Croatian coast.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g003-550.jpg?1726034259" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Diatom communities of the 43 samples from the Mediterranean Sea. Samples taken during blue <span class="html-italic">Haslea</span> blooms are highlighted in blue. Controls are blank. The relative abundance of each genus is written in gray. “Others” regroups genera with an RA &lt; 1 %, and the five most abundant genera are written in bold.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g004-550.jpg?1726034261" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>PCA on diatom community from 43 Mediterranean samples: (<b>a</b>) clustering of the different sampling sites; (<b>b</b>) the contribution of main genera to the clustering.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g005-550.jpg?1726034263" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Relative abundance of bacterial communities on turf and <span class="html-italic">Padina</span> sp. on the two sites (O: Oscelluccia and P: port). Blue squares represent samples from bloom conditions. “Others” regroup orders with a relative abundance of less than 1%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g006-550.jpg?1726034264" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>NMDS of the distribution of bacterial communities in each sample (O: Oscelluccia and S: Port; T: turf; P: <span class="html-italic">Padina</span> sp.). Blue dots represent samples from bloom sites; brown dots are the control samples. A stress value &lt; 0.2 indicates that NMDS can accurately reflect the difference between the samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A1-550.jpg?1726034265" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>1.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Coscinodiscus</span> Ehrenberg sp., (<b>1.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Thalassiosira</span> Cleve sp., (<b>1.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Thalassiosira oestrupii</span> (Ostenfeld) Proshkina-Lavrenko, (<b>1.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Actinoptychus</span> sp1., (<b>1.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Actinoptychus</span> Ehrenberg sp2., (<b>1.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Triceratium pentacrinus</span> (Ehrenberg) Wallich, (<b>1.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Trigonium diaphanum</span> A.Mann.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A2-550.jpg?1726034292" title=" <strong>Figure A2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>2.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Auliscus</span> Ehrenberg sp., (<b>2.2</b>,<b>2.2bis</b>) <span class="html-italic">Lampriscus shadboltianum</span> (Greville) H.Peragallo &amp; M.Peragallo, (<b>2.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Biddulphia tridentula</span> Ehrenberg, (<b>2.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cymatosira lorenziana</span> Grunow, (<b>2.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cyclostephanos</span> Round sp., (<b>2.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Odontella</span> Round sp., (<b>2.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Biddulphia biddulphiana</span> (J.E.Smith) Boyer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A3-550.jpg?1726034319" title=" <strong>Figure A3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>3.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Skeletonema</span> Greville sp, (<b>3.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Lampriscus shadboltianum</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A4-550.jpg?1726034320" title=" <strong>Figure A4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>4.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Grammatophora</span> Ehrenberg sp., (<b>4.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Fragilaria</span> Lyngbye sp1., (<b>4.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Hendeyella</span> M.P.Ashworth, Witkowski &amp; CL.Li sp., (<b>4.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Licmophora remulus</span> Grunow, (<b>4.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Licmophora</span> C.Agardh sp1., (<b>4.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">L. abbreviate</span> C.Agardh, (<b>4.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Licmophora</span> sp2., (<b>4.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">Licmophora</span> sp3., (<b>4.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">Licmophora arcuata</span> Car &amp; Herwig.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A5-550.jpg?1726034321" title=" <strong>Figure A5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>5.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Divergita toxoneides</span> (Castracane) Theriot, (<b>5.2</b>–<b>5.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Neosynedra provincialis</span> (Grunow) D.M.Williams &amp; Round, (<b>5.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Tabularia fasciculate</span> (C.Agardh) D.M.Williams &amp; Round, (<b>5.6</b>,<b>5.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Hyalosynedra</span> D.M.Williams &amp; F.E.Round sp., (<b>5.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">Thalassionema</span> Grunow sp1., (<b>5.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">Thalassionema</span> sp2., (<b>5.10</b>) <span class="html-italic">Diatoma</span> cf. <span class="html-italic">vulgaris</span> Bory, (<b>5.11</b>) <span class="html-italic">Hyalosira</span> Kützing sp., 11 <span class="html-italic">Podocystis adriatica</span> (Kützing) Ralfs, (<b>5.12</b>) <span class="html-italic">Podocystis spathulata</span> (Shadbolt) Van Heurck.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A6-550.jpg?1726034324" title=" <strong>Figure A6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>6.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Toxarium undulatum</span> Bailey, (<b>6.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Toxarium hennedyanum</span> (W.Gregory) Pelletan, (<b>6.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Tessella interrupta</span> Ehrenberg, (<b>6.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Pteroncola</span> R.W.Holmes &amp; D.A.Croll sp., (<b>6.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Ardissonea crystalline</span> (C.Agardh) Grunow, (<b>6.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">A. formosa</span> (Hantzsch) Grunow, (<b>6.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cyclophora tenuis</span> Castracane.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A7-550.jpg?1726034327" title=" <strong>Figure A7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>7.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Licmophora</span> sp., (<b>7.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Tabularia</span> fasciculate (C.Agardh) D.M.Williams &amp; Round, (<b>7.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Pteroncola</span> sp., (<b>7.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Hyalosynedra</span> sp., (<b>7.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Hyalosynedra sublaevigata</span> Álvarez-Blanco &amp; S.Blanco, (<b>7.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Protoraphis</span> R.Simonsen sp., (<b>7.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cyclophora tenuis</span> Castracane, (<b>7.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">Falcula</span> M.Voight sp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A8-550.jpg?1726034330" title=" <strong>Figure A8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>8.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Delphineis australis</span> (P.Petit) Tsuy.Watanabe, Ji.Tanaka, G.Reid, Kumada &amp; Nagumo, (<b>8.2</b>,<b>8.2bis</b>) <span class="html-italic">Delphineis surirella</span> (Ehrenberg) G.W.Andrews, (<b>8.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Striatella unipunctata</span> (Lyngbye) C.Agardh, (<b>8.4</b>–<b>8.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Plagiogramma</span> Greville spp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A9-550.jpg?1726034331" title=" <strong>Figure A9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>9.1</b>,<b>9.2</b>,<b>9.2bis</b>) <span class="html-italic">Achnanthes armillaris</span> (O.F.Müller) Guiry, (<b>9.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Achnanthes parvula</span> Kützing, (<b>9.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cocconeiopsis</span> Witkowski, Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin sp., (<b>9.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Planothidium</span> Round &amp; Bukhtiyarova sp1., (<b>9.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Planothidium</span> sp2., (<b>9.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Planothidium</span> sp3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A10-550.jpg?1726034266" title=" <strong>Figure A10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>10.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Amphicocconeis</span> M.De Stefano &amp; D.Marino sp., (<b>10.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cocconeis britannica</span> Naegeli ex Kützing, (<b>10.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. diaphana</span> W.Smith, (<b>10.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cocconeis</span> sp1., (<b>10.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cocconeis</span> sp2., (<b>10.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. neothumensis</span> Krammer, (<b>10.7</b>,<b>10.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. krammeri</span> Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin, (<b>10.9</b>,<b>10.10</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cocconeis</span> sp3., (<b>10.11</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. molesta</span> Kützing, (<b>10.12</b>,<b>10.12bis</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. scutellum</span> Ehrenberg, (<b>10.13</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. scutellum</span> var. <span class="html-italic">posidonniae</span> M.De Stefano, D.Marino &amp; L.Mazzella.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A11-550.jpg?1726034268" title=" <strong>Figure A11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>11.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cocconeis britanica</span>, (<b>11.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. caulerpacola</span> Witkowski, Car &amp; Dobosz, (<b>11.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. peltoides</span> Hustedt, (<b>11.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. molesta</span>, (<b>11.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Cocconeis molesta</span> var. crucifera Grunow, (<b>11.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. stauroneiformis</span> H.Okuno, (<b>11.7</b> <span class="html-italic">C. scutellum</span> var. <span class="html-italic">posidoniae</span> (&amp;pores details), <b>(11.8)</b> <span class="html-italic">C. scutellum,</span> <b>(11.9)</b> <span class="html-italic">C. scutellum douple-pored</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A12-550.jpg?1726034269" title=" <strong>Figure A12</strong><br/> <p>(<b>12.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Berkeleya</span> cf. <span class="html-italic">hyalina</span> (Round &amp; M.E.Brooks) E.J.Cox, (<b>12.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">B. scopulorum</span> (Brébisson ex Kützing) E.J.Cox, (<b>12.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Berkeleya</span> sp., (<b>12.4</b>–<b>12.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">B. fennica</span> Juhlin-Dannfelt, (<b>12.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Gomphonema</span> Ehrenberg sp., (<b>12.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">Gomphonemopsis</span> Medlin sp., (<b>12.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">Rhoicosphenia</span> Grunow sp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A13-550.jpg?1726034271" title=" <strong>Figure A13</strong><br/> <p>(<b>13.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Tetramphora decussata</span> (Grunow) Stepanek &amp; Kociolek, (<b>13.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Amphora immarginata</span> Nagumo, (<b>13.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Halamphora hyalina</span> (Kützing) Rimet &amp; R.Jahn, (<b>13.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">A. pseudohylina</span> Simonsen, (<b>13.5</b>,<b>13.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">A. helenensis</span> Giffen, (<b>13.7</b>,<b>13.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">A. wisei</span> (M.M.Salah) Simonsen, (<b>13.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">A. marina</span> W.Smith, (<b>13.10</b>). <span class="html-italic">Amphora</span> sp1., (<b>13.11</b>,<b>13.12</b>) <span class="html-italic">Seminavis</span> cf. <span class="html-italic">robusta</span> D.B.Danielidis &amp; D.G.Mann, (<b>13.13</b>) <span class="html-italic">Seminavis</span> sp1., (<b>13.14</b>) <span class="html-italic">Seminavis</span> sp2., (<b>13.15</b>) <span class="html-italic">Halamphora yundengensis</span> W.W.Wu, C.P.Chen &amp; Y.H.Gao, (<b>13.16</b>) <span class="html-italic">Halamphora</span> sp1., (<b>13.17</b>,<b>13.18</b>) <span class="html-italic">Halamphora</span> sp nov.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A14-550.jpg?1726034275" title=" <strong>Figure A14</strong><br/> <p>(<b>14.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Halamphora hylina</span>, (<b>14.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">A. pseudhylina</span>, (<b>14.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">A. helenensis</span>, (<b>14.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Amphora</span> sp., (<b>14.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">H. luciae</span> (Cholnoky) Levkov, (<b>14.6</b>,<b>14.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Halamphora yundengensis</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A15-550.jpg?1726034278" title=" <strong>Figure A15</strong><br/> <p>(<b>15.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Lyrella amphoroides</span> D.G.Mann, (<b>15.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">L. spectabilis</span> (W.Gregory) D.G.Mann, (<b>15.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Fallacia</span> sp1., (<b>15.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Fallacia forcipata</span> (Greville) Stickle &amp; D.G.Mann, (<b>15.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Diploneis crabro</span> Ehrenberg, (<b>15.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Diploneis</span> sp1., (<b>15.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">D. nitescens</span> (W.Gregory) Cleve, (<b>15.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">Diploneis</span> sp2., (<b>15.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">Diploneis</span> sp3., (<b>15.10</b>) <span class="html-italic">D. papula</span> (A.W.F.Schmidt) Cleve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A16-550.jpg?1726034282" title=" <strong>Figure A16</strong><br/> <p>(<b>16.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Diploneis vacillans</span> (A.W.F.Schmidt) Cleve, (<b>16.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Diploneis</span> sp., (<b>16.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Falacia</span> Stickle &amp; D.G.Mann sp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A17-550.jpg?1726034285" title=" <strong>Figure A17</strong><br/> <p>(<b>17.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Mastogloia horvathiana</span> Grunow, (<b>17.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. fimbriata</span> (T.Brightwell) Grunow, (<b>17.