CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Harbin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d59990c5-e966-4973-aa03-bc265121e9bf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Harbin","wgTitle":"Harbin","wgCurRevisionId":1281214137,"wgRevisionId":1281214137,"wgArticleId":143373,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing Manchu-language text","Pages with Manchu IPA","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)","Articles with dead external links from August 2018","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles with dead external links from July 2022","Articles with dead external links from July 2018","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list","Articles containing Chinese-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from August 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Populated places with period of establishment missing","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Harbin","Cities in Heilongjiang","Provincial capitals in China","Songhua River","Prefecture-level divisions of Heilongjiang","Sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China","Historic Jewish communities in Asia","National Civilized City","National Famous Historical and Cultural City"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Harbin","wgRelevantArticleId":143373,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":45.7576,"lon":126.6409},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q42956","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg/1200px-26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="624"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg/960px-26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="416"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="333"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Harbin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Harbin rootpage-Harbin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Harbin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Harbin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Harbin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Harbin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>International city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_invasion_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_invasion_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Japanese invasion period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_invasion_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_development_zones_and_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development_zones_and_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economic development zones and ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_development_zones_and_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Winter culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Music_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Music_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span><i>The Music City</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Music_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harbin_Summer_Music_Concert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harbin_Summer_Music_Concert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Harbin Summer Music Concert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harbin_Summer_Music_Concert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_and_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_and_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Television and radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_and_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historical architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Modern architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Metro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports_and_waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_and_waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Ports and waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports_and_waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="هاربن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاربن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Հարպին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հարպին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="হারপিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হারপিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hah-n%C3%AD-pin-chh%C4%AB" title="Hah-ní-pin-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hah-ní-pin-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Харбін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Харбін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Харбін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Харбін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Pangmasang_Republika_sa_T%C5%9Bina)" title="Harbin (kapital sa lalawigan sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Harbin (kapital sa lalawigan sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbin" title="Charbin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charbin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Χαρπίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρπίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbino" title="Harbino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Harbino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هاربین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاربین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E6%BF%B1" title="哈爾濱 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="哈爾濱" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CC%8Dp-ng%C3%AC-p%C3%AEn-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Ha̍p-ngì-pîn-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ha̍p-ngì-pîn-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%96%BC%EB%B9%88%EC%8B%9C" title="하얼빈시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하얼빈시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Հարբին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարբին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="हारबिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हारबिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F" title="חרבין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חרבין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ხარბინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხარბინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinia" title="Harbinia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Harbinia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbina" title="Harbina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Harbina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinas" title="Harbinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Harbinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹാർബീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാർബീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="हार्पिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हार्पिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰარბინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰარბინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="هاربن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاربن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هاربین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هاربین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%83k-%C4%AB-b%C4%ADng" title="Hăk-ī-bĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hăk-ī-bĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဟာရ်ပင်းမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟာရ်ပင်းမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="हार्बिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हार्बिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%82" title="ハルビン市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハルビン市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarbin" title="Xarbin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xarbin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹਾਰਬਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਰਬਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="هاربن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هاربن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbin" title="Charbin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charbin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்பின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்பின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Харбин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Харбин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ฮาร์บิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮาร์บิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Харбін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Харбін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="ہاربن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہاربن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="خاربىن شەھىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خاربىن شەھىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hah%27wjbinh" title="Hah'wjbinh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hah'wjbinh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1p_Nh%C4%A9_T%C3%A2n" title="Cáp Nhĩ Tân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cáp Nhĩ Tân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E6%BF%B1%E5%B8%82" title="哈爾濱市 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="哈爾濱市" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Harbin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82" title="哈尔滨市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈尔滨市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E6%BF%B1" title="哈爾濱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈爾濱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82" title="哈尔滨市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈尔滨市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42956#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Harbin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harbin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harbin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Harbin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Harbin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&oldid=1281214137" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Harbin&id=1281214137&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHarbin"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHarbin"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Harbin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Harbin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Harbin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42956" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harbin&params=45.7576_N_126.6409_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-23_source:Gaode"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°45′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">126°38′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.7576°N 126.6409°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.7576; 126.6409</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Heilongjiang, China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Harbin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Harbin (disambiguation)">Harbin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prefecture-level and sub-provincial city in Heilongjiang, China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Harbin</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="zh-Hans">哈尔滨市</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Ha'erbin, Haerhpin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-provincial city">sub-provincial city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="border:1;;height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:26935-Harbin_(29661238117).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg/330px-26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg/500px-26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg/960px-26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1561" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div style="border:1;;height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Street,_Harbin_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Central_Street%2C_Harbin_21.jpg/250px-Central_Street%2C_Harbin_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Central_Street%2C_Harbin_21.jpg/330px-Central_Street%2C_Harbin_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Central_Street%2C_Harbin_21.jpg/500px-Central_Street%2C_Harbin_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Central_Street_(Harbin)" title="Central Street (Harbin)">Central Street</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="border:1;;height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:201907_Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Harbin_under_renovation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/201907_Saint_Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin_under_renovation.jpg/120px-201907_Saint_Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin_under_renovation.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/201907_Saint_Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin_under_renovation.jpg/250px-201907_Saint_Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin_under_renovation.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Harbin" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral, Harbin">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div style="border:1;;height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiyang_Island_26403-Harbin_(44837835754).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Taiyang_Island_26403-Harbin_%2844837835754%29.jpg/250px-Taiyang_Island_26403-Harbin_%2844837835754%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Taiyang_Island_26403-Harbin_%2844837835754%29.jpg/330px-Taiyang_Island_26403-Harbin_%2844837835754%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1744" /></a></span></div><div>Sun Island</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="border:1;;height:84px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Pannell_-_Siberia_-_2008_-_DSC_3233_(2236782856).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Pannell_-_Siberia_-_2008_-_DSC_3233_%282236782856%29.jpg/128px-John_Pannell_-_Siberia_-_2008_-_DSC_3233_%282236782856%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Pannell_-_Siberia_-_2008_-_DSC_3233_%282236782856%29.jpg/192px-John_Pannell_-_Siberia_-_2008_-_DSC_3233_%282236782856%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Pannell_-_Siberia_-_2008_-_DSC_3233_%282236782856%29.jpg/256px-John_Pannell_-_Siberia_-_2008_-_DSC_3233_%282236782856%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Harbin_International_Ice_and_Snow_Sculpture_Festival" title="Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival">Harbin Ice and Snow World</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="border:1;;height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_Photo_by_Xundaogong_-_panoramio_(137).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_Photo_by_Xundaogong_-_panoramio_%28137%29.jpg/250px-%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_Photo_by_Xundaogong_-_panoramio_%28137%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_Photo_by_Xundaogong_-_panoramio_%28137%29.jpg/330px-%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_Photo_by_Xundaogong_-_panoramio_%28137%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Nan%27gang,_Harbin" title="Nan'gang, Harbin">Nan'gang District</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="border:1;;height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiangjiang_Park_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Xiangjiang_Park_2.jpg/250px-Xiangjiang_Park_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Xiangjiang_Park_2.jpg/330px-Xiangjiang_Park_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Tower" title="Dragon Tower">Dragon Tower</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Ice City, Oriental Paris, Oriental Moscow, The pearl on the swan's neck</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="6" data-lat="45.37" data-lon="128.15" data-overlays="["_bd79a94dae8f8fa65803328742f776bbf2a5a796"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/45.37/128.15/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,45.37,128.15,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Harbin&revid=1281214137&groups=_bd79a94dae8f8fa65803328742f776bbf2a5a796" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,45.37,128.15,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Harbin&revid=1281214137&groups=_bd79a94dae8f8fa65803328742f776bbf2a5a796 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_Harbin_Prefecture_within_Heilongjiang_(China).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Harbin City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey)"><img alt="Location of Harbin City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Location_of_Harbin_Prefecture_within_Heilongjiang_%28China%29.png/250px-Location_of_Harbin_Prefecture_within_Heilongjiang_%28China%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Location_of_Harbin_Prefecture_within_Heilongjiang_%28China%29.png/375px-Location_of_Harbin_Prefecture_within_Heilongjiang_%28China%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Location_of_Harbin_Prefecture_within_Heilongjiang_%28China%29.png/500px-Location_of_Harbin_Prefecture_within_Heilongjiang_%28China%29.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="760" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Harbin City (yellow) in Heilongjiang (light grey)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Heilongjiang_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbin is located in Heilongjiang"><img alt="Harbin is located in Heilongjiang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/China_Heilongjiang_location_map.svg/250px-China_Heilongjiang_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/China_Heilongjiang_location_map.svg/375px-China_Heilongjiang_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/China_Heilongjiang_location_map.svg/500px-China_Heilongjiang_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="289" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.931%;left:40.292%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Harbin"><img alt="Harbin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Harbin</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the city center in Heilongjiang</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Heilongjiang</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbin is located in China"><img alt="Harbin is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-China_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="408" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.167%;left:82.236%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Harbin"><img alt="Harbin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Harbin</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Harbin (China)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of China</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates (Heilongjiang Provincial Museum): <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Harbin&params=45.7576_N_126.6409_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-23_source:Gaode"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°45′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">126°38′27″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.7576°N 126.6409°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.7576; 126.6409</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/County-level_division" class="mw-redirect" title="County-level division">County-level divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18 divisions,<sup id="cite_ref-Administrative_Divisions_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Administrative_Divisions-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 9 urban districts, 2 County-level cities and 7 counties</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">before 1115</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated<br /> - Town</th><td class="infobox-data"><br />1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - County</th><td class="infobox-data">1905-10-31</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Municipality</th><td class="infobox-data">1921-02-05</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipal seat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Songbei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbei District">Songbei District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial city</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin_Municipal_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harbin Municipal People's Congress (page does not exist)">Harbin Municipal People's Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">CCP Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wang Zhaoli</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin_Municipal_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harbin Municipal People's Congress (page does not exist)">Congress</a> Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Zhao Ming</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Sun Zhe</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">CPPCC</a> Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Qin Enting</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Survey_of_the_City_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey_of_the_City-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-provincial city">sub-provincial city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">53,068 km<sup>2</sup> (20,490 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,454.5 km<sup>2</sup> (947.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,204.8 km<sup>2</sup> (3,940.1 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">150 m (488 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020 census)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-provincial city">sub-provincial city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,009,854</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">190/km<sup>2</sup> (490/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,976,136</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,800/km<sup>2</sup> (7,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,841,929</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">570/km<sup>2</sup> (1,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Harbinite, Harbinese</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">sub-provincial city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CN%C2%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="CN¥">CN¥</a> 575.1 billion<br /><a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 92.3 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">CN¥ 59,027<br />US$ 9,477</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08:00" title="UTC+08:00">UTC+08:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">China Standard</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal code of China">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">150000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_China" title="Telephone numbers in China">451</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN" title="ISO 3166-2:CN">CN-HL-01</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/License_Plate_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="License Plate (China)">License plate prefixes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">黑A</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">黑L</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate#Hot/warm_summer_subtype" title="Humid continental climate">Dwa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><b>City flowers</b></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lilac" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilac">Lilac</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harbin.gov.cn">Official Website</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Harbin</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_(Chinese_and_Manchu).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Harbin_%28Chinese_and_Manchu%29.svg/175px-Harbin_%28Chinese_and_Manchu%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Harbin_%28Chinese_and_Manchu%29.svg/263px-Harbin_%28Chinese_and_Manchu%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Harbin_%28Chinese_and_Manchu%29.svg/350px-Harbin_%28Chinese_and_Manchu%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="385" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Harbin" in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a> (top), <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a> (middle), and <a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a> (bottom) characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:哈尔滨">哈尔滨</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E6%BF%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:哈爾濱">哈爾濱</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hā'ěrbīn</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>) "Place of drying fishnets" or (Jurchen language) "Swan"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hā'ěrbīn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄏㄚ   ㄦˇ   ㄅㄧㄣ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ha'eelbin</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ha<sup>1</sup>-êrh<sup>3</sup>-pin<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xá.àɚpín]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/dc\/Harbin_pronunciation.ogg\/Harbin_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Harbin pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Harbin_pronunciation.ogg/Harbin_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Harbin pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Haa1ji5ban1</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Manchu name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', sans-serif; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"><big>ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ</big></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transliterations_of_Manchu" title="Transliterations of Manchu">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Harbin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Russian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/ba\/Ru-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD.oga\/Ru-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0301\u043d"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Ru-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD.oga/Ru-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Харби́н</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD.oga" title="File:Ru-Харбин.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Kharbin</i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Manju_gisun.svg/9px-Manju_gisun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Manju_gisun.svg/14px-Manju_gisun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Manju_gisun.svg/19px-Manju_gisun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="111" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Manchu" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Harbin</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, China. It is the largest city of Heilongjiang, as well as being the city with the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> population (after <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoning province">Liaoning province</a>) and largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> population (urban and <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> regions together) in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts, two county-level cities and seven counties, and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population_and_built-up_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in China by population and built-up area">eighth most populous</a> Chinese city according to the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_National_Population_Census_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China">2020 census</a>. The built-up area of Harbin (which consists of all districts except <a href="/wiki/Shuangcheng,_Harbin" title="Shuangcheng, Harbin">Shuangcheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acheng,_Harbin" title="Acheng, Harbin">Acheng</a>) had 5,841,929 inhabitants, while the total metropolitan population was up to 10,009,854, making it <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world</a>. Harbin serves as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications hub in Northeast China, as well as an important industrial base of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several different etymologies have been offered for the city's name. The city government says the name means "<a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other sources says that it comes from a <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> word meaning "a place for drying <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement grew from a small rural <a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">fishing village</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a> to become one of the largest cities in Northeast China. Founded in 1898 with the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>-built <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a>, the city first prospered as a settlement inhabited by an overwhelming majority of immigrants from the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Polishstudy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polishstudy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, the city was considered China's <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capital</a> since new designs from <a href="/wiki/Paris#Fashion" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> reached here first before arriving in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1932 until 1945, Harbin was the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Being well known for its historical Russian legacy and architecture, the city is famed for its European influence<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and serves as an important gateway in <a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_relations#Economic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Russian relations">Sino-Russian trade</a> today. </p><p>Harbin is one of the top 50 cities and metropolitan areas in the world by <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific research">scientific research</a> output as tracked by the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city hosts <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Heilongjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang">several major universities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Engineering_University" title="Harbin Engineering University">Harbin Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Medical_University" title="Harbin Medical University">Harbin Medical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Agricultural_University" title="Northeast Agricultural University">Northeast Agricultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Harbin University of Science and Technology">Harbin University of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Normal_University" title="Harbin Normal University">Harbin Normal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Forestry_University" title="Northeast Forestry University">Northeast Forestry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_University" title="Heilongjiang University">Heilongjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a> is consistently ranked as one of the best universities in the world for engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harbin was voted "China Top Tourist City" by the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Tourism_Administration" title="China National Tourism Administration">China National Tourism Administration</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known for its bitterly cold winters, Harbin is heralded as the <i>Ice City</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:冰">冰</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:城">城</a></span></span>) for its winter tourism and recreations.<sup id="cite_ref-Xhnet_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xhnet-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbin is notable for its <a href="/wiki/Harbin_International_Ice_and_Snow_Sculpture_Festival" title="Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival">ice sculpture festival</a> in the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCsculpturemelting_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCsculpturemelting-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has hosted the <a href="/wiki/1996_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1996 Asian Winter Games">1996 Winter Asian Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2009_Winter_Universiade" title="2009 Winter Universiade">2009 Winter Universiade</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2025_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2025 Asian Winter Games">2025 Asian Winter Games</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human settlement in the Harbin area dates from at least 2200 BC during the late <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Aguda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Aguda">Wanyan Aguda</a>, the founder and first emperor (reigned 1115–1123) of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> (1115–1234), was born in the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> <a href="/wiki/Wanyan" title="Wanyan">Wanyan</a> tribes who resided near the <a href="/wiki/Ashi_River" title="Ashi River">Ashi River</a> in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 1115 Aguda established Jin's capital Shangjing (Upper Capital) <a href="/wiki/Huining_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Huining Prefecture">Huining Prefecture</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Acheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheng District">Acheng District</a> of Harbin.<sup id="cite_ref-chinakindnesstour.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinakindnesstour.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Aguda's death, the new emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizong of Jin">Wanyang Sheng</a> ordered the construction of a new city on a uniform plan. The planning and construction emulated major Chinese cities, in particular <a href="/wiki/Bianjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bianjing">Bianjing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>), although the Jin capital was smaller than its <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song">Northern Song</a> prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-tao28_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tao28-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huining Prefecture served as the first superior capital of the Jin Empire until <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Liang" title="Wanyan Liang">Wanyan Liang</a> (the fourth emperor of the Jin Dynasty) moved the capital to Yanjing (now <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) in 1153.<sup id="cite_ref-tao44_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tao44-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liang even went to destroy all palaces in his former capital in 1157.<sup id="cite_ref-tao44_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tao44-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wanyan Liang's successor Wanyan Yong (<a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Emperor Shizong</a>) restored the city and established it as a secondary capital in 1173.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruins of the Shangjing Huining Prefecture were discovered and excavated about 2 km (1.2 mi) from present-day Acheng's central urban area.<sup id="cite_ref-chinakindnesstour.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinakindnesstour.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bowuguan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowuguan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site of the old Jin capital ruins is a national historic reserve, and includes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_Dynasty_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jin Dynasty History Museum (page does not exist)">Jin Dynasty History Museum</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E9%87%91%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%AC%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" class="extiw" title="zh:哈尔滨市阿城区金上京历史博物馆">zh</a>]</sup>. The museum, open to the public, was renovated in late 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-bowuguan_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowuguan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mounted statues of Aguda and of his chief commander <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Nianhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Nianhan">Wanyan Zonghan</a> (also Nianhan) stand in the grounds of the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the artifacts found there are on display in nearby Harbin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Jin Empire</a> (1211–1234), Huining Prefecture was abandoned. In the 17th century, the Manchus used building materials from Huining Prefecture to construct their new stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Acheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheng District">Alchuka</a>. The region of Harbin remained largely rural until the 19th century, with over ten villages and about 30,000 people in the city's present-day urban districts by the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Evolution_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Evolution-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_city">International city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></div> <p>A small village in 1898 grew into the modern city of Harbin.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Adam_Szyd%C5%82owski" title="Adam Szydłowski">Adam Szydłowski</a> drew plans for the city following the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> had financed.<sup id="cite_ref-Polishstudy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polishstudy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians selected Harbin as the base of their administration over this railway and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Eastern Railway Zone">Chinese Eastern Railway Zone</a>. The railways were largely constructed by Russian engineers and indentured workers. The Chinese Eastern Railway extended the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>, substantially reducing the distance from <a href="/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai">Chita</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> and also linking the new port city of Dalny (<a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>) and the Russian naval base of Port Arthur (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshun">Lüshun</a>). The settlement founded by the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway quickly turned into a <a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">boomtown</a>, growing into a city within five years. The Russian-speaking settlers in Harbin came from all over the Russian Empire, including Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Georgians, and <a href="/wiki/Tatar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar people">Tatars</a>, in addition to Russians, eventually making Harbin a Russian town, with the majority of population coming from the south of the European Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was intended as a showcase for Russian imperialism in Asia and the American scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Karlinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Karlinsky (page does not exist)">Simon Karlinsky</a>, who was born in Harbin in 1924 into a Russian-Jewish family, wrote that in Harbin "the buildings, boulevards, and parks were planned—well before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>—by distinguished Russian architects and also by Swiss and Italian town planners", giving the city a very European appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the late 19th century, a mass influx of Han Chinese arrived in Manchuria, and taking advantage of the rich soils, founded farms that soon turned Manchuria into the "breadbasket of China" while others went to work in the mines and factories of Manchuria, which become one of the first regions of China to industrialize. Harbin became one of the main points through which food and industrial products were shipped out of Manchuria. A sign of Harbin's wealth was that a theater had established during its first decade and in 1907 the play <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=K_zvezdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K zvezdam (page does not exist)">K zvezdam</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Andreyev" title="Leonid Andreyev">Leonid Andreyev</a> had its premiere there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013312–313_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013312–313-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1904–05), Russia used Harbin as its base for military operations in Manchuria. Following Russia's defeat, its influence declined. Several thousand nationals from 33 countries, including the United States, Germany, and France, moved to Harbin. Sixteen countries established consulates to serve their nationals, who established several hundred industrial, commercial and banking companies. Churches were rebuilt for <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin">Russian Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Nangang_Christian_Church" title="Harbin Nangang Christian Church">Lutheran/German Protestant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_of_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral of Harbin">Polish Catholic</a> Christians. Chinese capitalists also established businesses, especially in brewing, food, and textiles. Harbin became the economic hub of northeastern China and an international metropolis.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Evolution_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Evolution-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rapid growth of the city challenged the public healthcare system. The worst-ever recorded outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonic_plague" title="Pneumonic plague">pneumonic plague</a> spread to Harbin through the Trans-Manchurian railway from the border trade port of <a href="/wiki/Manzhouli" title="Manzhouli">Manzhouli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plague lasted from late autumn of 1910 to spring 1911 and killed 1,500 Harbin residents (mostly ethnic Chinese), or about five percent of its population at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This turned out to be the beginning of the large so-called <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a>, which ultimately claimed 60,000 victims. In the winter of 1910, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Wu_Lien-teh" title="Wu Lien-teh">Wu Lien-teh</a> (later the founder of <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Medical_University" title="Harbin Medical University">Harbin Medical University</a>) was given instructions from the Foreign Office, Peking, to travel to Harbin to investigate the plague. Dr. Wu asked for imperial sanction to cremate plague victims, as cremation of these infected victims turned out to be the turning point of the epidemic. The suppression of this plague pandemic changed medical progress in China. Bronze statues of Dr. Wu Lien-teh were built in <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Medical_University" title="Harbin Medical University">Harbin Medical University</a> to remember his contributions in promoting public health, preventive medicine, and medical education.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first generation of Harbin Russians were mostly the builders and employees of the Chinese Eastern Railway. They moved to Harbin in order to work on the railroad. At the time Harbin was not an established city. The city was almost built from scratch by the builders and early settlers. Houses were constructed, furniture and personal items were brought in from Russia. After the <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a> epidemic, Harbin's population continued to increase sharply, especially inside the Chinese Eastern Railway Zone. In 1913 the Chinese Eastern Railway census showed its ethnic composition as: <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> – 34,313, Chinese (that is, including <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Hans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchus">Manchus</a> etc.) – 23,537, Jews – 5,032, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> – 2556, Japanese – 696, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> – 564, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> – 234, <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> – 218, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> – 183, <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> – 172, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> – 142, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> – 124; there were also <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, and some Western Europeans. In total, 68,549 citizens of 53 nationalities, speaking 45 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research shows that only 11.5 percent of all residents were born in Harbin.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1917, Harbin's population exceeded 100,000, with over 40,000 of them being ethnic Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-эхо_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-эхо-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917 <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Soviet" title="Harbin Soviet">Harbin Soviet</a> was organized.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee1983_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It sought to seize control over the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a> and to defend Russian citizens in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SladkovskiÄ1966_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SladkovskiÄ1966-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Martemyan_Ryutin" title="Martemyan Ryutin">Martemyan Ryutin</a> was the chairman of the Harbin Soviet.<sup id="cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bisher2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Russia's <a href="/wiki/Great_October_Socialist_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Great October Socialist Revolution">Great October Socialist Revolution</a> in November 1917, the new Soviet government in Russia recognized the Harbin Soviet as its representation in Manchuria and placed Russian citizens in Manchuria under its protection.<sup id="cite_ref-SladkovskiÄ1966_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SladkovskiÄ1966-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Harbin Soviet requested recognition of the local <i><a href="/wiki/Taotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taotai">taotai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SladkovskiÄ1966_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SladkovskiÄ1966-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 December 1917, Bolsheviks seized control over the Harbin Soviet, pressuring Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries to leave the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bisher2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through <i>Golos Truda</i> the Harbin Soviet declared itself as the government of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee1983_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bisher2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 December 1917, the Harbin Soviet declared the Chinese Eastern Railway administrator <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Horvat" title="Dmitry Horvat">Dmitry Horvat</a> dismissed and directed its militia to seize control of the railway installations.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee1983_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bisher2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolshevik militia was soon confronted by Chinese troops and Horvat loyalists, who disarmed and deported some 1,560 Bolshevik fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee1983_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1983-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bisher2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryutin went underground.<sup id="cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bisher2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920 more than 100,000 defeated <a href="/wiki/Russian_White_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian White Guard">Russian White Guards</a> and refugees retreated to Harbin, which became a major center of <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigrés</a> and the largest Russian enclave outside the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-эхо_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-эхо-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karlinsky noted that a major difference with the Russian émigrés who arrived in Harbin was: "Unlike the Russian émigrés who went to Paris or Prague or even to Shanghai, the new residents of Harbin were not a minority surrounded by a foreign population. They found themselves instead in an almost totally Russian city, populated mainly by people with roots in the south of European Russia."