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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">David Blackwell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ديفيد بلاكويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد بلاكويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="دیوید بلکول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید بلکول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%EC%9B%B0" title="데이비드 블랙웰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 블랙웰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="דויד בלאקוול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דויד בלאקוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="David Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ديفيد بلاكويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد بلاكويل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Блэквелл, Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блэквелл, Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="David Blackwell" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American football coach, see <a href="/wiki/David_Blackwell_(American_football)" title="David Blackwell (American football)">David Blackwell (American football)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Blackwell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Blackwell_1999_(re-scanned,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/David_Blackwell_1999_%28re-scanned%2C_cropped%29.jpg/220px-David_Blackwell_1999_%28re-scanned%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/David_Blackwell_1999_%28re-scanned%2C_cropped%29.jpg/330px-David_Blackwell_1999_%28re-scanned%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/David_Blackwell_1999_%28re-scanned%2C_cropped%29.jpg/440px-David_Blackwell_1999_%28re-scanned%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="981" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Blackwell in 1999</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">David Harold Blackwell</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1919-04-24</span>)</span>April 24, 1919<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Illinois" title="Centralia, Illinois">Centralia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 8, 2010<span style="display:none">(2010-07-08)</span> (aged 91)<sup id="cite_ref-stl-post_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stl-post-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rao%E2%80%93Blackwell_theorem" title="Rao–Blackwell theorem">Rao–Blackwell theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Blackwell_channel" title="Blackwell channel">Blackwell channel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arbitrarily_varying_channel" title="Arbitrarily varying channel">Arbitrarily varying channel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Determinacy" title="Determinacy">Games of imperfect information</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dirichlet_distribution" title="Dirichlet distribution">Dirichlet distribution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Blackwell%27s_informativeness_theorem" title="Blackwell's informativeness theorem">Blackwell's informativeness theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_statistics" title="Bayesian statistics">Bayesian statistics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Recursive_economics" title="Recursive economics">Recursive economics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sequential_analysis" title="Sequential analysis">Sequential analysis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Member of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (1965)<br /><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann_Theory_Prize" title="John von Neumann Theory Prize">John von Neumann Theory Prize</a> (1979)<br /><a href="/wiki/R._A._Fisher_Lectureship" class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Fisher Lectureship">R. A. Fisher Lectureship</a> (1986)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming" title="Dynamic programming">Dynamic programming</a><sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/493477066">Some properties of Markoff chains</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1941)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leo_Doob" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Leo Doob">Joseph Leo Doob</a><sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Matula" title="David Matula">David Matula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_J-B_Wets" title="Roger J-B Wets">Roger J-B Wets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Bhat" title="B. R. Bhat">B. R. Bhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolando_Chuaqui" title="Rolando Chuaqui">Rolando Chuaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Roussas" title="George Roussas">George Roussas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Harold Blackwell</b> (April 24, 1919 – July 8, 2010) was an American <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who made significant contributions to <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>, and statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-gs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponyms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rao%E2%80%93Blackwell_theorem" title="Rao–Blackwell theorem">Rao–Blackwell theorem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first African American inducted into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, the first African American full professor (with tenure) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-stl-post_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stl-post-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UIAA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UIAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians#Doctoral_degrees_in_mathematics" title="List of African-American mathematicians">seventh African American to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> posthumously awarded Blackwell the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>. </p><p>Blackwell was also a pioneer in textbook writing. He wrote one of the first <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_statistics" title="Bayesian statistics">Bayesian statistics</a> textbooks, his 1969 <i>Basic Statistics</i>. By the time he retired, he had published over 90 papers and books on <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming" title="Dynamic programming">dynamic programming</a>, game theory, and mathematical statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Harold Blackwell was born on April 24, 1919, in <a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Illinois" title="Centralia, Illinois">Centralia, Illinois</a>, to Mabel Johnson Blackwell, a full-time homemaker, and Grover Blackwell, an <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a> worker.