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. angulata</span> F.W.Lewis, (<b>17.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. binotata</span> (Grunow) Cleve, (<b>17.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. crucicula</span> (Grunow) Cleve, (<b>17.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. crucicula</span> var. <span class="html-italic">alternans</span> Zanon, (<b>17.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. biocellata</span> (Grunow) G.Novarino &amp; A.R.Muftah, (<b>17.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. pumila</span> (Grunow) Cleve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A18-550.jpg?1726034288" title=" <strong>Figure A18</strong><br/> <p>(<b>18.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Mastogloia emarginata</span> Hustedt, (<b>18.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. ovata</span> Grunow, (<b>18.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. ovalis</span> A.W.F.Schmidt, (<b>18.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. vasta</span> Hustedt, (<b>18.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. adriatica</span> Voigt, (<b>18.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. corsicana</span> (Grunow) H.Peragallo &amp; M.Peragallo, (<b>18.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. decipiens</span> Hustedt, (<b>18.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. cyclops</span> Voigt, (<b>18.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. ignorata</span> Hustedt, (<b>18.10</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. asperula</span> Grunow, (<b>18.11</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. lanceolate</span> Thwaites, (<b>18.12</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. laterostrata</span> Hustedt.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A19-550.jpg?1726034291" title=" <strong>Figure A19</strong><br/> <p>(<b>19.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Mastogloia</span> sp1., (<b>19.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. paradoxa</span> Grunow, (<b>19.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. erythraea</span> Grunow, (<b>19.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. regula</span> Hustedt, (<b>19.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Mastogloia</span> sp2., (<b>19.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. cuneata</span> (F.Meister) Simonsen, <b>SEM</b>: (<b>19.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. binotata</span>, (<b>19.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. corsicana</span>, (<b>19.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. crucicula</span> var. <span class="html-italic">alternans</span>, (<b>19.10</b>) <span class="html-italic">M. cuneata</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A20-550.jpg?1726034294" title=" <strong>Figure A20</strong><br/> <p>(<b>20.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Pinnularia</span> Ehrenberg sp., (<b>20.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Caloneis</span> Cleve sp1., (<b>20.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Caloneis</span> sp2, (<b>20.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Trachyneis aspera</span> (Ehrenberg) Cleve, (<b>20.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Plagiotropis</span> cf. <span class="html-italic">lepidoptera</span> (W.Gregory) Kuntze, (<b>20.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Gyrosigma</span> Hassall sp., (<b>20.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Haslea</span> Simonsen sp1., (<b>20.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">Haslea</span> sp2., (<b>20.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">Haslea</span> sp3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A21-550.jpg?1726034296" title=" <strong>Figure A21</strong><br/> <p>(<b>21.1</b>,<b>21.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Navicula normalis</span> Hustedt, (<b>21.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">N. ramosissima</span> (C.Agardh) Cleve, (<b>21.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Navicula</span> sp1., (<b>21.5</b>,<b>21.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Navicula</span> sp2., (<b>21.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Navicula</span> sp3., (<b>21.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">Brachysira estoniarum</span> Witkowski, Lange-Bertalot &amp; Metzeltin, (<b>21.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">Proschkinia complanatula</span> (Hustedt) D.G.Mann, (<b>21.10</b>) <span class="html-italic">Climaconeis</span> Gunow sp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A22-550.jpg?1726034300" title=" <strong>Figure A22</strong><br/> <p>(<b>22.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Navivula ramosissima</span>, (<b>22.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Navicula</span> sp1., (<b>22.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Navicula</span> sp2., (<b>22.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">N. pavillardii</span> Hustedt, (<b>22.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Proschkinia complanatula</span>, (<b>22.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Haslea</span> sp., (<b>22.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Brachysira estoniarum</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A23-550.jpg?1726034302" title=" <strong>Figure A23</strong><br/> <p>(<b>23.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Psammodictyon constrictum</span> (W.Gregory) D.G.Mann, (<b>23.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp1., (<b>23.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">N. aurariae</span> Cholnoky, (<b>23.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp2., (<b>23.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">N. frustulum</span> (Kützing) Grunow, (<b>23.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp3., (<b>23.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp4., (<b>23.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp5., (<b>23.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">N. dissipata</span> (Kützing) Rabenhorst, (<b>23.10</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp6., (<b>23.11</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia vidovichii</span> Grunow, (<b>23.12</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia rectilonga</span> Takano.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A24-550.jpg?1726034306" title=" <strong>Figure A24</strong><br/> <p>(<b>24.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia amabilis</span> H.Suzuki, (<b>24.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">N. aurarie</span> (<b>24.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">N. frustulum</span>, (<b>24.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">N. inconspicua</span> Grunow, (<b>24.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp1., (<b>24.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Pseudo-nitzschia</span> sp1., (<b>24.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Pseudo-nitzschia</span> sp2., (<b>24.8</b>) <span class="html-italic">Psammodictyon</span> D.G.Mann sp., (<b>24.9</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp3., (<b>24.10</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp4., (<b>24.11</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp5., (<b>24.12</b>) <span class="html-italic">Nitzschia</span> sp6.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A25-550.jpg?1726034309" title=" <strong>Figure A25</strong><br/> <p>(<b>25.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Protokeelia</span> C.W.Reimer &amp; J.J.Lee sp., (<b>25.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Rhopalodia brebissonii Krammer</span>, (<b>25.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Rhopalodia</span> sp., (<b>25.4</b>) <span class="html-italic">Auricula complexa</span> (W.Gregory) Cleve, (<b>25.5</b>) <span class="html-italic">Epithemia</span> Kützing sp., (<b>25.6</b>) <span class="html-italic">Surirella</span> Turpin sp1., (<b>25.7</b>) <span class="html-italic">Surirella</span> sp2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A26-550.jpg?1726034313" title=" <strong>Figure A26</strong><br/> <p>(<b>26.1</b>) <span class="html-italic">Rhopalodia brebissonii</span>, (<b>26.2</b>) <span class="html-italic">Auricula</span> Castracane sp., (<b>26.3</b>) <span class="html-italic">Surirella</span> sp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00027-g0A27-550.jpg?1726034316" title=" <strong>Figure A27</strong><br/> <p><b>Dissolved valves</b> (Figure on the <b>left</b> is the regular valve and on the <b>right</b> the valve appears dissolved).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 6895 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/26/pdf?version=1725952998" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Macroalgal Diseases: Exploring Biology, Pathogenesis, and Management Strategies" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/26">Macroalgal Diseases: Exploring Biology, Pathogenesis, and Management Strategies</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Damiano Spagnuolo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppa Genovese</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 450-464; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030026">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030026</a> - 10 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The global seaweed market is expected to reach USD 17.8 billion by 2032, fuelled by growing demand for sustainable and healthy food solutions and expanding applications in agriculture and aquaculture. However, this rapid growth poses significant challenges, particularly in managing diseases that often <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/26/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The global seaweed market is expected to reach USD 17.8 billion by 2032, fuelled by growing demand for sustainable and healthy food solutions and expanding applications in agriculture and aquaculture. However, this rapid growth poses significant challenges, particularly in managing diseases that often establish themselves in intensive macroalgal culture facilities. Red rot disease, <i>Olpidiopsis</i>, and green spot disease often affect marine macroalgae species of high commercial interest, as seen in <i>Pyropia</i>/<i>Porphyra</i> as has already happened for “ice-ice” malaise on <i>Kappaphycus</i>, causing huge economic losses. These diseases are caused by infectious agents that find their place in extreme environmental conditions, such as those characterized by sudden changes in temperature and pollution. Despite technological advances aimed at monitoring the well-being of cultivated seaweed, discrepancies between regions’ technological capabilities and species vulnerability exacerbate management difficulties. This review provides an overview of diseases prevalent among marine algae, their impact on aquaculture, and the effectiveness of currently adopted treatments. This study highlights the need to improve disease management strategies and highlights the importance of understanding host–pathogen interactions in order to mitigate future epidemics. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/26">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/26/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1474829"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1474829"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1474829" data-cycle-prev="#prev1474829" data-cycle-progressive="#images1474829" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g001-550.jpg?1725953071" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1474829" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g002-550.jpg?1725953071'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g003-550.jpg?1725953073'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g004-550.jpg?1725953074'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g005-550.jpg?1725953075'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g006-550.jpg?1725953076'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g007-550.jpg?1725953077'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g008-550.jpg?1725953077'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g009-550.jpg?1725953079'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1474829-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g010-550.jpg?1725953080'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1474829-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g001-550.jpg?1725953071" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Clinical symptoms of <span class="html-italic">Pyropia yezoensis</span> red rot disease: (<b>a</b>) Macroscopic symptoms evident in infected thallus; (<b>b</b>) histopathology of the lesion area, presenting abnormal cells being penetrated by fungal mycelia, with an accumulation of released phycoerythrobilin-like material. Scale bar represents 10 μm [<a href="#B21-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g002-550.jpg?1725953071" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mycelia of <span class="html-italic">Pythium chondricola</span> formed over the lesioned area in <span class="html-italic">Pyropia yezoensis</span> (arrows). Scale bars represents 50 μm [<a href="#B27-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">27</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g003-550.jpg?1725953073" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Infected cells of <span class="html-italic">Pyropia plicata</span> after 1 day (<b>a</b>), 3 days (<b>b</b>), and 9 days (<b>c</b>). Dark cells are newly infected cells, while light cells are older infected cells. After 9 days, almost all cells were dead. <span class="html-italic">Pythium porphyrae</span> hyphae were visible between cells. Scale bar represents 50 μm [<a href="#B22-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">22</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g004-550.jpg?1725953074" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Macroscopic and microscopic symptoms of olpidiopsis disease observed on <span class="html-italic">Pyropia</span> blades: (<b>a</b>) Arrows show decaying greenish areas (<b>b</b>); each green cell contains one <span class="html-italic">Olpidiopsis</span> thallus. Scale bar represents 50 μm [<a href="#B3-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">3</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g005-550.jpg?1725953075" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Typical symptoms of green spot disease infection in <span class="html-italic">Pyropia</span> sp.: (<b>a</b>) Infected blade with numerous lesions that look like bullet holes; (<b>b</b>) upon progression of infection, a chain of pinkish cells develops, encircling the green lesion. Scale bar represents 50 μm [<a href="#B3-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">3</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g006-550.jpg?1725953076" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>“Ice-ice” infected <span class="html-italic">Kappaphycus alvarezii</span> [<a href="#B38-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g007-550.jpg?1725953077" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Host thallus of <span class="html-italic">Kappaphycus</span> sp. with “goose-bump”-like symptoms at the end of the epiphyte infection phase. Scale bar represents 300 μm [<a href="#B42-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">42</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g008-550.jpg?1725953077" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Tip whitening of <span class="html-italic">Gracilaria lemaneiformis</span> [<a href="#B45-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">45</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g009-550.jpg?1725953079" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The clinical symptoms of a technopathology, namely blister disease, caused by a sudden decrease in salinity due to the mixing of rainwater with seawater: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Laminaria hyperborea</span>; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Laminaria digitata</span>. Scale bar represents 1 cm (photo courtesy of Derek Mayes).