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city had a Russian school system, as well as publishers of Russian-language newspapers and journals. The Russian <i>Harbintsy</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> community numbered around 120,000 at its peak in the early 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maramoustafine-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Harbin's Russians were wealthy, which sometimes confused foreign visitors who expected them to be poor, with for instance the American writer <a href="/wiki/Harry_A._Franck" title="Harry A. Franck">Harry A. Franck</a> in his 1923 book <i>Wanderings in North China</i> writing the Russian "ladies as well gowned as at the Paris races [who] strolled with men faultlessly garbed by European standards", leading him to wonder how they had achieved this "deceptive appearance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013312_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013312-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a> was established in 1920 as the Harbin Sino-Russian School for Industry to educate railway engineers via a Russian method of instruction. Students could select from two majors at the time: Railway Construction or Electric Mechanic Engineering. On 2 April 1922, the school was renamed the Sino-Russian Industrial University. The original two majors eventually developed into two major departments: the Railway Construction Department and the Electric Engineering Department. Between 1925 and 1928 the university's Rector was <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Ustrugov" title="Leonid Ustrugov">Leonid Ustrugov</a>, the Russian Deputy Minister of Railways under <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, Minister of Railways under <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Kolchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Kolchak">Admiral Kolchak</a>'s government and a key figure in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a>. </p><p>The Russian community in Harbin made it their mission to preserve the pre-revolutionary culture of Russia. The city had numerous Russian language newspapers, journals, libraries, theaters, and two opera companies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013313–314_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013313–314-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the famous Russian poets in Harbin was <a href="/wiki/Valery_Pereleshin" title="Valery Pereleshin">Valery Pereleshin</a>, who started publishing his intensely <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homoerotic</a> poetry in 1937 and was also one of the few Russian writers in Harbin who learned Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315–316_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315–316-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject of Pereleshin's poetry caused problems with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a>, and led Pereleshin to leave Harbin for Shanghai, and ultimately to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315–316_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315–316-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all of the Russian newspapers were of high quality, with Karlinsky calling <i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash put'</a></i>, the newspaper of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a> "the lowest example of gutter journalism that Harbin had ever seen".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baikov" title="Nikolai Baikov">Nikolai Baikov</a>, a Russian writer in Harbin was known for his novels of exile life in that city together with his accounts of his travels across Manchuria and the folklore of its Manchu and Chinese population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yulsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yulsky (page does not exist)">Boris Yulsky</a>, a young Russian writer who published his short stories in the newspaper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubezh_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubezh (newspaper) (page does not exist)">Rubezh</a></i> was considered to be a promising writer whose career was cut short when he gave up literature for activism in the Russian Fascist Party and cocaine addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta_Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Pidgin" title="Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin">Moya-tvoya</a> (mine – yours), a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> language that was a combination of Russian and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> that had developed in the 19th century when Chinese went to work in Siberia, was considered essential by the Chinese businesspeople of Harbin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013313_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013313-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1920s, according to Chinese scholars' recent studies, over 20,000 Jews lived in Harbin.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1919, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kaufman" title="Abraham Kaufman">Abraham Kaufman</a> played a leading role in Harbin's large Russian Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> discontinued diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> in 1920, leaving many Russians stateless.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the Chinese Eastern Railway and government in Beijing announced in 1924 that they agreed the railroad would employ only Russian or Chinese nationals, the émigrés were forced to announce their ethnic and political allegiance. Most accepted Soviet citizenship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Chinese warlord <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xueliang" title="Zhang Xueliang">Zhang Xueliang</a>, the "Young Marshal" seized the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1929. The Soviet military force quickly put an end to the crisis and forced the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist Chinese</a> to accept the restoration of joint Soviet-Chinese administration of the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_invasion_period">Japanese invasion period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese invasion period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Harbin" title="Defense of Harbin">Defense of Harbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unit_731_-_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Unit_731_-_Complex.jpg/220px-Unit_731_-_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Unit_731_-_Complex.jpg/330px-Unit_731_-_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Unit_731_-_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army's covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit (Unit 731)</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan invaded <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> outright after the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> in September 1931. After the Japanese captured <a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangqiao_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangqiao Campaign">Jiangqiao Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Mixed_Brigade_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="4th Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)">Japanese 4th Mixed Brigade</a> moved toward Harbin, closing in from the west and south. Bombing and strafing by Japanese aircraft forced the Chinese army to retreat from Harbin. Within a few hours, the Japanese occupation of Harbin was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">pacification of Manchukuo</a>" began, as volunteer armies continued to fight the Japanese. Harbin became a major operations base for the infamous medical experimenters of <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a>, who killed people of all ages and ethnicities. All these units were known collectively as the <i>Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main facility of the Unit 731 was built in 1935 at <a href="/wiki/Pingfang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingfang District">Pingfang District</a>, approximately 24 km (15 mi) south of Harbin urban area at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-SHK1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHK1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 3,000 and 12,000 citizens, including men, women, and children,<sup id="cite_ref-dcr_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcr-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—from which around 600 every year were provided by the <i><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—died during the human experimentation conducted by Unit 731 at the camp based in <a href="/wiki/Pingfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingfang">Pingfang</a> alone, which does not include victims from other medical experimentation sites.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 70 percent of the victims who died in the <a href="/wiki/Pingfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingfang">Pingfang</a> camp were <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, including both civilian and military.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close to 30 percent of the victims were Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian Fascist Party had the task of capturing "unreliable" Russians living in Harbin to hand over to Unit 731 to serve as the unwilling subjects of the gruesome experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some others were <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asians">Southeast Asians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a> from the colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, and a small number of the <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although many more Allied POWs were victims of Unit 731 at other sites). Prisoners of war were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">vivisection</a> without anesthesia, after being infected with various diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-dissect_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissect-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners were injected with inoculations of disease, disguised as vaccinations, to study their effects. Unit 731 and its affiliated units (Unit 1644 and Unit 100 among others) were involved in research, development, and experimental deployment of epidemic-creating biowarfare weapons in assaults against the Chinese populace (both civilian and military) throughout World War II. Human targets were also used to test <a href="/wiki/Grenades" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenades">grenades</a> positioned at various distances and in different positions. <a href="/wiki/Flame_throwers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame throwers">Flame throwers</a> were tested on humans. Humans were tied to stakes and used as targets to test <a href="/wiki/Germ_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ warfare">germ-releasing bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a>, and explosive <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twelve Unit 731 members were found guilty in the <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_War_Crime_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabarovsk War Crime Trials">Khabarovsk War Crime Trials</a> but later repatriated. Others received secret immunity by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_War_Crimes_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal">Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal</a> in exchange for their <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> work in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> for the American Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold109_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold109-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_different_nationalities_on_Kitaiskaia_Street.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Three_different_nationalities_on_Kitaiskaia_Street.JPG/220px-Three_different_nationalities_on_Kitaiskaia_Street.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Three_different_nationalities_on_Kitaiskaia_Street.JPG/330px-Three_different_nationalities_on_Kitaiskaia_Street.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Three_different_nationalities_on_Kitaiskaia_Street.JPG/440px-Three_different_nationalities_on_Kitaiskaia_Street.JPG 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Three different nationalities – Chinese, Japanese and Russian – on Kitaiskaia Street</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese revolutionaries including <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Shangzhi" title="Zhao Shangzhi">Zhao Shangzhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jingyu" title="Yang Jingyu">Yang Jingyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaolin" title="Li Zhaolin">Li Zhaolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Yiman" title="Zhao Yiman">Zhao Yiman</a> continued to struggle against the Japanese in Harbin and its administrative area, commanding the main anti-Japanese guerrilla army-<a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army</a>—which was originally organized by the Manchurian branch of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). The army was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> after the CCP Manchurian Provincial Committee was dissolved in 1936. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_fascists_at_Harbin_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Russian_fascists_at_Harbin_1934.jpg/250px-Russian_fascists_at_Harbin_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Russian_fascists_at_Harbin_1934.jpg/330px-Russian_fascists_at_Harbin_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Russian_fascists_at_Harbin_1934.jpg/500px-Russian_fascists_at_Harbin_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Anti–communist <a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a>, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin Railway Station">Harbin Railway Station</a>, 1934, waiting for arrival of their leader <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Konstantin Rodzaevsky</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the Manchukuo régime and Japanese occupation, Harbin Russians had a difficult time. In 1935, the Soviet Union sold the Chinese Eastern Railway (KVZhD) to the Japanese, and many Russian emigres left Harbin (48,133 of them were arrested during the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> between 1936 and 1938 as "Japanese spies"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-эхо_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-эхо-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most departing Russians returned to the Soviet Union, but a substantial number moved south to Shanghai or emigrated to the United States and Australia. By the end of the 1930s, the Russian population of Harbin had dropped to around 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Clausen_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clausen-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Harbin's Jews (13,000 in 1929) fled after the Japanese occupation as the Japanese associated closely with militant anti-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascists</a>, whose ideology of anti-Bolshevism and nationalism was laced with virulent anti-Semitism.<sup id="cite_ref-RFP_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFP-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kwantung Army-sponsored and financed the Russian Fascist Party, which after 1932 started to play an over-sized role in the Harbin's Russian community as its thugs began to harass and sometimes kill those opposed to it. Most Jews left for <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1930s, some German Jews fleeing the Nazis moved to Harbin. Japanese officials later facilitated Jewish emigration to several cities in western Japan, notably <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, which came to have Japan's largest synagogue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamyatnik_sovetskim_voinam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pamyatnik_sovetskim_voinam.jpg/250px-Pamyatnik_sovetskim_voinam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pamyatnik_sovetskim_voinam.jpg/330px-Pamyatnik_sovetskim_voinam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pamyatnik_sovetskim_voinam.jpg/500px-Pamyatnik_sovetskim_voinam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Red_Army_Monument,_Harbin" title="Soviet Red Army Monument, Harbin">Monument to Soviet soldiers</a> in Harbin's Nangang District, built by Soviet Red Army in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">took the city</a> on 20 August 1945<sup id="cite_ref-Glantz_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glantz-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Harbin never came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a>, whose troops stopped 60 km (37 mi) short of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-USSR1991_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSR1991-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's administration was transferred by the departing Soviet Army to the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> in April 1946. On 28 April 1946, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_occupation_of_Harbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet occupation of Harbin (page does not exist)">communist government of Harbin</a> was established, making the 700,000-citizen-city the first large city governed by the communists.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Evolution_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Evolution-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the short occupation of Harbin by the Soviet Army (August 1945 to April 1946), thousands of Russian emigres who had been identified as members of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a> and fled communism after the Russian October Revolution,<sup id="cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maramoustafine-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were forcibly deported to the Soviet Union. After 1952 the Soviet Union launched a second wave of immigration back to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maramoustafine-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1964, the Russian population in Harbin had been reduced to 450.<sup id="cite_ref-Clausen_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clausen-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the European community (Russians, Germans, Poles, Greeks, etc.) emigrated from 1950 to 1954 to Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, and the US, or were repatriated to their home countries.<sup id="cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maramoustafine-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1988 the original Russian community numbered just thirty, all of them elderly. Modern Russians living in Harbin mostly moved there in the 1990s and 2000s, and have no relation to the first wave of emigration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Harbin was one of the key construction cities of China during the First Five-Year Plan period from 1951 to 1956. 13 of the 156 key construction projects were aid-constructed by the Soviet Union in Harbin. This project made Harbin an important industrial base of China. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> from 1958 to 1961, Harbin experienced a very tortuous development course as several Sino-Soviet contracts were cancelled by the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> many foreign and Christian things were uprooted. On 23 August 1966, <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guards (People's Republic of China)">Red Guards</a> stormed into St. Nicholas Cathedral, burned its icons on the streets while chanting xenophobic slogans before destroying the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013314_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013314-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the normal economic and social order was seriously disrupted, Harbin's economy also suffered from serious setbacks. One of the main reasons of this setback is with its Soviet ties deteriorating and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> escalating, China became concerned of a possible nuclear attack. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> ordered an evacuation of military and other key state enterprises away from the northeastern frontier, with Harbin being the core zone of this region, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. During this <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front Development</a> Era of China, several major factories of Harbin were relocated to Southwestern Provinces including <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, where they would be strategically secure in the event of a possible war. Some major universities of China were also moved out of Harbin, including Harbin Military Academy of Engineering (predecessor of Changsha's <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Defense_Technology" title="National University of Defense Technology">National University of Defense Technology</a>) and Harbin Institute of Technology (Moved to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> in 1969 and relocated to Harbin in 1973).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_Jewish_Cemetery1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Harbin_Jewish_Cemetery1.jpg/250px-Harbin_Jewish_Cemetery1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Harbin_Jewish_Cemetery1.jpg/330px-Harbin_Jewish_Cemetery1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Harbin_Jewish_Cemetery1.jpg/500px-Harbin_Jewish_Cemetery1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>Huang Shan Jewish Cemetery of Harbin</figcaption></figure> <p>National economy and social service have obtained significant achievements since the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> first introduced in 1979. Harbin holds the China Harbin International Economic and Trade Fair each year since 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Evolution_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Evolution-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbin once housed one of the largest Jewish communities in the Far East before World War II. It reached its peak in the mid-1920s when 25,000 <a href="/wiki/European_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="European Jews">European Jews</a> lived in the city. Among them were the parents of <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a>. In 2004, Olmert came to Harbin with an Israeli trade delegation to visit the grave of his grandfather in Huang Shan Jewish Cemetery,<sup id="cite_ref-Olmert_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olmert-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had over 500 Jewish graves identified.<sup id="cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maramoustafine-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 October 1984, Harbin was designated a <a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-provincial city">sub-provincial city</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department of the CCP Central Committee</a>. The eight counties of Harbin originally formed part of Songhuajiang Prefecture whose seat was practically located inside the urban area of Harbin since 1972. The prefecture was officially merged into Harbin city on 11 August 1996, increasing Harbin's total population to 9.47 million.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harbin hosted <a href="/wiki/1996_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1996 Asian Winter Games">the third Asian Winter Games</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Harbin held the <a href="/wiki/2009_Winter_Universiade" title="2009 Winter Universiade">XXIV Winter Universiade</a>. </p><p>A memorial hall honoring <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">independence activist</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahn_Jung-geun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahn Jung-geun">Ahn Jung-geun</a> was unveiled at Harbin Railway Station on 19 January 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahn assassinated four-time <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Resident-General_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident-General of Korea">Resident-General of Korea</a> <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a> at No.1 platform of Harbin Railway Station on 26 October 1909, as Korea on the verge of annexation by Japan after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Eulsa_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulsa Treaty">Eulsa Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">South Korean President</a> <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-Hye" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Geun-Hye">Park Geun-Hye</a> raised an idea of erecting a monument for Ahn while meeting with <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> during a visit to China in June 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that China began to build a memorial hall honoring Ahn at Harbin Railway Station. As the hall was unveiled on 19 January 2014, the Japanese side soon lodged protest with China over the construction of Ahn's memorial hall.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nl52-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Txu-oclc-6614368-nl52-7.jpg/220px-Txu-oclc-6614368-nl52-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Txu-oclc-6614368-nl52-7.jpg/330px-Txu-oclc-6614368-nl52-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Txu-oclc-6614368-nl52-7.jpg/440px-Txu-oclc-6614368-nl52-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3863" /></a><figcaption>Map including Harbin (HA-ERH-PIN <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">哈爾濱</span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Army_Map_Service" title="Army Map Service">AMS</a>, 1955)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin,_China,_and_vicinities,_near_natural_colors,_LandSat-5,_2010-09-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Harbin%2C_China%2C_and_vicinities%2C_near_natural_colors%2C_LandSat-5%2C_2010-09-22.jpg/220px-Harbin%2C_China%2C_and_vicinities%2C_near_natural_colors%2C_LandSat-5%2C_2010-09-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Harbin%2C_China%2C_and_vicinities%2C_near_natural_colors%2C_LandSat-5%2C_2010-09-22.jpg/330px-Harbin%2C_China%2C_and_vicinities%2C_near_natural_colors%2C_LandSat-5%2C_2010-09-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Harbin%2C_China%2C_and_vicinities%2C_near_natural_colors%2C_LandSat-5%2C_2010-09-22.jpg/440px-Harbin%2C_China%2C_and_vicinities%2C_near_natural_colors%2C_LandSat-5%2C_2010-09-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Harbin and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, 2010-09-22</figcaption></figure> <p>Harbin, with a total land area of 53,068 km<sup>2</sup> (20,490 sq mi), is located in southern Heilongjiang province and is the provincial capital. The prefecture is also located at the southeastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Songnen_Plain" title="Songnen Plain">Songnen Plain</a>, a major part of China's <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeastern Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city center also sits on the southern bank of the middle <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a>. Harbin received its nickname <i>The pearl on the swan's neck</i>, since the shape of Heilongjiang resembles a swan.<sup id="cite_ref-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its administrative area is rather large with latitude spanning 44° 04′−46° 40′ N, and longitude 125° 42′−130° 10' E.<sup id="cite_ref-location_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-location-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neighbouring prefecture-level cities are <a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Heilongjiang" title="Yichun, Heilongjiang">Yichun</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qitaihe" title="Qitaihe">Qitaihe</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Mudanjiang" title="Mudanjiang">Mudanjiang</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/Suihua" title="Suihua">Suihua</a> to the northwest. On its southwestern boundary is <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> province. The main terrain of the city is generally flat and low lying, with an average elevation of around 150 metres (490 ft). The territory that comprises the 10 county-level divisions in the eastern part of the municipality consists of mountains and uplands. The easternmost part of Harbin prefecture also has extensive <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Yilan County, Heilongjiang">Yilan County</a>, which is located at the southwestern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjiang_Plain" title="Sanjiang Plain">Sanjiang Plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Harbin features a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate#Hot_summer_subtype" title="Humid continental climate">Dwa</a></i>). Due to the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_high" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian high">Siberian high</a> and its location above 45 degrees north latitude, the city is known for its cold weather and long winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its nickname <i>Ice City</i> is well-earned, as winters in the city are dry and freezing cold, with a 24-hour average in January of only −17.3 °C (0.9 °F), although the city sees little precipitation during the winter and is often sunny. Spring and autumn constitute brief transition periods with variable wind directions. Summers can be hot, with a July mean temperature of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F). Summer is also when most of the year's rainfall occurs, and more than half of the annual precipitation, at 539 millimetres (21.2 in), occurs in July and August alone. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45 percent in December to 60 percent in September, the city receives 2,340 hours of bright sunshine annually; on average precipitation falls 99 days out of the year. The annual mean temperature is 5.2 °C (41.4 °F), and extreme temperatures have ranged from −42.6 °C (−45 °F) or for the official weather station there, −41.1 °C (−42 °F) in January 1931<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 39.2 °C (103 °F) on which was hit most recently on 4 June 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though an unofficial record high temperature of 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) was recorded in July 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Climatological_Summary_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climatological_Summary-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To mitigate impacts of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, urban planning in Harbin has made use of <a href="/wiki/Sponge_city" title="Sponge city">sponge city</a> concepts, including the Qunli stormwater park which collects, filters, and stores rainwater while conserving natural habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Harbin, elevation 118 m (387 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.2<br />(102.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.8<br />(10.8) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9<br />(21.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.8<br />(14.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.3<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.9<br />(10.6) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.6<br />(5.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.4<br />(−8.3) </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.8<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2<br />(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9<br />(16) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.1<br />(−2.4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.0<br />(31.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.1<br />(−36.6) </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−37.3<br />(−35.1) </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−28.4<br />(−19.1) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8<br />(9.0) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.2<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.5<br />(−15.7) </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.7<br />(−32.3) </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−42.6<br />(−44.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(0.15) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(0.18) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(0.45) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(0.76) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.4<br />(3.95) </td> <td style="background: #32FF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137.0<br />(5.39) </td> <td style="background: #57FF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.7<br />(4.44) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(0.96) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(0.30) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">539.4<br />(21.23) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BABA45; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.2 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.4 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224.1 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191.9 </td> <td style="background: #C5C503; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.9 </td> <td style="background: #B7B75A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122.1 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,339.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: China Meteorological Administration,<sup id="cite_ref-CMA_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cma_graphical_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cma_graphical-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather China<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_China_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_China-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sub-provincial city of Harbin has direct jurisdiction over 9 <a href="/wiki/District_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="District of China">districts</a>, 2 <a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">county-level cities</a> and 7 <a href="/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (People's Republic of China)">counties</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; margin:auto; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12">Map </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"><div class="center" style="position: relative"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 630px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Administrative_Division_Harbin.png/960px-Administrative_Division_Harbin.png" decoding="async" width="630" height="516" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Administrative_Division_Harbin.png/1260px-Administrative_Division_Harbin.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1720" /></span></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:78px; top:196px"><a href="/wiki/Daoli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoli District"><b>Daoli</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:111px; top:181px"><a href="/wiki/Nangang_District,_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangang District, Harbin"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Nangang</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:144px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/Daowai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daowai District"><b>Daowai</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:211px"><a href="/wiki/Pingfang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingfang District"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Pingfang</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:84px; top:145px"><a href="/wiki/Songbei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbei District"><b>Songbei</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:129px; top:196px"><a href="/wiki/Xiangfang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangfang District"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><b>Xiangfang</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:138px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Hulan_District" title="Hulan District"><b>Hulan</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:226px"><a href="/wiki/Acheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheng District"><b>Acheng</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:30px; top:241px"><a href="/wiki/Shuangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuangcheng District"><b>Shuangcheng</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:528px; top:61px"><a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Yilan County, Heilongjiang"><b>Yilan<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:405px; top:163px"><a href="/wiki/Fangzheng_County" title="Fangzheng County"><b>Fangzheng<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:252px; top:169px"><a href="/wiki/Bin_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Bin County, Heilongjiang"><b>Bin<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:61px"><a href="/wiki/Bayan_County" title="Bayan County"><b>Bayan<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:291px; top:73px"><a href="/wiki/Mulan_County" title="Mulan County"><b>Mulan<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:408px; top:73px"><a href="/wiki/Tonghe_County" title="Tonghe County"><b>Tonghe<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:360px; top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Yanshou_County" title="Yanshou County"><b>Yanshou<br />County</b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:333px; top:310px"><a href="/wiki/Shangzhi" title="Shangzhi"><b>Shangzhi<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(city)</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:231px; top:358px"><a href="/wiki/Wuchang,_Heilongjiang" title="Wuchang, Heilongjiang"><b>Wuchang<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(city)</span></b></a></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Division code<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Division </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Area in km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Population(2010) </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Seat </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Postal code </th> <th scope="col" colspan="7">Subdivisions<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" width="45">Subdistricts </th> <th scope="col" width="45">Towns </th> <th scope="col" width="45">Townships </th> <th scope="col" width="45">Ethnic townships </th> <th scope="col" width="45">Residential communities </th> <th scope="col" width="45">Villages </th></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold"> <th>230100</th> <th>Harbin </th> <td>53,523.5</td> <td>10,635,971</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Songbei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbei District">Songbei</a></td> <td>150000</td> <td>131</td> <td>107</td> <td>62</td> <td>12</td> <td>850</td> <td>1879 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" colspan="12"><b>City proper</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>230102</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daoli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoli District">Daoli</a> </th> <td>479.2</td> <td>923,762</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fushun_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fushun Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Fushun Subdistrict</a></td> <td>150000</td> <td>20</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>116</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230103</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nangang_District,_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangang District, Harbin">Nangang</a> </th> <td>182.9</td> <td>1,343,857</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dacheng_Subdistrict,_Harbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dacheng Subdistrict, Harbin (page does not exist)">Dacheng Subdistrict</a></td> <td>150000</td> <td>18</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>169</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230104</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daowai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daowai District">Daowai</a> </th> <td>618.6</td> <td>906,421</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daxing_Subdistrict,_Harbin" title="Daxing Subdistrict, Harbin">Daxing Subdistrict</a></td> <td>150000</td> <td>22</td> <td>4</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>114</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230108</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pingfang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingfang District">Pingfang</a> </th> <td>98.0</td> <td>190,253</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youxie_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Youxie Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Youxie Subdistrict</a></td> <td>150000</td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>25</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230109</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Songbei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbei District">Songbei</a> </th> <td>736.3</td> <td>236,848</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songbei_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songbei Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Songbei Subdistrict</a></td> <td>150000</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>33</td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230110</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Xiangfang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangfang District">Xiangfang</a> </th> <td>339.5</td> <td>916,408</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangfang_Avenue_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiangfang Avenue Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Xiangfang Avenue Subdistrict</a></td> <td>150000</td> <td>20</td> <td>4</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>117</td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" colspan="12"><b>Suburbs</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>230111</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hulan_District" title="Hulan District">Hulan</a> </th> <td>2,185.9</td> <td>764,534</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limin_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limin Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Limin Subdistrict</a></td> <td>150500</td> <td>16</td> <td>7</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>48</td> <td>170 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230112</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Acheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheng District">Acheng</a> </th> <td>2,452.1</td> <td>596,856</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jincheng_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jincheng Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Jincheng Subdistrict</a></td> <td>150300</td> <td>12</td> <td>7</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>76</td> <td>108 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230113</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shuangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuangcheng District">Shuangcheng</a> </th> <td>3,112.0</td> <td>825,634</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinxing_Subdistrict,_Harbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinxing Subdistrict, Harbin (page does not exist)">Xinxing Subdistrict</a></td> <td>150100</td> <td>10</td> <td>6</td> <td>11</td> <td>5</td> <td>18</td> <td>246 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" colspan="12"><b>Satellite cities</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>230183</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shangzhi" title="Shangzhi">Shangzhi Ct.</a> </th> <td>8,824.9</td> <td>585,386</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangzhi_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shangzhi Town (page does not exist)">Shangzhi Town</a></td> <td>150600</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>21</td> <td>163 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230184</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wuchang,_Heilongjiang" title="Wuchang, Heilongjiang">Wuchang Ct.</a> </th> <td>7,502.0</td> <td>881,224</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Town,_Heilongjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuchang Town, Heilongjiang (page does not exist)">Wuchang Town</a></td> <td>150200</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>3</td> <td>21</td> <td>261 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;" colspan="12"><b>Rural</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>230123</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Yilan County, Heilongjiang">Yilan Co.</a> </th> <td>4,616.0</td> <td>388,319</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yilan_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yilan Town (page does not exist)">Yilan Town</a></td> <td>154800</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>12</td> <td>132 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230124</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fangzheng_County" title="Fangzheng County">Fangzheng Co.</a> </th> <td>2,968.6</td> <td>203,853</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fangzheng_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fangzheng Town (page does not exist)">Fangzheng Town</a></td> <td>150800</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>15</td> <td>67 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230125</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bin_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Bin County, Heilongjiang">Bin Co.</a> </th> <td>3,844.7</td> <td>551,271</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binzhou_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binzhou Town (page does not exist)">Binzhou Town</a></td> <td>150400</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>12</td> <td>5</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>5</td> <td>143 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230126</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bayan_County" title="Bayan County">Bayan Co.</a> </th> <td>3,137.7</td> <td>590,555</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayan_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayan Town (page does not exist)">Bayan Town</a></td> <td>151800</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>10</td> <td>8</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>35</td> <td>116 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230127</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mulan_County" title="Mulan County">Mulan Co.</a> </th> <td>3,600.0</td> <td>277,685</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulan_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulan Town (page does not exist)">Mulan Town</a></td> <td>151900</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>7</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230128</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tonghe_County" title="Tonghe County">Tonghe Co.</a> </th> <td>5,675.5</td> <td>210,650</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonghe_Town,_Heilongjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonghe Town, Heilongjiang (page does not exist)">Tonghe Town</a></td> <td>150900</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>6</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <th>230129</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yanshou_County" title="Yanshou County">Yanshou Co.</a> </th> <td>3,149.6</td> <td>242,455</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanshou_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanshou Town (page does not exist)">Yanshou Town</a></td> <td>150700</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>5</td> <td>4</td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td> <td>12</td> <td>106 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harbin has the largest economy in Heilongjiang province.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Harbin's GDP totaled RMB501.08 billion, an increase of 8.9 percent over the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-2013stat_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013stat-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of the three industries to the aggregate of GDP was 11.1:36.1:52.8 in 2012. The total value for imports and exports by the end of 2012 was US$5,330 million.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the working population reached 3.147 million. In 2015, Harbin had a GDP of <a href="/wiki/RMB" class="mw-redirect" title="RMB">RMB</a> 575.12 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-2015年黑龙江各市GDP和人均GDP排名_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015年黑龙江各市GDP和人均GDP排名-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">chernozem</a> soil in Harbin is one of the most nutrient rich in all of China, making it valuable for cultivating food and textile-related crops. As a result, Harbin is China's base for the production of commodity grain and an ideal location for setting up agricultural businesses. </p><p>Harbin also has industries such as light industry, textile, medicine, food, aircraft, automobile, metallurgy, electronics, building materials, and chemicals that help to form a fairly comprehensive industrial system. Several major corporations are based in the city. <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Electric" title="Harbin Electric">Harbin Electric Company Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Aircraft_Industry_Group" title="Harbin Aircraft Industry Group">Harbin Aircraft Industry Group</a> and Northeast Light Alloy Processing Factory are some of key enterprises. Power manufacturing is a main industry in Harbin; hydro and thermal power equipment manufactured here makes up one-third of the total installed capacity in China.<sup id="cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-briefing.com-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Platts" class="mw-redirect" title="Platts">Platts</a>, in 2009-10 Harbin Electric was the second largest manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam turbines">steam turbines</a> by worldwide market share, tying Dongfang Electric and slightly behind Shanghai Electric.