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id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Облик </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class="">Направете дарение</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class="">Създаване на сметка</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Влизане</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Лични инструменти </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg">Направете дарение</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."> Създаване на сметка</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"> Влизане</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането">научете повече</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y">Приноси</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n">Беседа</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Откриване" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Откриване"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Откриване </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Откриване-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Физични_свойства" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физични_свойства"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Физични свойства </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Физични_свойства-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Превключване на подраздел Физични свойства </button> <ul id="toc-Физични_свойства-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Енергийни_нива_на_електроните" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Енергийни_нива_на_електроните"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Енергийни нива на електроните </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Енергийни_нива_на_електроните-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Изомери" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Изомери"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Изомери </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Изомери-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Изотопи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Изотопи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Изотопи </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Изотопи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Химични_свойства" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Химични_свойства"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Химични свойства </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Химични_свойства-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Превключване на подраздел Химични свойства </button> <ul id="toc-Химични_свойства-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Горене" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Горене"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Горене </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Горене-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Съединения" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Съединения"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Съединения </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Съединения-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Превключване на подраздел Съединения </button> <ul id="toc-Съединения-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Неорганични_съединения" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Неорганични_съединения"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Неорганични съединения </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Неорганични_съединения-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Хидриди" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хидриди"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Хидриди </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хидриди-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Протони_и_киселини" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Протони_и_киселини"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Протони и киселини </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Протони_и_киселини-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Вода" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Вода"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Вода </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Вода-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Хидроксониеви_съединения" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хидроксониеви_съединения"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Хидроксониеви съединения </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хидроксониеви_съединения-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Водороден_пероксид" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Водороден_пероксид"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Водороден пероксид </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Водороден_пероксид-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Органични_съединения" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Органични_съединения"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Органични съединения </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Органични_съединения-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-История_на_изследванията" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#История_на_изследванията"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 История на изследванията </div> </a> <ul id="toc-История_на_изследванията-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Наличие_в_природата" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Наличие_в_природата"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Наличие в природата </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Наличие_в_природата-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Производство" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Производство"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Производство </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Производство-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Превключване на подраздел Производство </button> <ul id="toc-Производство-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Промишлени_методи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Промишлени_методи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Промишлени методи </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Промишлени_методи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Лабораторни_методи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лабораторни_методи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Лабораторни методи </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Лабораторни_методи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Приложение" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Приложение"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Приложение </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Приложение-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Биологични_ефекти" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Биологични_ефекти"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Биологични ефекти </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Биологични_ефекти-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Рискове_и_техники_на_безопасност" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Рискове_и_техники_на_безопасност"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Рискове и техники на безопасност </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Рискове_и_техники_на_безопасност-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бележки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бележки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Бележки </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Бележки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Източници </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Библиография" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Библиография"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Библиография </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Библиография-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Скриване/показване на съдържанието </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Водород</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 218 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-218" aria-hidden="true" > 218 езика </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%80%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8C%85%E1%8A%95" title="ሀይድሮጅን – амхарски" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሀይድሮጅን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарски" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrocheno" title="Hidrocheno – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hidrocheno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A6tertimber" title="Wætertimber – староанглийски" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wætertimber" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="староанглийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هيدروجين – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيدروجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هيدروجين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هيدروجين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هايدروجين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هايدروجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উদজান – асамски" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উদজান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамски" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xenu" title="Hidróxenu – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hidróxenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="هیدروژن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروژن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n" title="Hidrogén – балийски" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hidrogén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="балийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassastoff" title="Wassastoff – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wassastoff" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C4%97nilis" title="Ondėnilis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ondėnilis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrohino" title="Idrohino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Idrohino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вадарод – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вадарод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вадарод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вадарод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဟုဲက်ဒရိုစဲန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟုဲက်ဒရိုစဲန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হাইড্রোজেন – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইড্রোজেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡང་རླུང་། – тибетски" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡང་རླུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибетски" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Уһантүрэгшэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уһантүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ADng" title="Kĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Хилург – чеченски" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хилург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroheno" title="Hidroheno – себуански" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hidroheno" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ھایدرۆجین – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھایدرۆجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogenu" title="Idrogenu – корсикански" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Idrogenu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="корсикански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidrogen" title="Gidrogen – кримскотатарски" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gidrogen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="кримскотатарски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vod%C3%ADk" title="Vodík – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Водородъ – църковнославянски" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Водородъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="църковнославянски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Шывамăш – чувашки" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шывамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brint" title="Brint – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brint" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrocen" title="Hidrocen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hidrocen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3%C5%BAik" title="Wóźik – долнолужишки" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wóźik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="долнолужишки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހައިޑްރަޖަން – дивехи" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހައިޑްރަޖަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="дивехи" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Υδρογόνο – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδρογόνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B4gen" title="Idrôgen – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Idrôgen" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrogeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Hidrógeno – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidrogeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B3genu" title="Idrógenu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Idrógenu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="هیدروژن – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vety" title="Vety – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vety" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – фиджийски" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фиджийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – фарьорски" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарьорски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydrogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weederstoof" title="Weederstoof – северен фризийски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weederstoof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северен фризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogjen" title="Idrogjen – фриулски" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Idrogjen" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриулски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetterstof" title="Wetterstof – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wetterstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrigin" title="Hidrigin – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hidrigin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="氫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idroj%C3%A8n" title="Idrojèn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Idrojèn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidridean" title="Haidridean – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Haidridean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hidróxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatavev%C3%BDi" title="Tatavevýi – гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatavevýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="હાઈડ્રોજન – гуджарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હાઈડ્રોજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiddragien" title="Hiddragien – манкски" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hiddragien" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi%C3%A2ng" title="Khiâng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khiâng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eawai" title="Eawai – хавайски" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Eawai" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="хавайски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מימן – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod%C5%BAik" title="Wodźik – горнолужишки" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wodźik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="горнолужишки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idwoj%C3%A8n" title="Idwojèn – хаитянски креолски" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Idwojèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="хаитянски креолски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n" title="Hidrogén – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidrogén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջրածին – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջրածին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ջրածին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeno" title="Hydrogeno – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hydrogeno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – оксидентал" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="оксидентал" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroheno" title="Hidroheno – илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hidroheno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidro" title="Hidro – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hidro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetni" title="Vetni – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vetni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idrogeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="水素 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aijrojin" title="Aijrojin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aijrojin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cidro" title="cidro – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cidro" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="წყალბადი – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodorod" title="Vodorod – каракалпашки" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vodorod" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="каракалпашки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%E1%B9%9Bujin" title="Hidṛujin – кабилски" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Hidṛujin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабилски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%A9dr%C9%94z%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – кикую" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="кикую" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Сутегі – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сутегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="អ៊ីដ្រូសែន – кхмерски" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីដ្រូសែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмерски" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95" title="ಜಲಜನಕ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲಜನಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ваувтыр – коми-пермякски" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ваувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="коми-пермякски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86" title="ہایڈروجَن – кашмирски" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہایڈروجَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмирски" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – кьолнски" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="кьолнски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEdrojen" title="Hîdrojen – кюрдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîdrojen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="кюрдски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Вачужысь – коми" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вачужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="коми" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen" title="Hidrojen – корнуолски" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hidrojen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнуолски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Суутек – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суутек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenium" title="Hydrogenium – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hydrogenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasserstoff" title="Waasserstoff – люксембургски" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Waasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – лезгински" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrojen" title="Idrojen – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Idrojen" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof – лимбургски" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waterstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Idrogeno" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogen" title="Idrogen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Idrogen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogen" title="Idrogen – ломбардски" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Idrogen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idroj%C9%9B%CC%81n%C3%AD" title="Idrojɛ́ní – лингала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Idrojɛ́ní" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лингала" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%99" title="ໄຮໂດຣເຈນ – лаоски" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຮໂດຣເຈນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоски" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenilis" title="Vandenilis – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandenilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAde%C5%86radis" title="Ūdeņradis – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdeņradis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ведьшачфты – мокша" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ведьшачфты" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="мокша" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidir%C3%B4zenina" title="Hidirôzenina – малгашки" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hidirôzenina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малгашки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Вӱдеж – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вӱдеж" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauwai_(p%C5%ABmotu)" title="Hauwai (pūmotu) – маорски" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hauwai (pūmotu)" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="маорски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Устөрөгч – монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Устөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ – манипурски" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="манипурски" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हायड्रोजन – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हायड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idro%C4%A1enu" title="Idroġenu – малтийски" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Idroġenu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="малтийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidrog%C3%A9nio" title="Heidrogénio – мирандийски" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Heidrogénio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင် – бирмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирмански" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ведь