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the eldest of four children<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2009_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with two brothers, J. W. and Joseph, and one sister, Elizabeth. Growing up in an integrated community, Blackwell attended "mixed" schools, where he distinguished himself in mathematics. During elementary school, his teachers promoted him beyond his grade level on two occasions. It was in a high school geometry course, however, that his passion for mathematics began.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exceptional student, Blackwell graduated high school in 1935 at the age of sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blackwell entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> with the intent to study elementary school mathematics and become a teacher. He was a member of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>, a black fraternity that housed him for his full six years as a student. He earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics in three years in 1938 and, a year later, a master's degree in 1939. He was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> in mathematics in 1941<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the age of 22.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctoral advisor was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a>. At the time, Blackwell was the seventh African American to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics in the United States and the first at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His doctoral thesis was on <a href="/wiki/Markov_chain" title="Markov chain">Markov chains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postdoctoral_study_and_early_career">Postdoctoral study and early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Postdoctoral study and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackwell completed one year of <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral research">postdoctoral research</a> as a fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> (IAS) at Princeton in 1941 after receiving a <a href="/wiki/Rosenwald_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenwald Fellowship">Rosenwald Fellowship</a>, which was a fund to aid black scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he met <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, who asked Blackwell to discuss his Ph.D. thesis with him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackwell, who believed that von Neumann was just being polite and not genuinely interested in his work, did not approach him until von Neumann himself asked him again a few months later. According to Blackwell, "He (von Neumann) listened to me talk about this rather obscure subject and in ten minutes he knew more about it than I did."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a postdoc at IAS, Blackwell was prevented from attending lectures or undertaking research at nearby <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, which the IAS has historically collaborated with in research and scholarship activities,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of his race.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabazz_Blackwell_Wilkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shabazz_Blackwell_Wilkins.jpg/250px-Shabazz_Blackwell_Wilkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shabazz_Blackwell_Wilkins.jpg/375px-Shabazz_Blackwell_Wilkins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shabazz_Blackwell_Wilkins.jpg/500px-Shabazz_Blackwell_Wilkins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Abdulalim_Shabazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulalim Shabazz">Abdulalim Shabazz</a>, David Blackwell, and <a href="/wiki/J._Ernest_Wilkins_Jr." title="J. Ernest Wilkins Jr.">J. Ernest Wilkins Jr.</a> at the Conference for African American Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences in June 1995.</figcaption></figure> <p>Seeking a permanent position elsewhere, he wrote letters of application to 104 <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black colleges and universities</a> in 1942, and received a total of only three offers. He felt at the time that a black professor would be limited to teaching at black colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having been highly recommended by his dissertation advisor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a> for a position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, he was interviewed by statistician <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a>. Neyman supported his appointment, and <a href="/wiki/Griffith_C._Evans" title="Griffith C. Evans">Griffith C. Evans</a>, the head of the mathematics department, at first agreed and even convinced university president <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_Sproul" title="Robert Gordon Sproul">Robert Sproul</a> that it was the correct decision, only to subsequently balk, citing the concerns of his wife. It was customary for Evans and his wife to invite the members of the department over for dinner and "she was not going to have any <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs#D" title="List of ethnic slurs">darkie</a> in her house."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was offered a post at <a href="/wiki/Southern_University" title="Southern University">Southern University</a> at Baton Rouge, which he held in from 1942 to 1943, followed by a year as an Instructor at <a href="/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University" title="Clark Atlanta University">Clark College</a> in Atlanta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Howard_University">Howard University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Howard University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackwell joined the Mathematics Department at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> in 1944. When he joined, he was one of four faculty members and within three years he was appointed full professor and head of the department.