<sup id="cite_ref-socgen_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socgen-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbin Pharmaceutical Group, which mainly focus on research, development, manufacture and sale of medical products, is China's second-biggest <a href="/wiki/Drug_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug maker">pharmaceutical company</a> by <a href="/wiki/Market_value" title="Market value">market value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harbin International Trade and Economic Fair has been held annually since 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This investment and trade fair cumulatively attracting more than 1.9 million exhibitors and visitors from more than 80 countries and regions to attend, resulting over US$100 billion contract volume concluded according to the statistics of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbin is among major destinations of FDI in Northeast China,<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with utilized FDI totaling US$980 million in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-2013stat_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013stat-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 18th regular meeting between Sino-Russian Prime Ministers between <a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Anatolyevich_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev">Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev</a> in October 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two sides come to make an agreement that the Harbin International Trade and Economic Fair will be renamed "China-Russia EXPO" and be co-sponsored by the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, Heilongjiang Provincial government, the Russian Ministry of Economic Development and Russia's Ministry of Trade and Industry.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_Bank_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Harbin_Bank_01.jpg/250px-Harbin_Bank_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Harbin_Bank_01.jpg/330px-Harbin_Bank_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Harbin_Bank_01.jpg/500px-Harbin_Bank_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4847" data-file-height="3231" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of Harbin Bank</figcaption></figure> <p>In the financial sector, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longjiang_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longjiang Bank (page does not exist)">Longjiang Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Bank" title="Harbin Bank">Harbin Bank</a> are some of the largest banks in Northeast China, with headquarters in Harbin. The latter ranks fourth by competitiveness among Chinese city commercial banks in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In commerce, there is <a href="/wiki/Qiulin_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiulin Group">Qiulin Group</a>, which owns Harbin's largest <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_development_zones_and_ports">Economic development zones and ports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic development zones and ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Harbin Economic & Technology Development Zone (National), mainly focus on telecommunications equipment, chemicals production and processing, automobile production/assembly, electronics, textiles, medical equipment and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harbin High and New Technological Development Zone, focus on optical-mechanical-electrical integration, biology, medicine, electronics and information technology.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harbin Pingfang Automobile Industrial Zone (Provincial), mainly focus on automobile production/assembly, electronics assembly & manufacturing, heavy industry, instruments & industrial equipment production.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harbin Limin Economic Development Zone (Provincial), mainly focus on trading and distribution, food/beverage processing, medical equipment and supplies, shipping/warehousing/logistics.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harbin Port</li></ul> <dl><dt>Harbin Songbei Economic Development Zone</dt></dl> <p>Songbei Economic Development Zone is located in <a href="/wiki/Songbei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbei District">Songbei District</a> of Harbin. The zone has a planned area of 5.53 square kilometers. Electronics assembly & manufacturing, food and beverage processing are the encouraged industries in the zone.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many regional and provincial headquarters of large enterprises such as the <a href="/wiki/China_Datang_Corporation" title="China Datang Corporation">China Datang Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Netcom" title="China Netcom">China Netcom</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_Telecom" title="China Telecom">China Telecom</a> have joined in this district, preliminary constituting the economy concentration zone of the local headquarters. Regional Scientific research centers including Harbin Science and Technology Innovation Center and Harbin International Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center are also located in this development zone. Profit from these major research institutes, Harbin ranked ninth among 50 major Chinese cities in scientific and technological innovation ability in scientific and technological competitiveness ranking in 2006, as well as ranking sixth among Chinese cities in the amount of scientific and technological achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-ScientificTechnologyandEducation_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificTechnologyandEducation-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Harbin_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone.jpg/220px-Harbin_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Harbin_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone.jpg/330px-Harbin_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Harbin_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone.jpg/440px-Harbin_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Office Buildings around <a href="/wiki/Harbin_International_Convention_Exhibition_and_Sports_Center" title="Harbin International Convention Exhibition and Sports Center">Harbin ICE Center</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone (HETDZ) is one of the 90 national economical development zones of China. It was set up in June 1991, and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in April 1993. In December 2012, Harbin High Technology Development Zone was merged into HETDZ. In 2009, the hi-tech zone was separated from HETDZ again.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area now has a total area of 18.5 square-kilometers in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang and Haping Road Centralized Parks. The 12.2 square-kilometers Yingbin Road Hi-tech Centralized Park, which was formerly part of HETDZ, is currently under the administration of Harbin High and New Technology Industry Development Zone since 2009. </p> <ul><li>Nangang Centralized Park: designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of large famous companies and their branches in Harbin are located.</li> <li>Yingbin Road Centralized Park: mainly focus on high-tech incubation projects, high-tech industrial development.</li> <li>Haping Road Centralized Park: designated for a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; Automobile production and assembly raw material processing are the encouraged industries in this region.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Harbin High and New Technology Industry Development Zone</dt></dl> <p>Harbin High and New Technology Industry Development Zone is one of the 56 national High and New Technology Industry Development Zones of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkintroduction_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkintroduction-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zone was first set up as a provincial level development zone in 1988, and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 23.9 square-kilometers of built-area totally, and subdivided into two parts: Science and Technology Innovation Town and High-tech Industrial Development Zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkintroduction_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkintroduction-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1934</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">500,526</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1944</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">711,818</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+42.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1953</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,162,962</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+63.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1964</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,962,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+68.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1982</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,542,832</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+29.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,219,516</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+65.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,413,359</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+123.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,635,971</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,009,854</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 2020 census revealed total population in Harbin was 10,009,854, representing a 5.62 percent decrease over the previous decade.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The built-up area, made up of all urban districts but Acheng and Shuangcheng not urbanized yet, had a population of 5,282,083 people.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 70.61 percent lived in urban areas, while 29.39 lived in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Demographic_profile" title="Demographic profile">demographic profile</a> for the Harbin metropolitan area in general is relatively old: 10.46 percent are under the age of 14, while 14.65 percent are over 65. Harbin has a higher percentage of males (50.02 percent) than females (49.98 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbin currently has a lower <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> than other parts of China, with 6.95 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to the Chinese average of 12.13 births.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of Harbin's residents belong to the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> majority (93% in 2000). Ethnic minorities include the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a>. There is a minor community of <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Russians</a>. The ethnic composition according to the 2020 census:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center"> <caption><b>Demographic Profile</b> of the Harbin </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Korean</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongol</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sibe_people" title="Sibe people">Sibe</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Duar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a> </th> <th>Other </th></tr> <tr> <th>Population </th> <td>9,550,738 </td> <td>296,221 </td> <td>91,706 </td> <td>29,435 </td> <td>18,707 </td> <td>3,418 </td> <td>2,763 </td> <td>2,317 </td> <td>2,124 </td> <td>1,939 </td> <td>10,486 </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>%</b> </th> <td>95.41 </td> <td>2.96 </td> <td>0.92 </td> <td>0.29 </td> <td>0.19 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td>0.10 </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>%</b> of ethnic minorities </th> <td>– </td> <td>64.52 </td> <td>19.97 </td> <td>6.41 </td> <td>4.07 </td> <td>0.74 </td> <td>0.60 </td> <td>0.50 </td> <td>0.46 </td> <td>0.42 </td> <td>2.28 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic minority is pastorally served by the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Harbin" title="Apostolic Administration of Harbin">Apostolic Administration of Harbin</a>, a missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction. It also has the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> former cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Harbin" title="Russian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Harbin">Russian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Harbin</a>. The badly damaged Church of the Iver Icon of the Mother of God was previously used by Russian soldiers of the Outer Amur Military Region, then garrisoned in Harbin.<sup id="cite_ref-Tone_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tone-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small percentage (0.4% in 2000) of the city's population consists of Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daowai_Mosque" title="Daowai Mosque">Daowai Mosque</a> is located in Harbin and is the largest mosque in Heilongjiang province. Harbin had a small Jewish community centered on Zhongyang Main Street, which was home to many European Jewish refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-Tone_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tone-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Harbin local culture is based on <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han culture</a>, combined with Manchu culture and Russian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination of cultures influences the local architecture style, food, music, and customs. The city of Harbin was appointed a UNESCO City of Music on 22 June 2010 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Cities_Network" title="Creative Cities Network">Creative Cities Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-english.peopledaily.com.cn_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.peopledaily.com.cn-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guobaorou_a0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Guobaorou_a0.jpg/250px-Guobaorou_a0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Guobaorou_a0.jpg/330px-Guobaorou_a0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Guobaorou_a0.jpg/500px-Guobaorou_a0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Guo Bao Rou</figcaption></figure> <p>Harbin is renowned for its culinary tradition. The cuisine of Harbin consists of European dishes and Northern Chinese dishes mainly typified by heavy sauce and deep-frying.<sup id="cite_ref-cnntravel_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnntravel-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the most famous dishes in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Chinese_cuisine" title="Northeastern Chinese cuisine">Northeastern Chinese cuisine</a> is <a href="/wiki/Guo_Bao_Rou" class="mw-redirect" title="Guo Bao Rou">Guo Bao Rou</a>, a form of sweet and sour pork. It is a classic dish from Harbin that originated in the early 20th century in Daotai Fu (pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàotái Fǔ</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Guobaorou_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guobaorou-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of a bite-sized pieces of pork in a <a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">potato starch</a> <a href="/wiki/Batter_(cooking)" title="Batter (cooking)">batter</a>, deep-fried until crispy. They are then lightly coated in a variation of a sweet and sour sauce, made from freshly prepared <a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">syrup</a>, rice vinegar, sugar, flavoured with ginger, cilantro, sliced carrot and garlic. The Harbin Guobaorou is distinct from that of other areas of China, such as Liaoning, where the sauce may be made using either tomato ketchup or orange juice. Rather the Harbin style is dominated by the honey and ginger flavours and has a clear or honey yellow colour. Originally the taste was fresh and salty. In order to fete foreign guests, Zheng Xingwen, the chef of Daotai Fu, altered the dish into a sweet and sour taste. Usually, people prefer to go to several small or middle size restaurants to enjoy this dish, because it is difficult to handle the frying process at home.<sup id="cite_ref-Guobaorou_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guobaorou-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demoli Stewed Live Fish is one among other notable dishes in Harbin, which is originated in a village named Demoli on the expressway from Harbin to Jiamusi. The village is now Demoli Service Area on Harbin-Tongjiang Expressway.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stewed Chicken with Mushrooms, Braised Pork with Vermicelli, and quick-boil pork with Chinese sauerkraut are also typical authentic local dishes. </p><p>Since Russia had a strong influence on Harbin's history, the local cuisine of Harbin also contains Russian-style dishes and flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several authentic Russian-style restaurants in Harbin, especially alongside the Zhongyang Street.<sup id="cite_ref-HarbinCuisine_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarbinCuisine-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoked_Chinese_sausage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Smoked_Chinese_sausage.jpg/250px-Smoked_Chinese_sausage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Smoked_Chinese_sausage.jpg/330px-Smoked_Chinese_sausage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Smoked_Chinese_sausage.jpg/440px-Smoked_Chinese_sausage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Harbin-style smoked sausage</figcaption></figure> <p>A popular regional specialty is <a href="/wiki/Chinese_sausage#Northern_China" title="Chinese sausage">Harbin-style smoked savory red sausage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnntravel_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnntravel-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This product, which is similar to mild Lithuanian and German sausages, tend to be much more of European flavours than other Chinese sausages. In 1900, Russian merchant Ivan Yakovlevich Churin founded a branch in Harbin, which was named <a href="/wiki/Qiulin_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiulin Group">Churin Foreign trading company</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qiulin Yanghang</span></i>; Russian: <span lang="ru">Цюлинь Янхан</span>) selling imported clothes, leather boots, canned foods, vodka, etc., and began to expand sales network in other cities in Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-churinfc_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-churinfc-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influx of Europeans through the Trans-Siberian Railway and Chinese Eastern Railway, increased demand of European flavor food. In 1909, Churin's Sausage Factory was founded, and first produced European flavor sausage with the manufacturing process of Lithuanian staff. Since then, European style sausage has become a specialty of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-cnntravel_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnntravel-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Russian style large round bread <a href="/wiki/Dalieba" title="Dalieba">大列巴 dà liě ba</a>, derived from the Russian word <i><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">khleb</i></span></i> for "bread" is also produced in Harbin's bakeries. Dalieba is a miche like sourdough bread. First introduced to the locals by a Russian baker, it has been sold in bakeries in Harbin for over a hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-Russiankhleb_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russiankhleb-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalieba's sour and chewy taste is different from other traditional soft and fluffy Asian style breads in other parts of China. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a>, a Russia-originated <a href="/wiki/Fermented_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented beverage">fermented beverage</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Black_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bread">black</a> or regular <a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">rye bread</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also popular in Harbin.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madier ("<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">马迭尔</span></span>", derived from "Modern") ice-cream provided in the Zhongyang Street is also well known in northern China. This ice cream is made from a specific traditional recipe and it tastes a little salty but more sweet and milky. Besides its headquarters in Harbin, it also has branches in other major Chinese cities including Beijing, Shanghai, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-madier_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madier-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harbin is a popular domestic tourist destination, particularly in the winter, when there are large-scale <a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">ice sculpture</a> displays. Harbin also has a large indoor ski park, located inside the Wanda Harbin Mall (counting six ski slants up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) in length).<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2023–2024 winter season, there were 87 million visitors, mostly coming from other parts of China.<sup id="cite_ref-EconomistFeb2025_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconomistFeb2025-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harbin is also known for its European-style structures and designs, such as the popular Saint Sophia Cathedral, Central Street, and the Baroque compositional complex in Lao Daowai (Old Town). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_culture">Winter culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Winter culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_at_Harbin_Ice_and_Snow_Festival_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tower_at_Harbin_Ice_and_Snow_Festival_2012.jpg/220px-Tower_at_Harbin_Ice_and_Snow_Festival_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tower_at_Harbin_Ice_and_Snow_Festival_2012.jpg/330px-Tower_at_Harbin_Ice_and_Snow_Festival_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tower_at_Harbin_Ice_and_Snow_Festival_2012.jpg/440px-Tower_at_Harbin_Ice_and_Snow_Festival_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Tower at Harbin Ice and Snow Festival, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Located in northern Northeast China, Harbin is the northernmost among major cities in China. Under the direct influence of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Anticyclone">Siberian Anticyclone</a>, the average daily temperature is −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F) in winter. Annual low temperatures below −25.0 °C (−13.0 °F) are not uncommon. Nicknamed "Ice City" due to its freezingly cold winter, Harbin is decorated by various styles of Ice and snow Sculptures from December to March every year.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCsculpturemelting_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCsculpturemelting-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Harbin_Sun_Island_International_Snow_Sculpture_EXPO_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2011_Harbin_Sun_Island_International_Snow_Sculpture_EXPO_01.JPG/250px-2011_Harbin_Sun_Island_International_Snow_Sculpture_EXPO_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2011_Harbin_Sun_Island_International_Snow_Sculpture_EXPO_01.JPG/330px-2011_Harbin_Sun_Island_International_Snow_Sculpture_EXPO_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/2011_Harbin_Sun_Island_International_Snow_Sculpture_EXPO_01.JPG/500px-2011_Harbin_Sun_Island_International_Snow_Sculpture_EXPO_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Snow Sculpture in Sun Island, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Harbin_International_Ice_and_Snow_Sculpture_Festival" title="Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival">Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival</a> has been held since 1985. Although the official start date is 5 January each year, in practice, many of the sculptures can be seen before. While there are ice sculptures throughout the city, there are two main exhibition areas: enormous snow sculptures at Sun Island (Taiyang Dao, a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_Attraction_Rating_Categories_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist Attraction Rating Categories of China">AAAAA-rated</a> recreational area on the opposite side of the Songhua River from the city) and the separate "Ice and Snow World" that operates each night with lights switched on, illuminating the sculptures from both inside and outside. Ice and Snow World features illuminated full-size buildings made from blocks of 2–3 feet thick crystal clear ice directly taken from the Songhua River, which passes through the city. The sculptures inside the exhibition ground takes 15,000 workers to work for 16 days. In early December, ice artisans cut 120,000 cubic metres (4.2 million cubic feet) of ice blocks from Songhua river's frozen surface as raw materials for the ice sculptures' show.<sup id="cite_ref-Iceismoney_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iceismoney-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massive ice buildings, large-scale snow sculptures, ice slides, festival food and drinks can also be found in several parks and major avenues in the city. Winter activities in the festival include <a href="/wiki/Yabuli_Ski_Resort" title="Yabuli Ski Resort">Yabuli</a> Alpine <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">Skiing</a>, snow mobile driving, winter-swimming in <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a>, and the traditional ice-lantern exhibition in Zhaolin Garden, which was first held in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Ice_Lantern_Exhibition_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ice_Lantern_Exhibition-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snow carving and ice and snow recreations are famous nationwide, especially among Asian countries including Korea, Japan, Thailand and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Iceismoney_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iceismoney-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival" is one of the four largest ice and snow festivals in the world, along with Japan's <a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Snow_Festival" title="Sapporo Snow Festival">Sapporo Snow Festival</a>, Canada's <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_Winter_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City Winter Carnival">Quebec City Winter Carnival</a>, and Norway's <a href="/wiki/Holmenkollen_Ski_Festival" title="Holmenkollen Ski Festival">Holmenkollen Ski Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every November, the city of Harbin sends teams of ice artisans to the United States to promote their unique art form. It takes more than 100 artisans to create ICE!, the annual display of indoor Christmas-themed ice carvings in National Harbor, Maryland; Nashville, Tennessee; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaylordpalms.com/ice">Kissimmee, Florida</a>; and Grapevine, Texas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Music_City"><i>The Music City</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Music City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_Music_Park_2016-03-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Harbin_Music_Park_2016-03-09.jpg/250px-Harbin_Music_Park_2016-03-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Harbin_Music_Park_2016-03-09.jpg/330px-Harbin_Music_Park_2016-03-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Harbin_Music_Park_2016-03-09.jpg/500px-Harbin_Music_Park_2016-03-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Harbin Music Park, located in Youyi West Road</figcaption></figure> <p>Founded in 1908, the Harbin Symphony Orchestra was China's oldest symphony orchestra. Harbin No.1 Music School was also the first music school in China, which was founded in 1928. Nearly 100 famous musicians have studied at the school since its founding, said Liu Yantao, deputy chief of Harbin Cultural, Press and Publication Bureau. Every year, thousands of youngsters start their music dreams in this city, and the "Harbin Summer Music Concert" serial activities that always be held in the every year's summer present the music passion of the locals. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> recognizes China's Harbin as "The Music City" as part of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Cities_Network" title="Creative Cities Network">Creative Cities Network</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-english.peopledaily.com.cn_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.peopledaily.com.cn-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harbin_Summer_Music_Concert">Harbin Summer Music Concert</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Harbin Summer Music Concert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harbin Summer Music Concert ('Concert' for short) is a national concert festival, which is held on 6 August every two years for a period of 10~11 days. During the concert, multiple evenings, concert, race and activities are held. The artists come from all over the world. </p><p>The 'Harbin Summer Music Month', which was then renamed as 'Harbin Summer Music Concert', was held in August 1958. The first formal Concert was held on 5 August 1961 in Harbin Youth Palace, and kept on every year until 1966 when the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> started in China.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, the Concert was recovered and from 1994, it has been held every two years. As a part of 2006 Harbin Summer Music Concert's opening ceremony, a 1,001-piano concert was held in Harbin's Flood memorial square located at the north end of <a href="/wiki/Central_Street_(Harbin)" title="Central Street (Harbin)">Central Street</a> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">中央大街</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngyāng Dàjiē</span></i>) on 6 August 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repertoires of the ensemble consisted of <i><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumphal March">Triumphal March</a></i>, <i>Military March</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Radetzky_March" title="Radetzky March">Radetzky March</a></i> and famous traditional local song <i>On The Sun Island</i>. This concert set a new Guinness World Record for largest piano ensemble, surpassing the previous record held by German artists in a 600-piano concert.<sup id="cite_ref-english.peopledaily.com.cn_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.peopledaily.com.cn-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the 29th Harbin Summer Music Concert was held on 6 August. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_Grand_Theatre_Pano_201609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Harbin_Grand_Theatre_Pano_201609.jpg/1024px-Harbin_Grand_Theatre_Pano_201609.jpg" decoding="async" width="1024" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Harbin_Grand_Theatre_Pano_201609.jpg/1536px-Harbin_Grand_Theatre_Pano_201609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Harbin_Grand_Theatre_Pano_201609.jpg/2048px-Harbin_Grand_Theatre_Pano_201609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Grand_Theatre" title="Harbin Grand Theatre">Harbin Grand Theatre</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/MAD_Studio" title="MAD Studio">MAD Studio</a>. Located in Harbin's Songbei District, the opera house is surrounded by wetlands and waterways of Songhua River.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E9%BE%99%E5%A1%94_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E9%BE%99%E5%A1%94_02.JPG/250px-%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E9%BE%99%E5%A1%94_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E9%BE%99%E5%A1%94_02.JPG/330px-%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E9%BE%99%E5%A1%94_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E9%BE%99%E5%A1%94_02.JPG/500px-%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E9%BE%99%E5%A1%94_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="2485" /></a><figcaption>Dragon Tower (Long Ta), a 336-meter-tall freestanding <a href="/wiki/Lattice_tower" title="Lattice tower">lattice tower</a>, serves as the headquarter of <a href="/wiki/HLJTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HLJTV">HLJTV</a>. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_and_radio">Television and radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Television and radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Heilongjiang Television">Heilongjiang Television</a> (HLJTV) serves as the media outlets of this region, broadcasts on seven channels as well as a satellite channel for other provinces.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin_Television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harbin Television (page does not exist)">Harbin Television</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%8F%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:哈尔滨电视台">zh</a>]</sup> (HRBTV) serves as a municipal station, which has five channels for specialized programming.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Guang" title="Long Guang">Long Guang</a>, <i>Dragon Broadcast</i>, formerly Heilongjiang People's Broadcasting Station, the radio station group that serves the whole Heilongjiang region, providing seven channels including a Korean language broadcast station.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin_People%27s_Broadcasting_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harbin People's Broadcasting Station (page does not exist)">Harbin People's Broadcasting Station</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:哈尔滨人民广播电台">zh</a>]</sup> (HPBS), broadcasts music, news, traffic, economy and life in Harbin and adjacent areas including Daqing, Suihua and Fuyu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harbin is notable for its combination of Chinese and European architecture styles. Many Russian and other European style buildings are protected by the government. The architecture in Harbin gives it the nicknames of "Oriental Moscow" and "Oriental Paris" in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_architecture">Historical architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_walk_(1)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Central_walk_%281%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Central_walk_%281%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Central_walk_%281%29_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Central_walk_%281%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Central_walk_%281%29_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Central_walk_%281%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>European-style building in Central Street</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Central_Street_(Harbin)" title="Central Street (Harbin)">Central Street</a>, one of the main business streets in Harbin, is a remnant of the bustling international business activities at the turn of the 20th century. First built in 1898, The 1.4 km (0.87 mi) long street is now a veritable museum of European architectural styles: <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> façades,<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> little Russian bakeries and French fashion houses, as well as non European architectural styles: American eateries, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese restaurant">Japanese restaurants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Central_Street_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Central_Street-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> church, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a>, is also located in the central district of Daoli.<sup id="cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built in 1907 and expanded from 1923 to 1932, it was closed during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> and Cultural Revolution periods. Following its designation in 1996 as a national cultural heritage site (First class Preserved Building),<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was turned into a museum as a showcase of the history of Harbin city in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Koga_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koga-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 53.35 m (175.0 ft)-tall Church, which covers an area of 721 square meters, is a typical representative of Byzantine architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-Sofia_Orthodox_Church_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sofia_Orthodox_Church-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E6%A5%B5%E6%A5%BD%E5%AF%BA%E7%8E%84%E9%96%A2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E6%A5%B5%E6%A5%BD%E5%AF%BA%E7%8E%84%E9%96%A2.jpg/250px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E6%A5%B5%E6%A5%BD%E5%AF%BA%E7%8E%84%E9%96%A2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E6%A5%B5%E6%A5%BD%E5%AF%BA%E7%8E%84%E9%96%A2.jpg/330px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E6%A5%B5%E6%A5%BD%E5%AF%BA%E7%8E%84%E9%96%A2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E6%A5%B5%E6%A5%BD%E5%AF%BA%E7%8E%84%E9%96%A2.jpg/500px-%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E6%A5%B5%E6%A5%BD%E5%AF%BA%E7%8E%84%E9%96%A2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Ji Le Temple (Temple of Bliss), a Buddhist temple in Harbin</figcaption></figure> <p>Many citizens believe that the Orthodox church damaged the local <a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">feng shui</a>, so they donated money to build a Chinese Buddhist monastery in 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Ji_Le_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji Le Temple">Ji Le Temple</a>. There were more than 15 Russian Orthodox churches and two cemeteries in Harbin until 1949. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Revolution">Communist Revolution</a>, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, and the decrease in the <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_China" title="Russians in China">ethnic Russian</a> population, saw many of them abandoned or destroyed. Today, about 10 churches remain, while services are held only in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Intercession_in_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Intercession in Harbin">Church of the Intercession in Harbin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Harbin Railway Administration, formerly known as the Middle East Railway Administration, commonly known as the "big stone house", was built in 1902, destroyed twice and rebuilt in 1904 and 1906.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_architecture">Modern architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Grand_Theatre" title="Harbin Grand Theatre">Harbin Grand Theatre</a> is located in the cultural center of <a href="/wiki/Songbei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbei District">Songbei District</a>, Harbin. It provides 1600- and 400-seat venues. The architecture uses the external design of the heterogeneous hyperbolic surface.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Grand_Theatre" title="Harbin Grand Theatre">Harbin Grand Theatre</a> is a landmark building in Harbin. It is built in accordance with the water and is consistent with the surrounding environment. It embodies the concept of the landscape and landscape of the north. As a public building facility, the theatre provides people and visitors with different spatial experiences from the theatre, landscape, square and stereoscopic platform. During the design process, architect <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yansong" title="Ma Yansong">Ma Yansong</a> has set up a unique sightseeing corridor and viewing platform in the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Grand_Theatre" title="Harbin Grand Theatre">Grand Theatre</a>. Visitors are able to overlook the surrounding wetland and enjoy the unique natural wetland scenery of Harbin. </p><p>After the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Grand_Theatre" title="Harbin Grand Theatre">Harbin Grand Theatre</a>, the public can enjoy opera, symphony, ballet and drama performances in various function rooms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Division B of the 2018 Bandy World Championship was played at the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Sport_University_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin Sport University Stadium">Harbin Sport University Stadium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the center of winter sports in China, Harbin has hosted the <a href="/wiki/1996_Winter_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Winter Asian Games">1996 Winter Asian Games</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2009_Winter_Universiade" title="2009 Winter Universiade">2009 Winter Universiade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2025_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2025 Asian Winter Games">2025 Asian Winter Games</a>. Along these events, many famous winter sports athletes come from Harbin. Olympic medalists include <a href="/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating">short track</a> star <a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(speed_skater)" title="Wang Meng (speed skater)">Wang Meng</a> (six-time medalist); <a href="/wiki/Long_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Long track speed skating">long track skater</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hong_(speed_skater)" title="Zhang Hong (speed skater)">Zhang Hong</a> (<a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Sochi</a>, gold medal); and pairs figure skaters <a href="/wiki/Shen_Xue" title="Shen Xue">Shen Xue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Hongbo" title="Zhao Hongbo">Zhao Hongbo</a> (<a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Salt Lake City</a>, bronze medal; <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Turin</a>, bronze medal; and <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Vancouver</a>, gold medal), <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dan" title="Zhang Dan">Zhang Dan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Hao_(figure_skater)" title="Zhang Hao (figure skater)">Zhang Hao</a> (<a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Turin</a>, silver medal), <a href="/wiki/Pang_Qing" title="Pang Qing">Pang Qing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tong_Jian" title="Tong Jian">Tong Jian</a> (<a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Vancouver</a>, silver medal),<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sui_Wenjing" title="Sui Wenjing">Sui Wenjing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Cong" title="Han Cong">Han Cong</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Beijing</a>, gold medal; <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Pyeongchang</a>, silver medal).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harbin has an indoor speed skating arena, the <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Indoor_Rink" title="Heilongjiang Indoor Rink">Heilongjiang Indoor Rink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opened in 1995, it is the oldest one of seven in China. </p><p>Mutual cooperation of the Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture and the Harbin Institute of Physical Education started an exchange of sports and cultural delegations, holding of sports, training of Chinese students in <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>, Russia and Harbin. Russian side started to have plans to introduce <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> to China while Harbin has good preconditions to become one of the strong points of this sport in China.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/China_national_bandy_team" title="China national bandy team">national team</a> is based in Harbin,<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was confirmed in advance that they would play in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Bandy_World_Championship" title="2015 Bandy World Championship">2015 Bandy World Championship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese team came 16th in a field of 17 teams, edging out Somalia. Mr Zhu, president of the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Sport_University" title="Harbin Sport University">sport university</a>, is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Bandy" title="Federation of International Bandy">Federation of International Bandy</a> council.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2017, an international student tournament will be played.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Chinese bandy is still in its initial stages, it is expected that Harbin even more will become the driving force behind the domestic development,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example via opening the Federation of International Bandy office for development and promotion in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Lava_Spring_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Heilongjiang Lava Spring F.C.">Heilongjiang Ice City Football Club</a> currently play their home soccer matches at <a href="/wiki/Harbin_International_Conference_Exhibition_and_Sports_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin International Conference Exhibition and Sports Center">Harbin International Conference Exhibition and Sports Center</a>, a 50000-seater stadium. The team gained promotion to <a href="/wiki/China_League_One" title="China League One">China's second tier</a> for the 2018 season when they came first in the 2017 China League Two division. </p><p><a href="/wiki/KRS_Heilongjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="KRS Heilongjiang">KRS Heilongjiang</a><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a professional ice hockey team based in the city. A member of the Russian-based <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Hockey_League" title="Supreme Hockey League">Supreme Hockey League</a> and one of two Chinese teams in the league. The team is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">Kontinental Hockey League</a> side, also based in China, <a href="/wiki/HC_Kunlun_Red_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="HC Kunlun Red Star">HC Kunlun Red Star</a>. </p><p>An indoor ski resort opened in Harbin in 2017 and laid claim to be the world's largest of its kind. It will make it possible to enjoy down-hill skiing all year round.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1996_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1996 Asian Winter Games">1996 Asian Winter Games</a> were held in Harbin. While ice games were mainly held in Harbin city, the skiing events were held in <a href="/wiki/Yabuli_Ski_Resort" title="Yabuli Ski Resort">Yabuli ski resort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shangzhi" title="Shangzhi">Shangzhi City</a>. In the frame of this campaign to assert its role on the world scene, Harbin hosted the <a href="/wiki/2009_Winter_Universiade" title="2009 Winter Universiade">2009 Winter Universiade</a>. Local Government spent 3.6 billion yuan for this event, with 2.63 billion used in construction and renovation of its sport infrastructure for this Universiade.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harbin hosted the <a href="/wiki/2003_ABC_Championship" title="2003 ABC Championship">Asian Basketball Confederation Championship</a> in 2003, in which <a href="/wiki/China_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="China men's national basketball team">China</a> won the championship on their home court for the thirteenth time.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harbin bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a>, which was ultimately awarded to Vancouver, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second China-Russia University Winter Sports Carnival was inaugurated 12 December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the first international <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> in Harbin.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian participation came from <a href="/w/index.php?title=DVGAFK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DVGAFK (page does not exist)">DVGAFK</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Дальневосточная государственная академия физической культуры">ru</a>]</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a> among men and <a href="/w/index.php?title=IrGTU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IrGTU (page does not exist)">IrGTU</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> among women.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being the national centre of bandy, Harbin organised Division B of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Bandy_World_Championship" title="2018 Bandy World Championship">2018 Bandy World Championship</a> and China improved its placing to 12th from a total field of 16 teams.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Eastern_Railway-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chinese_Eastern_Railway-en.svg/220px-Chinese_Eastern_Railway-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chinese_Eastern_Railway-en.svg/330px-Chinese_Eastern_Railway-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chinese_Eastern_Railway-en.svg/440px-Chinese_Eastern_Railway-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Railway system in Northeast China</figcaption></figure> <p>Located at the junction of "T-style" mainline system, Harbin is an important railway hub of the Northeast China Region.