чачтый – ерзиа" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ведь чачтый" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ерзиа" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayocoxqui" title="Ayocoxqui – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ayocoxqui" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstoff" title="Waterstoff – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Waterstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waeterstof" title="Waeterstof – долносаксонски" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Waeterstof" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="долносаксонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – непалски" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалски" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइद्रोजन – неварски" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाइद्रोजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварски" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstof_(element)" title="Waterstof (element) – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterstof (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogene" title="Hidrogene – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hidrogene" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1%C3%A1ji%CA%BCjin" title="Háájiʼjin – навахо" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Háájiʼjin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="навахо" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrog%C3%A8n" title="Idrogèn – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Idrogèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezisuadu" title="Vezisuadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vezisuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haayidroojiinii" title="Haayidroojiinii – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Haayidroojiinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଉଦ୍‌ଜାନ – ория" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଦ୍‌ଜାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Донгуыр – осетински" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Донгуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Hidrógeno – папиаменто" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папиаменто" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – пали" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="пали" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiidrojen" title="Hiidrojen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hiidrojen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod%C3%B3r" title="Wodór – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wodór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B2gen" title="Idrògen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Idrògen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہائیڈروجن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائیڈروجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Υδρογόνον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Υδρογόνον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%89%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="هايډروجن – пущу" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هايډروجن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пущу" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9nio" title="Hidrogénio – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidrogénio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuchaq" title="Yakuchaq – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yakuchaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroghenu" title="Hidroghenu – арумънски" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hidroghenu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумънски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гідроґен – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гідроґен" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="उदजन – санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उदजन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Уулук – саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уулук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ – сантали" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogenu" title="Idrogenu – сардински" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Idrogenu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B2gginu" title="Idrògginu – сицилиански" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Idrògginu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилиански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – шотландски" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ھائڊروجن – синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھائڊروجن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidrujin" title="Ahidrujin – ташелхит" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ahidrujin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ташелхит" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="හයිඩ්‍රජන් – синхалски" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හයිඩ්‍රජන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхалски" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vod%C3%ADk" title="Vodík – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہائیڈروجن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہائیڈروجن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vety" title="Vety – инари-саамски" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vety" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="инари-саамски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaydarojiin" title="Haaydarojiin – сомалийски" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Haaydarojiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомалийски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogjeni" title="Hidrogjeni – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hidrogjeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Водоник – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водоник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woaterstof" title="Woaterstof – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Woaterstof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n" title="Hidrogén – сундански" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hidrogén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундански" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4te" title="Väte – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojeni" title="Hidrojeni – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hidrojeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod%C5%8Dr" title="Wodōr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wodōr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐதரசன் – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐதரசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హైడ్రోజన్ – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హైడ్రోజన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ҳидроген – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳидроген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ไฮโดรเจน – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮโดรเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrohino" title="Idrohino – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Idrohino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen" title="Hidrojen – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrojen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – тувински" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%86" title="ھىدروگېن – уйгурски" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىدروگېن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурски" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Водень – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہائیڈروجن – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائیڈروجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodorod" title="Vodorod – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vodorod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B2geno" title="Idrògeno – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Idrògeno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezinik" title="Vezinik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vezinik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro" title="Hydro – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hydro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woaterstof" title="Woaterstof – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Woaterstof" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrin" title="Hidrin – волапюк" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hidrin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrodjinne" title="Idrodjinne – валонски" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Idrodjinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroheno" title="Hidroheno – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hidroheno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氢" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гидроҗен – калмик" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Гидроҗен" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="калмик" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="წყარბადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წყარბადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="הידראגען – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הידראגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ – стандартен марокански тамазигт" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="стандартен марокански тамазигт" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Chúi-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHwanzi" title="IHwanzi – зулуски" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IHwanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулуски" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c">Статия</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" accesskey="t">Беседа</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >български </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div 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class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h">История</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Инструменти </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4">Преглед</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v">Редактиране</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e">Редактиране на кода</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=history">История</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Списък на всички страници, сочещи насам [j]" accesskey="j">Какво сочи насам</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" rel="nofollow" title="Последните промени на страници, сочени от тази страница [k]" accesskey="k">Свързани промени</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Uploadtext" title="Качи файлове [u]" accesskey="u">Качване на файл</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12144718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-lua{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data-only,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-above{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-italic-title{display:none}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;margin:-5px 0;border:0;border-spacing:0 5px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox th.onlysubbox,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td.onlysubbox{padding:0!important}</style><table class="infobox infobox-lua infobox_v2 vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above title