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained at Howard until 1954. In 1947, while at Howard, Blackwell published the paper "Conditional Expectation and Unbiased Sequential Estimation", which outlined a technique that later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Rao-Blackwell_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rao-Blackwell theorem">Rao-Blackwell theorem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LS1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Theorem" title="Theorem">theorem</a> provides a method for improving statistical estimates by potentially reducing their <a href="/wiki/Mean_squared_error" title="Mean squared error">mean squared error</a>. </p><p>From 1948 to 1950, Blackwell spent his summers at <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Abraham_Girshick" title="Meyer Abraham Girshick">Meyer Abraham Girshick</a> and other mathematicians exploring the game theory of <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duels</a>. In 1954, Girshick and Blackwell published <i>Theory of Games and Statistical Decisions</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from von Neumann and Girshick, other Blackwell collaborators and mentors included <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jimmie_Savage" title="Leonard Jimmie Savage">Leonard J. Savage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_California,_Berkeley"><span id="University_of_California.2C_Berkeley"></span>University of California, Berkeley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: University of California, Berkeley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackwell took a position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Visiting_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Visiting professor">visiting professor</a> in 1954, and was hired as a <a href="/wiki/Full_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Full professor">full professor</a> in the newly created Department of Statistics in 1955. He became the Statistics department chair in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blackwell bridged <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> via a game-theoretic proof of <a href="/wiki/Kuratowski%27s_theorem" title="Kuratowski's theorem">Kuratowski's theorem</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackwell only briefly extended his research beyond zero-sum games to explore the <a href="/wiki/Sure-thing_principle" title="Sure-thing principle">sure-thing principle</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as introduced by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jimmie_Savage" title="Leonard Jimmie Savage">Jimmie Savage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily due the real-world societal implications of the mathematical result,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly for nuclear disarmament<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (October 2022)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> at the inception of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blackwell wrote one of the first <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_statistics" title="Bayesian statistics">Bayesian</a> textbooks, his 1969 <i>Basic Statistics</i>. It inspired the 1995 textbook <i>Statistics: A Bayesian Perspective</i> by the biostatistician <a href="/wiki/Don_Berry_(statistician)" title="Don Berry (statistician)">Donald Berry</a>. </p><p>He spent the rest of his career at UC Berkeley, retiring in 1988<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at age 70, which at that time was the mandatory retirement age. Over the course of his career, he mentored over 60 students.<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blackwell married Annlizabeth Madison, a 1934 graduate of <a href="/wiki/Spelman_College" title="Spelman College">Spelman College</a>, on December 27, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2009_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had eight children together,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three sons and five daughters: Ann, Julia, David, Ruth, Grover, Vera, Hugo, and Sara. </p><p>David Blackwell died of complications from a stroke on July 8, 2010, at <a href="/wiki/Alta_Bates_Summit_Medical_Center" title="Alta Bates Summit Medical Center">Alta Bates Summit Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 91 years old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his lifetime, Blackwell received 12 honorary doctorates. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invited_speaker_at_the_International_Congress_of_Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians">Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians</a>, 1954</li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematical_Statistics" title="Institute of Mathematical Statistics">Institute of Mathematical Statistics</a>, 1956</li> <li>Elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (NAS), 1965</li> <li>Elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (AAAS), 1968</li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli_Society_for_Mathematical_Statistics_and_Probability" title="Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability">Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability</a>, 1975-1977</li> <li>Honorary Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a> (RSS) in 1976</li> <li>Vice President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Statistical_Association" title="American Statistical Association">American Statistical Association</a> (ASA) in 1978</li> <li>Awarded the <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann_Theory_Prize" title="John von Neumann Theory Prize">John von Neumann Theory Prize</a> in 1979<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Awarded the <a href="/wiki/R._A._Fisher_Lectureship" class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Fisher Lectureship">R. A. Fisher Lectureship</a> in 1986<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Operations_Research_and_the_Management_Sciences" title="Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences">Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences</a>, 2002<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (posthumous), 2012<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a>'s MathFest, in coordination with the National Association of Mathematicians, features an annual MAA-NAM David Blackwell Lecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackwell offered the inaugural address in 1994; and subsequent lecturers are researchers who "exemplif[y] the spirit of Blackwell in both personal achievement and service to the mathematical community."