<sup id="cite_ref-Harbin_Transportation_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbin_Transportation-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbin Railway Bureau is the first Railway Bureau established by People's Republic of China Government, of which the railway density is the highest in China. Five conventional rail lines radiate from Harbin to: <a href="/wiki/Jingha_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingha Railway">Beijing (Jingha Line)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binsui_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Binsui Railway">Suifenhe (Binsui Line)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binzhou_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Binzhou Railway">Manzhouli (Binzhou Line)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Binbei_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Binbei Railway">Beian (Binbei Line)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labin_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Labin Railway">Lalin (Labin Line)</a>. In addition, Harbin has a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> line linking <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, Northeast China's southernmost seaport. In 2009, construction began on the new <a href="/wiki/Harbin_West_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin West Railway Station">Harbin West Railway Station</a> with 18 platforms, located on the southwestern part of the city. In December 2012, the station was opened, as China unveiled its <a href="/wiki/Harbin%E2%80%93Dalian_High-Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway">first high-speed rail</a> running through regions with extremely low winter temperatures. with scheduled runs from Harbin to Dalian.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weather-proof CRH380B bullet trains serving the line can accommodate temperatures from minus 40 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius above zero.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's most northerly high-speed railway, <a href="/wiki/Harbin%E2%80%93Qiqihar_intercity_railway" title="Harbin–Qiqihar intercity railway"><b>Harbin–Qiqihar</b></a> Intercity Railway, opened for revenue service on 17 August 2015. The rail links three largest principal cities in Heilongjiang including Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar. <a href="/wiki/Harbin%E2%80%93Jiamusi_intercity_railway" title="Harbin–Jiamusi intercity railway">Harbin–Jiamusi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harbin%E2%80%93Mudanjiang_intercity_railway" title="Harbin–Mudanjiang intercity railway">Harbin–Mudanjiang</a> Intercity railways both opened for public service in 2018, connecting the provincial capital to major prefectural level cities Mudanjiang and Jiamusi. </p><p>The city's main railway stations are the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin Railway Station">Harbin Railway Station</a>, which was first built in 1899 and expanded in 1989. The main station is rebuilt in 2017, and now is still under construction; the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_East_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin East Railway Station">Harbin East Railway Station</a>, which opened in 1934; and the <a href="/wiki/Harbin_West_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin West Railway Station">Harbin West Railway Station</a>, which was built into the city's high-speed railway station in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Harbin_Transportation_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbin_Transportation-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another main station, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_North_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin North Railway Station">Harbin North Railway Station</a>, opened for public service in 2015, along with new built Harbin-Qiqihar Passenger Railway.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_transport_in_China" title="Passenger rail transport in China">Direct passenger train service</a> is available from Harbin Railway Station to large cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Jinan, Nanjing and many other major cities in China.<sup id="cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-briefing.com-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct high-speed railway service began operation between Harbin West and Shanghai Hongqiao stations on 28 December 2013, and shorten the journey time to 12 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-HarbinShanghai_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarbinShanghai-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Harbin railway system</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Terminal_of_Harbin_Railway_Station_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North terminal of Harbin Railway Station"><img alt="North terminal of Harbin Railway Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/North_Terminal_of_Harbin_Railway_Station_01.jpg/330px-North_Terminal_of_Harbin_Railway_Station_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/North_Terminal_of_Harbin_Railway_Station_01.jpg/500px-North_Terminal_of_Harbin_Railway_Station_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/North_Terminal_of_Harbin_Railway_Station_01.jpg/568px-North_Terminal_of_Harbin_Railway_Station_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North terminal of Harbin Railway Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_West_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbin West Railway Station"><img alt="Harbin West Railway Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Harbin_West_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Harbin_West_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Harbin_West_Railway_Station.jpg/500px-Harbin_West_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Harbin_West_Railway_Station.jpg/960px-Harbin_West_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harbin West Railway Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_East_Railway_Station.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbin East Railway Station"><img alt="Harbin East Railway Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Harbin_East_Railway_Station.JPG/240px-Harbin_East_Railway_Station.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Harbin_East_Railway_Station.JPG/360px-Harbin_East_Railway_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Harbin_East_Railway_Station.JPG/480px-Harbin_East_Railway_Station.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harbin East Railway Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%8D%97%E7%AB%99_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbin South Railway Station"><img alt="Harbin South Railway Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%8D%97%E7%AB%99_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%8D%97%E7%AB%99_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%8D%97%E7%AB%99_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%8D%97%E7%AB%99_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%8D%97%E7%AB%99_-_panoramio.jpg/541px-%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%8D%97%E7%AB%99_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harbin South Railway Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nangang,_Harbin,_Heilongjiang,_China_-_panoramio_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A CRH High-Speed train enters Harbin West railway station."><img alt="A CRH High-Speed train enters Harbin West railway station." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nangang%2C_Harbin%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/270px-Nangang%2C_Harbin%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nangang%2C_Harbin%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/405px-Nangang%2C_Harbin%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nangang%2C_Harbin%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/540px-Nangang%2C_Harbin%2C_Heilongjiang%2C_China_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A CRH High-Speed train enters Harbin West railway station.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%93%88%E5%B9%B3%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E5%93%88%E5%B9%B3%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-%E5%93%88%E5%B9%B3%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E5%93%88%E5%B9%B3%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E5%93%88%E5%B9%B3%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E5%93%88%E5%B9%B3%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-%E5%93%88%E5%B9%B3%E8%B7%AF_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Haping road, one of the main municipal roads in the south of Harbin</figcaption></figure> <p>As an important regional hub in Northeast China, Harbin has an advanced highway system. Major highways that pass through or terminate in Harbin include the Beijing–Harbin, Heihe–Dalian, Harbin–Tongjiang, Changchun–Harbin, and Manzhouli–Suifenhe highways. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexing_Road_in_Harbin_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hexing_Road_in_Harbin_03.jpg/250px-Hexing_Road_in_Harbin_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hexing_Road_in_Harbin_03.jpg/330px-Hexing_Road_in_Harbin_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hexing_Road_in_Harbin_03.jpg/500px-Hexing_Road_in_Harbin_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Hexing Road, western part of Harbin's 2nd ring road</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G1_Beijing%E2%80%93Harbin_Expressway" title="G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway">G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G10_Suifenhe%E2%80%93Manzhouli_Expressway" title="G10 Suifenhe–Manzhouli Expressway">G10 Suifenhe–Manzhouli Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1001_Harbin_Ring_Expressway" title="G1001 Harbin Ring Expressway">G1001 Harbin Ring Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1011_Harbin%E2%80%93Tongjiang_Expressway" title="G1011 Harbin–Tongjiang Expressway">G1011 Harbin–Tongjiang Expressway</a>, a spur of G10 that extends west to <a href="/wiki/Tongjiang,_Heilongjiang" title="Tongjiang, Heilongjiang">Tongjiang</a>, formerly part of <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_010" title="China National Highway 010">China National Highway 010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1111_Hegang%E2%80%93Harbin_Expressway" title="G1111 Hegang–Harbin Expressway">G1111 Hegang–Harbin Expressway</a>, a spur of <a href="/wiki/G11_Hegang%E2%80%93Dalian_Expressway" title="G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway">G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1211_Jilin%E2%80%93Heihe_Expressway" title="G1211 Jilin–Heihe Expressway">G1211 Jilin–Heihe Expressway</a>, a spur of <a href="/wiki/G12_Hunchun%E2%80%93Ulanhot_Expressway" title="G12 Hunchun–Ulanhot Expressway">G12 Hunchun–Ulanhot Expressway</a> that extends north to <a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_102" title="China National Highway 102">China National Highway 102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_202" title="China National Highway 202">China National Highway 202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_221" title="China National Highway 221">China National Highway 221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_222" title="China National Highway 222">China National Highway 222</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonton_Rd_at_Kang%27an_Rd,_Harbin_(20240501163311).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Edmonton_Rd_at_Kang%27an_Rd%2C_Harbin_%2820240501163311%29.jpg/220px-Edmonton_Rd_at_Kang%27an_Rd%2C_Harbin_%2820240501163311%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Edmonton_Rd_at_Kang%27an_Rd%2C_Harbin_%2820240501163311%29.jpg/330px-Edmonton_Rd_at_Kang%27an_Rd%2C_Harbin_%2820240501163311%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Edmonton_Rd_at_Kang%27an_Rd%2C_Harbin_%2820240501163311%29.jpg/440px-Edmonton_Rd_at_Kang%27an_Rd%2C_Harbin_%2820240501163311%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2165" /></a><figcaption>Edmonton Rd at Kang'an Rd, Harbin 2024</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_301" title="China National Highway 301">China National Highway 301</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Taiping_International_Airport" title="Harbin Taiping International Airport">Harbin Taiping International Airport</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Taiping_International_Airport" title="Harbin Taiping International Airport">Harbin Taiping International Airport</a>, which is 35 kilometres (22 miles) away from the urban area of Harbin, is the second largest international airport in Northeast China. The technical level of flight district is 4E, which allows all kinds of large and medium civil aircraft. There are flights to over thirty large cities including <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> and Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-briefing.com-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition there are also scheduled international flights between Harbin and Russia, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, Malaysia and South Korea. In June 2015, The first LCC international air routes to Japan, specifically the city of <a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a> was to begin.<sup id="cite_ref-Harbin_Transportation_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harbin_Transportation-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the freight capability limitation, construction of the T2 Terminal began on 31 October 2014. The 160,000-square-meter T2 Terminal was scheduled to be finished in 2017, and will increase the freight capacity of the airport to three times of the previous.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harbin is also working on T3 which would be shaped like a snow flake, signifying Harbin as an ice city famous for their annual International Ice & Snow Sculpture Festival which places during the heavy winter season.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Metro" title="Harbin Metro">Harbin Metro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exit_3,_Taipingqiao_Station,_Harbin_Metro_20130909-B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Exit_3%2C_Taipingqiao_Station%2C_Harbin_Metro_20130909-B.jpg/220px-Exit_3%2C_Taipingqiao_Station%2C_Harbin_Metro_20130909-B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Exit_3%2C_Taipingqiao_Station%2C_Harbin_Metro_20130909-B.jpg/330px-Exit_3%2C_Taipingqiao_Station%2C_Harbin_Metro_20130909-B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Exit_3%2C_Taipingqiao_Station%2C_Harbin_Metro_20130909-B.jpg/440px-Exit_3%2C_Taipingqiao_Station%2C_Harbin_Metro_20130909-B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of Taipingqiao Station of Line 1, Harbin Metro</figcaption></figure> <p>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Metro" title="Harbin Metro">Harbin Metro</a> started on 5 December 2006. The total investment for the first phase of Line 1 is RMB5.89 billion. Twenty stations were planned to be set on this 17.73 km (11.02 mi) long line starting from Harbin East Railway Station to the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University in the west of the city. A metro depot, a command centre and two transformer substations will be built along the line. Most of the line's route follows the air defence evacuation tunnel left from the "7381" Project, which started in 1973 and ended in 1979. The 7381 project was intended to protect Harbin from the former Soviet Union's possible invasion or nuclear attack. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E5%8C%BB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E9%99%A2%E7%AB%99%E5%8E%85%E5%B1%82_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E5%8C%BB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E9%99%A2%E7%AB%99%E5%8E%85%E5%B1%82_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E5%8C%BB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E9%99%A2%E7%AB%99%E5%8E%85%E5%B1%82_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E5%8C%BB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E9%99%A2%E7%AB%99%E5%8E%85%E5%B1%82_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E5%8C%BB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E9%99%A2%E7%AB%99%E5%8E%85%E5%B1%82_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E5%8C%BB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E9%99%A2%E7%AB%99%E5%8E%85%E5%B1%82_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-%E5%B7%A1%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%BA%E5%93%81_photo_by_Xundaogong%E5%8C%BB%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E9%99%A2%E7%AB%99%E5%8E%85%E5%B1%82_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>Yidaeryuan (2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University) Station, interchange station between Line 1 and Line 3</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Line_1,_Harbin_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Line 1, Harbin Metro">Line 1 of Harbin Metro</a> opened on 26 September 2013.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is oriented along the east–west axis of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> of Harbin: from north-east (Harbin East Railway Station) to south-west (2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University).<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua20130926_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua20130926-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Line 2 and Line 3 are under construction. Line 2 runs from Songbei District to Xiangfang District and ringlike Line 3 runs through Daoli, Daowai, Nangang and Xiangfang Districts of Harbin. On 26 January 2017, Phase I of Line 3 opened for public service. Line 3 links Harbin West Railway Station to Yidaeryuan Station, the transfer station between Line 1 and Line 3.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the long term, the city plans to build nine radiating metro lines and a circle line in downtown and some suburban districts, which account for 340 km (211.3 mi) by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-H340_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H340-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Picture References: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205544/http://hi.baidu.com/lt4mao/blog/item/30e67727a72e5408938f9d64.html">"7381" Project, a Civil Defense System in Harbin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icefestivalharbin.com/article-p66-harbin-metro-map-line-1.html">Harbin Metro Map, Line 1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports_and_waterways">Ports and waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ports and waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are more than 1,900 rivers in Heilongjiang, including the <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Heilong River">Heilong River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wusuli_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Wusuli River">Wusuli River</a>, creating a convenient system of waterway transportation. Harbin harbor is one of eight inland ports in China and the largest of its type in Northeast China. Available from mid-April until the beginning of November, passenger ships sail from Harbin up the Songhua River to <a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a>, or downstream to <a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongjiang,_Heilongjiang" title="Tongjiang, Heilongjiang">Tongjiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a> in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-briefing.com-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_Institute_of_Technology_-_Main_Bldg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology_-_Main_Bldg.jpg/220px-Harbin_Institute_of_Technology_-_Main_Bldg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology_-_Main_Bldg.jpg/330px-Harbin_Institute_of_Technology_-_Main_Bldg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology_-_Main_Bldg.jpg/440px-Harbin_Institute_of_Technology_-_Main_Bldg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>The main building of <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a>. Note the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a> "tier-cake" façade, reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(Moscow)" title="Seven Sisters (Moscow)">"Seven Sisters" in Moscow</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Harbin is one of the top 50 cities and metropolitan areas in the world by <a href="/wiki/Scientific_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific research">scientific research</a> output as tracked by the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, the QS Best Student Cities Rankings ranked Harbin as the best city in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> and 148th globally, making it an important hub for international students.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Harbin serves as an important military industrial base after PRC's foundation, it is home to several key universities mainly focused on the science and technology service of national military and aerospace industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Scientific_Technology_and_Education_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Technology_and_Education-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet experts played an important role in many education projects in this period. Due to the threat of possible war with the Soviet Union, however, several colleges were moved southwards to <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, and several other <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">southern</a> cities in China in the 1960s. Some of these colleges were returned to Harbin in the 1970s. </p><p>The city hosts <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Heilongjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang">several major universities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Engineering_University" title="Harbin Engineering University">Harbin Engineering University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Medical_University" title="Harbin Medical University">Harbin Medical University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Agricultural_University" title="Northeast Agricultural University">Northeast Agricultural University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Harbin University of Science and Technology">Harbin University of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Normal_University" title="Harbin Normal University">Harbin Normal University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Forestry_University" title="Northeast Forestry University">Northeast Forestry University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_University" title="Harbin University">Harbin University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology">Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_University_of_Chinese_Medicine" title="Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine">Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_University_of_Commerce" title="Harbin University of Commerce">Harbin University of Commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Sport_University" title="Harbin Sport University">Harbin Sport University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_University" title="Heilongjiang University">Heilongjiang University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably, <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a> is consistently ranked as one of the best universities in the world for engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HIT was ranked fifth globally in the Best Global Universities for Engineering by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News</a> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1920 with strong support by the Russian diaspora connected with the Chinese Eastern Railway, the university has developed into an important research university mainly focusing on engineering (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defense</a>-related technologies, welding technology and engineering),<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with supporting faculties in the sciences, management, humanities and social sciences. The institute's faculty and students contributed to and invented China's first <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computer</a>, the first intelligent chess computer, and the first arc-welding robot. In 2010, research funding from the government, industry, and business sectors surpassed RMB1.13 billion, the second highest of any university in China.<sup id="cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-briefing.com-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harbin is now headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/78th_Group_Army" title="78th Group Army">78th Group Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, one of the three group armies that comprise the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Theater_Command" title="Northern Theater Command">Northern Theater Command</a> responsible for defending China's northeastern borders with Russia, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. <a href="/wiki/23rd_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" title="23rd Army (People's Republic of China)">23rd Group Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">PLA</a> used to garrison in Harbin before it was disbanded in a cycle of reductions in 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harbin has <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">town twinning</a> and similar arrangements with approximately 30 places around the world, as well as some other cities within China. For a list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_China#H" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in China">List of twin towns and sister cities in China → H</a>. </p><p>In 2009 Harbin opened an International Sister Cities museum. It has 1,048 exhibits in 28 rooms, with a total area of 1,800 square metres (19,375 square feet).<sup id="cite_ref-China_Daily_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Daily-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 September 2015, China and Russia signed an agreement to re-open the Russian consulate in Harbin, as the former Soviet consulate was closed in 1962 after the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>. China will also establish a corresponding consulate in Vladivostok.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Tiegang" title="Fu Tiegang">Fu Tiegang</a> (born 1953), former Chinese politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Cong" title="Han Cong">Han Cong</a> (born 1992), Chinese pair skater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Xin_(ice_hockey)" title="He Xin (ice hockey)">He Xin</a> (born 1996), Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> player and member of the <a href="/wiki/China_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="China women's national ice hockey team">China women's national ice hockey team</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Nailiang" title="Jia Nailiang">Jia Nailiang</a> (born 1984), Chinese actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Haitao_(politician)" title="Li Haitao (politician)">Li Haitao (politician)</a> (born 1963), Chinese former politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hu_(general)" title="Lin Hu (general)">Lin Hu</a> (born 1927), Russian-Chinese aviator, fighter pilot and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">lieutenant general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> (PLAAF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_He_(engineer)" title="Liu He (engineer)">Liu He</a> (born 1961), highly accomplished Chinese engineer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simu_Liu" title="Simu Liu">Simu Liu</a> (born 1989), Chinese-Canadian actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Fanshu" title="Ma Fanshu">Ma Fanshu</a> (born 1993), Chinese television host.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningning_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningning (singer)">Ningning</a> (born 2002), Chinese singer, member of the South Korean girl group <a href="/wiki/Aespa" title="Aespa">Aespa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Jie" title="Qiao Jie">Qiao Jie</a> (born 1964), Chinese <a href="/wiki/Obstetrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrician">obstetrician</a>, reproductive physician and biologist, current president of <a href="/wiki/Peking_University_Third_Hospital" title="Peking University Third Hospital">Peking University Third Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jia_(actress,_born_1980)" title="Song Jia (actress, born 1980)">Song Jia</a> (born 1980), Chinese actress and singer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Xibin" title="Song Xibin">Song Xibin</a> (born 1963), former Chinese politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Yadong" title="Song Yadong">Song Yadong</a> (born 1997), Chinese <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed martial artist">mixed martial artist</a> who competes in the <a href="/wiki/Bantamweight_(MMA)" title="Bantamweight (MMA)">Bantamweight division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">UFC</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_Wenjing" title="Sui Wenjing">Sui Wenjing</a> (born 1995), Chinese pair skater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Rui_(singer)" title="Sun Rui (singer)">Sun Rui</a> (born 1995), Chinese singer, dancer, and actress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bin_(executive)" title="Wang Bin (executive)">Wang Bin</a> (born 1958), former Chinese business executive and senior economist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Binshi" title="Xu Binshi">Xu Binshi</a> (born 1931), Chinese engineer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Dongdong" title="Xu Dongdong">Xu Dongdong</a> (born 1990), Chinese actress, singer and model.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xiyan" title="Zhang Xiyan">Zhang Xiyan</a> (born 1980), Chinese female boxer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Baroque_Street" title="Chinese Baroque Street">Chinese Baroque Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">Dragon man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Ferris_Wheel" title="Harbin Ferris Wheel">Harbin Ferris Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Siberian_Tiger_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin Siberian Tiger Park">Harbin Siberian Tiger Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population">List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Harbin" title="List of colleges and universities in Harbin">List of colleges and universities in Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Heilongjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang">List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">har-<span style="font-size:90%">BIN</span>, har-<span style="font-size:90%">BEEN</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: <span title="Manchu-language text"><span lang="mnc" style="font-style: normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', sans-serif; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ</span></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Transliterations_of_Manchu" title="Transliterations of Manchu">Möllendorff</a>: <i>Harbin</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mnc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[χarpin]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">哈尔滨</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">哈爾濱</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hā'ěrbīn</span></i>; <small>IPA:</small> <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xá.àɚpín]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/dc\/Harbin_pronunciation.ogg\/Harbin_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Harbin pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Harbin_pronunciation.ogg/Harbin_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Harbin pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Harbintsy" is the Russian word for "people of Harbin", cf. Berliners, New Yorkers, Muscovites. It applies to any nationality, not just Russians. While the paper focuses on Russian Harbintsy, many of their experiences were shared by Russians living elsewhere in "Russian Manchuria".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Administrative_Divisions-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Administrative_Divisions_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017051915/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Administrative_Divisions.htm">"Administrative Divisions"</a>. Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Administrative_Divisions.htm">the original</a> on 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administrative+Divisions&rft.pub=Harbin+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbin.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FHarbin_Overview%2FAdministrative_Divisions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Survey_of_the_City-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Survey_of_the_City_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130223304/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Survey_of_the_City.htm">"Survey of the City"</a>. <i>Basic Facts</i>. Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Survey_of_the_City.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basic+Facts&rft.atitle=Survey+of+the+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbin.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FHarbin_Overview%2FSurvey_of_the_City.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/heilongjiang/admin/">"China: Hēilóngjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+H%C4%93il%C3%B3ngji%C4%81ng+%28Prefectures%2C+Cities%2C+Districts+and+Counties%29+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts+and+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fchina%2Fheilongjiang%2Fadmin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519050933/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Harbin">"Harbin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Harbin">the original</a> on 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harbin&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FHarbin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Reference-AHD-Harbin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Harbin">"Harbin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harbin&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DHarbin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43580.htm">"Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Heilongjiang"</a>. PRC Central Government Official Website. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228172129/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43580.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illuminating+China%27s+Provinces%2C+Municipalities+and+Autonomous+Regions-Heilongjiang&rft.pub=PRC+Central+Government+Official+Website&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2F43580.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hktdc.com_HarbinInfo_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182257/http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/Harbin-Heilongjiang-City-Information/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X09WA24.htm">"Harbin (Heilongjiang) City Information"</a>. hktdc.com. 28 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/Harbin-Heilongjiang-City-Information/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X09WA24.htm">the original</a> on 16 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harbin+%28Heilongjiang%29+City+Information&rft.pub=hktdc.com&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina-trade-research.hktdc.com%2Fbusiness-news%2Farticle%2FFast-Facts%2FHarbin-Heilongjiang-City-Information%2Fff%2Fen%2F1%2F1X000000%2F1X09WA24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-harbin-gov-cn.translate.goog/haerbin/c104495/listts.shtml?_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=zh-CN&_x_tr_pto=wapp">"Searching for Urban Roots"</a>. harbin.gov.cn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Urban+Roots&rft.pub=harbin.gov.cn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-harbin-gov-cn.translate.goog%2Fhaerbin%2Fc104495%2Flistts.shtml%3F_x_tr_sl%3Dzh-CN%26_x_tr_tl%3Den%26_x_tr_hl%3Dzh-CN%26_x_tr_pto%3Dwapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/officialguideboo00zhon"><i>The official guidebook of China</i></a>. New York, NY: Lee Pub. : A division of Hippocrene Books. 1982. p. 186 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+official+guidebook+of+China&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Lee+Pub.+%3A+A+division+of+Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1982&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialguideboo00zhon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polishstudy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polishstudy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polishstudy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/article.php/21997/article">"Polish Studies in China"</a>. <i>The Warsaw Voice</i>. 30 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092304/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/article.php/21997/article">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Warsaw+Voice&rft.atitle=Polish+Studies+in+China&rft.date=2010-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2FWVpage%2Fpages%2Farticle.php%2F21997%2Farticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019032924/http://www.kzzi.com/harbin">"China information-Harbin section"</a>. <i>Kzzi.com/</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kzzi.com/harbin">the original</a> on 19 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kzzi.com%2F&rft.atitle=China+information-Harbin+section&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kzzi.com%2Fharbin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhao2017" class="citation web cs1">Zhao, Kiki (4 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/world/asia/harbin-china-russia-architecture.html">"Chinese City With a Russian Past Struggles to Preserve Its Legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+City+With+a+Russian+Past+Struggles+to+Preserve+Its+Legacy&rft.date=2017-06-04&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Kiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F04%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fharbin-china-russia-architecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall">"Leading 200 science cities 2024| | Supplements | Nature Index"</a>. <i>www.nature.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nature.com&rft.atitle=Leading+200+science+cities+2024%7C+%7C+Supplements+%7C+Nature+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature-index%2Fsupplements%2Fnature-index-2024-science-cities%2Ftables%2Foverall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=harbin">"US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Harbin"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=US+News+Best+Global+Universities+Rankings+in+Harbin&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Fsearch%3Fcity%3Dharbin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025131649/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/engineering">"Best Global Universities for Engineering"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/engineering">the original</a> on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Best+Global+Universities+for+Engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Fengineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xhnet-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xhnet_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJianwei2014" class="citation news cs1">Jianwei, Wabng (1 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424163510/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2014-02/01/c_133088261.htm">"People enjoy ice sculptures in Harbin"</a>. English.news.cn. Xinhua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2014-02/01/c_133088261.htm">the original</a> on 24 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=People+enjoy+ice+sculptures+in+Harbin&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft.aulast=Jianwei&rft.aufirst=Wabng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fphoto%2F2014-02%2F01%2Fc_133088261.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCsculpturemelting-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCsculpturemelting_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCsculpturemelting_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004712/http://listening.gdufs.edu.cn/web/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1192">"Chinese ice sculptures melting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listening.gdufs.edu.cn/web/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1192">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+ice+sculptures+melting&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flistening.gdufs.edu.cn%2Fweb%2FArticle%2FShowArticle.asp%3FArticleID%3D1192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSu_Jinyuan1982" class="citation book cs1">Su Jinyuan (February 1982). <i>On Wanyan Aguda's Political and Economic Reform</i>. <a href="/wiki/Collected_Papers_of_History_Studies" title="Collected Papers of History Studies">Collected Papers of History Studies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Wanyan+Aguda%27s+Political+and+Economic+Reform&rft.pub=Collected+Papers+of+History+Studies&rft.date=1982-02&rft.au=Su+Jinyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinakindnesstour.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinakindnesstour.com_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinakindnesstour.com_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202824/http://www.chinakindnesstour.com/cityguide/Harbin/Attractions/cityguide_2532.shtml">"The Remains of Huining in Shangjing of Jin Dynasty"</a>. China Kindness Tour. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinakindnesstour.com/cityguide/Harbin/Attractions/cityguide_2532.shtml">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Remains+of+Huining+in+Shangjing+of+Jin+Dynasty&rft.pub=China+Kindness+Tour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinakindnesstour.com%2Fcityguide%2FHarbin%2FAttractions%2Fcityguide_2532.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tao28-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tao28_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tao (1976). Pages 28-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tao44-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tao44_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tao44_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tao, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9003190">"A-ch'eng"</a>. (2006). In <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Retrieved 4 December 2006 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowuguan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowuguan_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowuguan_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ta.harbin.gov.cn/hrblvyouju/display.php?id=588"><bdi lang="zh">金上京历史博物馆</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China)). Harbin People's Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%87%91%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%AC%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86&rft.pub=Harbin+People%27s+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fta.harbin.gov.cn%2Fhrblvyouju%2Fdisplay.php%3Fid%3D588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heilongjiang.northeast.cn/system/2005/09/19/050136470.shtml=">"Funny Games Enjoy Now" <bdi lang="zh">阿骨打、粘罕雕像落成 Aguda's and Nianhan's statues completed</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). 东北网<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Funny+Games+Enjoy+Now+%E9%98%BF%E9%AA%A8%E6%89%93%E3%80%81%E7%B2%98%E7%BD%95%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%E8%90%BD%E6%88%90+Aguda%27s+and+Nianhan%27s+statues+completed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheilongjiang.northeast.cn%2Fsystem%2F2005%2F09%2F19%2F050136470.shtml%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Evolution-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Evolution_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Evolution_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Evolution_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Evolution_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130223146/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Historical_Evolution.htm">"Historical Evolution"</a>. Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Historical_Evolution.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>At the end of the 19th century, there were over ten villages and about 30,000 people in Harbin, and the economic elements such as transportation, trade,and population began to develop, which laid the foundation for formation and development of the city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Evolution&rft.pub=Harbin+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbin.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FHarbin_Overview%2FHistorical_Evolution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023185204"><i>Consul Hosie to Bax-Ironside</i></a>. Correspondence with the United States' Government Respecting Foreign Trade in China. 8 May 1899. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023185204/page/n331">154</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consul+Hosie+to+Bax-Ironside&rft.series=Correspondence+with+the+United+States%27+Government+Respecting+Foreign+Trade+in+China&rft.pages=154&rft.date=1899-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023185204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF哈尔滨市地方志编纂委员会1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">哈尔滨市地方志编纂委员会 (1998). <bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨市志</bdi> [<i>History of Harbin</i>] (in Chinese). 黑龙江人民出版社 (Heilongjiang People's Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-207-03841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-207-03841-8"><bdi>978-7-207-03841-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%97&rft.pub=%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE+%28Heilongjiang+People%27s+Press%29&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-7-207-03841-8&rft.au=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%BF%97%E7%BC%96%E7%BA%82%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013311_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlinsky2013">Karlinsky 2013</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013312–313-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013312–313_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlinsky2013">Karlinsky 2013</a>, pp. 312–313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJing-tao" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jing-tao, Wang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabiao.net/content-41-56742-1.html">"Analysis of the Rat Plague of Northeast China and the Sanitary and Antiepidemic Condition of Yanbian in the Early 20th Century" <bdi lang="zh">试析二十世纪初东北鼠疫与延边地区防疫卫生状况</bdi></a> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030170717/http://www.fabiao.net/content-41-56742-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+the+Rat+Plague+of+Northeast+China+and+the+Sanitary+and+Antiepidemic+Condition+of+Yanbian+in+the+Early+20th+Century+%E8%AF%95%E6%9E%90%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB%E4%B8%8E%E5%BB%B6%E8%BE%B9%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E9%98%B2%E7%96%AB%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5&rft.aulast=Jing-tao&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabiao.net%2Fcontent-41-56742-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSTOR-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGamsa2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gamsa, M. (1 February 2006). "The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910-1911". <i>Past & Present</i> (190): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtj001">10.1093/pastj/gtj001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161797143">161797143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Epidemic+of+Pneumonic+Plague+in+Manchuria+1910-1911&rft.issue=190&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtj001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161797143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gamsa&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArticle_in_Chinese" class="citation web cs1">Article in Chinese. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324201916/http://website.hrbmu.edu.cn/view/xywh/article/000543.html">"130th memorial of Dr. Wu Lien-teh"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://website.hrbmu.edu.cn/view/xywh/article/000543.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=130th+memorial+of+Dr.+Wu+Lien-teh&rft.au=Article+in+Chinese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsite.hrbmu.edu.cn%2Fview%2Fxywh%2Farticle%2F000543.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203161843/http://sinoforum.pl/historia/harbin-najbardziej-polskie-z-chinskich-miast/">"Sinoforum – Harbin"</a> (in Polish). Sinoforum.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinoforum.pl/historia/harbin-najbardziej-polskie-z-chinskich-miast/">the original</a> on 3 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinoforum+%E2%80%93+Harbin&rft.pub=Sinoforum.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinoforum.pl%2Fhistoria%2Fharbin-najbardziej-polskie-z-chinskich-miast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakich, Olga Mikhailovna, "Emigre Identity: The Case of Harbin", <i>The South Atlantic Quarterly</i>, Vol.99, No.1 (2000): 51–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-эхо-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-эхо_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-эхо_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-эхо_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="ru">Эхо планеты № 42</bdi> [<i>Echo of the Planet No.42</i>] (in Russian). ИТАР-ТАСС (Russian News Agency "TASS"). p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D1%85%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%E2%84%96+42&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A0-%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1+%28Russian+News+Agency+%22TASS%22%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee1983-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee1983_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee1983_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee1983_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee1983_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChong-Sik_Lee1983" class="citation book cs1">Chong-Sik Lee (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionarystr00leec"><i>Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism and Soviet Interest, 1922-1945</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionarystr00leec/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04375-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04375-6"><bdi>978-0-520-04375-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Struggle+in+Manchuria%3A+Chinese+Communism+and+Soviet+Interest%2C+1922-1945&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04375-6&rft.au=Chong-Sik+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionarystr00leec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SladkovskiÄ1966-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SladkovskiÄ1966_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SladkovskiÄ1966_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SladkovskiÄ1966_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikhail_Iosifovich_Sladkovski1966" class="citation book cs1">Mikhail Iosifovich Sladkovski (1 January 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VAk8RqPYfPgC&pg=PA145"><i>History of Economic Relations Between Russia and China [by] M.I. Sladkovskii</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2519-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2519-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-2519-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Economic+Relations+Between+Russia+and+China+%26%2391%3Bby%26%2393%3B+M.I.