physic" style="background-color:#a0ffa0; color:#ff0000;">Водород</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Водород – безцветен газ при нормални условия; поставен в силно електрическо поле, излъчва синьо-лилава светлина"><img alt="Водород – безцветен газ при нормални условия; поставен в силно електрическо поле, излъчва синьо-лилава светлина" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/260px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/390px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/520px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Водород – безцветен газ при нормални условия; поставен в силно електрическо поле, излъчва синьо-лилава светлина</figcaption></figure><div>Безцветен газ при нормални условия; поставен в силно електрическо поле, излъчва синьо-лилава светлина</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Спектрални линии на водород"><img alt="Спектрални линии на водород" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png/260px-Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png/390px-Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png/520px-Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Спектрални линии на водород</figcaption></figure><div><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спектрална линия">Спектрални линии</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0 auto; background:transparent; border-width:1px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:100%; padding-top:1px; padding-bottom:1px; border:none">– ← Водород → <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хелий">Хелий</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none">– ↑ H ↓ <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий">Li</a> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative"><div style="display:inline; position:absolute; top:2px; left:30px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Шестоъгълна кристална структура на водород"><img alt="Шестоъгълна кристална структура на водород" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/39px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="39" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/58px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/78px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></div><div style="display:inline; position:absolute; top:2px; left:70px"></div> <table class="nogrid" style="background-color:transparent; text-align:center; empty-cells:show; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хелий">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий">Li</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берилий">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (елемент)">B</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглерод">C</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот">N</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">O</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Флуор">F</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неон">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий">Na</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магнезий">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алуминий">Al</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Силиций">Si</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">P</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сяра">S</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">Cl</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аргон">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий">K</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калций">Ca</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Скандий">Sc</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (елемент)">Ti</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий">V</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром">Cr</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган">Mn</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желязо">Fe</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Кобалт">Co</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел">Ni</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед">Cu</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк">Zn</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галий">Ga</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий">Ge</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">As</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Селен">Se</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром">Br</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Криптон">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рубидий">Rb</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Стронций">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Итрий">Y</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий">Zr</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий">Nb</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден">Mo</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Технеций">Tc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений">Ru</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Родий">Rh</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Паладий">Pd</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро">Ag</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий">Cd</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Индий">In</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Калай">Sn</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">Sb</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Телур">Te</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод">I</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ксенон">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий">Cs</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Барий">Ba</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лантан">La</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Церий">Ce</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Празеодим">Pr</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Неодим">Nd</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий">Pm</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий">Sm</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Европий">Eu</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гадолиний">Gd</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тербий">Tb</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Диспросий">Dy</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Холмий">Ho</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ербий">Er</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий">Tm</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Итербий">Yb</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лутеций">Lu</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хафний">Hf</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Тантал (елемент)">Ta</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам">W</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рений">Re</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий">Os</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий">Ir</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина">Pt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато">Au</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Живак">Hg</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Талий">Tl</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово">Pb</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бисмут">Bi</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний">Po</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Астат">At</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Радон">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций">Fr</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий">Ra</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний">Ac</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий">Th</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Протактиний">Pa</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (елемент)">U</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нептуний">Np</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний">Pu</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Америций">Am</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кюрий">Cm</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий">Bk</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний">Cf</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Айнщайний">Es</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Фермий">Fm</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Менделевий">Md</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нобелий">No</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лоуренсий">Lr</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ръдърфордий">Rf</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дубний">Db</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сиборгий">Sg</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Борий">Bh</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хасий">Hs</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Майтнерий">Mt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дармщатий">Ds</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рьонтгений">Rg</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций">Cn</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нихоний">Nh</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Флеровий">Fl</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Московий">Mc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ливерморий">Lv</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тенесин">Ts</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оганесон">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; font-size:100%; line-height:70%; padding-top:3px; padding-bottom:1px; border:none"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Периодична система">Периодична система</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#a0ffa0; color:#ff0000;">Общи данни</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Химични елементи по атомен номер">Име, символ, Z</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-weight:bold">Водород, H, 1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група на периодичната система">Група</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Период на периодичната система">период</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Блок на периодичната система">блок</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 1 на периодичната система">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Период 1 на периодичната система">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="S-блок на периодичната система">s</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химическа серия">Химическа серия</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неметал">неметал</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Електронна конфигурация">Електронна конфигурация</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон">e-</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Енергийно ниво">енергийно ниво</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="CAS регистрационен номер">CAS номер</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12385-13-6 (<a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Водороден атом">H</a>) 1333-74-0 (Н2)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#a0ffa0; color:#ff0000;">Свойства на атома</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Атомна маса">Атомна маса</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,00797 <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Единица за атомна маса">u</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Атомен радиус">Атомен радиус</a> (<abbr title="изчислен">изч.