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Blackwell-Tapia_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell-Tapia prize">Blackwell-Tapia prize</a> is named in honor of David Blackwell and <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a>. </p><p>The University of California, Berkeley named an undergraduate residence hall in his honor, named David Blackwell Hall. The residence hall opened in Fall 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An educational book about his life titled <i>David Blackwell and the Deadliest Duel</i> was published in 2019. </p><p> Blackwell made the following statement about his values and work in a 1983 interview for a project called "Mathematical People":</p><blockquote><p>Basically, I'm not interested in doing research and I never have been....I'm interested in understanding, which is quite a different thing. And often to understand something you have to work it out yourself because no one else has done it.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In March 2024, <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> announced its <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_(microarchitecture)" title="Blackwell (microarchitecture)">Blackwell</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a> architecture, named in honour of David Blackwell.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwell%27s_contraction_mapping_theorem" title="Blackwell's contraction mapping theorem">Blackwell's contraction mapping theorem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlackwellGirshick1954" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, David; Girshick, M. A. (1954). <i>Theory of Games and Statistical Decisions</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-63831-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-63831-6"><bdi>0-486-63831-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Games+and+Statistical+Decisions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-486-63831-6&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Girshick%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1969" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, D. (1969). <i>Basic Statistics</i>. McGraw Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Statistics&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1947" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, David (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177730497">"Conditional Expectation and Unbiased Sequential Estimation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematical_Statistics" title="Annals of Mathematical Statistics">The Annals of Mathematical Statistics</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): 105–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177730497">10.1214/aoms/1177730497</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0019903">0019903</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbl (identifier)">Zbl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0033.07603">0033.07603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.atitle=Conditional+Expectation+and+Unbiased+Sequential+Estimation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-110&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbmath.org%2F%3Fformat%3Dcomplete%26q%3Dan%3A0033.07603%23id-name%3DZbl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D19903%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177730497&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1214%252Faoms%252F1177730497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowBlackwellGirshick1949" class="citation journal cs1">Arrow, K. J.; Blackwell, David; Girshick, M. A. (1949). "Bayes and Minimax Solutions of Sequential Decision Problems". <i>Econometrica</i>. <b>17</b> (3/4): 213–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1905525">10.2307/1905525</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1905525">1905525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=Bayes+and+Minimax+Solutions+of+Sequential+Decision+Problems&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=213-244&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1905525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1905525%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arrow&rft.aufirst=K.+J.&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+David&rft.au=Girshick%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1953" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, David (1953). "Equivalent Comparisons of Experiments". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematical_Statistics" title="Annals of Mathematical Statistics">The Annals of Mathematical Statistics</a></i>. <b>24</b> (2): 265–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177729032">10.1214/aoms/1177729032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.atitle=Equivalent+Comparisons+of+Experiments&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-272&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177729032&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwellKoopmans1957" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, David; Koopmans, Lambert (1957). "On the Identifiability Problem for Functions of Finite Markov Chains". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematical_Statistics" title="Annals of Mathematical Statistics">The Annals of Mathematical Statistics</a></i>. <b>28</b> (4): 1011–1015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177706802">10.1214/aoms/1177706802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.atitle=On+the+Identifiability+Problem+for+Functions+of+Finite+Markov+Chains&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1011-1015&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177706802&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Koopmans%2C+Lambert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1962" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, David (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177704593">"Discrete Dynamic Programming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematical_Statistics" title="Annals of Mathematical Statistics">The Annals of Mathematical Statistics</a></i>. <b>33</b> (2): 719–726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177704593">10.1214/aoms/1177704593</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.atitle=Discrete+Dynamic+Programming&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=719-726&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177704593&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1214%252Faoms%252F1177704593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1965" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, David (1965). "Discounted Dynamic Programming". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematical_Statistics" title="Annals of Mathematical Statistics">The Annals of Mathematical Statistics</a></i>. <b>36</b> (1): 226–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177700285">10.1214/aoms/1177700285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.atitle=Discounted+Dynamic+Programming&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=226-235&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177700285&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwellFerguson1968" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, David; Ferguson, T. S. (1968). "The Big Match". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematical_Statistics" title="Annals of Mathematical Statistics">The Annals of Mathematical Statistics</a></i>. <b>39</b> (1): 159–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177698513">10.1214/aoms/1177698513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.atitle=The+Big+Match&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-163&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177698513&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1973" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, David (1973). "Discreteness of Ferguson Selections". <i>The Annals of Statistics</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 356–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faos%2F1176342373">10.1214/aos/1176342373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Discreteness+of+Ferguson+Selections&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=356-358&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faos%2F1176342373&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Blackwell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_JRugkAAAAAJ">David Blackwell</a> publications indexed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525037#P1960" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathgene-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=4209">David Blackwell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525037#P549" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stl-post-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stl-post_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stl-post_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorkin2010" class="citation news cs1">Sorkin, Michael (July 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/obituaries/article_8ea41058-5f35-5afa-9c3a-007200c5c179.html">"David Blackwell fought racism; become world-famous statistician"</a>. <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.atitle=David+Blackwell+fought+racism%3B+become+world-famous+statistician&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft.aulast=Sorkin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stltoday.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Farticle_8ea41058-5f35-5afa-9c3a-007200c5c179.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roussas, G.G. <i>et al.</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/201107/rtx110700912p.pdf"><i>A Tribute to David Blackwell</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Notices_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society" title="Notices of the American Mathematical Society">NAMS</a> <b>58</b>(7), 912–928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UIAA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UIAA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCattau2009" class="citation news cs1">Cattau, Daniel (July 2009). "David Blackwell 'Superstar'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Illinois Alumni</i>. University of Illinois Alumni Association. pp. 32–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Alumni&rft.atitle=David+Blackwell+%27Superstar%27&rft.pages=32-34&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Cattau&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eecs.berkeley.edu/about/history/gier">"Joseph Thomas Gier; "Wasn't David Blackwell First?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Joseph Gier Memorial Project</i>. Berkeley EECS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joseph+Gier+Memorial+Project&rft.atitle=Joseph+Thomas+Gier%3B+%22Wasn%27t+David+Blackwell+First%3F%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feecs.berkeley.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fgier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoemig2020" class="citation web cs1">Schoemig, Skylar (February 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailycal.org/2020/02/25/a-berkeley-hero-uc-berkeley-professors-alumnus-reflect-on-legacy-of-david-blackwell/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Berkeley hero': UC Berkeley professors, alumnus reflect on legacy of David Blackwell"</a>. <i>The Daily Californian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Californian&rft.atitle=%27A+Berkeley+hero%27%3A+UC+Berkeley+professors%2C+alumnus+reflect+on+legacy+of+David+Blackwell&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft.aulast=Schoemig&rft.aufirst=Skylar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailycal.org%2F2020%2F02%2F25%2Fa-berkeley-hero-uc-berkeley-professors-alumnus-reflect-on-legacy-of-david-blackwell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2009_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2009_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2009_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlow_Anderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Marlow Anderson (March 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwFMjsym9JwC&pg=PA98"><i>Who Gave You the Epsilon?: And Other Tales of Mathematical History</i></a>. MAA. pp. 98–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-569-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88385-569-0"><bdi>978-0-88385-569-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Gave+You+the+Epsilon%3F%3A+And+Other+Tales+of+Mathematical+History&rft.pages=98-&rft.pub=MAA&rft.date=2009-03-31&rft.isbn=978-0-88385-569-0&rft.au=Marlow+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwFMjsym9JwC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.2003" class="citation book cs1">C., Bruno, Leonard (2003) [1999]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun"><i>Math and mathematicians : the history of math discoveries around the world</i></a></span>. Baker, Lawrence W. Detroit, Mich.: U X L. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787638137" title="Special:BookSources/0787638137"><bdi>0787638137</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41497065">41497065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Math+and+mathematicians+%3A+the+history+of+math+discoveries+around+the+world&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=U+X+L&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41497065&rft.isbn=0787638137&rft.aulast=C.&rft.aufirst=Bruno%2C+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathmathematicia00brun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/aah/blackwell-david-harold-1919-2010">"Blackwell, David Harold (1919-2010) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed"</a>. <i>Black Past</i>. July 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+Past&rft.atitle=Blackwell%2C+David+Harold+%281919-2010%29+%7C+The+Black+Past%3A+Remembered+and+Reclaimed&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Faah%2Fblackwell-david-harold-1919-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesslerKiddKiddMorin1996" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, James H.; Kidd, J. S.; Kidd, Renée A.; Morin, Katherine A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/distinguishedafr00kess"><i>Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century</i></a>. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89774-955-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89774-955-3"><bdi>0-89774-955-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distinguished+African+American+Scientists+of+the+20th+Century&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+AZ&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-89774-955-3&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Kidd%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Kidd%2C+Ren%C3%A9e+A.&rft.au=Morin%2C+Katherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdistinguishedafr00kess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Grime-2007-07-17_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrime2010" class="citation news cs1">Grime, David (July 17, 2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/17/education/17blackwell.html">"David Blackwell, Scholar of Probability, Dies at 91"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=David+Blackwell%2C+Scholar+of+Probability%2C+Dies+at+91&rft.date=2010-07-17&rft.aulast=Grime&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F17%2Feducation%2F17blackwell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Musser,_Lynn_TrimpeGary_MusserLynn_Trimpe2007" class="citation book cs1">Gary Musser, Lynn Trimpe; Gary Musser; Lynn Trimpe (2007). Harold R. Parks (ed.). <i>A Mathematical View of Our World</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495010616" title="Special:BookSources/9780495010616"><bdi>9780495010616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mathematical+View+of+Our+World&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780495010616&rft.au=Gary+Musser%2C+Lynn+Trimpe&rft.au=Gary+Musser&rft.au=Lynn+Trimpe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Krantz2005" class="citation book cs1">Steven Krantz (2005). <i>Mathematical Apocrypha Redux: More Stories and Anecdotes of Mathematicians and the Mathematical</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883855546" title="Special:BookSources/9780883855546"><bdi>9780883855546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Apocrypha+Redux%3A+More+Stories+and+Anecdotes+of+Mathematicians+and+the+Mathematical&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780883855546&rft.au=Steven+Krantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.edu/about/mission-and-history">"Mission and History"</a>. <i>Institute for Advances Studies</i>. March 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Advances+Studies&rft.atitle=Mission+and+History&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.edu%2Fabout%2Fmission-and-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbers2008" class="citation book cs1">Albers, Donald J. (2008). "David Blackwell". In Albers, Donald J.; <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._Alexanderson" title="Gerald L. Alexanderson">Alexanderson, Gerald L.</a> (eds.). <i>Mathematical People: Profiles and Interviews</i> (2nd ed.). A K Peters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-340-0"><bdi>978-1-56881-340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=David+Blackwell&rft.btitle=Mathematical+People%3A+Profiles+and+Interviews&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A+K+Peters&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56881-340-0&rft.aulast=Albers&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=Mqpf9tw44Xw&app=desktop">"David Blackwell: Berkley [sic]"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. March 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=David+Blackwell%3A+Berkley+%5Bsic%5D&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Ffeature%3Dyoutu.be%26v%3DMqpf9tw44Xw%26app%3Ddesktop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2019" class="citation book cs1">Black, Robert (2019). <i>David Blackwell and the Deadliest Duel</i>. Unionville, NY: Royal Fireworks Press. pp. 57–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Blackwell+and+the+Deadliest+Duel&rft.place=Unionville%2C+NY&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=Royal+Fireworks+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell1947" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, David (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177730497">"Conditional expectation and unbiased sequential estimation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematical_Statistics" title="Annals of Mathematical Statistics">Annals of Mathematical Statistics</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): 105–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177730497">10.1214/aoms/1177730497</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/MR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MR (identifier)">MR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0019903">0019903</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zbl (identifier)">Zbl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0033.07603">0033.07603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.atitle=Conditional+expectation+and+unbiased+sequential+estimation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-110&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzbmath.org%2F%3Fformat%3Dcomplete%26q%3Dan%3A0033.07603%23id-name%3DZbl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathscinet.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D19903%23id-name%3DMR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177730497&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1214%252Faoms%252F1177730497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwellGirshick1954" class="citation book cs1">Blackwell, David; Girshick, M. A. (1954). <i>Theory of Games and Statistical Decisions</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-63831-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-63831-6"><bdi>0-486-63831-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Games+and+Statistical+Decisions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-486-63831-6&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Girshick%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrow, K. J., D. Blackwell and M. A. Girshick “Bayes and Minimax Solutions of Sequential Decision Problems” Econometrica Vol. 17, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1949), pp. 213-244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGroot1986" class="citation journal cs1">DeGroot, Morris H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Fss%2F1177013814">"A conversation with David Blackwell"</a>. <i>Statistical Science</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 40–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Fss%2F1177013814">10.1214/ss/1177013814</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Science&rft.atitle=A+conversation+with+David+Blackwell&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-53&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Fss%2F1177013814&rft.aulast=DeGroot&rft.aufirst=Morris+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1214%252Fss%252F1177013814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://math.illinois.edu/david-blackwell">"David Blackwell"</a>. <i>Mathematics at Illinois</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(5.21 MB). provided by the Department of Statistics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/images/stories/docs/blackwell%20packet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+David+Blackwell+Biography+Packet&rft.pub=provided+by+the+Department+of+Statistics+at+the+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.berkeley.edu%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fdocs%2Fblackwell%2520packet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Blackwell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionaryproject.com/blackwelldavid">David Blackwell's oral history video excerpts</a> at The National Visionary Leadership Project</li> <li>A volume dedicated to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celebratio.org/Blackwell_DH/cover/3/">David H. Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celebratio_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebratio Mathematica">Celebratio Mathematica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informs.org/content/view/full/268692">Biography of David Blackwell</a> from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.illinois.edu/news/2020-07-17/david-h-blackwell-profile-inspiration-and-perseverance">David H. Blackwell: A Profile of Inspiration and Perseverance</a>, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Liberal Arts & Science Department of Statistics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Blackwell">David Blackwell - American statistician and mathematician</a> from Britannica</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="John_von_Neumann_Theory_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_von_Neumann_Theory_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John von Neumann Theory Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_von_Neumann_Theory_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann_Theory_Prize" title="John von Neumann Theory Prize">John von Neumann Theory Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a> <small>(1975)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bellman">Richard Bellman</a> <small>(1976)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Pollaczek" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Pollaczek">Felix Pollaczek</a> <small>(1977)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carlton_E._Lemke" title="Carlton E. Lemke">Carlton E. Lemke</a> <small>(1978)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Blackwell</a> <small>(1979)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gale" title="David Gale">David Gale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Kuhn" title="Harold W. Kuhn">Harold W. Kuhn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Tucker" title="Albert W. Tucker">Albert W. Tucker</a> <small>(1980)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd Shapley</a> <small>(1981)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Charnes" title="Abraham Charnes">Abraham Charnes</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_W._Cooper" title="William W. Cooper">William W. Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Duffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard J. Duffin">Richard J. Duffin</a> <small>(1982)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Scarf" title="Herbert Scarf">Herbert Scarf</a> <small>(1983)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Gomory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Gomory">Ralph Gomory</a> <small>(1984)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Edmonds" title="Jack Edmonds">Jack Edmonds</a> <small>(1985)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> <small>(1986)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a> <small>(1987)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> <small>(1988)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry Markowitz</a> <small>(1989)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a> <small>(1990)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Barlow" title="Richard E. Barlow">Richard E. Barlow</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Proschan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Proschan (page does not exist)">Frank Proschan</a> <small>(1991)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Hoffman" title="Alan J. Hoffman">Alan J. Hoffman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Wolfe_(mathematician)" title="Philip