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00026-g010-550.jpg?1725953080" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Brown spot disease caused by Phaeophyceae species and fungal infestation on <span class="html-italic">Ulva</span> species: (<b>a</b>) Epiphytic brown algal genus <span class="html-italic">Myrionema</span>, cause of brown spot disease; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Pythium</span> on the surface of <span class="html-italic">Ulva intestinalis</span> after inoculation. Scale bar in (<b>a</b>) represents 3 cm, and in (<b>b</b>), it represents 20 μm [<a href="#B50-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B52-phycology-04-00026" class="html-bibr">52</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 7 pages, 908 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/25/pdf?version=1725527706" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Unlocking the Potential of Green Gravel Production for Efficient Kelp Restoration: How Seeding Density Affects the Development of the Golden Kelp Laminaria ochroleuca" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Brief Report</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/25">Unlocking the Potential of Green Gravel Production for Efficient Kelp Restoration: How Seeding Density Affects the Development of the Golden Kelp <i>Laminaria ochroleuca</i></a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Silvia Chemello</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Inês Amorim Dos Santos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Isabel Sousa-Pinto</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tânia Ribeiro Pereira</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 443-449; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030025">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030025</a> - 5 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Kelp forests are facing a global decline due to climate change and human-induced stressors, underlining the urgency for proactive interventions. Among the most used restoration methods, “green gravel” has emerged as a promising solution for the recovery of degraded kelp forests. While initial <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/25/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Kelp forests are facing a global decline due to climate change and human-induced stressors, underlining the urgency for proactive interventions. Among the most used restoration methods, “green gravel” has emerged as a promising solution for the recovery of degraded kelp forests. While initial findings suggest its potential effectiveness, green gravel remains a novel approach that requires fine-tuned protocols and optimisation across all stages of the process. In this study, we assessed the performance of two different seeding densities for kelp growth on green gravel to optimise the use of seeding material. Our results show that, while the juveniles in the high-density treatment grew faster, they also had a higher mortality rate during green gravel production. This was a hypothesised outcome, as growing sporophytes reared under laboratory conditions allows for faster production of a large number of individuals, increasing competition for space, which may drive higher mortality rates. Comprehensive experimentation is essential to unlock the full potential of green gravel and ensure its efficiency in all process steps, to achieve successful kelp forest restoration. Well-defined and optimised protocols are indispensable for minimising production costs, simplifying logistics, and allowing future efforts to scale up. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/25">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/25/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1471969"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1471969"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1471969" data-cycle-prev="#prev1471969" data-cycle-progressive="#images1471969" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1471969-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00025-g001-550.jpg?1725527802" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1471969" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1471969-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00025-g002-550.jpg?1725527803'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1471969-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00025-g001-550.jpg?1725527802" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Length of <span class="html-italic">Laminaria ochroleuca</span> recruits (mean ± SE) varied for the interaction between different seeding densities (High and Low light) and weeks. Significant differences are indicated by * (*: <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05; ***: <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00025-g002-550.jpg?1725527803" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Average <span class="html-italic">Laminaria ochroleuca</span> recruit density (mean ± SE) varied for the interaction between different seeding densities (High and Low light) and weeks. Significant differences are indicated by * (*: <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05; ***: <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 2441 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/24/pdf?version=1725527511" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Biodiversity and Reproductive Status of Beach-Cast Seaweeds from Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil: Sustainable Use and Conservation" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/24">Biodiversity and Reproductive Status of Beach-Cast Seaweeds from Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil: Sustainable Use and Conservation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Iago A. G. Martins</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thiago H. Basílio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Igor L. F. dos Santos</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mutue T. Fujii</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 427-442; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030024">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030024</a> - 5 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The state of Espírito Santo has one of the greatest diversities of macroalgae along the Brazilian coast. Beach-cast seaweeds are a frequent phenomenon and exhibit great diversity. This study assessed stranded macroalgae’s composition and reproductive status to evaluate their potential for sustainable use <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/24/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The state of Espírito Santo has one of the greatest diversities of macroalgae along the Brazilian coast. Beach-cast seaweeds are a frequent phenomenon and exhibit great diversity. This study assessed stranded macroalgae’s composition and reproductive status to evaluate their potential for sustainable use by the local community. Monthly collections were carried out from March to November 2022, covering the rainy and dry seasons, on five beaches in Espírito Santo: three in the north and two in the south. At each beach, two 50 m transects were set up parallel to the coastline over the stranded algae patches, one near the wave-breaking zone during low tide and another around high tide, and three 1 × 1 m quadrants were randomly selected in each transect. All material within each quadrant was collected, resulting in six samples per beach. We identified 81 taxa, including 54 Rhodophyta, 16 Ulvophyceae and 11 Phaeophyceae. The taxon composition was relatively consistent across the studied regions, with the rainy season exhibiting the greatest species richness. Seventeen of the identified taxa had reproductive structures, although only four consistently presented these structures. Our results suggest that removing stranded macroalgae does not significantly impact their role as propagule sources. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/24">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/24/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1471963"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1471963"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1471963" data-cycle-prev="#prev1471963" data-cycle-progressive="#images1471963" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1471963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g001-550.jpg?1725527595" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1471963" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1471963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g002-550.jpg?1725527597'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1471963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g003-550.jpg?1725527598'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1471963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g004-550.jpg?1725527603'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1471963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g005-550.jpg?1725527608'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1471963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g006-550.jpg?1725527610'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1471963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g007-550.jpg?1725527612'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1471963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g008-550.jpg?1725527612'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1471963-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g001-550.jpg?1725527595" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Location of the beach-cast seaweed collection sites in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, highlighting the municipalities in the northern and southern regions of the state where the study was conducted. The state’s capital Vitória is marked as reference.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g002-550.jpg?1725527597" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Frequency of occurrence (percentage) of macroalgae species in the stranded material studied. (<b>A</b>) The ten most frequent Rhodophyta species. (<b>B</b>) Frequency of Phaeophyceae species. (<b>C</b>) Frequency of Ulvophyceae species.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g003-550.jpg?1725527598" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Total frequency of occurrence (percentage) of the ten most recurring species found in the stranded material studied.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g004-550.jpg?1725527603" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Geographic distribution of stranded macroalgae along the north and south regions of Espírito Santo coastline from March to November 2022. (<b>A</b>) Rhodophyta, (<b>B</b>) Phaeophyceae, (<b>C</b>) Ulvophyceae.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g005-550.jpg?1725527608" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Seasonal distribution of stranded macroalgae, categorized by algal group, throughout the dry and rainy seasons from March to November 2022. (<b>A</b>) Rhodophyta, (<b>B</b>) Phaeophyceae, (<b>C</b>) Ulvophyceae.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g006-550.jpg?1725527610" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Number of stranded macroalgae taxa at each study site, categorized by taxonomic groups.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g007-550.jpg?1725527612" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Number of stranded algae taxa throughout the year in the state of Espírito Santo, categorized by taxonomic groups.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00024-g008-550.jpg?1725527612" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Number of stranded macroalgae that presented reproductive structures during the dry and rainy seasons of the study, categorized by taxonomic groups.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1468730" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1468730" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1468730" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/23/s1?version=1725113322"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 36 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 2312 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/23/pdf?version=1725338735" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Microalgal Diversity and Molecular Ecology: A Comparative Study of Classical and Metagenomic Approaches in Ponds of the Eifel National Park, Germany" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/23">Microalgal Diversity and Molecular Ecology: A Comparative Study of Classical and Metagenomic Approaches in Ponds of the Eifel National Park, Germany</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karl-Heinz Linne von Berg</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Leonie Keilholz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nadine Küchenmeister</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ekaterina Pushkareva</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Burkhard Becker</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 414-426; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030023">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030023</a> - 31 Aug 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> While molecular methods have begun to transform ecology, most algal biodiversity is still studied using the classical approach of identifying microalgae by light microscopy directly in sample material or using cultures. In this study, we compare both approaches (light microscopy and metagenomics as <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/23/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> While molecular methods have begun to transform ecology, most algal biodiversity is still studied using the classical approach of identifying microalgae by light microscopy directly in sample material or using cultures. In this study, we compare both approaches (light microscopy and metagenomics as a molecular approach) using the freshwater ponds of the Eifel National Park in Germany as a case study. The ponds were found to be rich in desmids by light microscopy. A total of 299 species representing 81 genera were identified by light microscopy. While the molecular method does not currently allow species identification in most cases, we were able to identify 207 different algal genera. In total, 157 genera were detected only by metagenomics, 50 genera were found with both methods, and 31 genera were found by light microscopy, highlighting the need to continue using light microscopy in addition to a molecular approach. The metagenomics method has several advantages over the light microscopy method: (1) deeper assessment of alpha biodiversity, (2) better abundance numbers, and (3) complete coverage of all living matter. The latter is also a significant improvement over metabarcoding, as universal PCR primers are not available. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/23">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/23/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1468730"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1468730"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1468730" data-cycle-prev="#prev1468730" data-cycle-progressive="#images1468730" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1468730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g001-550.jpg?1725338865" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1468730" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1468730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g002-550.jpg?1725338867'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1468730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g003-550.jpg?1725338868'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1468730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g004-550.jpg?1725338870'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1468730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g005-550.jpg?1725338870'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1468730-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g001-550.jpg?1725338865" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Examples of species identified with light microscopy. (<b>a</b>): <span class="html-italic">Euastrum humerosum</span>, (<b>b</b>): <span class="html-italic">Micrasterias truncata</span>, (<b>c</b>): <span class="html-italic">Euastrum verrucosum</span>, (<b>d</b>): <span class="html-italic">Micrasterias americana</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g002-550.jpg?1725338867" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on algae species, identified with light microscopy, in different sites. Vectors indicate significant correlations between algae diversity and environmental variables (<span class="html-italic">p</span>-value for depth = 0.0029, <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value for nitrite = 0.0215, and <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value for pH = 0.0042), (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). HT = Himmelteiche, KG = Kleingewässer, and SU = Schürhübelteiche. Sampling sites used for metagenomic studies are indicated with their abbreviations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g003-550.jpg?1725338868" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The total microbial community composition of the different ponds. (<b>b</b>) The phototroph community composition based on the genera identified with SILVA. The relative abundance as measured by the number of reads aligning with rRNA for the different groups is shown.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g004-550.jpg?1725338870" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on the abundance of the microalgal ribosomal RNA reads from different sites. The vectors indicate significant correlations between the algae diversity and environmental variables (the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value for the depth = 0.0022, the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value for the nitrite = 0.0006, the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value for the conductivity = 0.0447, the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value for the carbonate hardness = 0.0056, and the <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value for the pH = 0.0089), (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). HT = Himmelteiche, KG = Kleingewässer, and SU = Schürhübelteiche.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00023-g005-550.jpg?1725338870" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>A comparison of the total alpha diversity of microalgal genera in 5 different ponds in the Eifel National Park. Light microscopy: the algae were determined by light microscopical identification. Silva: algal genera were determined by aligning metagenomic reads with the Silva database. Cyanobacteria were not counted in this comparison.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 5885 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/22/pdf?version=1723554240" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Biorefinery of Beach Cast Seaweed in Brazil: Renewable Energy and Sustainability" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/22">Biorefinery of Beach Cast Seaweed in Brazil: Renewable Energy and Sustainability</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fernando Pinto Coelho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rômulo Simões C. Menezes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Everardo Valadares de S. B. Sampaio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Márcio Gomes Barboza</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emerson Carlos Soares</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elica Amara C. Guedes-Coelho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elvis J. de França</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Agnaldo J. dos Santos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marcelo F. de Lima</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manoel Messias da S. Costa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Natache Gonçalves de M. Ferrão</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bruno M. Soares</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Diego M. do Nascimento</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Victor Andrei R. Carneiro</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cesar Augusto M. de Abreu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 394-413; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030022">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030022</a> - 13 Aug 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Macroalgae are a natural oceanic resource of inexhaustible abundance for the biomass energy industry with growth rates that are three to four times greater than those of terrestrial plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of macroalgae as biomass <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/22/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Macroalgae are a natural oceanic resource of inexhaustible abundance for the biomass energy industry with growth rates that are three to four times greater than those of terrestrial plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of macroalgae as biomass for biorefining through two investigations. Firstly, the deposition of macroalgae was sampled through 28 collections on seven beaches in the city of Maceió, Brazil, over a two-year period using a zigzag sampling method, covering a deposition area of 135,000 m<sup>2</sup>. From this, it was estimated that daily collection would yield 5.03 t/ha of dry biomass. Secondly, the calorific values of macroalgal biomass energy and pellet compounds were calculated. The lower calorific value (8.82 MJ/kg) found from a compound of 13 species analyzed was similar to that of the main biomass used in Brazil to obtain energy, i.e., sugarcane bagasse, which has been evaluated as 8.91 MJ/kg. Macroalgal biomass in the form of condensed energy pellets was found to have a higher calorific value of 20.18 MJ/kg, i.e., 1.2% greater than the average for terrestrial biomass pellets. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that macroalgal biomass has the possibility of becoming a new renewable feedstock with potential for bioenergy. The estimates for the deposition of biomass show possibilities for producing biofuels from marine algal raw material, which provides scope for creating another sustainable alternative for global energy issues with a reduction in environmental problems. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/22">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/22/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1455536"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1455536"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1455536" data-cycle-prev="#prev1455536" data-cycle-progressive="#images1455536" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g001-550.jpg?1723554339" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1455536" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g002-550.jpg?1723554340'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g003-550.jpg?1723554342'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g004-550.jpg?1723554343'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g005-550.jpg?1723554344'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g006-550.jpg?1723554345'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g007-550.jpg?1723554348'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g008-550.jpg?1723554351'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g009-550.jpg?1723554352'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1455536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g010-550.jpg?1723554353'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1455536-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g001-550.jpg?1723554339" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Map of geographical research area—Maceió—AL. Source: Brazilian Institute of Statistical Geography (2015).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g002-550.jpg?1723554340" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Sample collection points/zigzag method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g003-550.jpg?1723554342" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Estimate macroalgae biomass deposition band area in 4 collections per beach C1–C4.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g004-550.jpg?1723554343" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Statistics of macroalgae biomass deposition in research area/ha (Maceió—Al).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g005-550.jpg?1723554344" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of loss weight after cleaning, washing and biomass drying.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g006-550.jpg?1723554345" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Average daily deposition of macroalgae biomass in summer/t/ha—Maceió.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g007-550.jpg?1723554348" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Deposition band by beach cast seaweed in Ponta Verde beach.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g008-550.jpg?1723554351" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Deposition area macroalgae biomass in Ponta Verde beach with collection points near coral reefs. Source: Google Earth, (2022).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g009-550.jpg?1723554352" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Marine macroalgae pellets of aggregated biomass.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00022-g010-550.jpg?1723554353" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Energetic condensed composites from different biomass-HCV.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 1032 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/21/pdf?version=1723005292" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="From Inundations to Golden Opportunity: Turning Holopelagic Sargassum spp. into a Valuable Feed Ingredient through Arsenic Removal" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/21">From Inundations to Golden Opportunity: Turning Holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> spp. into a Valuable Feed Ingredient through Arsenic Removal</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karla Itzel Cisneros-Ramos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Montserrat Gutiérrez-Castañeda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Edén Magaña-Gallegos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alejandra G. Villegas-Pañeda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luz Verónica Monroy-Velázquez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>María Guadalupe Barba-Santos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Martha Gabriela Gaxiola-Cortés</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brigitta I. van Tussenbroek</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 384-393; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030021">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030021</a> - 7 Aug 2024 </div> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/21#metrics">Cited by 1</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> For over a decade, numerous Greater Caribbean and Western African coasts have received enormous masses of holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> spp. (sargasso). A promising use of this beached biomass as a feed ingredient in the animal industry is restricted by its high arsenic (As) content. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/21/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> For over a decade, numerous Greater Caribbean and Western African coasts have received enormous masses of holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> spp. (sargasso). A promising use of this beached biomass as a feed ingredient in the animal industry is restricted by its high arsenic (As) content. This proof of concept aimed to demonstrate that simple, low-cost processes involving hot water (either fresh or seawater) and/or citric acid can remove arsenic from the sargasso. Sargasso collected from a Mexican Caribbean beach in December 2023 had a total arsenic level of 62.2 mg/kg, which decreased to 7.2 mg/kg after treatment with hot freshwater (90 °C for 15 min), and then further decreased to 0.8 mg/kg when followed up with a citric acid treatment. Sargasso collected in March 2024 had total arsenic of 89 mg/kg, which was lowered to 2.6 mg/kg by applying hot freshwater and citric acid sequentially. Employing only citric acid reduced the arsenic concentration to 8.0 mg/kg, while treating the sargasso only with hot seawater reduced the As level to 10.1 mg/kg. Thus, simply using hot water, either fresh or seawater, lowered the arsenic levels to acceptable levels for the animal feeding sector. These straightforward and potentially cost-effective methods may transform the restraint of high arsenic contents into a valuable opportunity to use these seaweeds as animal feed. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/21">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/phycology/topical_collections/Sargassum_Golden_Tides ">Sargassum Golden Tides, a Global Problem</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/21/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1451334"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1451334"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1451334" data-cycle-prev="#prev1451334" data-cycle-progressive="#images1451334" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1451334-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00021-g001-550.jpg?1723005407" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1451334" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1451334-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00021-g002-550.jpg?1723005411'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1451334-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00021-g001-550.jpg?1723005407" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow diagram of the treatments. December 2023, T1: Fresh sargasso washed with distilled water (control), T2: Hot water (immersion in distilled water at 90 °C for 15 min), T3: Hot water + citric acid (immersion in hot water and subsequently reagent-grade citric acid at 60 °C for 2 h), T4: as T3 treatment, but with food-grade citric acid. March 2024, T1: Control, T2: as the T4 from the test of December 2023, T3: food grade citric acid (immersion for 2 h in a citric acid solution), T4: hot seawater (immersion in seawater at 90 °C for 15 min). After the application of each treatment, samples were dried, and total arsenic content was analyzed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00021-g002-550.jpg?1723005411" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Total arsenic concentration (mg/kg, dry weight) in <span class="html-italic">Sargassum fluitans</span> III after application of various treatments. (<b>A</b>) Experiment 1, (<b>B</b>) Experiment 2, different small letters denote significant differences between the treatments with Dunn’s test. RG reagent grade, FG food grade. The horizontal dashed according to European regulations [<a href="#B24-phycology-04-00021" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 1349 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/20/pdf?version=1721802819" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Does Seawater Nitrogen Better Predict the Baseline Farmed Yield for Sugar Kelp (Saccharina latissima) Rather than the Final Yield?" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Communication</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/20">Does Seawater Nitrogen Better Predict the Baseline Farmed Yield for Sugar Kelp (<i>Saccharina latissima</i>) Rather than the Final Yield?</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tiffany Stephens</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yaoguang Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Charles Yarish</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matthew C. Rogers</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Schery Umanzor</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 370-383; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030020">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030020</a> - 24 Jul 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Recent interest in scaling commercial kelp industries in Western cultures is juxtaposed by the apparent challenges in achieving more consistent and predictable yields. As such, site-level factors are a dominant and recurring conversation amongst stakeholders. The availability of seawater nitrogen (nitrate, ammonium, total <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/20/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Recent interest in scaling commercial kelp industries in Western cultures is juxtaposed by the apparent challenges in achieving more consistent and predictable yields. As such, site-level factors are a dominant and recurring conversation amongst stakeholders. The availability of seawater nitrogen (nitrate, ammonium, total N) can be highly variable across space and time and is often one of the top concerns for site selection and permitting. This study questions the relative importance of nitrogen availability on the yield of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> (sugar kelp) across five commercial farms on the U.S. East and West Coasts over two seasons, highlighting the relative influence of other interacting factors (i.e., farm design). We hypothesized that nitrate would strongly correlate with the harvested yield. Our results show significant spatial and annual variability in the kelp yield and ambient nutrients across and within farms, but with weak covariance. Standard linear regression suggests that seawater nitrogen is a poor explanatory factor for kelp yield, explaining 11.0% of the variation around the mean compared to the line spacing (explaining 26.1%) and the interaction between the total N and the line spacing (explaining 50.0%). Quartile regression, however, suggests that total N alone, is the strongest predictor of a lower threshold in terms of the yield (0.10 quartile, r<sup>2</sup> = 0.431) relative to the median (0.50 quartile, r<sup>2</sup> 0.081). As such, seawater nitrogen may be a more useful metric in predicting baseline kelp yields rather than realized yields, and production above that baseline is likely more dependent on other factors that may or may not interact with seawater nitrogen. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/20">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/20/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1441378"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1441378"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1441378" data-cycle-prev="#prev1441378" data-cycle-progressive="#images1441378" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1441378-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00020-g001-550.jpg?1721802916" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1441378" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1441378-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00020-g002-550.jpg?1721802919'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1441378-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00020-g003-550.jpg?1721802921'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1441378-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00020-g004-550.jpg?1721802922'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1441378-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00020-g001-550.jpg?1721802916" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Mean harvested biomass (kg/m) for S. latissima in 2020 and 2021 across farms in Alaska and New England. Biomass varied within farms across years only for farms CT2 and RI. Error bars represent SD ± 1. The asterisks highlight statistically significant differences across years.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00020-g002-550.jpg?1721802919" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Linear regression between harvested biomass (kg/m) and seawater total N (μM); the point color varies as a function of line spacing (m). (<b>b</b>) Linear regression between harvested biomass and line spacing; where the point color varies as a function of seawater total N. (<b>c</b>) A 3-D plot of multiple regression that combines harvested biomass (kg/m), seawater total N, and line spacing into one model; the surface color varies as a function of biomass. (<b>d</b>) The surface in 2c is converted into a 2-D heatmap to better explore how biomass responds to the interaction between seawater total N and line spacing in this study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00020-g003-550.jpg?1721802921" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Kelp biomass (kg/m) plotted against seawater total N (μM). The black line represents the quantile regression for the median (50th percentile), where total N explains 8.1% of the variation in the biomass. The green line represents the quantile regression for the lowest 10th percentile, where N explains 43.1% of the variation for this lower threshold.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00020-g004-550.jpg?1721802922" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Linear regression comparing kelp biomass (kg/m) to the %N in kelp tissues (<b>left</b>) and the C:N molar ratio (<b>right</b>). The circle color varies as a function of seawater total N (μM). The size of the circles varies as a function of line spacing (m), where larger circles equate to larger spacing between kelp lines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 7 pages, 476 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/19/pdf?version=1721554849" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Feasibility of Biomarker-Based Taxonomic Classification: A Case Study of the Marine Red Alga Laurencia snackeyi (Weber Bosse) M. Masuda" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Opinion</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/19">Feasibility of Biomarker-Based Taxonomic Classification: A Case Study of the Marine Red Alga <i>Laurencia snackeyi</i> (Weber Bosse) M. Masuda</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Boon Ful Ng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Lun Ng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wai Mun Lum</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Swee Keong Yeap</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yoong Soon Yong</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 363-369; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030019">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030019</a> - 21 Jul 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Taxonomy—the classification of species—is an important branch of biology that allows us to systematically understand and study biodiversity. Conventional taxonomy relies heavily on morphological and anatomical structures for classification, but recent discoveries of potentially cryptic species and morphological plasticity in many species underscore <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/19/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Taxonomy—the classification of species—is an important branch of biology that allows us to systematically understand and study biodiversity. Conventional taxonomy relies heavily on morphological and anatomical structures for classification, but recent discoveries of potentially cryptic species and morphological plasticity in many species underscore the importance of having an alternative or complementary method for species classification. In this paper, we discuss the emerging method of classification using biochemical signals, i.e., chemotaxonomy. We also present a case study on the feasibility of biomarker-based chemotaxonomy on the marine red alga <i>Laurencia snackeyi</i> using halogenated snyderane-type sesquiterpenes, which were proposed in earlier studies. <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/19">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/19/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1439704-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00019-g001-550.jpg?1721554944" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1439704-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00019-g001-550.jpg?1721554944" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The halogenated snyderane-type sesquiterpenes that have been identified from the <span class="html-italic">L. snackeyi</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1427347" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1427347" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1427347" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/18/s1?version=1719908465"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 388 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 4112 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/18/pdf?version=1719908464" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Morpho- and Chemotyping of Holopelagic Sargassum Species Causing Massive Strandings in the Caribbean Region" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/3/18">Morpho- and Chemotyping of Holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> Species Causing Massive Strandings in the Caribbean Region</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nolwenn Kergosien</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mathieu Helias</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fabienne Le Grand</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stéphane Cérantola</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gaëlle Simon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Charlotte Nirma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thierry Thibaut</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Léo Berline</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas Changeux</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aurélie Blanfuné</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Solène Connan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valérie Stiger-Pouvreau</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 340-362; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030018">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030018</a> - 2 Jul 2024 </div> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/18#metrics">Cited by 1</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The specific identification of three major morphotypes of the tropical holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> species causing massive strandings on the African and Caribbean coastlines was attempted by morphological characterisation as well as quantitative and qualitative analyses of several metabolites. Of the 25 morphological variables studied <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/18/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The specific identification of three major morphotypes of the tropical holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> species causing massive strandings on the African and Caribbean coastlines was attempted by morphological characterisation as well as quantitative and qualitative analyses of several metabolites. Of the 25 morphological variables studied on 208 samples from the North Atlantic Ocean, 22 were used to establish a dichotomous identification key, allowing without any doubt the identification of each morphotype based on their morphological criteria alone. We also attempted to differentiate morphotypes using chemical fingerprintings (HR-MAS NMR) and markers by analysing pigment level and composition using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, terpene profiles by Thin Layer Chromatography, phenolic compound levels by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and structures by 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, and fatty acid composition by Gas Chromatography. While pigment level and composition, terpene profiles, and phenolic contents were not discriminating, quantification of eight fatty acids enabled the differentiation of the three morphotypes. Furthermore, phlorotannin purification permitted their structural characterisation allowing discrimination between the three morphotypes. Our study highlights the potential of the free fatty acid profile and phlorotannin structure as good chemomarkers in order to discriminate between the three morphotypes of holopelagic <i>Sargassum.</i> <a href="/2673-9410/4/3/18">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/3/18/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1427347"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1427347"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1427347" data-cycle-prev="#prev1427347" data-cycle-progressive="#images1427347" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1427347-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g001-550.jpg?1719908574" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1427347" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1427347-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g002-550.jpg?1719908576'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1427347-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g003-550.jpg?1719908578'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1427347-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g004-550.jpg?1719908579'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1427347-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g005-550.jpg?1719908580'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1427347-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g006-550.jpg?1719908582'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1427347-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g007-550.jpg?1719908583'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1427347-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g008-550.jpg?1719908584'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1427347-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g001-550.jpg?1719908574" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> raft observed at station 9 (12°46.160 N; 55°31.040 W) in the Sargasso Sea (<b>A</b>) and in situ specimens of the three <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> morphotypes: <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">wingei</span> ((<b>B</b>) known before as <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> VIII), <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">natans</span> ((<b>C</b>) known before as <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> I), and <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">fluitans</span> ((<b>D</b>) known before as <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> III). (<b>E</b>–<b>G</b>) represent drawings of the three morphotypes commonly found in rafts along expeditions. Pictures: V. Stiger©UBO (<b>A</b>), T. Thibaut©MIO-AMU (<b>B</b>–<b>D</b>). Drawings by M. Helias©UBO.