</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data">25 (53) <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Метър">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ковалентен радиус">Ковалентен радиус</a></th><td class="infobox-data">37 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Метър">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Радиус на ван дер Ваалс">Радиус на ван дер Ваалс</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Метър">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Степен на окисление">Степен на окисление</a></th><td class="infobox-data">-1, 1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Оксид">Оксид</a></th><td class="infobox-data">H2O (амфотерен)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Електроотрицателност">Електроотрицателност</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82#Скала_на_Полинг" title="Електроотрицателност">Скала на Полинг</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2,2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Йонизационна енергия">Йонизационна енергия</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="първа">I</abbr>: 1312 <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Джаул">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Мол">mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#a0ffa0; color:#ff0000;">Физични свойства</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Агрегатно състояние">Агрегатно състояние</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ">газ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кристална структура">Кристална структура</a></th><td class="infobox-data">шестоъгълна</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Плътност">Плътност</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0,0899 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Килограм">kg</a>/<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Кубичен метър">m3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Температура на топене">Температура на топене</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,01 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Келвин">K</a> (−258,99 <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Целзий">°C</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Температура на кипене">Температура на кипене</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,28 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Келвин">K</a> (−252,72 <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Целзий">°C</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тройна точка">Тройна точка</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,8033 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Келвин">K</a>; 7,041×103 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Паскал (единица)">Pa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Критична точка">Критична точка</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32,938 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Келвин">K</a>; 1,2858×106 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Паскал (единица)">Pa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Специфична топлина на топене">Специф. топлина на топене</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0,117 <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Джаул">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Мол">mol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Специфична топлина на изпарение">Специф. топлина на изпарение</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0,904 <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Джаул">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Мол">mol</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 auto; padding:0"> <caption style="font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Парно налягане">Налягане на парата</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="vertical-align:middle"><abbr title="Налягане">P</abbr> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Паскал (единица)">Pa</a>) </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle">1 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle">10 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle">102 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle">103 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle">104 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle">105 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:middle"><abbr title="Температура">T</abbr> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Келвин">K</a>) </th> <td style="vertical-align:middle">– </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle">– </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle">– </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle">– </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle">15 </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle">20 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скорост на звука">Скорост на звука</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1310 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Метър в секунда">m/s</a> при 27 °C</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Специфичен топлинен капацитет">Специф. топл. капацитет</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 304 <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Джаул">J</a>/(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Килограм">kg</a>·<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Келвин">K</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Топлопроводимост">Топлопроводимост</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0,1805 <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ват">W</a>/(<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Метър">m</a>·<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Келвин">K</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Магнетизъм">Магнетизъм</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Диамагнетизъм">диамагнитен</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC_Press2005-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#a0ffa0; color:#ff0000;">История</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Откритие</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Хенри Кавендиш">Хенри Кавендиш</a><a href="#cite_note-Wylie-Interscience2005-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-3">[3]</a> (1766 г.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background:#a0ffa0; color:#ff0000;">Най-дълготрайни изотопи</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 auto; padding:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп">Изотоп</a> </th> <th><abbr title="Изотопна разпространеност">ИР</abbr> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Период на полуразпад"><abbr title="Период на полуразпад">ПП</abbr></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност"><abbr title="Тип разпад">ТР</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="Продукт на разпад">ПР</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Водороден атом">1H</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right">99,98 % </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Стабилен изотоп">стабилен</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Деутерий">2H</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right">0,02 % </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">стабилен </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тритий">3H</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Радиоизотоп">радио</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,32 г. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бета-разпад">β-</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9-3" title="Хелий-3">3Hе</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below plainlinks" style="background:#a0ffa0; color:#ff0000;"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydrogen?uselang=bg">Водород</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Водородът е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Химичен елемент">химичен елемент</a>, отбелязван със символа H и има <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Атомен номер">атомен номер</a> 1 в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Периодична система">периодичната система</a>. С атомна маса 1,00794 <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Единица за атомна маса">u</a> той е най-лекият химичен елемент, а неговата едноатомна форма (H) е най-разпространеното <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Химично вещество">химично вещество</a>, формирайки около 75% от <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Барион">барионната</a> маса на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вселена">Вселената</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Palmer1997-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[б 1]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Компактна звезда (страницата не съществува)">Некомпактните</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда">звезди</a> са съставени главно от водород в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма">плазмено</a> състояние. При <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Стандартни температура и налягане">стандартни температура и налягане</a> водородът е безцветен, безвкусен, нетоксичен, неметален и леснозапалим двуатомен <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Газ">газ</a> с молекулна формула H2. Основната част от водорода на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Земя">Земята</a> е свързан в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула">молекули</a>, като тези на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">водата</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Органично съединение">органичните съединения</a>, тъй като той лесно образува <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ковалентна връзка">ковалентни</a> съединения с повечето неметални елементи. Водородът играе особено важна роля в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неутрализация">неутрализационните процеси</a>, в които при множество реакции се разменят <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон">протони</a> между разтворими молекули. В <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Йонно съединение (страницата не съществува)">йонни съединения</a> той може да формира както отрицателно заредени <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Анион">аниони</a> (H−), така и положително заредени <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Катион">катиони</a> (H+). На пръв поглед водородните катиони приличат на самостоятелни протони, но в действителност те винаги представляват по-сложни структури. Най-често срещаният <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп">изотоп</a> на водорода е протият (1H), който съдържа един протон и никакви <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неутрон">неутрони</a>. Този най-прост <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Водороден атом">водороден атом</a> има голямо значение за теоретичната физика. Например той е единственият неутрален атом с аналитично решение на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Уравнение на Шрьодингер">уравнението на Шрьодингер</a> и изследването на енергиите и връзките в него изиграват важна роля в развитието на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантова механика">квантовата механика</a>. Другите изотопи на водорода са <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Деутерий">деутерий</a> (2Н) (тежък водород) с един неутрон, често отбелязван с D, който има маса 2,015 и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тритий">тритий</a> (3Н) (свръхтежък водород) с два неутрона, отбелязван и със знака T, като масата му е 3,017 . Водороден газ е получен за пръв път по изкуствен път в началото на XVI век чрез смесването на метали и киселини. През 1766 – 1781 година англичанинът <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Хенри Кавендиш">Хенри Кавендиш</a> пръв го идентифицира като отделно вещество<a href="#cite_note-BBC2010-6">[5]</a> и установява, че при изгарянето му се образува вода – оттам идва и името на елемента. Антиматериалното съответствие на водорода – <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Антиводород">антиводород</a> – е получено за пръв път в лабораторни условия през 1996 година. Промишленото производство на водород най-често се извършва в процеса на преработка на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Природен газ">природен газ</a>, по-рядко при по-енергоемки технологии, като <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Електролиза">електролиза</a> на вода.