+Sladkovskii&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1966-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2519-1&rft.au=Mikhail+Iosifovich+Sladkovski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVAk8RqPYfPgC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bisher2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bisher2006_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamie_Bisher2006" class="citation book cs1">Jamie Bisher (16 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg6RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian</i></a>. Routledge. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-135-76595-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-135-76595-2"><bdi>1-135-76595-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Terror%3A+Cossack+Warlords+of+the+Trans-Siberian&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-01-16&rft.isbn=1-135-76595-2&rft.au=Jamie+Bisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMg6RAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maramoustafine-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maramoustafine_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maramoustafine.com/wp-content/uploads/the-harbin-connection-anu-2004.pdf">"The Harbin Connection: Russians from China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. from Shen Yuanfang and Penny Edwards (eds) Beyond China: Migrating Identities, Centre for the Study of the Southern Chinese Diaspora, Australian National University, Canberra, 2002, pp7587. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191753/http://maramoustafine.com/wp-content/uploads/the-harbin-connection-anu-2004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Harbin+Connection%3A+Russians+from+China&rft.pub=from+Shen+Yuanfang+and+Penny+Edwards+%28eds%29+Beyond+China%3A+Migrating+Identities%2C+Centre+for+the+Study+of+the+Southern+Chinese+Diaspora%2C+Australian+National+University%2C+Canberra%2C+2002%2C+pp7587&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaramoustafine.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fthe-harbin-connection-anu-2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013312-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013312_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlinsky2013">Karlinsky 2013</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013313–314-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013313–314_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlinsky2013">Karlinsky 2013</a>, p. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315–316-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315–316_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315–316_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlinsky2013">Karlinsky 2013</a>, p. 315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013315_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlinsky2013">Karlinsky 2013</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013313-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013313_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlinsky2013">Karlinsky 2013</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Fuliang Shan, "'A Proud and Creative Jewish Community:' The Harbin Diaspora, Jewish Memory and Sino-Israeli Relations", American Review of China Studies, Fall 2008, pp. 15–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmberEmberSkoggard2004" class="citation book cs1">Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (30 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC"><i>Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48321-9"><bdi>978-0-306-48321-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508113750/https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diasporas%3A+Immigrant+and+Refugee+Cultures+Around+the+World.+Volume+I%3A+Overviews+and+Topics%3B+Volume+II%3A+Diaspora+Communities&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-306-48321-9&rft.aulast=Ember&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft.au=Ember%2C+Carol+R.&rft.au=Skoggard%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QEjPVyd9YMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705195940/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/CollectSec.html">"Collective security"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/CollectSec.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collective+security&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.wnec.edu%2F~grempel%2Fcourses%2Fstalin%2Flectures%2FCollectSec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsuzaka, <i>The Making of Japanese Manchuria</i>, 1904–1932.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuki Tanaka, <i>Hidden Horrors</i>, 1996, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHK1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SHK1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris1994" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Sheldon H. (1994). <i>Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare 1932–45 and the American Cover-Up</i>. California State University, Northridge: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93214-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93214-9"><bdi>0-415-93214-9</bdi></a>. <q>Page 26: Zhong Ma Prison Camp's creation; Page 33: Pingfang site's creation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Factories+of+Death%3A+Japanese+Biological+Warfare+1932%E2%80%9345+and+the+American+Cover-Up&rft.place=California+State+University%2C+Northridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-415-93214-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dcr-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dcr_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Rapoport. "Terrorism and Weapons of the Apocalypse". In James M. Ludes, Henry Sokolski (eds.), <i>Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready?</i> Routledge, 2001. pp. 19, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_War_Crime_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabarovsk War Crime Trials">Khabarovsk War Crime Trials</a>. <i>Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Biological Weapons</i>, Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950. p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuki Tanaka, <i>Hidden Horrors</i>, Westviewpress, 1996, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp/user/tsuchiya/gyoseki/presentation/IAB8.html">"[IAB8] Imperial Japanese Medical Atrocities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043000/http://www.lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp/user/tsuchiya/gyoseki/presentation/IAB8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BIAB8%5D+Imperial+Japanese+Medical+Atrocities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lit.osaka-cu.ac.jp%2Fuser%2Ftsuchiya%2Fgyoseki%2Fpresentation%2FIAB8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813034434/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/sinboj/sinboj2002/8/0826/81.htm"><bdi lang="ja">旧日本軍の７３１部隊（細菌部隊）人体実験に朝鮮人日本の公文書で初確認</bdi></a> [AII The War Crime "Unit 731" and Chinese, Korean Civilian. ci]. <i>Korea-np.co.jp</i> (in Japanese). 조선신보. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/sinboj/sinboj2002/8/0826/81.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea-np.co.jp&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%97%EF%BC%93%EF%BC%91%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%88%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A%EF%BC%89%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93%E3%81%AB%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E4%BA%BA+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E5%85%AC%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%A7%E5%88%9D%E7%A2%BA%E8%AA%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.korea-np.co.jp%2Fsinboj%2Fsinboj2002%2F8%2F0826%2F81.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906073729/http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/morim000/00000036.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Моримура Сэйити Кухня Дьявола-доставка В Живом Виде По Первому Требованию</bdi></a> [Seiichi Morimura, The Devil's Gluttony] (in Russian). 1981. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/morim000/00000036.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%92+%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft.date=1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.x-libri.ru%2Felib%2Fmorim000%2F00000036.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bisher, Jamie <i>White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian</i>, London: Routledge, 2005 p.305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923171112/http://www.cc.matsuyama-u.ac.jp/~tamura/731butai.htm"><bdi lang="ja">７３１部隊について</bdi></a> [The devil unit, Unit 731] (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cc.matsuyama-u.ac.jp/~tamura/731butai.htm">the original</a> on 23 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EF%BC%97%EF%BC%93%EF%BC%91%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cc.matsuyama-u.ac.jp%2F~tamura%2F731butai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dissect-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dissect_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Lloyd_Parry2007" class="citation news cs1">Richard Lloyd Parry (25 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228095300/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece">"Dissect them alive: order not to be disobeyed"</a>. <i>Times Online</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1438491.ece">the original</a> on 28 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Online&rft.atitle=Dissect+them+alive%3A+order+not+to+be+disobeyed&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft.au=Richard+Lloyd+Parry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle1438491.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monchinski, Tony (2008). <i>Critical Pedagogy and the Everyday Classroom</i>. Volumen 3 de Explorations of Educational Purpose. Springer, p. 57. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-8462-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-8462-5">1-4020-8462-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neuman, William Lawrence (2008). <i>Understanding Research</i>. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, p. 65. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-47153-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-47153-6">0-205-47153-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gold109-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gold109_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hal Gold, <i>Unit 731 Testimony</i>, 2003, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These statistics, based on research work by A. B. Roginsky and O. A. Gorlanov of Memorial's Research and Information Centre, were provided to the author in May 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clausen-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clausen_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clausen_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hal Gold, Clausen, Søren and Stig Thøgersen (eds). 1995. The Making of a Chinese City:History and Historiography in Harbin. New York: M. E. Sharpe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFP-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RFP_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephan, John J. 1978. The Russian Fascists: Tragedy and Farce in Exile 192545. London: Hamish Hamilton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuang" class="citation web cs1">Huang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dangoor.com/71page18.html">"Shanghai Jews as seen by Chinese Jewish People in Shanghai for 138 years"</a>. <i>The Scribe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823074407/http://www.dangoor.com/71page18.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scribe&rft.atitle=Shanghai+Jews+as+seen+by+Chinese+Jewish+People+in+Shanghai+for+138+years&rft.au=Huang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dangoor.com%2F71page18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LTC David M. Glantz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/LP7_AugustStormTheSoviet1945StrategicOffensiveInManchuria.pdf">"August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723082515/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp">Archived</a> 2011-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USSR1991-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USSR1991_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soldat.ru/spravka/freedom/6-china.html"><bdi lang="ru">Освобождение городов КИТАЙ(Liberation of Cities-China)</bdi></a>. <i>Soldat.ru</i> (in Russian). 9 May 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702175103/http://soldat.ru/spravka/freedom/6-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soldat.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%99%28Liberation+of+Cities-China%29&rft.date=2000-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soldat.ru%2Fspravka%2Ffreedom%2F6-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinese Government's Official Web Portal (English). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.gov.cn/2005-08/06/content_20912.htm">China: a country with 5,000-year-long civilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120601053642/http://english.gov.cn/2005-08/06/content_20912.htm">Archived</a> 2012-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. retrieved 2011-09-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013314-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlinsky2013314_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlinsky2013">Karlinsky 2013</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keidanren.or.jp/english/policy/2001/006.html">"Japan-China Relations in the 21st Century"</a>. <i>Kendairen.or.jp</i>. Japan Federation of Economic Organizations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323225647/http://www.keidanren.or.jp/english/policy/2001/006.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kendairen.or.jp&rft.atitle=Japan-China+Relations+in+the+21st+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keidanren.or.jp%2Fenglish%2Fpolicy%2F2001%2F006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olmert-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olmert_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200603/30/eng20060330_254474.html">"Harbin people congratulate Olmert on Israeli election success"</a>. <i>People's Daily</i>. 30 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Harbin+people+congratulate+Olmert+on+Israeli+election+success&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F200603%2F30%2Feng20060330_254474.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hl/32696.html"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨市历史沿革</bdi></a>. <i>Xzqh.org</i> (in Simplified Chinese). 16 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107051755/http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/hl/32696.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xzqh.org&rft.atitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xzqh.org%2Fhtml%2Fshow%2Fhl%2F32696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpi.com.cn/cpi-e/stamp/1996/1996-2.asp">World of Chinese Stamps and Philatelic Items</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213112051/http://www.cpi.com.cn/cpi-e/stamp/1996/1996-2.asp">Archived</a> 2006-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/hero">"What Defines a Hero?"</a>. Japan Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004183049/http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/hero">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Defines+a+Hero%3F&rft.pub=Japan+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faboutjapan.japansociety.org%2Fcontent.cfm%2Fhero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeng2014" class="citation news cs1">Peng, Fu (20 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020171356/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2014-01/20/c_133057726.htm">"Korean patriot Ahn Jung Geun's memorial held in Harbin"</a>. Xinhuanet English. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2014-01/20/c_133057726.htm">the original</a> on 20 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Korean+patriot+Ahn+Jung+Geun%27s+memorial+held+in+Harbin&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Fu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fphoto%2F2014-01%2F20%2Fc_133057726.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129085624/http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/12.html">"Description of Ito, Hirobumi (1841 - 1909), Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures"</a>. National Diet Library of Japan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/12.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Description+of+Ito%2C+Hirobumi+%281841+-+1909%29%2C+Portraits+of+Modern+Japanese+Historical+Figures&rft.pub=National+Diet+Library+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fportrait%2Fe%2Fdatas%2F12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/kyodo-news-international/140119/memorial-hall-korean-nationalist-ahn-jung-geun-opens-c">"Memorial hall for Korean nationalist Ahn Jung Geun opens in China"</a>. Kyodo News International. 1 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020225125/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/kyodo-news-international/140119/memorial-hall-korean-nationalist-ahn-jung-geun-opens-c">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Memorial+hall+for+Korean+nationalist+Ahn+Jung+Geun+opens+in+China&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fkyodo-news-international%2F140119%2Fmemorial-hall-korean-nationalist-ahn-jung-geun-opens-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25808437">"Japan protest over Korean assassin Ahn Jung-geun memorial in China"</a>. BBC News. 20 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922185328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25808437">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+protest+over+Korean+assassin+Ahn+Jung-geun+memorial+in+China&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-25808437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXiu_Jun2001" class="citation web cs1">Xiu Jun, Li (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DLKX200001008.htm">"The Alkili-saline Land and Agricultural Sustainable Development of the Western Songnen Plain in China (Alkali is misspelled in the original title)"</a>. <i>En.cnki.com</i>. Scientia Geographica Sinica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131128234527/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DLKX200001008.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=En.cnki.com&rft.atitle=The+Alkili-saline+Land+and+Agricultural+Sustainable+Development+of+the+Western+Songnen+Plain+in+China+%28Alkali+is+misspelled+in+the+original+title%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Xiu+Jun&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DLKX200001008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profiles_of_China_Provinces,_Cities_and_Industrial_Parks_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hktdc.com/info/mi/a/mpcn/en/1X074BKJ/1/Profiles-Of-China-Provinces-Cities-And-Industrial-Parks/Harbin-Heilongjiang-City-Information.htm">"Harbin ( Heilongjiang ) City Information"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harbin+%28+Heilongjiang+%29+City+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hktdc.com%2Finfo%2Fmi%2Fa%2Fmpcn%2Fen%2F1X074BKJ%2F1%2FProfiles-Of-China-Provinces-Cities-And-Industrial-Parks%2FHarbin-Heilongjiang-City-Information.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-location-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-location_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130223214/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Natural_Resources.htm">"Geographic Location"</a>. <i>Basic Facts</i>. Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Natural_Resources.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basic+Facts&rft.atitle=Geographic+Location&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbin.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FHarbin_Overview%2FNatural_Resources.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2003. Wang A., Zhang S., and Zhang B. A study on the change of spatial pattern of wetland in the Sanjiang Plain. Acta Ecologica Sinica 23(2):237–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm">"Extreme Temperatures Around the World"</a>. <i>www.mherrera.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mherrera.org&rft.atitle=Extreme+Temperatures+Around+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mherrera.org%2Ftemp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.weather.com.cn/565590.shtml">"东北晴热哈尔滨35.3℃现今年首个高温-资讯-中国天气网"</a>. <i>news.weather.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.weather.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%99%B4%E7%83%AD+%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A835.3%E2%84%83%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%8A%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%96%E4%B8%AA%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%A9-%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94%E7%BD%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.weather.com.cn%2F565590.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climatological_Summary-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Climatological_Summary_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130223054/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Climatological_Summary.htm">"Climatological Summary"</a>. Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Climatological_Summary.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climatological+Summary&rft.pub=Harbin+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbin.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FHarbin_Overview%2FClimatological_Summary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrbdl.gov.cn/hebdlq/col1/202302/c01_862602.shtml">"哈尔滨市道里区人民政府地理地貌气候"</a>. <i>www.hrbdl.gov.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrbdl.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E9%81%93%E9%87%8C%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrbdl.gov.cn%2Fhebdlq%2Fcol1%2F202302%2Fc01_862602.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurtisKlaus2024" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). <i>The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order</i>. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.11589102">10.2307/jj.11589102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300266900" title="Special:BookSources/9780300266900"><bdi>9780300266900</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.11589102">jj.11589102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+City%3A+Geopolitics%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+China%27s+Search+for+a+New+International+Order&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.11589102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.11589102&rft.isbn=9780300266900&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Klaus%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMA-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMA_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016192548/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3"><bdi lang="zh">中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China)). <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3">the original</a> on 16 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E7%AB%99%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%80%BC%E6%9C%88%E5%80%BC%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%9B%86%EF%BC%881971%EF%BC%8D2000%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold-cdc.cma.gov.cn%2Fshuju%2Fsearch1.jsp%3Fdsid%3DSURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES%26tpcat%3DSURF%26type%3Dtable%26pageid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cma_graphical-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cma_graphical_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html">"Index" <bdi lang="zh">中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%BD%91+-+WeatherBk+Data&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.cma.cn%2Fdata%2FweatherBk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps"><bdi lang="zh">CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)</bdi></a> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CMA%E5%8F%B0%E7%AB%99%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%80%BC%281991-2020%29&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexperience.arcgis.com%2Ftemplate%2Fe724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55%2Fpage%2F%25E7%25BA%25AF%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E7%25BB%259F%25E8%25AE%25A1-%28%25E5%25AF%25B9%25E6%25AF%25948110%25E5%258F%2598%25E5%258C%2596%29%2F%3Forg%3DUQmaps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weather_China-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weather_China_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101050101.shtml?"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨城市介绍以及气候背景分析</bdi></a>. <i>Weather China</i> (in Chinese (China)). 中国气象局公共气象服务中心. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630045255/http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101050101.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+China&rft.atitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com.cn%2Fcityintro%2F101050101.shtml%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/harbin-climate">"Harbin, China - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. <i>Weather Atlas</i>. Yu Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709184228/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/harbin-climate">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=Harbin%2C+China+-+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fchina%2Fharbin-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Ministry of Civil Affairs">Ministry of Civil Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%BF%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Civil+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles2.mca.gov.cn%2Fcws%2F201502%2F20150225163817214.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF哈尔滨年鉴社2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">哈尔滨年鉴社 (2011). <bdi lang="zh">《哈尔滨年鉴2011》</bdi> (in Simplified Chinese). 哈尔滨年鉴社.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B42011%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B4%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2011&rft.au=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B4%E7%A4%BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Civil_Affairs2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Ministry of Civil Affairs">Ministry of Civil Affairs</a> (2014). <bdi lang="zh">《中国民政统计年鉴2014》</bdi> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国统计出版社">China Statistics Print</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-7130-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-7130-9"><bdi>978-7-5037-7130-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B42014%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-7130-9&rft.au=Ministry+of+Civil+Affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013stat-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2013stat_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2013stat_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180056/http://hb.my399.com/page/1/2014-03-19/09/89161395151557020.pdf"><bdi lang="zh">2013年哈尔滨市国民经济和社会发展统计公报</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Chinese (China)). Harbin Municipal Statistics Bureau. 18 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hb.my399.com/page/1/2014-03-19/09/89161395151557020.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=Harbin+Municipal+Statistics+Bureau&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhb.my399.com%2Fpage%2F1%2F2014-03-19%2F09%2F89161395151557020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2015年黑龙江各市GDP和人均GDP排名-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2015年黑龙江各市GDP和人均GDP排名_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phbang.cn/finance/data/152416.html"><bdi lang="zh">2015年黑龙江各市GDP和人均GDP排名</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109085627/http://www.phbang.cn/finance/data/152416.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E5%90%84%E5%B8%82GDP%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87GDP%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phbang.cn%2Ffinance%2Fdata%2F152416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China-briefing.com-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China-briefing.com_101-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-briefing.com/regional-intelligence/harbin.html">"China Briefing Business Guide: Harbin"</a>. China-briefing.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023061641/http://www.china-briefing.com/regional-intelligence/harbin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Briefing+Business+Guide%3A+Harbin&rft.pub=China-briefing.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-briefing.com%2Fregional-intelligence%2Fharbin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-socgen-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-socgen_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223055243/http://documents.mx/documents/socgen-china-losing-it-shine.html">"Capital Goods: China Losing Its Shine"</a>. Societe General. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.mx/documents/socgen-china-losing-it-shine.html">the original</a> on 23 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capital+Goods%3A+China+Losing+Its+Shine&rft.pub=Societe+General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.mx%2Fdocuments%2Fsocgen-china-losing-it-shine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.alibaba.com/article/detail/business-in-china/100021342-1-harbin-pharmaceutical-issue-rmb-800.html">"Trade Intelligence, Gain valuable business insights from our searchable database of thousands of articles and reports"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310133712/http://news.alibaba.com/article/detail/business-in-china/100021342-1-harbin-pharmaceutical-issue-rmb-800.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Intelligence%2C+Gain+valuable+business+insights+from+our+searchable+database+of+thousands+of+articles+and+reports.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.alibaba.com%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2Fbusiness-in-china%2F100021342-1-harbin-pharmaceutical-issue-rmb-800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-06-14/09082801850s.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">1990年创办至今回眸哈洽会十四年这样走过</bdi></a> (in Chinese). 生活报(Life Newspaper). 14 June 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517161258/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-06-14/09082801850s.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1990%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%9B%E5%8A%9E%E8%87%B3%E4%BB%8A+%E5%9B%9E%E7%9C%B8%E5%93%88%E6%B4%BD%E4%BC%9A+%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%87&rft.date=2004-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.com.cn%2Fc%2F2004-06-14%2F09082801850s.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pt2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/bilateralvisits/201305/20130500124598.shtml">"The 24th China Harbin International Economic and Trade Fair will be held from June 15th to 19th in Harbin"</a>. Departamento Econômico e Comercial em Portugal. 13 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161029183238/http://pt2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/bilateralvisits/201305/20130500124598.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+24th+China+Harbin+International+Economic+and+Trade+Fair+will+be+held+from+June+15th+to+19th+in+Harbin&rft.pub=Departamento+Econ%C3%B4mico+e+Comercial+em+Portugal&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpt2.mofcom.gov.cn%2Farticle%2Fbilateralvisits%2F201305%2F20130500124598.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2014/03/21/055591091.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">"哈洽会"今年正式更名为"中国-俄罗斯博览会"</bdi></a> (in Chinese). 黑龙江日报. 21 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705235246/http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2014/03/21/055591091.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%E5%93%88%E6%B4%BD%E4%BC%9A%22%E4%BB%8A%E5%B9%B4%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E6%9B%B4%E5%90%8D%E4%B8%BA%22%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD-%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%9A%E8%A7%88%E4%BC%9A%22&rft.pub=%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheilongjiang.dbw.cn%2Fsystem%2F2014%2F03%2F21%2F055591091.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517130600/http://hlj.sina.com.cn/news/finance/qyjj/2014-05-15/09193311.html"><bdi lang="zh">哈洽会升级中俄博览会 6月30日—7月4日举行</bdi></a> (in Chinese). 黑龙江新闻网-生活报. 15 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hlj.sina.com.cn/news/finance/qyjj/2014-05-15/09193311.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%93%88%E6%B4%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%8D%87%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E4%BF%84%E5%8D%9A%E8%A7%88%E4%BC%9A+6%E6%9C%8830%E6%97%A5%E2%80%947%E6%9C%884%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C&rft.pub=%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91-%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhlj.sina.com.cn%2Fnews%2Ffinance%2Fqyjj%2F2014-05-15%2F09193311.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517115213/http://harbin.dbw.cn/system/2011/10/11/053442238.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">2011全国城市商行竞争力排名哈尔滨银行居第四</bdi></a> (in Chinese). 哈尔滨新闻网. 11 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harbin.dbw.cn/system/2011/10/11/053442238.shtml">the original</a> on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%95%86%E8%A1%8C%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89%E5%8A%9B%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D+%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C%E5%B1%85%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B&rft.pub=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharbin.dbw.cn%2Fsystem%2F2011%2F10%2F11%2F053442238.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-economic-technology-development-zone">"Harbin Economic & Technology Development Zone | China Industrial Space"</a>. Rightsite.asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904163320/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-economic-technology-development-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harbin+Economic+%26+Technology+Development+Zone+%26%23124%3B+China+Industrial+Space&rft.pub=Rightsite.asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fharbin-economic-technology-development-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-pingfang-automobile-industrial-zone">"Harbin Pingfang Automobile Industrial Zone | China Industrial Space"</a>. Rightsite.asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904163359/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-pingfang-automobile-industrial-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harbin+Pingfang+Automobile+Industrial+Zone+%26%23124%3B+China+Industrial+Space&rft.pub=Rightsite.asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fharbin-pingfang-automobile-industrial-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-limin-economic-development-zone">"Harbin Limin Economic Development Zone | China Industrial Space"</a>. Rightsite.asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904163334/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-limin-economic-development-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harbin+Limin+Economic+Development+Zone+%26%23124%3B+China+Industrial+Space&rft.pub=Rightsite.asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fharbin-limin-economic-development-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-songbei-economic-development-zone/">"Harbin Songbei Economic Development Zone | China Industrial Space"</a>. Rightsite.asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123719/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-songbei-economic-development-zone/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harbin+Songbei+Economic+Development+Zone+%26%23124%3B+China+Industrial+Space&rft.pub=Rightsite.asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fharbin-songbei-economic-development-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScientificTechnologyandEducation-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScientificTechnologyandEducation_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408100054/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Scientific_Technology.htm">"Scientific Technology and Education"</a>. Harbin Information Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Scientific_Technology.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientific+Technology+and+Education&rft.pub=Harbin+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbin.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FHarbin_Overview%2FScientific_Technology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095843/http://www.kfq.gov.cn/zsyz/tzhj/hrbkfqjj/index.htm"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨经济开发区 - 简介</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfq.gov.cn/zsyz/tzhj/hrbkfqjj/index.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%8C%BA+-+%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfq.gov.cn%2Fzsyz%2Ftzhj%2Fhrbkfqjj%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkintroduction-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parkintroduction_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkintroduction_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.kaifaqu.com.cn/sub11.jsp?urltype=tree.TreeTempUrl&wbtreeid=1565">"Park introduction of Harbin High and New Technology Industry Development Zone"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084107/http://en.kaifaqu.com.cn/sub11.jsp?urltype=tree.TreeTempUrl&wbtreeid=1565">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Park+introduction+of+Harbin+High+and+New+Technology+Industry+Development+Zone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.kaifaqu.com.cn%2Fsub11.jsp%3Furltype%3Dtree.TreeTempUrl%26wbtreeid%3D1565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/">"Harbin Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone | China Industrial Space"</a>. Rightsite.asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801013602/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harbin+Hi-Tech+Industrial+Development+Zone+%26%23124%3B+China+Industrial+Space&rft.pub=Rightsite.asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fharbin-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tjj.hlj.gov.cn/tjjnianjian/2020rkpc/indexch.htm">"黑龙江省人口普查年鉴-2020"</a> [Heilongjiang Province Census Yearbook-2020]. <i>Heilongjiang Bureau of Statistics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilongjiang+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B4-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftjj.hlj.gov.cn%2Ftjjnianjian%2F2020rkpc%2Findexch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-heilongjiang-admin.php">"China: Administrative Division of Hēilóngjiāng / 黑龙江省 (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708202109/https://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-heilongjiang-admin.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+Administrative+Division+of+H%C4%93il%C3%B3ngji%C4%81ng+%2F+%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%9C%81+%28Prefectures%2C+Cities%2C+Districts+and+Counties%29+-+Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fphp%2Fchina-heilongjiang-admin.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2011/05/13/053162730.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨人口突破千万外来人口增速超本地</bdi></a> (in Chinese). Dongbeiwang. 13 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524184451/http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2011/05/13/053162730.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%87+%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A2%9E%E9%80%9F%E8%B6%85%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0&rft.pub=Dongbeiwang&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheilongjiang.dbw.cn%2Fsystem%2F2011%2F05%2F13%2F053162730.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513001651/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/info/news/index/detail/211381.htm"><bdi lang="zh">哈市最新常住人口1063.59万居副省级城市第三位</bdi></a> (in Chinese). www.harbin.gov.cn. 11 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/info/news/index/detail/211381.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B8%82%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%B8%E4%BD%8F%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A31063.59%E4%B8%87+%E5%B1%85%E5%89%AF%E7%9C%81%E7%BA%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbin.gov.cn%2Finfo%2Fnews%2Findex%2Fdetail%2F211381.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tone-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tone_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tone_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTe2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Te, Ma (August 28, 2017). Haiyun, Wu; Walsh, Matthew (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1000760/orthodox-churches%2C-unorthodox-histories-in-chinas-far-northeast">"Orthodox Churches, Unorthodox Histories in China's Far Northeast"</a>. <i>Sixth Tone</i>. Translated by Bies, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065720/http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1000760/orthodox-churches%2C-unorthodox-histories-in-chinas-far-northeast?mc_cid=acc5f04be5&mc_eid=1f9d28130a">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sixth+Tone&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Churches%2C+Unorthodox+Histories+in+China%27s+Far+Northeast&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft.aulast=Te&rft.aufirst=Ma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1000760%2Forthodox-churches%252C-unorthodox-histories-in-chinas-far-northeast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114235910/http://www.harbinice.com/fact-v4-ethnic-groups-religions-in-harbin.html">"Ethnic Minority Groups, Peoples & Religions in Harbin, China Ice Festival"</a>. <i>www.harbinice.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbinice.com/fact-v4-ethnic-groups-religions-in-harbin.html">the original</a> on 14 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.harbinice.com&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Minority+Groups%2C+Peoples+%26+Religions+in+Harbin%2C+China+Ice+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbinice.com%2Ffact-v4-ethnic-groups-religions-in-harbin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-english.peopledaily.com.cn-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-english.peopledaily.com.cn_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.peopledaily.com.cn_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-english.peopledaily.com.cn_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF王寒露2010" class="citation news cs1">王寒露 (26 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/7041463.html">"UN recognizes China's northeastern Harbin as "Music City"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. No. Xinhua. People's Daily Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191324/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/7041463.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+recognizes+China%27s+northeastern+Harbin+as+%22Music+City%22&rft.issue=Xinhua&rft.date=2010-06-26&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%92%E9%9C%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90001%2F90776%2F90882%2F7041463.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnntravel-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnntravel_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnntravel_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnntravel_124-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/shanghai/eat/around-china-31-dishes-808639">"31 dishes: A guide to China's regional specialties"</a>. CNN Travel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225065916/http://travel.cnn.com/shanghai/eat/around-china-31-dishes-808639">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=31+dishes%3A+A+guide+to+China%27s+regional+specialties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fshanghai%2Feat%2Faround-china-31-dishes-808639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guobaorou-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guobaorou_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guobaorou_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306231357/http://www.hljnews.cn/fou_baoye/2005-10/25/content_884048.htm"><bdi lang="zh">"锅包肉"来自道台府</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="zh">生活报</bdi> (in Chinese). 25 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hljnews.cn/fou_baoye/2005-10/25/content_884048.htm">the original</a> on 6 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span> – via Heilongjiang News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%E9%94%85%E5%8C%85%E8%82%89%22%E6%9D%A5%E8%87%AA%E9%81%93%E5%8F%B0%E5%BA%9C&rft.date=2005-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hljnews.cn%2Ffou_baoye%2F2005-10%2F25%2Fcontent_884048.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135225/http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2010/09/02/052704618.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">哈同公路得莫利服务区打造"龙江第一服务区"</bdi></a>. <i>dbw.cn Heilongjiang</i> (in Chinese (China)). 2 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2010/09/02/052704618.shtml">the original</a> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dbw.cn+Heilongjiang&rft.atitle=%E5%93%88%E5%90%8C%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%97%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%8C%BA%E6%89%93%E9%80%A0%22%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%8C%BA%22&rft.date=2010-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheilongjiang.dbw.cn%2Fsystem%2F2010%2F09%2F02%2F052704618.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarbinCuisine-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarbinCuisine_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328143039/http://visitourchina.com/guide/harbin_cuisine.htm">"Harbin Cuisine"</a>. visitourchina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitourchina.com/guide/harbin_cuisine.htm">the original</a> on 28 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harbin+Cuisine&rft.pub=visitourchina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitourchina.com%2Fguide%2Fharbin_cuisine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-churinfc-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-churinfc_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russian.china.org.cn/russian/56082.htm">Торговая фирма «И. Я. Чурин и К<sup>о</sup>» и табачная фабрика А. Лопато</a> // Китайский информационный Интернет-центр 10/01/2003</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Спутник по Сибири, Маньчжурии, Амуру и Уссурийскому краю. 1911 год (6 год издания). Составил И. С. Кларк. VII выпуск. — Иркутск. — Паровая типо-литография П. Макушина и В. Посохина. — С. 106.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russiankhleb-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russiankhleb_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreshloaf.com/node/19061/recreating-%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%97%E5%B7%B4dalieba-chinese-sourdough-bread-100-years-history-and-russian-heritage">"Recreating <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">大列巴</span></span> (dà liě ba) - the Chinese sourdough bread with 100+ years of history and a Russian heritage"</a>. The Fresh Loaf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811234539/http://www.thefreshloaf.com/node/19061/recreating-%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%97%E5%B7%B4dalieba-chinese-sourdough-bread-100-years-history-and-russian-heritage">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recreating+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Hans%22%3E%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%97%E5%B7%B4%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+%28d%C3%A0+li%C4%9B+ba%29+-+the+Chinese+sourdough+bread+with+100%2B+years+of+history+and+a+Russian+heritage&rft.pub=The+Fresh+Loaf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreshloaf.com%2Fnode%2F19061%2Frecreating-%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%2588%2597%25E5%25B7%25B4dalieba-chinese-sourdough-bread-100-years-history-and-russian-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821154049/http://www.enjoyyourcooking.com/beverage-recipes/russian-rye-bread-drink-kvass.html">"Kvass (Russian Fermented Rye Bread Drink)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enjoyyourcooking.com/beverage-recipes/russian-rye-bread-drink-kvass.html">the original</a> on 21 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kvass+%28Russian+Fermented+Rye+Bread+Drink%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enjoyyourcooking.com%2Fbeverage-recipes%2Frussian-rye-bread-drink-kvass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meal.dbw.cn/system/2011/06/15/053227379.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨特色饮料"格瓦斯"竞相亮相哈洽会</bdi></a>. <i>Dbw.cn</i> (in Simplified Chinese). 15 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425131738/http://meal.dbw.cn/system/2011/06/15/053227379.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dbw.