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g002-550.jpg?1719908576" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of the 22 discriminating morphological variables, measured on different samples of the three common morphotypes of holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span>. The base matrix was converted using the Gower coefficient to the square root.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g003-550.jpg?1719908578" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of chemical fingerprintings obtained from three morphotypes of holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> species. (<b>A</b>): in vivo HR-MAS NMR chemical fingerprintings obtained in 3 individuals for each morphotype. (<b>B</b>): Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the chemical fingerprinting, measured on 9 different samples of the three common morphotypes of holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span>. PC: phenolic compounds; AA: amino acids.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g004-550.jpg?1719908579" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> samples using the pigment contents and the pigment ratios. S1: <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">wingei</span>; S2: <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">natans</span>; S3: <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">fluitans</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g005-550.jpg?1719908580" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> samples using the proportion of the eight fatty acids out of the total fatty acids selected by SIMPER analysis. Ellipses represent a confidence interval of 95%. <span class="html-italic">Cis</span>-7-hexadecenoic acid (16:1n-9), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), and margaric acid (17:0) drive the clustering of <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">wingei</span>, <span class="html-italic">α</span>-linoleic acid (18:3n-3), eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4n-3), and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) drive the clustering of <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">natans</span>, and myristic acid (14:0) and cis-11-eicosaenoic acid (20:1n-9) drive the clustering of <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">fluitans</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g006-550.jpg?1719908582" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Structural elucidation of phlorotannins produced by <span class="html-italic">Sargassum natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">wingei</span> (S1) and <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">natans</span> (S2). <sup>1</sup>H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra of the three <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> morphotypes (S1, S2, and S3 as <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">fluitans</span>) (right side). Two-dimensional NMR spectra of S1 <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">wingei</span> (left side up) and S2 <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">natans</span> (left side down). On 2D NMR, chemical shifts of protons are on the X-axis, and chemical shifts of carbons are on the Y-axis. Proton signals between 5.5 and 6.5 ppm are characteristic of aromatic compounds, which encompass phenolic compounds.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g007-550.jpg?1719908583" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Morphological particularities of each lateral, axis, frond, and floating vesicles selected and isolated from the three holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> morphotypes (<span class="html-italic">Sargassum natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">wingei</span> to the left, <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">natans</span> in the middle, <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">fluitans</span> right side) present in rafts during the latitudinal expedition. Scale: 1 cm. Herbarium was made by M. Helias©UBO.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00018-g008-550.jpg?1719908584" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Dichotomous determination key of the three common morphotypes of holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span>, based on the ratio of three discriminating fatty acids. S1: <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">wingei</span>; S2: <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">natans</span>; S3: <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">fluitans</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 1423 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/17/pdf?version=1717661979" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Dry Salting and Brining on the Consumer Acceptance of Saccharina latissima (Sugar Kelp)" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/2/17">Effect of Dry Salting and Brining on the Consumer Acceptance of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> (Sugar Kelp)</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Richa Arya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mary E. Camire</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Denise I. Skonberg</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jennifer J. Perry</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(2), 330-339; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020017">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020017</a> - 6 Jun 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Brining and dry salting are traditional preservation techniques used to extend the shelf life of foods including seaweeds. In this study, brining (40% NaCl solution weight/volume) and dry salting (30% weight/weight) processes were applied to fresh kelp to achieve a target water activity <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/17/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Brining and dry salting are traditional preservation techniques used to extend the shelf life of foods including seaweeds. In this study, brining (40% NaCl solution weight/volume) and dry salting (30% weight/weight) processes were applied to fresh kelp to achieve a target water activity of less than 0.77, and the effect of salting treatment on consumer acceptance was assessed. The processed samples were stored at 4 °C for 2 weeks until the sensory analysis. Processed kelp samples were used as the primary ingredient in a salad with shredded carrots and sesame dressing. Three salad samples (salad with fresh kelp (control), brined, or dry salted sugar kelp) were presented to the panelists to assess the liking of sensory attributes including salt intensity, color, aroma, flavor, texture, and overall liking. Significant differences in the liking of flavor and texture were observed, with consumers rating both treatments made with salted seaweed higher than a salad made from fresh seaweed. Panelists identified the availability and lack of information regarding nutritional benefits as barriers to their seaweed consumption. These results indicate that in addition to extending shelf life, the preservation of kelp by salting may increase consumer acceptability. <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/17">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/17/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1409795"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1409795"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1409795" data-cycle-prev="#prev1409795" data-cycle-progressive="#images1409795" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1409795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00017/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00017-g001-550.jpg?1717662160" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1409795" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1409795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00017/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00017-g002-550.jpg?1717662162'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1409795-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00017/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00017-g003-550.jpg?1717662163'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1409795-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00017/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00017-g001-550.jpg?1717662160" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Sugar kelp processing: (<b>a</b>) fresh kelp, (<b>b</b>) dry-salting of fresh kelp, (<b>c</b>) dry-salted kelp in a colander to allow draining, (<b>d</b>) dry-salted kelp after draining, (<b>e</b>) dry-salted kelp stored in a food-grade plastic container for further analysis, (<b>f</b>) brining of sugar kelp, (<b>g</b>) draining brined kelp in a colander, and (<b>h</b>) final brined sugar kelp samples kept in a food-grade plastic container for further analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/17'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00017/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00017-g002-550.jpg?1717662162" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Sugar kelp salad preparation: (<b>a</b>) mixed salad ingredients, (<b>b</b>) sugar kelp salad in a food-grade sample cup for evaluation, and (<b>c</b>) samples arranged in a tray for sensory evaluation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/17'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00017/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00017-g003-550.jpg?1717662163" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Just-about-right ratings for sensory characteristics of seaweed salad (n = 41).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/17'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 4369 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/16/pdf?version=1717653114" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Parametric Study of the Effect of Increased Magnetic Field Exposure on Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris Growth and Bioactive Compound Production" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/2/16">Parametric Study of the Effect of Increased Magnetic Field Exposure on Microalgae <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Growth and Bioactive Compound Production</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sharanabasaweshwara Asundi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sanurag Rout</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Simone Stephen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sanghamitra Khandual</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sandipan Dutta</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sandeep Kumar</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(2), 314-329; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020016">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020016</a> - 6 Jun 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This parametric study aimed to analyze the effects of increased magnetic field exposure (MFE) on the growth and production of the bioactive compounds of <i>Chlorella (C.) vulgaris</i>. With the intent of studying the effect of an increased MFE, the magnetic field typically <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/16/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This parametric study aimed to analyze the effects of increased magnetic field exposure (MFE) on the growth and production of the bioactive compounds of <i>Chlorella (C.) vulgaris</i>. With the intent of studying the effect of an increased MFE, the magnetic field typically experienced by life on Earth was amplified by an order of magnitude. In the increased-MFE environment, six treatments of <i>C. vulgaris</i> with two repetitions for each treatment were exposed to a magnetic field of 5 Gauss (500 µT) about each axis, which was generated in a state-of-the-art Helmholtz cage. The treatments and the control were characterized by the duration of exposure, which was varied from 0 min to 120 min with a step increment of 20 min. The treatments were repeated for six days (TR1) and twelve days (TR2) in two separate experiments. From the first day of the treatment, the specimens in both the experiments were propagated for twenty-one days. For parametric analysis, the overall growth, protein, and beta-carotene content were measured every three days for twenty-one days. For TR1 in general, the samples treated with the increased MFE demonstrated a higher growth rate than the control. Specifically, for the specimen treated with 40 min of the increased MFE, the growth on the 21st day was measured to be 38% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 120 min of the increased MFE, the protein content on the 15th day was measured to be 15.6% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 40 min of the increased MFE, the beta-carotene content on the 15th day was measured to be 20.4% higher than the control. For TR2 in general, the results were inferior compared to TR1 but showed higher production than the control specimen. Specifically, for the specimen treated with 80 min of the increased MFE, the protein content on the 21st day was measured to be 4.3% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 100 min of the increased MFE, the beta-carotene content on the 15th day was measured to be 17.1% higher than the control. For the specimen treated with 100 min of the increased MFE, the growth on the 21st day was measured to be 5% higher than the control. Overall, the treated specimens in TR1 exhibited significantly higher production compared to the control specimen. The treated specimen in TR2 demonstrated some adverse impacts, but still exhibited higher production compared to the control specimen. <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/16">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/16/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1409642"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1409642"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1409642" data-cycle-prev="#prev1409642" data-cycle-progressive="#images1409642" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g001-550.jpg?1717653218" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1409642" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g002-550.jpg?1717653220'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g003-550.jpg?1717653221'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g004-550.jpg?1717653222'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g005-550.jpg?1717653223'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g006-550.jpg?1717653223'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g007-550.jpg?1717653224'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g008-550.jpg?1717653225'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g009-550.jpg?1717653226'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g010-550.jpg?1717653227'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g011-550.jpg?1717653228'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g012-550.jpg?1717653229'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g013-550.jpg?1717653230'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1409642-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g014-550.jpg?1717653231'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1409642-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g001-550.jpg?1717653218" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Helmholtz cage experimental setup.