<a href="#cite_note-Florida_Solar_Energy_Center2007-7">[6]</a> По-голямата част от водорода се използва в близост до мястото на производство, като двете му най-големи области на приложение са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Крекинг">крекингът</a> при преработка на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Изкопаемо гориво">изкопаеми горива</a> и синтезът на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Амоняк">амоняк</a>, главно за производство на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Изкуствен тор (страницата не съществува)">изкуствени торове</a>. При излагане на водород много метали увеличават <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Крехкост (страницата не съществува)">крехкостта</a> си,<a href="#cite_note-Rogers19991057&#32;–&#32;1064-8">[7]</a> което е особен проблем при конструирането на тръбопроводи и резервоари.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen2005-9">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Откриване">Откриване</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Откриване" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Откриване">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Още през 17 в. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Парацелз">Парацелз</a>, шведски лекар, алхимик, учен, астролог и философ, е наблюдавал отделянето на „въздух“ при действието на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сярна киселина">сярна киселина</a> върху <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желязо">желязото</a>. Оттогава продуктът, който се е получавал, е бил наречен „горящ въздух“ или „флогестон“, поради това че той предизвиквал огън. През 1766 г. английският физик и химик <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Хенри Кавендиш">Хенри Кавендиш</a> получава в чист вид водород и се смята за негов откривател. Първоначално той е установил плътността му чрез измерване, разбирайки че се откроява от другите горящи газове. През 1783 г. Лавоазие направил точни изследвания и потвърдил тези на Кавендиш. Заради способността на елемента да създава вода, бил наречен водород – „раждащ вода“. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Физични_свойства">Физични свойства</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Физични свойства" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Физични свойства">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> При обикновени условия водородът е газ с двуатомна молекула, без цвят и мирис, и е най-лекият от всички вещества – 0,0708 g/sm3<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> при 20 °C и около 14,5 пъти по-лек от въздуха. Във вода се разтваря слабо – около 0,02 обема в 1 обем вода. Дифузира през много метали, а се разтваря (оклудира) добре в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел">никел</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина">платина</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Паладий">паладий</a>, като например до 850 обема в един обем паладий.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Това може да се провери, ако в прибора за електролиза на вода катодът е във вид на пластинка от паладий, едната страна на която е покрита с лак.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> При разтварянето на водорода в свободната страна на пластинката, паладият увеличава своя обем и се огъва.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/247px--Emissions_Spectra.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="247" height="139" data-durationhint="290" data-mwtitle="Emissions_Spectra.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Emissions_Spectra.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEmissions_Spectra.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Спектрален анализ на водород (видео)</figcaption></figure> В твърдо състояние водородът образува молекулярен кристал, във възлите на решетката на който се намират молекули H2.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Този кристал е диелектрик, тъй като електроните са силно свързани със своите атоми.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Теоретични изследвания са показали, че при налягане от порядъка на 1 милион атмосфери или повече, водородът преминава в твърдо състояние при обикновени температури.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> При налягане от 2 милиона атмосфери трябва да се извърши преход от молекулярна към атомна форма.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Следователно при тези условия водородът би образувал кристална решетка, по възлите на която има протони.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Електроните се колективизират и такъв кристал притежава метална проводимост.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Има съобщения за преход на течен водород в твърдо състояние при ниски температури (около 4К) и свръхвисоко налягане.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Енергийни_нива_на_електроните">Енергийни нива на електроните</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Енергийни нива на електроните" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Енергийни нива на електроните">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Основно състояние на атома">Основното</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Енергийно ниво">енергийно ниво</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон">електрона</a> във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Водороден атом">водородния атом</a> е −13,6 <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Електронволт">eV</a>, еквивалентно на ултравиолетов <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фотон">фотон</a> с дължина на вълната 92 <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Метър">nm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Millar2003-11">[10]</a> Енергийните нива на водорода могат да бъдат изчислени сравнително точно, като се използва <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Модел на Бор">моделът на Бор</a>, при който електронът се разглежда като обикалящ около <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон">протона</a>, подобно на въртенето на Земята около Слънцето. От друга страна електронът и протонът се привличат един към друг от <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Електромагнетизъм">електромагнитната сила</a>, а астрономичните тела – от <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гравитация">гравитацията</a>. Поради дискретността на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Момент на импулса">момента на импулса</a>, постулиран в ранната <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантова механика">квантова механика</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор">Нилс Бор</a>, електроните в неговия модел могат да заемат само определени разстояния от протона и съответно могат да имат само определени възможни енергии.<a href="#cite_note-Stern2005a-12">[11]</a> По-точно описание на атома на водорода се получава от чисто квантовомеханична гледна точка, чрез използването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Уравнение на Шрьодингер">уравнението на Шрьодингер</a> или формулировката на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Файнман">Ричард Файнман</a> с интеграли по траекторията за изчисляване на вероятността на положението на електрона спрямо това на протона.<a href="#cite_note-Stern2005b-13">[12]</a> Най-усложнените модели дават възможност за отчитане и на малките ефекти на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Специална теория на относителността">специалната теория на относителността</a> и на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Поляризация на вакуума (страницата не съществува)">поляризацията на вакуума</a>. От гледна точка на квантовата механика електронът в основното състояние на водородния атом изобщо няма момент на импулса. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Изомери">Изомери</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Изомери" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Изомери">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Водородът съществува в две форми (модификации) – ортоводород и параводород. В молекулата на ортоводорода o-H2 (т. топене −259,10 °C, т. кипене −252,56 °C) ядрените <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Спин">спинове</a> са еднопосочни, докато при параводорода p-H2 (т. топене −259,32 °C, т. кипене −252,89 °C) са противопосочни. Равновесната смес o-H2 и p-H2 при дадена температура се нарича равновесен водород e-H2. При много ниски температури равновесието между ортоводорода и параводорода почти изцяло е изместено към страната на последния. При 80 К съотношението на двете форми е приблизително 1:1. При нагряване параводородът се превръща в ортоводород до образуване на равновесна смес при стайна температура (орто:пара = 75:25). Двуатомните молекули на водорода могат да съществуват в две <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Изомер">изомерни</a> форми, които се отличават по относителния спин на ядрата на двата образуващи ги атома.<a href="#cite_note-Universal_Industrial_Gases,_Inc.2003-14">[13]</a> При <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ортоводород (страницата не съществува)">ортоводородната</a> форма спиновете на двата протона са с една и съща посока и молекулният спин е с квантово число 1 (½+½), докато при <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Параводород (страницата не съществува)">параводородната</a> форма спиновете са срещуположни и молекулният спин е с квантово число 0 (½-½). При стандартна температура и налягане водородният газ съдържа около 25% параводородни и 75% ортоводородни молекули – съотношение, известно като „нормална форма“.<a href="#cite_note-Tikhonov20022363-15">[14]</a> Равновесното съотношение между ортоводород и параводород зависи от температурата, но тъй като ортоводородната форма представлява <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Възбудено състояние на атома">възбудено състояние</a> и има по-висока енергия от параводородната форма, тя е неустойчива и не може да се получи в чист вид. При много ниски температури равновесната смес се състои почти изцяло от параводород. Топлинните свойства на течната и газова фаза на чистия параводород се отличават значително от тези на нормалната форма, поради различия в ротационните топлоемкости (вижте <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Спинови изомери на водорода (страницата не съществува)">Спинови изомери на водорода</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Hritz2006-16">[15]</a> Разграничението между орто- и параводород е налице и в други водородни молекули и функционални групи, като тези на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">водата</a> или <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Метилен (страницата не съществува)">метилена</a>, но оказва слабо влияние върху техните свойства.