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E9%A5%AE%E6%96%99%22%E6%A0%BC%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%22%E7%AB%9E%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%AE%E7%9B%B8%E5%93%88%E6%B4%BD%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeal.dbw.cn%2Fsystem%2F2011%2F06%2F15%2F053227379.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madier-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madier_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218184016/http://www.bbtnews.com.cn/news/2014-07/31000000313537.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">马迭尔进京布局意在全国市场</bdi></a>. <i>贺陈慧</i> (in Chinese). 高端旅游周刊. 31 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbtnews.com.cn/news/2014-07/31000000313537.shtml">the original</a> on 18 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%B4%BA%E9%99%88%E6%85%A7&rft.atitle=%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%AD%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%9B%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%83%E5%B1%80%E6%84%8F%E5%9C%A8%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbtnews.com.cn%2Fnews%2F2014-07%2F31000000313537.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn.com-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/china-top-megacities/index.html">"Megacities and more: A guide to China's most impressive urban centers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. 6 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Megacities+and+more%3A+A+guide+to+China%27s+most+impressive+urban+centers&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fchina-top-megacities%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconomistFeb2025-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EconomistFeb2025_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2025/02/13/hail-chinas-new-ice-and-snow-economy">"Hail China's new "ice-and-snow economy"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 12 February 2025. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Hail+China%E2%80%99s+new+%22ice-and-snow+economy%22&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2025%2F02%2F13%2Fhail-chinas-new-ice-and-snow-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iceismoney-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iceismoney_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iceismoney_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/travel/ice-is-money-in-chinas-coldest-city-20081113-62yj.html">"Ice is money in China's coldest city"</a>. www.smh.com.au. 13 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002152548/http://www.smh.com.au/travel/ice-is-money-in-chinas-coldest-city-20081113-62yj.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ice+is+money+in+China%27s+coldest+city&rft.pub=www.smh.com.au&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Ftravel%2Fice-is-money-in-chinas-coldest-city-20081113-62yj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ice_Lantern_Exhibition-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ice_Lantern_Exhibition_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102145937/http://www.cnto.org.uk/harbin/2007_10_23_16/20071023165258827.htm">"Ice Lantern Exhibition"</a>. China National Tourist Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnto.org.uk/harbin/2007_10_23_16/20071023165258827.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ice+Lantern+Exhibition&rft.pub=China+National+Tourist+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnto.org.uk%2Fharbin%2F2007_10_23_16%2F20071023165258827.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201005725/http://www.artsbird.com/newweb12/artsnews.php?thisid=26163">"Introduction of Harbin Summer Music Concert"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsbird.com/newweb12/artsnews.php?thisid=26163">the original</a> on 1 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+of+Harbin+Summer+Music+Concert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsbird.com%2Fnewweb12%2Fartsnews.php%3Fthisid%3D26163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF李威_封娇_李木双2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">李威封娇李木双 (10 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2006-08-10/01489704857s.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">第28届中国·哈尔滨之夏音乐会琴宝隆之声·千台钢琴演奏会吉尼斯纪录申请过程</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="zh">新晚报</bdi> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Sina_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Corp">Sina Entertainment</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055948/http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2006-08-10/01489704857s.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC28%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%8F%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E4%BC%9A%E7%90%B4%E5%AE%9D%E9%9A%86%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0%C2%B7%E5%8D%83%E5%8F%B0%E9%92%A2%E7%90%B4%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E4%BC%9A%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%BA%AA%E5%BD%95%E7%94%B3%E8%AF%B7%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B&rft.pub=Sina+Entertainment&rft.date=2006-08-10&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%A8%81+%E5%B0%81%E5%A8%87+%E6%9D%8E%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.com.cn%2Fo%2F2006-08-10%2F01489704857s.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF王玮2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">王玮 (8 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140206000802/http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/2006-08-08/14401191418.html/"><bdi lang="zh">"琴宝隆之声"千台钢琴演奏会奏响华彩乐章</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sina_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Corp">Sina Entertainment</a></i> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/2006-08-08/14401191418.html/">the original</a> on 6 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sina+Entertainment&rft.atitle=%22%E7%90%B4%E5%AE%9D%E9%9A%86%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0%22%E5%8D%83%E5%8F%B0%E9%92%A2%E7%90%B4%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E4%BC%9A%E5%A5%8F%E5%93%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BD%A9%E4%B9%90%E7%AB%A0&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E7%8E%AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fent.sina.com.cn%2Fy%2F2006-08-08%2F14401191418.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Central_Street-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Central_Street_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102145922/http://www.cnto.org.uk/harbin/2007_10_23_16/20071023163837426.htm">"Central Street"</a>. China National Tourist Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnto.org.uk/harbin/2007_10_23_16/20071023163837426.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Street&rft.pub=China+National+Tourist+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnto.org.uk%2Fharbin%2F2007_10_23_16%2F20071023163837426.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upp.cn:8084/english/view/Arts/index_1.html">"Preserved Buildings"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306120047/http://www.upp.cn:8084/english/view/Arts/index_1.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upp.cn/english/">Harbin Urban and Rural Planning Bureau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531124449/http://www.upp.cn/english/">Archived</a> 2014-05-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koga-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koga_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yukiko Koga. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkq9tNjsSo8C">"The Atmosphere of a Foreign Country": Harbin's Architectural Inheritance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515175520/https://books.google.com/books?id=hkq9tNjsSo8C&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 2016-05-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. In: Anne M. Cronin, Kevin Hetherington. <i>Consuming the Entrepreneurial City: Image, Memory, Spectacle</i>. Routledge, 2008. p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sofia_Orthodox_Church-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sofia_Orthodox_Church_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102145923/http://www.cnto.org.uk/harbin/2007_10_23_16/20071023164619188.htm">"St. Sofia Orthodox Church"</a>. China National Tourist Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnto.org.uk/harbin/2007_10_23_16/20071023164619188.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Sofia+Orthodox+Church&rft.pub=China+National+Tourist+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnto.org.uk%2Fharbin%2F2007_10_23_16%2F20071023164619188.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodox.cn/contemporary/harbin/pokrov_en.htm">"Protection (Pokrov) of the Mother of God Church of Harbin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722215200/http://www.orthodox.cn/contemporary/harbin/pokrov_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protection+%28Pokrov%29+of+the+Mother+of+God+Church+of+Harbin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodox.cn%2Fcontemporary%2Fharbin%2Fpokrov_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sh.people.com.cn/n2/2016/0302/c357192-27847914.html"><bdi lang="zh">美呆了！哈尔滨大剧院获评"世界最佳文化类建筑"</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="zh">文汇报</bdi>. 2 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312181224/http://sh.people.com.cn/n2/2016/0302/c357192-27847914.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span> – via people.com.cn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%91%86%E4%BA%86%EF%BC%81%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2%E8%8E%B7%E8%AF%84%22%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%B1%BB%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%22&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsh.people.com.cn%2Fn2%2F2016%2F0302%2Fc357192-27847914.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/olympic-results">"Olympic Results - Official Records"</a>. 11 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930161748/https://www.olympic.org/olympic-results">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympic+Results+-+Official+Records&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Folympic-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308095639/https://olympics.com/beijing-2022/olympic-games/en/results/figure-skating/athlete-profile-n1058064-wenjing-sui.htm">"Wenjing SUI"</a>. International Olympic Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/beijing-2022/olympic-games/en/results/figure-skating/athlete-profile-n1058064-wenjing-sui.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wenjing+SUI&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fbeijing-2022%2Folympic-games%2Fen%2Fresults%2Ffigure-skating%2Fathlete-profile-n1058064-wenjing-sui.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205231021/https://olympics.com/beijing-2022/olympic-games/en/results/figure-skating/athlete-profile-n1058065-cong-han.htm">"Cong HAN"</a>. International Olympic Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/beijing-2022/olympic-games/en/results/figure-skating/athlete-profile-n1058065-cong-han.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cong+HAN&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fbeijing-2022%2Folympic-games%2Fen%2Fresults%2Ffigure-skating%2Fathlete-profile-n1058065-cong-han.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speedskatingnews.info/en/data/rink/CHHA/">"Heilongjiang Indoor Rink (CHHA) - Rink - SpeedSkatingNews"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727220107/http://www.speedskatingnews.info/en/data/rink/CHHA/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heilongjiang+Indoor+Rink+%28CHHA%29+-+Rink+-+SpeedSkatingNews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speedskatingnews.info%2Fen%2Fdata%2Frink%2FCHHA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khabbandy.ru/index.php?id=278"><bdi lang="ru">Хоккеем с мячом заинтересовались в Харбинском институте физической культуры</bdi></a> (in Russian). Федерация хоккея с мячом Хабаровского края. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051522/http://khabbandy.ru/index.php?id=278">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhabbandy.ru%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bandyvm2015.ru/en/news/?newsid=84"><bdi lang="ru">News - XXXV Чемпионат мира по хоккею с мячом</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817234353/http://bandyvm2015.ru/en/news/?newsid=84">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+-+XXXV+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8E+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbandyvm2015.ru%2Fen%2Fnews%2F%3Fnewsid%3D84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/6471/"><bdi lang="ru">Китай сыграет на ЧМ-2015 - Архив новостей - Федерация хоккея с мячом России</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011201808/http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/6471/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%9C-2015+-+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+-+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F6471%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bandyvm2015.ru/en/news/?newsid=88"><bdi lang="ru">News - XXXV Чемпионат мира по хоккею с мячом</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817225238/http://bandyvm2015.ru/en/news/?newsid=88">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+-+XXXV+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8E+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbandyvm2015.ru%2Fen%2Fnews%2F%3Fnewsid%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503173114/http://www.chinabandy.org/news/"><bdi lang="zh">新闻</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinabandy.org/news/">the original</a> on 3 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinabandy.org%2Fnews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/10983/">"Google Translate"</a>. <i>Translate.google.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translate.google.co.uk&rft.atitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F10983%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/11068/">"Google Translate"</a>. <i>Translate.google.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translate.google.co.uk&rft.atitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F11068%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/11081/">"Google Translate"</a>. <i>Translate.google.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translate.google.co.uk&rft.atitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F11081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820000715/http://men.chinabandy.com/en/a/xinwen/2018/0115/127.html">"Do you know ? In Harbin, besides VHL, there is the bandy game"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://men.chinabandy.com/en/a/xinwen/2018/0115/127.html">the original</a> on 20 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+you+know+%3F+In+Harbin%2C+besides+VHL%2C+there+is+the+bandy+game&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmen.chinabandy.com%2Fen%2Fa%2Fxinwen%2F2018%2F0115%2F127.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vhlru.ru/teams/">"Высшая хоккейная лига - Команды"</a>. <i>Vhlru.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920033810/http://www.vhlru.ru/teams/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vhlru.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+-+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vhlru.ru%2Fteams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/info/news/english/detail01/460784.htm">harbin.gov.cn, Local News: "World's largest indoor ski resort opens to public", 4 July 2017-07-04</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022032514/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/info/news/english/detail01/460784.htm">Archived</a> 22 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 21 October 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2008-09/19/content_16508043.htm"><bdi lang="zh">第24届大冬会09年2月18举行共设12大项82小项</bdi></a>. <i>www.china.com.cn</i> (in Chinese). 19 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071959/http://www.china.com.cn/news/txt/2008-09/19/content_16508043.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.china.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC24%E5%B1%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%AC%E4%BC%9A09%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%8818%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C+%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%BE12%E5%A4%A7%E9%A1%B982%E5%B0%8F%E9%A1%B9&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.com.cn%2Fnews%2Ftxt%2F2008-09%2F19%2Fcontent_16508043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://todor66.com/basketball/Asia/Men_2003.html">"Men Basketball Asia Championship 2003 Harbin (CHN)- 23.09-01.10 Winner China"</a>. <i>Todor66.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305194011/http://www.todor66.com/basketball/Asia/Men_2003.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Todor66.com&rft.atitle=Men+Basketball+Asia+Championship+2003+Harbin+%28CHN%29-+23.09-01.10+Winner+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftodor66.com%2Fbasketball%2FAsia%2FMen_2003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gamesbids.com/eng/past-bid-results/">"Past Bid Results"</a>. <i>Gamesbids.com</i>. 14 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724170633/http://gamesbids.com/eng/past-bid-results/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamesbids.com&rft.atitle=Past+Bid+Results&rft.date=2013-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgamesbids.com%2Feng%2Fpast-bid-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.xinhuanet.com/c/2017-12/13/c_1122100057.htm">"Google Translate"</a>. <i>Translate.google.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translate.google.co.uk&rft.atitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.xinhuanet.com%2Fc%2F2017-12%2F13%2Fc_1122100057.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2017-12-12/doc-ifypnqvn3716096.shtml">"Google Översätt"</a>. <i>Translate.google.se</i>. 12 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translate.google.se&rft.atitle=Google+%C3%96vers%C3%A4tt&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.com.cn%2Fo%2F2017-12-12%2Fdoc-ifypnqvn3716096.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/11505/">"Google Translate"</a>. <i>Translate.google.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translate.google.co.uk&rft.atitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F11505%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1046600/womens-world-bandy-championship-awarded-to-china">"Women's World Bandy Championship awarded to China"</a>. <i>Insidethegames.biz</i>. 3 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230836/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1046600/womens-world-bandy-championship-awarded-to-china">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insidethegames.biz&rft.atitle=Women%27s+World+Bandy+Championship+awarded+to+China&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1046600%2Fwomens-world-bandy-championship-awarded-to-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171204144410/http://www.worldbandy.com/filer/Agenda_for_Annual_Congress.pdf">"FIB Annual Congress, Gävle, Sweden"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 30 January 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbandy.com/filer/Agenda_for_Annual_Congress.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIB+Annual+Congress%2C+G%C3%A4vle%2C+Sweden&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbandy.com%2Ffiler%2FAgenda_for_Annual_Congress.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/10347/">"Google Translate"</a>. <i>Translate.google.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translate.google.co.uk&rft.atitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F10347%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harbin_Transportation-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harbin_Transportation_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harbin_Transportation_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harbin_Transportation_171-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102150018/http://www.cnto.org.uk/harbin/2007_10_23_17/20071023165944248.htm">"Harbin Transportation"</a>. China National Tourist Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnto.org.uk/harbin/2007_10_23_17/20071023165944248.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harbin+Transportation&rft.pub=China+National+Tourist+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnto.org.uk%2Fharbin%2F2007_10_23_17%2F20071023165944248.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515180906/http://english.jl.gov.cn/News/GeneralNews/201211/t20121127_1319324.html">"Harbin-Dalian high-speed rail went into operation on December 1"</a>. <i>Website of Jilin Province Government</i>. 27 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.jl.gov.cn/News/GeneralNews/201211/t20121127_1319324.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Website+of+Jilin+Province+Government&rft.atitle=Harbin-Dalian+high-speed+rail+went+into+operation+on+December+1&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jl.gov.cn%2FNews%2FGeneralNews%2F201211%2Ft20121127_1319324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121121011141/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2012-10/08/c_131893803.htm">"China tests world's first alpine high-speed rail line"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhuanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhuanet">Xinhuanet</a></i>. 8 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2012-10/08/c_131893803.htm">the original</a> on 21 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhuanet&rft.atitle=China+tests+world%27s+first+alpine+high-speed+rail+line&rft.date=2012-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fphoto%2F2012-10%2F08%2Fc_131893803.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hlj.gov.cn/zwdt/system/2014/10/24/010690273.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨北站和哈齐客专明年同步使用</bdi></a> (in Chinese). 东北网-黑龙江晨报. 24 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619090442/http://www.hlj.gov.cn/zwdt/system/2014/10/24/010690273.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%8C%97%E7%AB%99%E5%92%8C%E5%93%88%E9%BD%90%E5%AE%A2%E4%B8%93%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8&rft.pub=%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E7%BD%91-%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F%E6%99%A8%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hlj.gov.cn%2Fzwdt%2Fsystem%2F2014%2F10%2F24%2F010690273.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarbinShanghai-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarbinShanghai_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517115756/http://digitalpaper.stdaily.com/http_www.kjrb.com/kjrb/html/2013-12/29/content_240485.htm?div=-1"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨至上海高铁开通</bdi></a> (in Chinese). 科技日报. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalpaper.stdaily.com/http_www.kjrb.com/kjrb/html/2013-12/29/content_240485.htm?div=-1">the original</a> on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E9%AB%98%E9%93%81%E5%BC%80%E9%80%9A&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalpaper.stdaily.com%2Fhttp_www.kjrb.com%2Fkjrb%2Fhtml%2F2013-12%2F29%2Fcontent_240485.htm%3Fdiv%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF周琳" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">周琳. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2014/11/01/056096079.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨太平机场扩建主体工程开工 T2航站楼3年内投用</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="zh">生活报</bdi> (in Simplified Chinese). 东北网. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060115/http://heilongjiang.dbw.cn/system/2014/11/01/056096079.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA%E6%89%A9%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%80%E5%B7%A5+T2%E8%88%AA%E7%AB%99%E6%A5%BC3%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%85%E6%8A%95%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E7%90%B3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheilongjiang.dbw.cn%2Fsystem%2F2014%2F11%2F01%2F056096079.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRytis_Beresnevicius2019" class="citation news cs1">Rytis Beresnevicius (7 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/23133-harbin-taiping-new-terminal3">"The Most Futuristic Airport – Harbin Taiping International Airport"</a>. <i>i-mad</i>. Aerotime Hub<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=i-mad&rft.atitle=The+Most+Futuristic+Airport+%E2%80%93+Harbin+Taiping+International+Airport&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft.au=Rytis+Beresnevicius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerotime.aero%2Farticles%2F23133-harbin-taiping-new-terminal3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xinhua20130926-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua20130926_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104013324/http://society.people.com.cn/n/2013/0926/c1008-23049247.html"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨地铁1号线载客试运营正式开通</bdi></a>. <i>people.com.cn</i> (in Chinese (China)). 26 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://society.people.com.cn/n/2013/0926/c1008-23049247.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=people.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%811%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E8%BD%BD%E5%AE%A2%E8%AF%95%E8%BF%90%E8%90%A5%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E9%80%9A&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsociety.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2013%2F0926%2Fc1008-23049247.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.eastday.com/eastday/13news/auto/news/china/20170126/u7ai6444923.html"><bdi lang="zh">哈尔滨地铁3号线一期工程通车试运营迎来"换乘"时代</bdi></a>. <i>Northeast News</i>. Heilongjiang, China: DBW.CN. 26 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180653/http://news.eastday.com/eastday/13news/auto/news/china/20170126/u7ai6444923.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northeast+News&rft.atitle=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%813%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%BD%A6%E8%AF%95%E8%BF%90%E8%90%A5+%E8%BF%8E%E6%9D%A5%22%E6%8D%A2%E4%B9%98%22%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.eastday.com%2Feastday%2F13news%2Fauto%2Fnews%2Fchina%2F20170126%2Fu7ai6444923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H340-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H340_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF哈尔滨市人民政府2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">哈尔滨市人民政府 (9 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/hrbzfw/hrb_today/display.php?id=33290"><bdi lang="zh">哈埠地铁2013年载客试运行 6月份进行铺轨工程</bdi></a> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%93%88%E5%9F%A0%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%812013%E5%B9%B4%E8%BD%BD%E5%AE%A2%E8%AF%95%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C+6%E6%9C%88%E4%BB%BD%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E9%93%BA%E8%BD%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.au=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbin.gov.cn%2Fhrbzfw%2Fhrb_today%2Fdisplay.php%3Fid%3D33290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/city-rankings">"QS Best Student Cities Ranking 2025"</a>. <i>Top Universities</i>. 19 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+Universities&rft.atitle=QS+Best+Student+Cities+Ranking+2025&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fcity-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scientific_Technology_and_Education-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Technology_and_Education_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408100054/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Scientific_Technology.htm">"Scientific Technology and Education"</a>. Harbin Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Scientific_Technology.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientific+Technology+and+Education&rft.pub=Harbin+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbin.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FHarbin_Overview%2FScientific_Technology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419224008/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/2022">"ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking"</a>. <i>www.shanghairanking.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/2022">the original</a> on 19 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shanghairanking.com&rft.atitle=ShanghaiRanking%27s+Best+Chinese+Universities+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Fbcur%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/engineering">"US News: Best Global Universities for Engineering 2022"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=US+News%3A+Best+Global+Universities+for+Engineering+2022&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Fengineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/09/kuaizhou-china-launches-new-rocket/">"Kuaizhou – China secretly launches new quick response rocket"</a>. 25 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812035715/http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/09/kuaizhou-china-launches-new-rocket/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Built by the Harbin Institute of Technology, the new satellite will be used for emergency data monitoring and imaging...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuaizhou+%E2%80%93+China+secretly+launches+new+quick+response+rocket&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com%2F2013%2F09%2Fkuaizhou-china-launches-new-rocket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malab.se.ritsumei.ac.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/OB_quan.pdfand">"Work at HIT as lecturer after graduation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Work+at+HIT+as+lecturer+after+graduation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malab.se.ritsumei.ac.jp%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F04%2FOB_quan.pdfand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China_Daily-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-China_Daily_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e.my399.com/culture/architecture/2013-05-24/250.html">"Harbin International Sister Cities Museum"</a>. <i>China Daily.Com</i>. 24 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808030057/http://e.my399.com/culture/architecture/2013-05-24/250.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily.Com&rft.atitle=Harbin+International+Sister+Cities+Museum&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe.my399.com%2Fculture%2Farchitecture%2F2013-05-24%2F250.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092908/http://www.russia.org.cn/rus/2728/31302634.html"><bdi lang="ru">Документы, подписанные по итогам российско-китайских переговоров 3 сентября 2015 г.</bdi></a>. <i>Russia.org.cn/</i> (in Russian). The Embassy of the Russian Federation in the People's Republic of China. 3 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russia.org.cn/rus/2728/31302634.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia.org.cn%2F&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+3+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2015+%D0%B3.&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia.org.cn%2Frus%2F2728%2F31302634.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJing-shen1976" class="citation book cs1">Jing-shen, Tao (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patenta_xxx_1977_00_6601"><i>The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China</i></a></span>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95514-7"><bdi>0-295-95514-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jurchen+in+Twelfth-Century+China&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-295-95514-7&rft.aulast=Jing-shen&rft.aufirst=Tao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatenta_xxx_1977_00_6601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLahusen2001" class="citation book cs1">Lahusen, Thomas (15 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patenta_xxx_1977_00_6601/page/276"><i>Harbin and Manchuria: Place, Space, and Identity</i></a> (South Atlantic Quarterly (Book 99) ed.). Location: Duke University Press Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patenta_xxx_1977_00_6601/page/276">276 pages</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95514-7"><bdi>0-295-95514-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harbin+and+Manchuria%3A+Place%2C+Space%2C+and+Identity&rft.place=Location&rft.pages=276+pages&rft.edition=South+Atlantic+Quarterly+%28Book+99%29&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press+Books&rft.date=2001-11-15&rft.isbn=0-295-95514-7&rft.aulast=Lahusen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatenta_xxx_1977_00_6601%2Fpage%2F276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarlinsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Karlinsky, Simon (2013). <i>Freedom from Violence and Lies Essays on Russian Poetry and Music</i>. Boston: Academic Studies Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+from+Violence+and+Lies+Essays+on+Russian+Poetry+and+Music&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Academic+Studies+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Karlinsky&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarbin" class="Z3988"></span> Excerpt at <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zxsk34.29">j.ctt1zxsk34.29</a></li> <li>Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China". – In: <i>Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences</i>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, 1 January 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-096279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-096279-6">978-3-11-096279-6</a>.</li></ul> <p>e**<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifla.queenslibrary.org/IV/ifla62/62-walh.htm">Also available at</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030617073505/http://ifla.queenslibrary.org/IV/ifla62/62-walh.htm">Archive</a>) the website of the <a href="/wiki/Queens_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens Library">Queens Library</a> – This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version </p> <ul><li><ul><li>Also available in Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. <i>Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences</i>. <a href="/wiki/K.G._Saur" class="mw-redirect" title="K.G. Saur">K.G. Saur</a>, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-21837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-21837-8">978-3-598-21837-8</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bakich, Olga. "A Russian City in China: Harbin before 1917". <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i> 28.2 (1986): 129–148.</li> <li>Carter, James. "Struggle for the Soul of a City: Nationalism, Imperialism, and Racial Tension in 1920s Harbin". <i>Modern China</i> 27.1 (2001): 91–116.</li> <li>Clausen, Søren, and Stig Thøgersen. <i>The making of a Chinese city: history and historiography in Harbin</i> (ME Sharpe, 1995).</li> <li>Gamsa, Mark. "Harbin in comparative perspective". <i>Urban History</i> 37.1 (2010): 136–149.</li> <li>Guins, George C. "Russians in Manchuria". <i>Russian Review</i> 2.2 (1943): 81–87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/125255">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt1zxsk34.29.pdf">excerpt</a></li> <li>Horn, Dara, <i>People Love Dead Jews</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. (2021) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-53157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-53157-2">978-0-393-53157-2</a>. Chapter 2: Frozen Jews.</li> <li>Lahusen, Thomas. "A place called Harbin: reflections on a centennial". <i>China Quarterly</i> 154 (1998): 400–410.</li> <li>Meyer, Mike, "Manchuria Under Ice", <i>Departures Magazine</i>, Nov/Dec 2006, 292–297</li> <li>Xie, Liou, et al. "Harbin: A rust belt city revival from its strategic position". <i>Cities</i> 58 (2016): 26–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54542734/FULL_TEXT.PDF">Online</a></li> <li>Zissermann, Lenore Lamont, <i>Mitya's Harbin; Majesty and Menace</i>, Book Publishers Network, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-940598-75-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-940598-75-8">978-1-940598-75-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Harbin</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%BB%A8" class="extiw" title="c:哈尔滨">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Harbin" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Harbin">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Harbin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Harbin">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Harbin" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Harbin">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Harbin" class="extiw" title="b:Pinyin/Harbin">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Harbin" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Harbin">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Harbin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Harbin">Harbin</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ha%27erbin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ha'erbin">Ha'erbin</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ha-erh-pin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ha-erh-pin">Ha-erh-pin</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbin.gov.cn/">Harbin Government website</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Harbin#Q42956" class="extiw" title="voy:Harbin">Harbin</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sub-provincial_City_of_Harbin118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harbin" title="Template:Harbin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harbin" title="Template talk:Harbin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harbin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harbin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sub-provincial_City_of_Harbin118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-provincial City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harbin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoli District">Daoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangang_District,_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangang District, Harbin">Nangang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daowai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daowai District">Daowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingfang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingfang District">Pingfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songbei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbei District">Songbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangfang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangfang District">Xiangfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulan_District" title="Hulan District">Hulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheng District">Acheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuangcheng District">Shuangcheng</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harbin_mcp.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbin"><img alt="Harbin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Harbin_mcp.png/120px-Harbin_mcp.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Harbin_mcp.png/250px-Harbin_mcp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">County-level cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangzhi" title="Shangzhi">Shangzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang City">Wuchang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Yilan County, Heilongjiang">Yilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangzheng_County" title="Fangzheng County">Fangzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Bin County, Heilongjiang">Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_County" title="Bayan County">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulan_County" title="Mulan County">Mulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghe_County" title="Tonghe County">Tonghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshou_County" title="Yanshou County">Yanshou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Ta">Long Ta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Ferris_Wheel" title="Harbin Ferris Wheel">Harbin Ferris Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jile_Temple" title="Jile Temple">Jile Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture & demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Snow_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin Snow Festival">Harbin Snow Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Chinese_cuisine" title="Northeastern Chinese cuisine">Northeastern Chinese cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Engineering_University" title="Harbin Engineering University">Harbin Engineering University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Forestry_University" title="Northeast Forestry University">Northeast Forestry University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Agricultural_University" title="Northeast Agricultural University">Northeast Agricultural University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Metro" title="Harbin Metro">Harbin Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingha_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingha Expressway">Jingha Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Taiping_International_Airport" title="Harbin Taiping International Airport">Harbin Taiping International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heilongjiang_topics525" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heilongjiang_topics" title="Template:Heilongjiang topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heilongjiang_topics" title="Template talk:Heilongjiang topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heilongjiang_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heilongjiang topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heilongjiang_topics525" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harbin</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Heilongjiang" title="Category:Heilongjiang">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang#History" title="Heilongjiang">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang#Politics" title="Heilongjiang">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang#Economy" title="Heilongjiang">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Heilongjiang" title="Category:Geography of Heilongjiang">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Heilongjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan mountain range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Khingan" title="Lesser Khingan">Lesser Khingan mountain range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Mountains" title="Wanda Mountains">Wanda Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huma_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huma River (China)">Huma River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muling_River" title="Muling River">Muling River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoli_River" title="Naoli River">Naoli River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nen_River" title="Nen River">Nen River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_River" title="Mudan River">Mudan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Heilongjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Engineering_University" title="Harbin Engineering University">Harbin Engineering University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Agricultural_University" title="Northeast Agricultural University">Northeast Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Forestry_University" title="Northeast Forestry University">Northeast Forestry University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Medical_University" title="Harbin Medical University">Harbin Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Normal_University" title="Harbin Normal University">Harbin Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Harbin University of Science and Technology">Harbin University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_University" title="Heilongjiang University">Heilongjiang University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Sport_University" title="Harbin Sport University">Harbin Sport University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaoshuilou_Falls" title="Diaoshuilou Falls">Diaoshuilou Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Khanka" title="Lake Khanka">Lake Xingkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_Lake" title="Jingpo Lake">Jingpo Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_River" title="Mudan River">Mudan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhalong_Nature_Reserve" title="Zhalong Nature Reserve">Zhalong Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_International_Convention_Exhibition_and_Sports_Center" title="Harbin International Convention Exhibition and Sports Center">Harbin International Convention Exhibition and Sports Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Heilongjiang" title="Category:Heilongjiang">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heilongjiang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Heilongjiang">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County-level_divisions_of_Heilongjiang_Province803" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heilongjiang" title="Template:Heilongjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heilongjiang" title="Template talk:Heilongjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heilongjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heilongjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County-level_divisions_of_Heilongjiang_Province803" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Heilongjiang" title="List of administrative divisions of Heilongjiang">County-level divisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harbin</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Former_capitals_of_Chinese_provinces" title="Former capitals of Chinese provinces">capital</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Harbin10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harbin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoli District">Daoli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangang_District,_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nangang District, Harbin">Nangang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daowai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Daowai District">Daowai District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangfang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangfang District">Xiangfang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingfang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingfang District">Pingfang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songbei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbei District">Songbei District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulan_District" title="Hulan District">Hulan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheng District">Acheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangcheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuangcheng District">Shuangcheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangzhi" title="Shangzhi">Shangzhi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang,_Heilongjiang" title="Wuchang, Heilongjiang">Wuchang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Yilan County, Heilongjiang">Yilan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangzheng_County" title="Fangzheng County">Fangzheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bin_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Bin County, Heilongjiang">Bin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_County" title="Bayan County">Bayan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulan_County" title="Mulan County">Mulan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshou_County" title="Yanshou County">Yanshou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghe_County" title="Tonghe County">Tonghe County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longsha_District" title="Longsha District">Longsha District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianhua_District" title="Jianhua District">Jianhua District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiefeng_District" title="Tiefeng District">Tiefeng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang%27angxi_District" title="Ang'angxi District">Ang'angxi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fularji_District" title="Fularji District">Fularji District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianzishan_District" title="Nianzishan District">Nianzishan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meilisi_Daur_District" title="Meilisi Daur District">Meilisi Daur District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehe" title="Nehe">Nehe</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_County" title="Longjiang County">Longjiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%27an_County" title="Yi'an County">Yi'an County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailai_County" title="Tailai County">Tailai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannan_County" title="Gannan County">Gannan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_County,_Heilongjiang" title="Fuyu County, Heilongjiang">Fuyu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshan_County" title="Keshan County">Keshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedong_County" title="Kedong County">Kedong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiquan_County" title="Baiquan County">Baiquan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Jixi" title="Jixi">Jixi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiguan_District" title="Jiguan District">Jiguan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengshan_District,_Jixi" title="Hengshan District, Jixi">Hengshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didao_District" title="Didao District">Didao District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishu_District" title="Lishu District">Lishu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengzihe_District" title="Chengzihe District">Chengzihe District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_District" title="Mashan