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g002-550.jpg?1717653220" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">Chlorella vulgaris</span> MFE treatments for TR1 and TR2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g003-550.jpg?1717653221" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Growth measurements as optical density for TR1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g004-550.jpg?1717653222" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Beta-carotene content (µg/mL) measurements for TR1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g005-550.jpg?1717653223" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Protein content (µg/mL) measurements for TR1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g006-550.jpg?1717653223" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Growth measurements as optical density for TR2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g007-550.jpg?1717653224" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Beta-carotene content (µg/mL) measurements for TR2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g008-550.jpg?1717653225" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Protein content (µg/mL) measurements for TR2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g009-550.jpg?1717653226" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Interaction plot of time and MFE treatments for optical density (TR1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g010-550.jpg?1717653227" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Interaction plot of time and MFE treatments for beta-carotene (TR1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g011-550.jpg?1717653228" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Interaction plot of time and MFE treatments for protein (TR1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g012-550.jpg?1717653229" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Interaction plot of time and MFE treatments for optical density (TR2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g013-550.jpg?1717653230" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Interaction plot of time and MFE treatments for beta-carotene (TR2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00016-g014-550.jpg?1717653231" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Interaction plot of time and MFE treatments for protein (TR2).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 38 pages, 2409 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/15/pdf?version=1716977522" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Cosmeceutical Significance of Seaweed: A Focus on Carbohydrates and Peptides in Skin Applications" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/2/15">Cosmeceutical Significance of Seaweed: A Focus on Carbohydrates and Peptides in Skin Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haresh S. Kalasariya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Eliel Maya-Ramírez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>João Cotas</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Leonel Pereira</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(2), 276-313; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020015">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020015</a> - 27 May 2024 </div> <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/15#metrics">Cited by 2</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The term ‘cosmeceutical’ refers to cosmetic products that offer medicinal or drug-like benefits. Marine algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds, particularly carbohydrates and peptides, which have gained attention for their potential in cosmeceuticals. These compounds are abundant, safe, and have minimal cytotoxicity <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/15/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The term ‘cosmeceutical’ refers to cosmetic products that offer medicinal or drug-like benefits. Marine algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds, particularly carbohydrates and peptides, which have gained attention for their potential in cosmeceuticals. These compounds are abundant, safe, and have minimal cytotoxicity effects. They offer various benefits to the skin, including addressing rashes, pigmentation, aging, and cancer. Additionally, they exhibit properties such as antimicrobial, skin-whitening, anti-aging, antioxidant, and anti-melanogenic effects. This review surveys the literature on the cosmeceutical potentials of algae-derived compounds, focusing on their roles in skin whitening, anti-aging, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial applications. The discussion also includes current challenges and future opportunities for using algae for cosmeceutical purposes. <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/15">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/15/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1403077"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1403077"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1403077" data-cycle-prev="#prev1403077" data-cycle-progressive="#images1403077" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1403077-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00015-g001a-550.jpg?1716977668" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1403077" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1403077-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00015-g001b-550.jpg?1716977671'><p>Figure 1 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1403077-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00015-g002-550.jpg?1716977673'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1403077-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00015-g003-550.jpg?1716977674'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1403077-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00015-g001a-550.jpg?1716977668" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Structural analysis of polysaccharide compounds isolated from seaweeds.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00015-g001b-550.jpg?1716977671" title=" <strong>Figure 1 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Structural analysis of polysaccharide compounds isolated from seaweeds.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00015-g002-550.jpg?1716977673" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Diagrammatic representation of oligosaccharides derived from red seaweed. (<b>A</b>) Agaro–oligosaccharides and neoagaro–oligosaccharides; (<b>B</b>) κ−carrageenan oligosaccharides; (<b>C</b>) ι−carrageenan oligosaccharides; and (<b>D</b>) λ−carrageenan oligosaccharides. Source: Cheong et al. [<a href="#B342-phycology-04-00015" class="html-bibr">342</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00015-g003-550.jpg?1716977674" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Structural representation of bioactive compounds from seaweed: chromophore group of R-phycoerythrin, mycosporine-like amino acids, and peptides. Source: Echave et al. [<a href="#B352-phycology-04-00015" class="html-bibr">352</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1389536" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1389536" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1389536" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/14/s1?version=1715080846"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 3230 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 2991 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/14/pdf?version=1717654199" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Morphological and Molecular Characters Differentiate Common Morphotypes of Atlantic Holopelagic Sargassum" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/2/14">Morphological and Molecular Characters Differentiate Common Morphotypes of Atlantic Holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i></a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amy N. S. Siuda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aurélie Blanfuné</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Skye Dibner</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marc Verlaque</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Charles-François Boudouresque</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Solène Connan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Deborah S. Goodwin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valérie Stiger-Pouvreau</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Frédérique Viard</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Florence Rousseau</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valérie Michotey</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jeffrey M. Schell</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas Changeaux</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Didier Aurelle</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thierry Thibaut</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(2), 256-275; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020014">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020014</a> - 7 May 2024 </div> <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/14#metrics">Cited by 5</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Since 2011, massive new strandings of holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> have been reported on the coasts of the Caribbean, northern Brazil, Guiana, and West Africa, causing severe economic and ecological damage. Three common morphotypes (<i>S. fluitans</i> III, <i>S. natans</i> I, and <i>S. natans</i> VIII) <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/14/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Since 2011, massive new strandings of holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> have been reported on the coasts of the Caribbean, northern Brazil, Guiana, and West Africa, causing severe economic and ecological damage. Three common morphotypes (<i>S. fluitans</i> III, <i>S. natans</i> I, and <i>S. natans</i> VIII) were identified as responsible for these catastrophic events, with dominance shifts between them over time. However, the taxonomic status of these holopelagic <i>Sargassum</i> morphotypes remains unclear. Using an integrative taxonomy framework, combining a morphological study and molecular analyses, this study aimed to clarify their taxonomic status. Morphological analyses of 54 characters revealed no intermediate form between the three morphotypes, with the overall shape, nature of the axis, and size and shape of blades and vesicles being the most discriminating. An analysis of mitochondrial (<i>IGS</i>, <i>cox2</i>, <i>cox3</i>, <i>mt16S rRNA</i>, and <i>nad6</i>) and plastid (<i>rbcL</i>) markers confirmed the genetic divergence among the three morphotypes, with a lower level of divergence between the two <i>S. natans</i> morphotypes. Without additional molecular characterization, these morphotypes cannot be classified as three distinct species. However, due to their distinct morphological characteristics and sympatry within drifting aggregations, a revision of holopelagic species names is proposed, with <i>Sargassum fluitans</i> var. <i>fluitans</i> (for <i>S. fluitans</i> III), <i>Sargassum natans</i> var. <i>natans</i> (for <i>S. natans</i> I), and <i>S. natans</i> var. <i>wingei</i> (for <i>S. natans</i> VIII<i>)</i>. This revision provides necessary clarity on the species involved in inundations of the tropical Atlantic. <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/14">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/phycology/topical_collections/Sargassum_Golden_Tides ">Sargassum Golden Tides, a Global Problem</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/14/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1389536"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1389536"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1389536" data-cycle-prev="#prev1389536" data-cycle-progressive="#images1389536" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1389536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g001-550.jpg?1717654266" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1389536" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1389536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g002-550.jpg?1717654269'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1389536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g003-550.jpg?1717654270'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1389536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g004-550.jpg?1717654272'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1389536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g005-550.jpg?1717654274'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1389536-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g006-550.jpg?1717654278'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1389536-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g001-550.jpg?1717654266" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Sampling locations of holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> during the two 2017 expeditions. S: Caribbean expedition; Y: Transatlantic expedition.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g002-550.jpg?1717654269" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Two-dimensional nMDS ordination plot using S17 Bray–Curtis similarity based on 54 discriminant morphological characters of 264 holopelagic specimens of <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> collected during the two 2017 campaigns.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g003-550.jpg?1717654270" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Dried specimens and detail of holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> morphotypes collected at station S10. (<b>A</b>) <span class="html-italic">Sargassum fluitans</span> III (<span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> var<span class="html-italic">. fluitans</span>, ref. HCOM S10-S3-1). (<b>B</b>) <span class="html-italic">Sargassum natans</span> I (<span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> ref. HCOM S10-S2-2). (<b>C</b>) <span class="html-italic">Sargassum natans</span> VIII (<span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">wingei</span> nov. var., holotype, ref. HCOM S10-S1-3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g004-550.jpg?1717654272" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Morphological comparison between <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> III, <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> I, and <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> VIII morphotypes of holopelagic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> collected during the two expeditions of 2017. (<b>A</b>) Habitus, axis, and vesicles of <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> III morphotype (<span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">fluitans</span>). Scale bars = 1 cm. (<b>B</b>) Habitus, axis, and vesicles of <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> I morphotype (<span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">natans</span>). (<b>C</b>) Habitus, axis, and vesicles of <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> VIII morphotype (<span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">wingei</span> nov. var.). Each vesicle is attached to the axis by a pedicel. Vesicles have an apical spine-like appendage only for <span class="html-italic">Sargassum natans</span> var. <span class="html-italic">natans</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g005-550.jpg?1717654274" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Phylogenetic tree based on the concatenation of <span class="html-italic">rbcL</span> and <span class="html-italic">cox3</span> sequences. The topology shown here corresponds to the output of the Maximum Likelihood analysis. Bootstrap values higher than 80%, and posterior probabilities higher than 0.9 are indicated at the left of the corresponding group. Newly generated sequences are in red. For the sequences retrieved from GenBank, the accession number is indicated together with the species name (corrected with current taxonomic status).