<a href="#cite_note-Shinitzky2006754&#32;–&#32;756-17">[16]</a> Възможен е преход между двата изомера:<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {o-H2 <=> p-H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>o</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>p</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {o-H2 <=> p-H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3494f80bba31ceb9259d79879f52305cb9807481" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.314ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {o-H2 <=> p-H2}}}"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H=-13,8}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>13</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>8</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta H=-13,8}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5189d49849cb4420ecb5579b97fbac4e61ee301a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.427ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H=-13,8}"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle kJ/mol,T=0K}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mi>J</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mi>K</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle kJ/mol,T=0K}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e956d9fcbb74a2c02b39d42ac89e7b61677993fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.703ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle kJ/mol,T=0K}"> Некатализираното взаимно преобразуване между параводород и ортоводород се усилва при нарастване на температурата, поради което рязко кондензираният молекулен водород съдържа големи количества високоенергиен ортоводород, който се превръща в параводород много бавно.<a href="#cite_note-Milenko199777&#32;–&#32;92-19">[18]</a> Съотношението между двете форми в кондензирания водород е важно съображение при неговата подготовка и съхранение – преобразуването на ортоводорода в параводород е екзотермично и създава достатъчно топлина за изпаряването на част от водородната течност, което води до загуба на втечнен материал. По тази причина при охлаждането на водорода се използват катализатори – <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Железен оксид">железен оксид</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Активен въглен">активен въглен</a>, платиниран <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Азбест">азбест</a>, редкоземни метали, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хромов оксид (страницата не съществува)">хромов оксид</a>, някои съединения на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (елемент)">урана</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел">никела</a><a href="#cite_note-Svadlenak19575385&#32;–&#32;5388-20">[19]</a> – вещества, молекули или йони с парамагнитни свойства. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Изотопи">Изотопи</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Изотопи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Изотопи">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Hydrogen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hydrogen.svg/150px-Hydrogen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hydrogen.svg/225px-Hydrogen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hydrogen.svg/300px-Hydrogen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Протият е най-разпространеният изотоп на водорода и има един протон и един електрон. Уникален е с това, че е единственият изотоп, който няма нито един неутрон в ядрото.</figcaption></figure> Водородът има три естествени <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп">изотопа</a> – <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Протий">протий</a> (1Н), <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Деутерий">деутерий</a> (2Н) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тритий">тритий</a> (3Н). От тях само протият и дуетрият са стабилни. Други четири силно нестабилни изотопа (4H, 5H, 6H, 7H) са синтезирани в лабораторни условия, но не се срещат в природата. <ul><li>Протият (1H) е най-разпространеният изотоп на водорода: 99,98% от всичкия водород е протий. Ядрото на този изотоп съдържа само един протон и нито един неутрон.</li> <li>Деутерият (2H или D) е другият <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Стабилен изотоп">стабилен изотоп</a> на водорода. Ядрото му се състои се от един <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон">протон</a> и един <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неутрон">неутрон</a>. Деутерият не е радиоактивен, но все пак е отровен. Вода, чиито молекули съдържат деутерий вместо протий, се нарича <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Тежка вода">тежка вода</a> (D2O). Тежката вода намира полезно приложение в <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ядрен реактор">ядрените реактори</a>, но е отровна за живите организми. Деутерият е открит от американците <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харолд Юри">Харолд Юри</a>, Фердинанд Брикведе и Джордж Мърфи през 1932 г., изследвайки водородния спектър в електрическа дъга, която показала съществуването и на тритий.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a></li> <li>Тритият (3H или T) съдържа един протон и два неутрона в ядрото си. Той е радиоактивен и се разпада на хелий-3 чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бета-разпад">бета-разпад</a> с <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Период на полуразпад">период на полуразпад</a> 12,32 години. Малки количества тритий се срещат в естествено състояние, породени от взаимодействието на космическите лъчи с атмосферните газове. Тритий се отделя и при ядрени опити. Вода, чиито молекули имат формулата T2 O, се нарича <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Свръхтежка вода">свръхтежка вода</a>. Използва се при термоядрените реакции, като индикатор в <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геохимия">геохимията</a> и при самозахранващи се светещи устройства.</li></ul> Водородът е единственият елемент, който има различни имена за изотопите си, употребявани и днес (в ранните години от откриването на радиоактивността и началото на нейното изучаване различни тежки изотопи са получавали имена, но тези имена вече не се използват). Символите D и T (вместо 2H и 3H) понякога се използват за деутерий и тритий, но съответния символ P се използва за означаване на елемента <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">фосфор</a> и затова не може да бъде използван за протий. Според <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международен съюз за чиста и приложна химия">Международния съюз за чиста и приложна химия</a> могат да бъдат използвани означенията D и T, както и 2H и 3H, въпреки че 2H и 3H са предпочитани. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Някои физични константи на водорода, деутерия и трития<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Изотоп </th> <th>Температура на кипене, °C </th> <th>Температура на кипене, °C </th> <th>Плътност спрямо въздуха, g/cm3 (20 °C) </th> <th>Междуатомно разстояние, nm </th> <th>Енергия на дисоциация на молекулата, kJ/mol </th></tr> <tr> <td>H2 </td> <td>–252,6 </td> <td>–259,2 </td> <td>0,069 </td> <td>0,074 </td> <td>436 </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>–254,5 </td> <td>–254,5 </td> <td>1,138 </td> <td>0,074 </td> <td>443,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>~ –247 </td> <td>~ –252,6 </td> <td>~ 1,207 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Химични_свойства">Химични свойства</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Химични свойства" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Химични свойства">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Водородът е с пореден номер 1 и е част от първи период на Менделеевата периодична система. Образува стабилни съединения с всички елементи и е силно химически активен. Молекулата на водорода се състои от два атома, свързани с проста ковалентна неполярна връзка. Атомната му маса е 1,00794.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> В химичните съединения винаги е от +1 валентност, с изключение на алкалните и алкалоземните хидриди, където е електроотрицателен (-1). Образува стабилни химични съединения с всички химични елементи. Дълго време химиците са поставяли водорода само в първа група на Периодичната таблица – над лития, тъй като притежава един валентен електрон като всички останали едновалентни метали в групата. Но в съвременните таблици водородът се поставя и/или над флуора, тъй като логиката на периодичния закон изисква зарядът на ядрата на елементите, аналогични на първите три периода, да се различава с осем единици.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> По брой на недостигащите за запълване на електронната обвивка водородът прилича на халогените, тъй като присъединява излишен втори електрон. По тези причини, водородът се разглежда като аналог на флуора. И двата елемента са способни да създават съединения с металите (водородът образува хидриди, а флуорът – флуориди). Водородният атом има един орбитален електрон (1s1). Потенциалът на йонизация на протия е 13,59eV,<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> точно колкото се получава по теорията на Бор, като за деутрия и трития е малко повече.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> При йонизацията на протия се получава голо ядро, наречено „протон“ – p, „деутрон“ – d и „тритон“ – t. Трите изотопа правят възможно образуването на шест различни водородни молекули – H2, HD, D2, HT, DT и T2, проявяващи най-големи различия в химичните и физичните свойства, сравнени с изотопите на другите елементи.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Химичната активност на молекулата водород се определя от голямата енергия на дисоциация на молекулата. В зависимост от ориентацията на ядрените спинове съществуват две модификации на водородната молекула – ортоводород (паралелни спинове) и параводород (антипаралелни спинове).<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> При 0 °C параводородът в сместа е 25,13%, като с понижаване на температурата, съдържанието му се увеличава<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> и при -254,43 °C (температура на втвърдяване на водорода) е 99,82%.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Двете модификации имат някои разлики във физичните свойства. Молекулярният водород може да реагира с много елементи и съединения, но при стайна температура скоростта на реакцията е незначителна.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Това се дължи на високата енергия на дисоциация на молекулата (104 kcal/mol).<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> При повишена температура скоростта на реакцията е висока. При нагряване с атомна горелка на Ленгмюр атомният водород съществува между ½ и ⅓ от секундата.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Молекулният водород реагира с всички окисляващи елементи. При обикновени условия реагира само с флуор до флуороводород:<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 + F2 -> 2HF}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>F</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>HF</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 + F2 -> 2HF}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c58edabb06c2e62475f2f67ca57d30b32137ac0a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.116ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2 + F2 -> 2HF}}}">. С неметали и металоиди реагира при подходящи условия – нагряване, облъчване със светлина или катализатор, образувайки водородни съединения.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[20]</a> С хлора реакцията протича с взрив при непряка слънчева светлина. С кислород взаимодействието води до образуване на вода с отделяне на голямо количество топлина. С азот реагира в присъствието на катализатор (V2O5), нагряване (500 °C) и налягане (1000 atm) (Синтез на Хабер–Бош).