District">Mashan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulin" title="Hulin">Hulin</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishan" title="Mishan">Mishan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidong_County" title="Jidong County">Jidong County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hegang" title="Hegang">Hegang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xingshan_District" title="Xingshan District">Xingshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang_District,_Hegang" title="Xiangyang District, Hegang">Xiangyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongnong_District" title="Gongnong District">Gongnong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshan_District,_Hegang" title="Nanshan District, Hegang">Nanshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xing%27an_District" title="Xing'an District">Xing'an District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_District,_Hegang" title="Dongshan District, Hegang">Dongshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobei_County" title="Luobei County">Luobei County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suibin_County" title="Suibin County">Suibin County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Shuangyashan" title="Shuangyashan">Shuangyashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jianshan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianshan District">Jianshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingdong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingdong District">Lingdong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifangtai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifangtai District">Sifangtai District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoshan_District,_Shuangyashan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baoshan District, Shuangyashan">Baoshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixian_County" title="Jixian County">Jixian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youyi_County" title="Youyi County">Youyi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoqing_County" title="Baoqing County">Baoqing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raohe_County" title="Raohe County">Raohe County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sartu_District" title="Sartu District">Sartu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfeng_District" title="Longfeng District">Longfeng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranghulu_District" title="Ranghulu District">Ranghulu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datong_District,_Daqing" title="Datong District, Daqing">Datong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honggang_District" title="Honggang District">Honggang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaozhou_County" title="Zhaozhou County">Zhaozhou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoyuan_County" title="Zhaoyuan County">Zhaoyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindian_County" title="Lindian County">Lindian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorbod_Mongol_Autonomous_County" title="Dorbod Mongol Autonomous County">Dorbod County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Heilongjiang" title="Yichun, Heilongjiang">Yichun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yimei_District" title="Yimei District">Yimei District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wucui_District" title="Wucui District">Wucui District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youhao_District" title="Youhao District">Youhao District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinlin_District" title="Jinlin District">Jinlin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieli" title="Tieli">Tieli</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayin_County" title="Jiayin County">Jiayin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_County" title="Tangwang County">Tangwang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenglin_County" title="Fenglin County">Fenglin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancha_County" title="Nancha County">Nancha County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqingshan_County" title="Daqingshan County">Daqingshan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qianjin_District,_Jiamusi" title="Qianjin District, Jiamusi">Qianjin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang_District,_Jiamusi" title="Xiangyang District, Jiamusi">Xiangyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfeng_District" title="Dongfeng District">Dongfeng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoqu,_Jiamusi" title="Jiaoqu, Jiamusi">Jiao District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongjiang,_Heilongjiang" title="Tongjiang, Heilongjiang">Tongjiang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujin,_Heilongjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujin, Heilongjiang">Fujin</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyuan,_Heilongjiang" title="Fuyuan, Heilongjiang">Fuyuan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_County" title="Huanan County">Huanan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huachuan_County" title="Huachuan County">Huachuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangyuan_County" title="Tangyuan County">Tangyuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Qitaihe" title="Qitaihe">Qitaihe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoshan_District" title="Taoshan District">Taoshan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxing_District,_Qitaihe" title="Xinxing District, Qitaihe">Xinxing District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiezihe_District" title="Qiezihe District">Qiezihe District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boli_County" title="Boli County">Boli County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Mudanjiang" title="Mudanjiang">Mudanjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimin_District" title="Aimin District">Aimin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong'an District">Dong'an District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangming_District" title="Yangming District">Yangming District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_District,_Mudanjiang" title="Xi'an District, Mudanjiang">Xi'an District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muling" title="Muling">Muling</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suifenhe" title="Suifenhe">Suifenhe</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailin" title="Hailin">Hailin</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ning%27an" title="Ning'an">Ning'an</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongning,_Heilongjiang" title="Dongning, Heilongjiang">Dongning</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkou_County" title="Linkou County">Linkou County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihui_District" title="Aihui District">Aihui District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei%27an" title="Bei'an">Bei'an</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudalianchi" title="Wudalianchi">Wudalianchi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenjiang_City" title="Nenjiang City">Nenjiang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunke_County" title="Xunke County">Xunke County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwu_County" title="Sunwu County">Sunwu County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Suihua" title="Suihua">Suihua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beilin_District,_Suihua" title="Beilin District, Suihua">Beilin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anda,_Heilongjiang" title="Anda, Heilongjiang">Anda</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaodong" title="Zhaodong">Zhaodong</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailun" title="Hailun">Hailun</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangkui_County" title="Wangkui County">Wangkui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanxi_County" title="Lanxi County">Lanxi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinggang_County" title="Qinggang County">Qinggang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing%27an_County" title="Qing'an County">Qing'an County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingshui_County" title="Mingshui County">Mingshui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiling_County" title="Suiling County">Suiling County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_(China)" title="Prefecture (China)">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Daxing&#039;anling42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Daxing%27anling_Prefecture" title="Daxing'anling Prefecture">Daxing'anling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_City" title="Mohe City">Mohe city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huma_County" title="Huma County">Huma County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahe_County" title="Tahe County">Tahe County</a></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiagedaqi_District" title="Jiagedaqi District">Jiagedaqi Administrative Zone</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songling_District" title="Songling District">Songling Administrative Zone</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huzhong_District" title="Huzhong District">Huzhong Administrative Zone</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinlin_District" title="Xinlin District">Xinlin Administrative Zone</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">These are administrative zones, which are not standard units of local government, though they do function as such.</span> <p><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Formally part of <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_Autonomous_Banner" title="Oroqen Autonomous Banner">Oroqen Banner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> but administered <i>de facto</i> by Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang.</span> </p> <sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Formally part of <a href="/wiki/Huma_County" title="Huma County">Huma County</a>.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_cities_of_China351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_China" title="Template:Metropolitan cities of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_cities_of_China" title="Template talk:Metropolitan cities of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan cities of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_cities_of_China351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_population" title="List of cities in China by population">Metropolitan cities of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_metropolitan_regions351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Major metropolitan regions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jing-Jin-Ji" title="Jing-Jin-Ji">Jing-Jin-Ji (BJ-TJ-HE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Greater Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta (SH-JS-ZJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongyuan_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongyuan Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_Economic_Circle" title="Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle">Chengyu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-Strait_Western_Coastal_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-Strait Western Coastal Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Cross-Strait Western Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanzhong_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanzhong Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mid-Southern_Liaoning_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mid-Southern Liaoning Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Mid-Southern Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandong_Peninsula_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shandong Peninsula Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Shandong Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River_Midstream_Metropolitan_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangtze River Midstream Metropolitan Region (page does not exist)">Yangtze River Midstream (Yangtze River Valley)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Major_cities351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Central_City" class="mw-redirect" title="National Central City">National Central Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a><sup>a</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><sup>b2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a><sup>a2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a><sup>a2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Central_City" class="mw-redirect" title="National Central City">Regional Central Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a><sup>c1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a><sup>b</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a><sup>c2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><sup>b2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harbin</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a><sup>c2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a><sup>c2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a><sup>c1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a><sup>b</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a><sup>c1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a><sup>b</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial capitals<br />(<a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taibei</a></i><sup>5</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous regional capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparatively large cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benxi" title="Benxi">Benxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huainan" title="Huainan">Huainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_City" title="Jilin City">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangshan" title="Tangshan">Tangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prefecture-level_cities_by_province351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a> by province</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shijiazhuang*</li> <li>Tangshan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li>Handan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langfang" title="Langfang">Langfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengshui" title="Hengshui">Hengshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Taiyuan*</li> <li>Datong*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangquan" title="Yangquan">Yangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhi" title="Changzhi">Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jincheng" title="Jincheng">Jincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuozhou" title="Shuozhou">Shuozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhong" title="Jinzhong">Jinzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang" title="Lüliang">Lüliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hohhot*</li> <li>Baotou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhai" title="Wuhai">Wuhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_City" title="Ordos City">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayannur" title="Bayannur">Bayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanqab" title="Ulanqab">Ulanqab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shenyang*</li> <li>Dalian*</li> <li>Anshan*</li> <li>Fushun*</li> <li>Benxi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingkou" title="Yingkou">Yingkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxin" title="Fuxin">Fuxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjin" title="Panjin">Panjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieling" title="Tieling">Tieling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Chaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huludao" title="Huludao">Huludao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Changchun*</li> <li>Jilin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siping,_Jilin" title="Siping, Jilin">Siping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyuan" title="Liaoyuan">Liaoyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghua" title="Tonghua">Tonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishan" title="Baishan">Baishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songyuan" title="Songyuan">Songyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicheng" title="Baicheng">Baicheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Harbin*</li> <li>Qiqihar*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixi" title="Jixi">Jixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegang" title="Hegang">Hegang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangyashan" title="Shuangyashan">Shuangyashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Heilongjiang" title="Yichun, Heilongjiang">Yīchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qitaihe" title="Qitaihe">Qitaihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudanjiang" title="Mudanjiang">Mudanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suihua" title="Suihua">Suihua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanjing*</li> <li>Wuxi*</li> <li>Xuzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a></li> <li>Suzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancheng" title="Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Tàizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suqian" title="Suqian">Suqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hangzhou*</li> <li>Ningbo*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huzhou" title="Huzhou">Huzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua" title="Jinhua">Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoushan" title="Zhoushan">Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang" title="Taizhou, Zhejiang">Tāizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui" title="Lishui">Lishui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hefei*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhu" title="Wuhu">Wuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengbu" title="Bengbu">Bengbu</a></li> <li>Huainan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaibei" title="Huaibei">Huaibei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongling" title="Tongling">Tongling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_City" title="Huangshan City">Huangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzhou" title="Chuzhou">Chuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyang" title="Fuyang">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou,_Anhui" title="Suzhou, Anhui">Sùzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou" title="Bozhou">Bozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chizhou" title="Chizhou">Chizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng" title="Xuancheng">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fuzhou*</li> <li>Xiamen*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian" title="Putian">Putian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanming" title="Sanming">Sanming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan" title="Longyan">Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde" title="Ningde">Ningde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanchang*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen" title="Jingdezhen">Jingdezhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang" title="Pingxiang">Pingxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyu" title="Xinyu">Xinyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingtan" title="Yingtan">Yingtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Ganzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an" title="Ji'an">Ji'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi" title="Yichun, Jiangxi">Yíchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Jiangxi" title="Fuzhou, Jiangxi">Fǔzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangrao" title="Shangrao">Shangrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jinan*</li> <li>Qingdao*</li> <li>Zibo*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaozhuang" title="Zaozhuang">Zaozhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongying" title="Dongying">Dongying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiwu" title="Laiwu">Laiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhou" title="Dezhou">Dezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binzhou" title="Binzhou">Binzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze" title="Heze">Heze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Zhengzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></li> <li>Luoyang*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdingshan" title="Pingdingshan">Pingdingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebi" title="Hebi">Hebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxiang" title="Xinxiang">Xinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozuo" title="Jiaozuo">Jiaozuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Puyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luohe" title="Luohe">Luohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmenxia" title="Sanmenxia">Sanmenxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang" title="Xinyang">Xinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukou" title="Zhoukou">Zhoukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wuhan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshi" title="Huangshi">Huangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan" title="Shiyan">Shiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichang" title="Yichang">Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhou" title="Ezhou">Ezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingmen" title="Jingmen">Jingmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaogan" title="Xiaogan">Xiaogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianning" title="Xianning">Xianning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Changsha*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Guangzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan" title="Shaoguan">Shaoguan</a></li> <li>Shenzhen*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoming" title="Maoming">Maoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizhou" title="Meizhou">Meizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanwei" title="Shanwei">Shanwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyuan" title="Heyuan">Heyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangjiang" title="Yangjiang">Yangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan" title="Qingyuan">Qingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieyang" title="Jieyang">Jieyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunfu" title="Yunfu">Yunfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nanning*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuzhou" title="Liuzhou">Liuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangchenggang" title="Fangchenggang">Fangchenggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigang" title="Guigang">Guigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Guangxi" title="Yulin, Guangxi">Yùlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise" title="Baise">Baise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou" title="Hezhou">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechi" title="Hechi">Hechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laibin" title="Laibin">Laibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongzuo" title="Chongzuo">Chongzuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a><sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Haikou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansha" title="Sansha">Sansha</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou" title="Danzhou">Danzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chengdu*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigong" title="Zigong">Zigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzhihua" title="Panzhihua">Panzhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzhou" title="Luzhou">Luzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyang" title="Deyang">Deyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangyuan" title="Guangyuan">Guangyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suining" title="Suining">Suining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijiang" title="Neijiang">Neijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchong" title="Nanchong">Nanchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhou" title="Dazhou">Dazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27an" title="Ya'an">Ya'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhong" title="Bazhong">Bazhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyang" title="Ziyang">Ziyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Guiyang*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liupanshui" title="Liupanshui">Liupanshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Zunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshun" title="Anshun">Anshun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijie" title="Bijie">Bijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongren" title="Tongren">Tongren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kunming*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lhasa*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingchi" title="Nyingchi">Nyingchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannan,_Tibet" title="Shannan, Tibet">Shannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Xi'an*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongchuan" title="Tongchuan">Tongchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi" title="Yulin, Shaanxi">Yúlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankang" title="Ankang">Ankang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangluo" title="Shangluo">Shangluo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lanzhou*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_City" title="Jiayuguan City">Jiayuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchang" title="Jinchang">Jinchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingxi" title="Dingxi">Dingxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnan" title="Longnan">Longnan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Xining*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidong" title="Haidong">Haidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Yinchuan*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuishan" title="Shizuishan">Shizuishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia" title="Wuzhong, Ningxia">Wuzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyuan" title="Guyuan">Guyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongwei" title="Zhongwei">Zhongwei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ürümqi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a></i><sup>5</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(none)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_cities_(partly_shown_below)351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Other cities</a> (partly shown below)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_(China)" title="Prefecture (China)">Prefecture-level capitals</a><br />(County-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulanhot" title="Ulanhot">Ulanhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinhot" title="Xilinhot">Xilinhot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiagedaqi_District" title="Jiagedaqi District">Jiagedaqi</a><sup>3</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enshi_City" title="Enshi City">Enshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jishou" title="Jishou">Jishou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>：<a href="/wiki/Xichang" title="Xichang">Xichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangding" title="Kangding">Kangding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkam" title="Barkam">Barkam</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xingyi,_Guizhou" title="Xingyi, Guizhou">Xingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_City" title="Kaili City">Kaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duyun" title="Duyun">Duyun</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_City" title="Mengzi City">Mengzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangshi" title="Mangshi">Mangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La,_Yunnan" title="Shangri-La, Yunnan">Shangri-La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushui" title="Lushui">Lushui</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezuo" title="Hezuo">Hezuo</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yushu_City,_Qinghai" title="Yushu City, Qinghai">Yushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delingha" title="Delingha">Delingha</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>: <a href="/wiki/Changji" title="Changji">Changji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artush" title="Artush">Artush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_City" title="Altay City">Altay</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city" title="Sub-prefectural city">Province-governed cities<br />(Sub-prefecture-level)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan">Jiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xiantao" title="Xiantao">Xiantao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianjiang,_Hubei" title="Qianjiang, Hubei">Qiánjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianmen" title="Tianmen">Tianmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a><sup>1</sup>: <a href="/wiki/Wuzhishan_City" title="Wuzhishan City">Wuzhishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionghai" title="Qionghai">Qionghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanning" title="Wanning">Wanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang,_Hainan" title="Dongfang, Hainan">Dongfang</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> - <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">XPCC(Bingtuan) cities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitun_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitun City">Beitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">Tiemenguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">Shuanghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">Kokdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">Kunyu</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_(China)" title="Prefecture (China)">Former Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaohu" title="Chaohu">Chaohu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumen_City" title="Yumen City">Yumen</a>，<a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan District">Dongchuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shashi District">Shashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fuling_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuling District">Fuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanzhou District">Wanxian</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Meihekou" title="Meihekou">Meihekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongzhuling" title="Gongzhuling">Gongzhuling</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city" title="Sub-prefectural city">Sub-prefecture-level cities</a><br />(Prefecture-governed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian%27an,_Hebei" title="Qian'an, Hebei">Qian'an, Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzhouli" title="Manzhouli">Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erenhot" title="Erenhot">Erenhot, Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golmud" title="Golmud">Golmud, Qinghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County-level_cities_by_province351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level cities</a> by province</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinji" title="Xinji">Xinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou,_Hebei" title="Jinzhou, Hebei">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle,_Hebei" title="Xinle, Hebei">Xinle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunhua" title="Zunhua">Zunhua</a></li> <li>Qian'an*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27an" title="Wu'an">Wu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangong" title="Nangong">Nangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahe,_Hebei" title="Shahe, Hebei">Shahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuozhou" title="Zhuozhou">Zhuozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingzhou" title="Dingzhou">Dingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguo" title="Anguo">Anguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaobeidian" title="Gaobeidian">Gaobeidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botou" title="Botou">Botou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renqiu" title="Renqiu">Renqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanghua" title="Huanghua">Huanghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejian" title="Hejian">Hejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhou,_Hebei" title="Bazhou, Hebei">Bazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhe,_Hebei" title="Sanhe, Hebei">Sanhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_City" title="Shenzhou City">Shenzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujiao" title="Gujiao">Gujiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucheng_District,_Changzhi" title="Lucheng District, Changzhi">Lucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoping" title="Gaoping">Gaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiexiu" title="Jiexiu">Jiexiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongji,_Shanxi" title="Yongji, Shanxi">Yongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejin" title="Hejin">Hejin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanping" title="Yuanping">Yuanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma,_Shanxi" title="Houma, Shanxi">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huozhou" title="Huozhou">Huozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoyi" title="Xiaoyi">Xiaoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenyang" title="Fenyang">Fenyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holingol" title="Holingol">Holingol</a></li> <li>Manzhouli*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakeshi" title="Yakeshi">Yakeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalantun" title="Zalantun">Zhalantun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergun_City" title="Ergun City">Ergun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genhe" title="Genhe">Genhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengzhen" title="Fengzhen">Fengzhen</a></li> <li>Ulanhot*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arxan" title="Arxan">Arxan</a></li> <li>Erenhot*</li> <li>Xilinhot*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinmin,_Liaoning" title="Xinmin, Liaoning">Xinmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wafangdian" title="Wafangdian">Wafangdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuanghe" title="Zhuanghe">Zhuanghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haicheng,_Liaoning" title="Haicheng, Liaoning">Haicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donggang,_Liaoning" title="Donggang, Liaoning">Donggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengcheng,_Liaoning" title="Fengcheng, Liaoning">Fengcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linghai" title="Linghai">Linghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beizhen" title="Beizhen">Beizhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaizhou" title="Gaizhou">Gaizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiqiao" title="Dashiqiao">Dashiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengta" title="Dengta">Dengta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaobingshan" title="Diaobingshan">Diaobingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Liaoning" title="Kaiyuan, Liaoning">Kaiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipiao" title="Beipiao">Beipiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingyuan" title="Lingyuan">Lingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingcheng" title="Xingcheng">Xingcheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushu,_Jilin" title="Yushu, Jilin">Yushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehui" title="Dehui">Dehui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe,_Jilin" title="Jiaohe, Jilin">Jiaohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huadian,_Jilin" title="Huadian, Jilin">Huadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulan" title="Shulan">Shulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panshi" title="Panshi">Panshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongzhuling" title="Gongzhuling">Gongzhuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangliao" title="Shuangliao">Shuangliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meihekou" title="Meihekou">Meihekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an,_Jilin" title="Ji'an, Jilin">Ji'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linjiang" title="Linjiang">Linjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu,_Jilin" title="Fuyu, Jilin">Fuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taonan" title="Taonan">Taonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27an,_Jilin" title="Da'an, Jilin">Da'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanji" title="Yanji">Yanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen,_Jilin" title="Tumen, Jilin">Tumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhua" title="Dunhua">Dunhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunchun" title="Hunchun">Hunchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjing,_Jilin" title="Longjing, Jilin">Longjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong" title="Helong">Helong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangzhi" title="Shangzhi">Shangzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuchang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang District">Wuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehe" title="Nehe">Nehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulin" title="Hulin">Hulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishan" title="Mishan">Mishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieli" title="Tieli">Tieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongjiang,_Heilongjiang" title="Tongjiang, Heilongjiang">Tongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujin_City" title="Fujin City">Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyuan,_Heilongjiang" title="Fuyuan, Heilongjiang">Fuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suifenhe" title="Suifenhe">Suifenhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailin" title="Hailin">Hailin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ning%27an" title="Ning'an">Ning'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muling" title="Muling">Muling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongning,_Heilongjiang" title="Dongning, Heilongjiang">Dongning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bei%27an" title="Bei'an">Bei'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudalianchi" title="Wudalianchi">Wudalianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anda,_Heilongjiang" title="Anda, Heilongjiang">Anda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaodong" title="Zhaodong">Zhaodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailun" title="Hailun">Hailun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin" title="Jiangyin">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yixing" title="Yixing">Yixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyi,_Jiangsu" title="Xinyi, Jiangsu">Xinyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizhou" title="Pizhou">Pizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liyang" title="Liyang">Liyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changshu" title="Changshu">Changshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiagang" title="Zhangjiagang">Zhangjiagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunshan" title="Kunshan">Kunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taicang" title="Taicang">Taicang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidong,_Jiangsu" title="Qidong, Jiangsu">Qidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugao" title="Rugao">Rugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Haimen">Haimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongtai" title="Dongtai">Dongtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizheng" title="Yizheng">Yizheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoyou" title="Gaoyou">Gaoyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danyang,_Jiangsu" title="Danyang, Jiangsu">Danyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhong" title="Yangzhong">Yangzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurong,_Jiangsu" title="Jurong, Jiangsu">Jurong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingjiang" title="Jingjiang">Jingjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixing" title="Taixing">Taixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinghua,_Jiangsu" title="Xinghua, Jiangsu">Xinghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiande" title="Jiande">Jiande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin'an District">Lin'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuyao" title="Yuyao">Yuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cixi,_Zhejiang" title="Cixi, Zhejiang">Cixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenghua_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenghua District">Fenghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an" title="Rui'an">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueqing" title="Yueqing">Yueqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haining" title="Haining">Haining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghu" title="Pinghu">Pinghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongxiang" title="Tongxiang">Tongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuji" title="Zhuji">Zhuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengzhou" title="Shengzhou">Shengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanxi,_Zhejiang" title="Lanxi, Zhejiang">Lanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwu" title="Yiwu">Yiwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyang" title="Dongyang">Dongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongkang,_Zhejiang" title="Yongkang, Zhejiang">Yongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan" title="Jiangshan">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenling" title="Wenling">Wenling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linhai" title="Linhai">Linhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longquan" title="Longquan">Longquan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaohu" title="Chaohu">Chaohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieshou" title="Jieshou">Jieshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongcheng,_Anhui" title="Tongcheng, Anhui">Tongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianchang" title="Tianchang">Tianchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingguang" title="Mingguang">Mingguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningguo" title="Ningguo">Ningguo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing" title="Fuqing">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle District">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an" title="Yong'an">Yong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishi,_Fujian" title="Shishi, Fujian">Shishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjiang,_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinjiang, Fujian">Jinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan%27an,_Fujian" title="Nan'an, Fujian">Nan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhai_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai City">Longhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu" title="Shaowu">Shaowu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyishan,_Fujian" title="Wuyishan, Fujian">Wuyishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou" title="Jian'ou">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangping" title="Zhangping">Zhangping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an" title="Fu'an">Fu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuding" title="Fuding">Fuding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leping" title="Leping">Leping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruichang" title="Ruichang">Ruichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongqingcheng" title="Gongqingcheng">Gongqingcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_City" title="Lushan City">Lushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guixi" title="Guixi">Guixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruijin" title="Ruijin">Ruijin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggangshan_City" title="Jinggangshan City">Jinggangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengcheng,_Jiangxi" title="Fengcheng, Jiangxi">Fengcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangshu" title="Zhangshu">Zhangshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao%27an" title="Gao'an">Gao'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexing,_Jiangxi" title="Dexing, Jiangxi">Dexing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangqiu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangqiu District">Zhangqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_City" title="Jiaozhou City">Jiaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimo_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimo District">Jimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdu" title="Pingdu">Pingdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laixi" title="Laixi">Laixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengzhou" title="Tengzhou">Tengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longkou" title="Longkou">Longkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyang" title="Laiyang">Laiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizhou" title="Laizhou">Laizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penglai,_Shandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Penglai, Shandong">Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoyuan,_Shandong" title="Zhaoyuan, Shandong">Zhaoyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixia,_Shandong" title="Qixia, Shandong">Qixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiyang" title="Haiyang">Haiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingzhou" title="Qingzhou">Qingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhucheng" title="Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shouguang" title="Shouguang">Shouguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqiu" title="Anqiu">Anqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaomi" title="Gaomi">Gaomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changyi,_Shandong" title="Changyi, Shandong">Changyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoucheng" title="Zoucheng">Zoucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xintai" title="Xintai">Xintai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feicheng" title="Feicheng">Feicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongcheng,_Shandong" title="Rongcheng, Shandong">Rongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushan,_Shandong" title="Rushan, Shandong">Rushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoling" title="Laoling">Laoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucheng,_Shandong" title="Yucheng, Shandong">Yucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linqing" title="Linqing">Linqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongyi" title="Gongyi">Gongyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinmi" title="Xinmi">Xinmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng">Xinzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Yanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Henan" title="Wugang, Henan">Wugang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzhou" title="Ruzhou">Ruzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linzhou,_Henan" title="Linzhou, Henan">Linzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihui" title="Weihui">Weihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huixian" title="Huixian">Huixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinyang" title="Qinyang">Qinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou" title="Mengzhou">Mengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhou,_Henan" title="Yuzhou, Henan">Yuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changge" title="Changge">Changge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yima,_Henan" title="Yima, Henan">Yima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_City" title="Lingbao City">Lingbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengzhou" title="Dengzhou">Dengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongcheng" title="Yongcheng">Yongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangcheng_City" title="Xiangcheng City">Xiangcheng</a></li> <li>Jiyuan*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daye" title="Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danjiangkou" title="Danjiangkou">Danjiangkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidu" title="Yidu">Yidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangyang" title="Dangyang">Dangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhijiang,_Hubei" title="Zhijiang, Hubei">Zhijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laohekou" title="Laohekou">Laohekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaoyang" title="Zaoyang">Zaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng,_Hubei" title="Yicheng, Hubei">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongxiang" title="Zhongxiang">Zhongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingcheng" title="Yingcheng">Yingcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlu" title="Anlu">Anlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanchuan" title="Hanchuan">Hanchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishou" title="Shishou">Shishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghu" title="Honghu">Honghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songzi" title="Songzi">Songzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macheng" title="Macheng">Macheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxue" title="Wuxue">Wuxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibi,_Hubei" title="Chibi, Hubei">Chibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangshui" title="Guangshui">Guangshui</a></li> <li>Enshi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichuan,_Hubei" title="Lichuan, Hubei">Lichuan</a></li> <li>Xiantao*</li> <li>Qianjiang*</li> <li>Tianmen*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liuyang" title="Liuyang">Liuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liling" title="Liling">Liling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang" title="Xiangxiang">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoshan" title="Shaoshan">Shaoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiyang" title="Leiyang">Leiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changning,_Hunan" title="Changning, Hunan">Changning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang,_Hunan" title="Wugang, Hunan">Wugang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miluo_City" title="Miluo