Wolfe (mathematician)">Philip Wolfe</a> <small>(1992)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Herman" title="Robert Herman">Robert Herman</a> <small>(1993)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Takacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lajos Takacs">Lajos Takacs</a> <small>(1994)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Balas" title="Egon Balas">Egon Balas</a> <small>(1995)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Fishburn" title="Peter C. Fishburn">Peter C. Fishburn</a> <small>(1996)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Whittle_(mathematician)" title="Peter Whittle (mathematician)">Peter Whittle</a> <small>(1997)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Glover" title="Fred W. Glover">Fred W. Glover</a> <small>(1998)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Tyrrell_Rockafellar" title="R. Tyrrell Rockafellar">R. Tyrrell Rockafellar</a> <small>(1999)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_L._Johnson" title="Ellis L. Johnson">Ellis L. Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manfred_W._Padberg" title="Manfred W. Padberg">Manfred W. Padberg</a> <small>(2000)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Whitt" title="Ward Whitt">Ward Whitt</a> <small>(2001)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_L._Iglehart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald L. Iglehart (page does not exist)">Donald L. Iglehart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Derman" title="Cyrus Derman">Cyrus Derman</a> <small>(2002)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkadi_Nemirovski" title="Arkadi Nemirovski">Arkadi Nemirovski</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jeremy_Todd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Jeremy Todd (page does not exist)">Michael J. Todd</a> <small>(2003)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Harrison" title="J. Michael Harrison">J. Michael Harrison</a> <small>(2004)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert Aumann</a> <small>(2005)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gr%C3%B6tschel" title="Martin Grötschel">Martin Grötschel</a> / <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Lov%C3%A1sz" title="László Lovász">László Lovász</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schrijver" title="Alexander Schrijver">Alexander Schrijver</a> <small>(2006)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_F._Veinott,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur F. Veinott, Jr. (page does not exist)">Arthur F. Veinott, Jr.</a> <small>(2007)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kelly_(mathematician)" title="Frank Kelly (mathematician)">Frank Kelly</a> <small>(2008)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurii_Nesterov" title="Yurii Nesterov">Yurii Nesterov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinyu_Ye" title="Yinyu Ye">Yinyu Ye</a> <small>(2009)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Asmussen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Søren Asmussen (page does not exist)">Søren Asmussen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_W._Glynn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter W. Glynn (page does not exist)">Peter W. Glynn</a> <small>(2010)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Cornu%C3%A9jols" title="Gérard Cornuéjols">Gérard Cornuéjols</a> <small>(2011)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nemhauser" title="George Nemhauser">George Nemhauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Wolsey" title="Laurence Wolsey">Laurence Wolsey</a> <small>(2012)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Balinski" title="Michel Balinski">Michel Balinski</a> <small>(2013)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Megiddo" title="Nimrod Megiddo">Nimrod Megiddo</a> <small>(2014)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C5%A1ek_Chv%C3%A1tal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vašek Chvátal">Vašek Chvátal</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bernard_Lasserre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Bernard Lasserre (page does not exist)">Jean Bernard Lasserre</a> <small>(2015)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_I._Reiman" title="Martin I. Reiman">Martin I. Reiman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ruth_J._Williams" title="Ruth J. Williams">Ruth J. Williams</a> <small>(2016)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Goldfarb" title="Donald Goldfarb">Donald Goldfarb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Nocedal" title="Jorge Nocedal">Jorge Nocedal</a> <small>(2017)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Bertsekas" title="Dimitri Bertsekas">Dimitri Bertsekas</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Tsitsiklis" title="John Tsitsiklis">John Tsitsiklis</a> <small>(2018)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Bertsimas" title="Dimitris Bertsimas">Dimitris Bertsimas</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jong-Shi_Pang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jong-Shi Pang (page does not exist)">Jong-Shi Pang</a> <small>(2019)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Lewis_(mathematician)" title="Adrian Lewis (mathematician)">Adrian Lewis</a> <small>(2020)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shapiro" title="Alexander Shapiro">Alexander Shapiro</a> <small>(2021)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Vazirani" title="Vijay Vazirani">Vijay Vazirani</a> <small>(2022)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christos_Papadimitriou" title="Christos Papadimitriou">Christos Papadimitriou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mihalis_Yannakakis" title="Mihalis Yannakakis">Mihalis Yannakakis</a> <small>(2023)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128821574">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79138722">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12347806r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12347806r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0026917&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_JRugkAAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/178/5733">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/37555">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032450451">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6p93294">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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