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00014-g006-550.jpg?1717654278" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Sequence networks for mt spacer IGS, <span class="html-italic">rbcL</span>, <span class="html-italic">16S rRNA</span> gene, concatenation of c<span class="html-italic">ox2</span> and <span class="html-italic">cox3</span>, and <span class="html-italic">nad6</span>. Sequences of <span class="html-italic">S. polyceratium</span>, <span class="html-italic">S. vachellianum</span>, <span class="html-italic">S. spinuligerum</span>, and <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> sp., as well as dot-filled wedges correspond to sequences retrieved from GenBank. Number of sequences per haplotype is noted.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1379503" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1379503" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1379503" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/13/s1?version=1713604313"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 830 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 2727 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/13/pdf?version=1713604312" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Comprehensive Analysis of Biomass, Nutrient, and Heavy Metal Contributions of Pelagic Sargassum Species (Phaeophyceae) Inundations in South Florida" data-journal="phycology"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-9410/4/2/13">Comprehensive Analysis of Biomass, Nutrient, and Heavy Metal Contributions of Pelagic <i>Sargassum</i> Species (Phaeophyceae) Inundations in South Florida</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Danielle C. Hatt</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Natalie K. Bally</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lowell Andrew R. Iporac</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Samantha Olszak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Justin E. Campbell</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ligia Collado-Vides</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Phycology</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(2), 235-255; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020013">https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4020013</a> - 20 Apr 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Pelagic <i>Sargassum</i> landings (hereby referred to as sargasso) increased dramatically in 2011 throughout the equatorial tropical Atlantic due to the formation of the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt (GASB). Despite increasing reports, understanding of local abundances and vegetative characteristics, especially in South Florida, remains <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/13/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Pelagic <i>Sargassum</i> landings (hereby referred to as sargasso) increased dramatically in 2011 throughout the equatorial tropical Atlantic due to the formation of the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt (GASB). Despite increasing reports, understanding of local abundances and vegetative characteristics, especially in South Florida, remains limited. From 2018 to 2021, sargasso was collected at two South Florida beaches, with additional sampling at a third beach to assess nutrient and heavy metal concentrations. Biomass landings varied greatly, with <i>S. fluitans</i> III predominant during the “peak season” (May to July) and <i>S. natans</i> I predominant in the “off season”, while <i>S. natans</i> VIII was consistently least abundant. This suggests that South Florida may receive sargasso from the Sargasso Sea during the low season and from the GASB during the peak sargasso season. Across all three morphotypes, mean nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents were 0.97% and 0.04% (dry weight), respectively. Out of the 16 heavy metals detected, our values were similar to those reported across the Caribbean. Arsenic was the most prevalent heavy metal, with sargasso containing epibionts having higher arsenic concentrations. These results provide comprehensive information to better understand the characteristics and potential origin of sargasso landings in South Florida. <a href="/2673-9410/4/2/13">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/phycology/topical_collections/Sargassum_Golden_Tides ">Sargassum Golden Tides, a Global Problem</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9410/4/2/13/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1379503"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1379503"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1379503" data-cycle-prev="#prev1379503" data-cycle-progressive="#images1379503" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1379503-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g001-550.jpg?1713604397" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1379503" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1379503-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g002a-550.jpg?1713604401'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1379503-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g002b-550.jpg?1713604406'><p>Figure 2 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1379503-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g003-550.jpg?1713604408'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1379503-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g004-550.jpg?1713604409'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1379503-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g005-550.jpg?1713604411'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1379503-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g006-550.jpg?1713604412'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1379503-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g007-550.jpg?1713604413'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1379503-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g001-550.jpg?1713604397" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Map of Florida, USA, and three sites surveyed in South Florida: Dania Beach, Crandon Park, and Bill Baggs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g002a-550.jpg?1713604401" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Box and whisker plots showing dry weight of sargasso biomass landings collected from Dania Beach from September 2018 through July 2022. Surveyed months at Dania Beach contain one survey (N = 4) and were shown only when sargasso was present and volunteer surveys were successfully conducted. The horizontal bar within the box represents the median, the upper and lower boundaries of the box represent the lower and upper quartile, and the whiskers represent the extreme values; circles are the outliers. Different common letters indicate post hoc analysis (Dunn test) when dry biomass differed across sampling times, while capital letters indicate post hoc analysis (Dunn test) for sampling times across 2019 only. (<b>B</b>) Proportion of dry weight of biomass of each morphotype of sargasso collected from Dania Beach. Surveys for morphotype distinctions at this site began in October 2018 and were conducted for each subsequent biomass sampling. (<b>C</b>) Box and whisker plot showing dry weight of sargasso biomass collected from Crandon Park from January 2022 to December 2022. Surveys were conducted every month regardless of the presence of sargasso to show seasonality at Crandon Park. Horizontal lines represent no sargasso present. Asterisks (*) indicate dead sargasso with no new landings of fresh specimen present on the shoreline. These surveys were reported as no sargasso present. The horizontal bar within the box represents the median, the upper and lower boundaries of the box represent the lower and upper quartile, and the whiskers represent the extreme values; circles are the outliers. (<b>D</b>) Proportion of dry weight of biomass of each morphotype of sargasso collected from Crandon Park.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g002b-550.jpg?1713604406" title=" <strong>Figure 2 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Box and whisker plots showing dry weight of sargasso biomass landings collected from Dania Beach from September 2018 through July 2022. Surveyed months at Dania Beach contain one survey (N = 4) and were shown only when sargasso was present and volunteer surveys were successfully conducted. The horizontal bar within the box represents the median, the upper and lower boundaries of the box represent the lower and upper quartile, and the whiskers represent the extreme values; circles are the outliers. Different common letters indicate post hoc analysis (Dunn test) when dry biomass differed across sampling times, while capital letters indicate post hoc analysis (Dunn test) for sampling times across 2019 only. (<b>B</b>) Proportion of dry weight of biomass of each morphotype of sargasso collected from Dania Beach. Surveys for morphotype distinctions at this site began in October 2018 and were conducted for each subsequent biomass sampling. (<b>C</b>) Box and whisker plot showing dry weight of sargasso biomass collected from Crandon Park from January 2022 to December 2022. Surveys were conducted every month regardless of the presence of sargasso to show seasonality at Crandon Park. Horizontal lines represent no sargasso present. Asterisks (*) indicate dead sargasso with no new landings of fresh specimen present on the shoreline. These surveys were reported as no sargasso present. The horizontal bar within the box represents the median, the upper and lower boundaries of the box represent the lower and upper quartile, and the whiskers represent the extreme values; circles are the outliers. (<b>D</b>) Proportion of dry weight of biomass of each morphotype of sargasso collected from Crandon Park.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g003-550.jpg?1713604408" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Normalized relative frequency of sargasso morphotypes present at Dania Beach from 2019 to 2021 using citizen science observations from “<span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> Watch”.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g004-550.jpg?1713604409" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) Annual average carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus tissue contents of sargasso and (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) annual average carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus molar ratios of sargasso collected at all three sites from 2018 to 2021. The black dots represent this study, with error bars indicating standard error of the mean (SEM). The blue dashed line represents the average nutrient content value for macroalgae reported by Duarte in 1992 [<a href="#B44-phycology-04-00013" class="html-bibr">44</a>]. The orange dotted line represents the average nutrient content value for benthic <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> obtained by averaging published values of nutrient content for <span class="html-italic">Sargassum</span> spp. [<a href="#B45-phycology-04-00013" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-phycology-04-00013" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-phycology-04-00013" class="html-bibr">47</a>]. The green dashed line represents the average nutrient content value for sargasso reported by Lapointe et al. 2021 [<a href="#B21-phycology-04-00013" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. The green dashed line in panel (<b>C</b>) is overlapping with the value reported by the blue dashed line for macroalgae. Different letters indicate post hoc analyses (Dunn test) when nutrient content differed among years.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g005-550.jpg?1713604411" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Box and whisker plot showing percent of inorganic mass fraction of cleaned sargasso to remove associated epibionts versus uncleaned samples of sargasso to include all associated epibionts collected from all three sites from 2019 to 2022. The horizontal bar within the box represents the median, the upper and lower boundaries of the box represent the lower and upper quartile, and the whiskers represent the extreme values. Circles indicate each thalli of sargasso analyzed with all associated epibionts removed, while triangles indicate sargasso thalli analyzed with epibionts attached. Statistical analyses (Mann–Whitney) showed differences across inorganic mass fraction of cleaned versus uncleaned samples of sargasso (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g006-550.jpg?1713604412" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Element concentrations of sargasso collected at all three sites sorted from lowest to highest average elemental concentrations separated by morphotype: <span class="html-italic">S. fluitans</span> III, <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> I, and <span class="html-italic">S. natans</span> VIII. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean (SEM).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/phycology/phycology-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/phycology-04-00013-g007-550.jpg?1713604413" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Average arsenic concentration of cleaned sargasso to remove associated epibionts versus uncleaned samples of sargasso to include all associated epibionts collected from all three sites in 2021. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). The red dashed line represents the maximum limit for seaweed intended as animal fodder as reported in [<a href="#B13-phycology-04-00013" class="html-bibr">13</a>,<a href="#B48-phycology-04-00013" class="html-bibr">48</a>]. Statistical analyses (Mann–Whitney) showed differences across arsenic concentration of cleaned versus uncleaned samples of sargasso (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-9410/4/2/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=phycology&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/phycology"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/phycology-logo.png?35b21e48fa80bd4f" alt="phycology-logo" title="Phycology" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_JournalSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form[journal_id]=500" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to <i>Phycology</i> </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_JournalReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for <em>Phycology</em> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links"> <div class="journal-share-links-social"> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess"> <svg width="25" height="26" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="padding: 6px;"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="black" /> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-top: 1px; 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Phycology | An Open Access Journal from MDPI