City">Miluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxiang,_Hunan" title="Linxiang, Hunan">Linxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinshi_City" title="Jinshi City">Jinshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang" title="Yuanjiang">Yuanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zixing" title="Zixing">Zixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjiang" title="Hongjiang">Hongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengshuijiang" title="Lengshuijiang">Lengshuijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyuan" title="Lianyuan">Lianyuan</a></li> <li>Jishou*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lechang" title="Lechang">Lechang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanxiong" title="Nanxiong">Nanxiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishan,_Guangdong" title="Taishan, Guangdong">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiping" title="Kaiping">Kaiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshan,_Guangdong" title="Heshan, Guangdong">Heshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enping" title="Enping">Enping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianjiang,_Guangdong" title="Lianjiang, Guangdong">Lianjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou" title="Leizhou">Leizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuchuan,_Guangdong" title="Wuchuan, Guangdong">Wuchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozhou" title="Gaozhou">Gaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huazhou,_Guangdong" title="Huazhou, Guangdong">Huazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyi,_Guangdong" title="Xinyi, Guangdong">Xinyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihui" title="Sihui">Sihui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingning,_Guangdong" title="Xingning, Guangdong">Xingning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufeng,_Guangdong" title="Lufeng, Guangdong">Lufeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangchun" title="Yangchun">Yangchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingde" title="Yingde">Yingde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianzhou" title="Lianzhou">Lianzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puning" title="Puning">Puning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoding" title="Luoding">Luoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cenxi" title="Cenxi">Cenxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxing,_Guangxi" title="Dongxing, Guangxi">Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiping" title="Guiping">Guiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiliu" title="Beiliu">Beiliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingxi,_Guangxi" title="Jingxi, Guangxi">Jingxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Prefecture_(Guangxi)" title="Yi Prefecture (Guangxi)">Yizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshan,_Guangxi" title="Heshan, Guangxi">Heshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang,_Guangxi" title="Pingxiang, Guangxi">Pingxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wuzhishan*</li> <li>Qionghai*</li> <li>Wenchang*</li> <li>Wanning*</li> <li>Dongfang*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan_City" title="Dujiangyan City">Dujiangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengzhou" title="Pengzhou">Pengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qionglai_City" title="Qionglai City">Qionglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongzhou" title="Chongzhou">Chongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang,_Sichuan" title="Jianyang, Sichuan">Jianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanghan" title="Guanghan">Guanghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifang" title="Shifang">Shifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianzhu" title="Mianzhu">Mianzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyou" title="Jiangyou">Jiangyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeishan_City" title="Emeishan City">Emeishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langzhong" title="Langzhong">Langzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaying" title="Huaying">Huaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanyuan" title="Wanyuan">Wanyuan</a></li> <li>Barkam*</li> <li>Kangding*</li> <li>Xichang*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingzhen" title="Qingzhen">Qingzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishui_City" title="Chishui City">Chishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renhuai" title="Renhuai">Renhuai</a></li> <li>Xingyi*</li> <li>Kaili*</li> <li>Duyun*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuquan,_Guizhou" title="Fuquan, Guizhou">Fuquan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Yunnan" title="Anning, Yunnan">Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a></li> <li>Chuxiong*</li> <li>Mengzi*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Yunnan" title="Kaiyuan, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_City" title="Mile City">Mile</a></li> <li>Wenshan*</li> <li>Jinghong*</li> <li>Dali*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a></li> <li>Mangshi*</li> <li>Lushui*</li> <li>Shangri-La*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(none)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xingping" title="Xingping">Xingping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancheng" title="Hancheng">Hancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayin" title="Huayin">Huayin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yumen_City" title="Yumen City">Yumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li>Linxia*</li> <li>Hezuo*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Yushu*</li> <li>Golmud*</li> <li>Delingha*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtongxia" title="Qingtongxia">Qingtongxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Changji*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukang" title="Fukang">Fukang</a></li> <li>Bole*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashankou" title="Alashankou">Alashankou</a></li> <li>Korla*</li> <li>Aksu*</li> <li>Artush*</li> <li>Kashgar*</li> <li>Hotan*</li> <li>Yining*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuytun" title="Kuytun">Kuytun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorgas">Korgas</a></li> <li>Tacheng*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Wusu</a></li> <li>Altay*</li> <li>Shihezi*</li> <li>Aral*</li> <li>Tumxuk*</li> <li>Wujiaqu*</li> <li>Beitun*</li> <li>Tiemenguan*</li> <li>Shuanghe*</li> <li>Kokdala*</li> <li>Kunyu*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a></i><sup>5</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>(none)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Notes351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">Notes</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">* Indicates this city has already occurred above.<br /> <p><sup>a</sup><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">Direct-administered municipalities</a>. <sup>b</sup><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals</a>. <sup>c</sup><a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division" title="Sub-provincial division">Separate state-planning cities</a>. <sup>1</sup><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic-zone cities</a>. <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Open coastal cities</a>.<br /> <sup>3</sup>Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by <a href="/wiki/Oroqen_Autonomous_Banner" title="Oroqen Autonomous Banner">Oroqen Autonomous Banner</a>, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it.<br /> <sup>4</sup>Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China.<br /> <sup>5</sup>The claimed province of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a> no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See <a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan</a> instead.<br /> </p> All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_China_by_jurisdiction195" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provincial_capitals_of_China" title="Template:Provincial capitals of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provincial_capitals_of_China" title="Template talk:Provincial capitals of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial_capitals_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provincial capitals of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_China_by_jurisdiction195" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_China" title="List of capitals in China">Capitals of China by jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <p><b>National:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">PRC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">ROC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></li></ul> <p><b>Provinces:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">AH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">FJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a> (PRC) / <span style="color:black;background:lightpink"><a href="/wiki/Jincheng,_Kinmen" title="Jincheng, Kinmen">Jincheng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuchien_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Fuchien Province, Republic of China">ROC</a>¹)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">GD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">GS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">GZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">HA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">HB</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">HE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">HI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">HL</a></b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harbin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">HN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">JL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">JS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">JX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">LN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">QH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining">Xining</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">SC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">SD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">SN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">SX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><span style="color:black;background:lightpink"><b><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">TW</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> (PRC)¹ / <a href="/wiki/Zhongxing_New_Village" title="Zhongxing New Village">Zhongxing NV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province" title="Taiwan Province">ROC</a>)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">YN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">ZJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li></ul> <p><b>Autonomous Regions:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">GX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">NM</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">NX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">XJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">XZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li></ul> <p><b>Municipalities:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">BJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzhou District, Beijing">Tongzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">CQ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yuzhong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuzhong District">Yuzhong</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">SH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangpu District, Shanghai">Huangpu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">TJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hexi_District,_Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexi District, Tianjin">Hexi</a></li></ul> <p><b>SARs:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">HK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">MO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em; line-height:1.3em;"><div>¹ — Taiwan and Fujian are administered as a streamlined provinces by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, but those are claimed by the PRC.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=China&#124;alt=China_Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China994" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prefectural-level_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prefectural-level_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectural-level_divisions_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=China&#124;alt=China_Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China994" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_divisions_of_China" title="Prefecture-level divisions of China">Prefecture-level divisions of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Notes: *<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_current_and_former_capitals_of_the_subdivisions_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the current and former capitals of the subdivisions of China">Provincial capitals</a></b>, ★<a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division#Sub-provincial_municipalities" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial cities</a>, ☆<a href="/wiki/Sub-provincial_division#Sub-provincial_autonomous_prefecture" title="Sub-provincial division">Sub-provincial autonomous prefecture</a> <i>*<a href="/wiki/Sub-prefectural_city" title="Sub-prefectural city">Sub prefectural-level divisions</a></i>, ✧"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparatively_larger_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comparatively larger city (page does not exist)">Comparatively larger city</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%83%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%82" class="extiw" title="zh:较大的市">zh</a>]</span>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">较大的市</span></span>) as approved by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei"><b>Hefei</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhu" title="Wuhu">Wuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengbu" title="Bengbu">Bengbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huainan" title="Huainan">Huainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anshan" title="Ma'anshan">Ma'anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaibei" title="Huaibei">Huaibei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongling" title="Tongling">Tongling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anqing" title="Anqing">Anqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan_City" title="Huangshan City">Huangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzhou" title="Chuzhou">Chuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyang" title="Fuyang">Fuyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou,_Anhui" title="Suzhou, Anhui">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%27an" title="Lu'an">Lu'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozhou" title="Bozhou">Bozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chizhou" title="Chizhou">Chizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng" title="Xuancheng">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou"><b>Fuzhou</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian" title="Putian">Putian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanming" title="Sanming">Sanming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping" title="Nanping">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan" title="Longyan">Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde" title="Ningde">Ningde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou"><b>Lanzhou</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_City" title="Jiayuguan City">Jiayuguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchang" title="Jinchang">Jinchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyin" title="Baiyin">Baiyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianshui" title="Tianshui">Tianshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei,_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Wuwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan" title="Jiuquan">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyang,_Gansu" title="Qingyang, Gansu">Qingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingxi" title="Dingxi">Dingxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnan" title="Longnan">Longnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linxia_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Linxia (Hui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Gannan (Tibetan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou"><b>Guangzhou</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan" title="Shaoguan">Shaoguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuhai" title="Zhuhai">Zhuhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangmen" title="Jiangmen">Jiangmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoming" title="Maoming">Maoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou" title="Huizhou">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizhou" title="Meizhou">Meizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangjiang" title="Yangjiang">Yangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanwei" title="Shanwei">Shanwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyuan" title="Heyuan">Heyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan" title="Qingyuan">Qingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieyang" title="Jieyang">Jieyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunfu" title="Yunfu">Yunfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang"><b>Guiyang</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liupanshui" title="Liupanshui">Liupanshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Zunyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshun" title="Anshun">Anshun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijie" title="Bijie">Bijie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongren" title="Tongren">Tongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianxinan_Buyei_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Qianxinan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Qianxinan (Buyei and Miao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiannan_Buyei_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Qiannan (Buyei and Miao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiandongnan_Miao_and_Dong_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture">Qiandongnan (Miao and Dong)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou"><b>Haikou</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou" title="Danzhou">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansha" title="Sansha">Sansha</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wuzhishan_City" title="Wuzhishan City"><i>Wuzhishan</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Qionghai" title="Qionghai"><i>Qionghai</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wenchang" title="Wenchang"><i>Wenchang</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wanning" title="Wanning"><i>Wanning</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Dongfang,_Hainan" title="Dongfang, Hainan"><i>Dongfang</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Ding%27an_County" title="Ding'an County"><i>Ding'an County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tunchang_County" title="Tunchang County"><i>Tunchang County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Chengmai_County" title="Chengmai County"><i>Chengmai County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Lingao_County" title="Lingao County"><i>Lingao County</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Baisha_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Baisha Li Autonomous County"><i>Baisha County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Changjiang Li Autonomous County"><i>Changjiang County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Ledong_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Ledong Li Autonomous County"><i>Ledong County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Lingshui_Li_Autonomous_County" title="Lingshui Li Autonomous County"><i>Lingshui County</i> (Li)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Baoting_Li_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County"><i>Baoting County</i> (Li and Miao)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Qiongzhong_Li_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County"><i>Qiongzhong County</i> (Li and Miao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang"><b>Shijiazhuang</b></a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Tangshan" title="Tangshan">Tangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou "Kalgan"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langfang" title="Langfang">Langfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengshui" title="Hengshui">Hengshui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou"><b>Zhengzhou</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdingshan" title="Pingdingshan">Pingdingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebi" title="Hebi">Hebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxiang" title="Xinxiang">Xinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozuo" title="Jiaozuo">Jiaozuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Puyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luohe" title="Luohe">Luohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmenxia" title="Sanmenxia">Sanmenxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyang" title="Xinyang">Xinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukou" title="Zhoukou">Zhoukou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhumadian" title="Zhumadian">Zhumadian</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Jiyuan" title="Jiyuan"><i>Jiyuan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan"><b>Wuhan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshi" title="Huangshi">Huangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan" title="Shiyan">Shiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichang" title="Yichang">Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhou" title="Ezhou">Ezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingmen" title="Jingmen">Jingmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaogan" title="Xiaogan">Xiaogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanggang" title="Huanggang">Huanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianning" title="Xianning">Xianning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enshi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Enshi (Tujia and Miao)</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Xiantao" title="Xiantao"><i>Xiantao</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Qianjiang,_Hubei" title="Qianjiang, Hubei"><i>Qianjiang</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tianmen" title="Tianmen"><i>Tianmen</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia"><i>Shennongjia Forestry District</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Harbin</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixi" title="Jixi">Jixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegang" title="Hegang">Hegang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangyashan" title="Shuangyashan">Shuangyashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqing" title="Daqing">Daqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Heilongjiang" title="Yichun, Heilongjiang">Yichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamusi" title="Jiamusi">Jiamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qitaihe" title="Qitaihe">Qitaihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudanjiang" title="Mudanjiang">Mudanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suihua" title="Suihua">Suihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxing%27anling_Prefecture" title="Daxing'anling Prefecture">Daxing'anling Prefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha"><b>Changsha</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan" title="Xiangtan">Xiangtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengyang" title="Hengyang">Hengyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang" title="Shaoyang">Shaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiajie" title="Zhangjiajie">Zhangjiajie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiyang" title="Yiyang">Yiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudi" title="Loudi">Loudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi (Tujia and Miao)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun"><b>Changchun</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_City" title="Jilin City">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siping,_Jilin" title="Siping, Jilin">Siping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyuan" title="Liaoyuan">Liaoyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghua" title="Tonghua">Tonghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishan" title="Baishan">Baishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songyuan" title="Songyuan">Songyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicheng" title="Baicheng">Baicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian (Korean)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing"><b>Nanjing</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai%27an" title="Huai'an">Huai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancheng" title="Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suqian" title="Suqian">Suqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang"><b>Nanchang</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen" title="Jingdezhen">Jingdezhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingxiang" title="Pingxiang">Pingxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang" title="Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyu" title="Xinyu">Xinyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingtan" title="Yingtan">Yingtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Ganzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an" title="Ji'an">Ji'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi" title="Yichun, Jiangxi">Yichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Jiangxi" title="Fuzhou, Jiangxi">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangrao" title="Shangrao">Shangrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang"><b>Shenyang</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benxi" title="Benxi">Benxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingkou" title="Yingkou">Yingkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxin" title="Fuxin">Fuxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjin" title="Panjin">Panjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieling" title="Tieling">Tieling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Chaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huludao" title="Huludao">Huludao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Xining" title="Xining"><b>Xining</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidong" title="Haidong">Haidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibei_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Haibei (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangnan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Huangnan (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Hainan (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golog_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Golog "Guolog" (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushu_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Yushu (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haixi_Mongol_and_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Haixi "Qaidam" (Mongol and Tibetan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu"><b>Chengdu</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigong" title="Zigong">Zigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzhihua" title="Panzhihua">Panzhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzhou" title="Luzhou">Luzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyang" title="Deyang">Deyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianyang" title="Mianyang">Mianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangyuan" title="Guangyuan">Guangyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suining" title="Suining">Suining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijiang" title="Neijiang">Neijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan" title="Leshan">Leshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanchong" title="Nanchong">Nanchong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang%27an" title="Guang'an">Guang'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhou" title="Dazhou">Dazhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhong" title="Bazhong">Bazhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyang" title="Ziyang">Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27an" title="Ya'an">Ya'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawa_Tibetan_and_Qiang_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture">Ngawa "Aba" (Tibetan and Qiang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garz%C3%AA_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Garzê "Ganzi" (Tibetan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Liangshan (Yi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an"><b>Xi'an</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongchuan" title="Tongchuan">Tongchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi" title="Yulin, Shaanxi">Yulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankang" title="Ankang">Ankang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangluo" title="Shangluo">Shangluo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan"><b>Jinan</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaozhuang" title="Zaozhuang">Zaozhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongying" title="Dongying">Dongying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhou" title="Dezhou">Dezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaocheng" title="Liaocheng">Liaocheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binzhou" title="Binzhou">Binzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze" title="Heze">Heze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan"><b>Taiyuan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangquan" title="Yangquan">Yangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhi" title="Changzhi">Changzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jincheng" title="Jincheng">Jincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuozhou" title="Shuozhou">Shuozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhong" title="Jinzhong">Jinzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linfen" title="Linfen">Linfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCliang" title="Lüliang">Lüliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei"><i><b>Taibei</b></i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Gaoxiong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Taipei" class="mw-redirect" title="New Taipei">Xinbei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taizhong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan" title="Taoyuan, Taiwan">Taoyuan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming"><b>Kunming</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong (Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe (Hani and Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan (Zhuang and Miao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna (Dai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali (Bai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong (Dai and Jingpo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang (Lisu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên (Tibetan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*★<a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou"><b>Hangzhou</b></a></li> <li>★<a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huzhou" title="Huzhou">Huzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua" title="Jinhua">Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoushan" title="Zhoushan">Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang" title="Taizhou, Zhejiang">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishui" title="Lishui">Lishui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous <br />regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning"><b>Nanning</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liuzhou" title="Liuzhou">Liuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai" title="Beihai">Beihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangchenggang" title="Fangchenggang">Fangchenggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">Qinzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigang" title="Guigang">Guigang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Guangxi" title="Yulin, Guangxi">Yulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise" title="Baise">Baise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou" title="Hezhou">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hechi" title="Hechi">Hechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laibin" title="Laibin">Laibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongzuo" title="Chongzuo">Chongzuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan"><b>Yinchuan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuishan" title="Shizuishan">Shizuishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhong,_Ningxia" title="Wuzhong, Ningxia">Wuzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyuan" title="Guyuan">Guyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongwei" title="Zhongwei">Zhongwei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner <br />Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot"><b>Hohhot</b></a></li> <li>✧<a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhai" title="Wuhai">Wuhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng "Ulankhad"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_City" title="Ordos City">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayannur" title="Bayannur">Bayannur "Bayannao'er"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulanqab" title="Ulanqab">Ulanqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinggan_League" title="Hinggan League">Hinggan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilingol_League" title="Xilingol League">Xilingol League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alxa_League" title="Alxa League">Alxa League "Ālāshàn League"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi"><b>Ürümqi</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji (Hui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala (Mongol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingolin (Mongol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu (Kyrgyz)</a></li> <li>( ☆<a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili (Kazakh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay Prefecture</a> )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar "Kashi" Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi"><i>Shihezi</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang"><i>Aral</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk"><i>Tumxuk</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu"><i>Wujiaqu</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang"><i>Beitun</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City"><i>Tiemenguan</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe"><i>Shuanghe</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala"><i>Kokdala</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang"><i>Kunyu</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe"><i>Huyanghe</i></a></li> <li><i>*</i><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang"><i>Xinxing</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)"><b>Lhasa</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse "Xigazê"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo "Qamdo"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingchi" title="Nyingchi">Nyingchi "Linzhi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannan,_Tibet" title="Shannan, Tibet">Shannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagqu" title="Nagqu">Nagqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari Prefecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">Direct-administered municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prefectures_in_China" title="List of prefectures in China"><i>List of prefectures in China</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China"><i>List of cities in China</i></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template talk:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Host cities of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1951_Asian_Games" title="1951 Asian Games">1951</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1954_Asian_Games" title="1954 Asian Games">1954</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1958_Asian_Games" title="1958 Asian Games">1958</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1966_Asian_Games" title="1966 Asian Games">1966</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1970_Asian_Games" title="1970 Asian Games">1970</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1974_Asian_Games" title="1974 Asian Games">1974</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1978_Asian_Games" title="1978 Asian Games">1978</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1982_Asian_Games" title="1982 Asian Games">1982</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Games" title="1986 Asian Games">1986</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Games" title="1990 Asian Games">1990</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_Asian_Games" title="1994 Asian Games">1994</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2002_Asian_Games" title="2002 Asian Games">2002</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2006_Asian_Games" title="2006 Asian Games">2006</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010_Asian_Games" title="2010 Asian Games">2010</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014_Asian_Games" title="2014 Asian Games">2014</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2018_Asian_Games" title="2018 Asian Games">2018</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022_Asian_Games" title="2022 Asian Games">2022</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2026_Asian_Games" title="2026 Asian Games">2026</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi">Aichi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2030_Asian_Games" title="2030 Asian Games">2030</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2034_Asian_Games" title="2034 Asian Games">2034</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Games_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asian Games logo"><img alt="Asian Games logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/70px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/105px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/140px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1986 Asian Winter Games">1986</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1990 Asian Winter Games">1990</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1996_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1996 Asian Winter Games">1996</a>:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harbin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1999_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1999 Asian Winter Games">1999</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Kangwon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2003_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2003 Asian Winter Games">2003</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture" title="Aomori Prefecture">Aomori</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2007_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2007 Asian Winter Games">2007</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2011_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2011 Asian Winter Games">2011</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2017_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2017 Asian Winter Games">2017</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2025_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2025 Asian Winter Games">2025</a>:</b> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harbin</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2029_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2029 Asian Winter Games">2029</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Trojena" title="Trojena">Trojena</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42956#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1637" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42956#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1637" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42956#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144255570">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213648/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhd83kywJMHmBPDdGwwG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4072316-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81062069">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00648212">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36605112">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Charbin (Čína)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0041812&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811718657105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564557205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/5682473c-903d-44e7-9caa-79df1a970b76">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044272">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbin&oldid=1281214137">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbin&oldid=1281214137</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harbin" title="Category:Harbin">Harbin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Heilongjiang" title="Category:Cities in Heilongjiang">Cities in Heilongjiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_capitals_in_China" title="Category:Provincial capitals in China">Provincial capitals in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Songhua_River" title="Category:Songhua River">Songhua River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prefecture-level_divisions_of_Heilongjiang" title="Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Heilongjiang">Prefecture-level divisions of Heilongjiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sub-provincial_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China">Sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_Jewish_communities_in_Asia" title="Category:Historic Jewish communities in Asia">Historic Jewish communities in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Civilized_City" title="Category:National Civilized City">National Civilized City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Famous_Historical_and_Cultural_City" title="Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City">National Famous Historical and Cultural City</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Manchu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Manchu-language text">Articles containing Manchu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Manchu_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Manchu IPA">Pages with Manchu IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese_(China)-language_sources_(zh-cn)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)">CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2018">Articles with dead external links from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Simplified_Chinese-language_sources_(zh-hans)" title="Category:CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)">CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2018">Articles with dead external links from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2022">Articles with dead external links from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018">Articles with dead external links from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_demonym_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_with_period_of_establishment_missing" title="Category:Populated places with period of establishment missing">Populated places with period of establishment missing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 March 2025, at 00:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harbin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harbin</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>107 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-ft5kx","wgBackendResponseTime":380,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_bd79a94dae8f8fa65803328742f776bbf2a5a796":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q42956","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#000000","title":"Harbin"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.655","walltime":"3.530","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26608,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":796833,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":39876,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":699180,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2794.449 1 -total"," 30.93% 864.264 2 Template:Reflist"," 26.14% 730.377 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 24.37% 681.064 1 Template:Infobox"," 18.68% 521.928 116 Template:Cite_web"," 10.68% 298.357 1 Template:Multiple_image"," 4.73% 132.198 11 Template:Lang"," 4.49% 125.573 8 Template:Navbox"," 3.99% 111.532 13 Template:Sfn"," 3.46% 96.604 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.444","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24745789,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArticle_in_Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChong-Sik_Lee1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtisKlaus2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmberEmberSkoggard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamsa2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamie_Bisher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJianwei2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJing-shen1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJing-tao\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlinsky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahusen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikhail_Iosifovich_Sladkovski1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Civil_Affairs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeng2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Lloyd_Parry2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRytis_Beresnevicius2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSu_Jinyuan1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiu_Jun2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF周琳\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF哈尔滨市人民政府2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF哈尔滨市地方志编纂委员会1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF哈尔滨年鉴社2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF李威_封娇_李木双2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF王寒露2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF王玮2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Asian Games Host Cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite American Heritage Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 116,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 23,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Harbin\"] = 1,\n [\"Heilongjiang\"] = 1,\n [\"Heilongjiang topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Ill\"] = 4,\n [\"Image label\"] = 18,\n [\"Image label begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Image label end\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Lang-mnc\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"ManchuSibeUnicode\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Provincial capitals of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 5,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikivoyage inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","18.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","240","15.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.6"],["is_domain_name \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:127\u003E","40","2.6"],["[others]","320","21.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-bbfjs","timestamp":"20250331174716","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Harbin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harbin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42956","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42956","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-13T23:31:55Z","dateModified":"2025-03-19T00:39:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/94\/26935-Harbin_%2829661238117%29.jpg","headline":"capital of Heilongjiang province, China"}</script> </body> </html>