<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Горене">Горене</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Горене" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Горене">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Водородният газ (диводород)<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Southern_Maine-22">[21]</a> е силно запалим и гори при контакт с <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Въздух">въздуха</a> при обемни концентрации между 4 и 75%.<a href="#cite_note-Carcassi20051439&#32;–&#32;1451-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Енталпия">Енталпията</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Горене">горенето</a> на водорода е −286 kJ/mol:<a href="#cite_note-CASFHPU2004240-24">[23]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2{}_{(g)}+ O2 -> 2H2O + 572kJ}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mmultiscripts> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>572</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>kJ</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2{}_{(g)}+ O2 -> 2H2O + 572kJ}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78781462e080d859a7bb7652096aa62622f3e780" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:32.713ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2{}_{(g)}+ O2 -> 2H2O + 572kJ}}}"></dd></dl> Водородният газ образува взривна смес с въздух при концентрации 4 – 74% и с <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">хлор</a> при концентрации 5 – 95%. Тези смеси детонират спонтанно от искра, нагряване или досег със слънчева светлина. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Температура на самовъзпламеняване (страницата не съществува)">Температурата на самовъзпламеняване</a>, при която водородът започва да гори спонтанно във въздух, е 500 °C.<a href="#cite_note-Patnaik2007402-25">[24]</a> Чисто водородно-кислородното горене има <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ултравиолетово излъчване">ултравиолетово излъчване</a> и при висока концентрация на кислорода е почти незабележимо с невъоръжено око, което прави установяването на изтичане на водород във въздуха трудно и опасно. При други условия водородните пламъци са сини, подобни на тези при горенето на природен газ.<a href="#cite_note-Schefe20091234&#32;–&#32;1241-26">[25]</a> Известен пример за самозапалване на водород е катастрофата с <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Дирижабъл">дирижабъла</a> „<a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Хинденбург">Хинденбург</a>“ – оранжевите пламъци при този пожар се дължат на горенето освен на водород, и на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглерод">въглеродни</a> съединения от корпуса на дирижабъла. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Съединения">Съединения</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Съединения" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Съединения">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Неорганични_съединения">Неорганични съединения</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Неорганични съединения" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Неорганични съединения">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Хидриди">Хидриди</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Хидриди" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Хидриди">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Хидрид">Хидрид</a></div></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Хидрид">Хидридите</a> са съединения на водорода, в които водородните атоми получават отрицателен заряд (H−) – това става при свързване с елементи, които имат по-малка електроотрицателност. Съществуването на хидриден анион, предположено от <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Гилбърт Люис">Гилбърт Люис</a> през 1916 година за солите на водорода с <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкален метал">алкални</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Алкалоземен метал">алкалоземни метали</a>, е доказано през 1920 година чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Електролиза">електролиза</a> на разтопен <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Литиев хидрид (страницата не съществува)">литиев хидрид</a> (LiH), която генерира <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стехиометрия">стехиометрично</a> количество водород на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Анод">анода</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moers1920179&#32;–&#32;228-27">[26]</a> Изключение между алкалоземните хидриди е <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Берилиев хидрид (страницата не съществува)">берилиевият хидрид</a> BeH2, който е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Полимер">полимерен</a>. При <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Литиево-алуминиев хидрид (страницата не съществува)">литиево-алуминиевия хидрид</a> анионът AlH4- е образуван от хидридни центрове, добре свързани с Al(III). Макар хидриди да се образуват с почти всички елементи от основната група, броят и съчетанието на възможни съединения е много разнообразно. Например, известни са над 100 двуелементни хидрида на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (елемент)">бора</a>, а само един на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алуминий">алуминия</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Downs1994175&#32;–&#32;184-28">[27]</a> Все още не е получен двуелементен хидрид на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Индий">индия</a>, макар че съществуват по-сложни хидриди с участие на индий.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbs1999185&#32;–&#32;186-29">[28]</a> В <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Неорганична химия">неорганичната химия</a> хидридите служат и като <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мостов лиганд (страницата не съществува)">мостови лиганди</a>, свързващи два метални центъра в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Комплексно съединение">комплексни съединения</a>. Тази функция е особено честа при елементите от <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_13_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 13 на периодичната система">група 13</a>, най-вече при комплексните съединения на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Борен хидрид (страницата не съществува)">борния хидрид</a> и алуминия, както и при клъстерираните <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Карборан (страницата не съществува)">карборани</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miessler2003-30">[29]</a> Металите от IА и IIА реагират до хидриди съответно с формулите MH и MH2. Тъй като образуването на H- в случая е ендотермичен процес, синтезът на алкалните и алкалоземните хидриди е при температури между 300 и 700 °C. Степента на йонност на връзката нараства към последните елементи в групите. Всички те са бели твърди вещества с различна кристалографска структура – тип NaCl при хидридите на алкалните метали; тетрагонална, тип рутил (TiO2) при MgH2; ромбична, тип PbCl2 при Ca, Sr и Ba. Високотопими са, а стопилките им имат висока електропроводимост и водородът се отделя на анода. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Вариране на радиуса на H- в алкални хидриди<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>съединение </td> <td>LiH </td> <td>NaH </td> <td>KH </td> <td>RbH </td> <td>CsH </td></tr> <tr> <td>r(H-), pm </td> <td>126 </td> <td>146 </td> <td>152 </td> <td>152 </td> <td>154 </td></tr></tbody></table> Пресметнатият йонен радиус на H- е 208 pm поради малкия електричен заряд на ядрото. Това силно намаляване на кристалографския радиус на H- чрез физически методи показва, че той се поляризира. Причина е известната ковалентност на връзката в LiH (20%).<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Хидридите са силни редуктори и хидриращи агенти, като стандартният потенциал на двойката H-/½H2 е E0=-2,25 V поради малкото електронно сродство на водородния атом и голямата стабилност на водородната молекула. Хидридите са особено активни към веществата, даващи макар и малко количество H+, например вода: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {MH + H2O -> MOH + H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>MH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>MOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {MH + H2O -> MOH + H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72f13f100510d99f895a6fc9555b4da5e5842cb7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.736ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {MH + H2O -> MOH + H2}}}">.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> В този случай те се отнасят като много силни киселини на Бьонстред-Лоури и могат да се използват за отстраняване на влага от органични съединения.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> При елементите от IIIA, както и BeH2, е характерно образуването на асоциати. Поради твърде сложната им структура не са добре изучени, с изключение на бораните. Известни са и комплексни хидриди. При елементите от IVA интерес представлява връзката C–H, която е нискополярна, позволява образуването на дълги въглеводородни вериги – причина за огромното разнообразие от органични съединения. Аналогични съединения образуват и съседите му, силиций и бор, но техните вериги са много къси.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Хидридите на елементите от V, VI и VIIA са газообразни с ковалентна връзка. Електронната плътност е изтеглена към елемента партньор и са налице водородни връзки. Хидридите на преходните метали от IIIБ до VБ група и някои f-елементи имат разнообразен и понякога нестехиометричен характер. Европиевият и иритиевият дихидрид са аналогични по структура и свойства на CaH2. Хидридите на Y, Ti, Nb, Hf, Ce и Th по външен вид наподобяват съответните метали.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Преходните метали от VIБ до VIIIБ, с изключение на хрома, не реагират с водорода, но се разтварят добре в него.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Протони_и_киселини">Протони и киселини</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Редактиране на раздел: Протони и киселини" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Протони и киселини">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Окисляването на водорода отнема електрона от неговите атоми и ги превръща във водородни катиони (H+), които не съдържат електрони, а само <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атомно ядро">атомно ядро</a>, съставено обикновено от един <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон">протон</a>. По тази причина H+ често се нарича и протон. Тези частици играят централна роля в изследването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Киселина">киселините</a>, като в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Теория на Брьонстед и Лаури">теорията на Брьонстед и Лаури</a> киселините се дефинират като донори на протони, а основите – като приемници на протони. Самостоятелният протон H+ не може да съществува в разтвор или в йонни кристали поради неограниченото си привличане към други атоми или молекули, съдържащи електрони. С изключение на високи температури, типични за <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма">плазмата</a>, такива протони не могат да бъдат отделени от <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Електронен облак">електронните облаци</a> на атоми или молекули и остават свързани с тях. Въпреки това, терминът „протон“ се използва понякога в широк смисъл за водородните катиони, без в това да се влага смисъл на обособеност на тези частици. За да се избегне двусмислеността на термина, предполагащ наличието на разтворени протони, понякога за водните разтвори на киселини се казва, че съдържат друга фиктивна структура – „<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хидроксоний (страницата не съществува)">хидроксониев</a> йон“ (H3O+). Но в този случай е по-правдоподобно предположението, че разтворените водородни катиони се групират в йони H9O4+.<a href="#cite_note-Okumura19903416&#32;–&#32;3427-31">[30]</a> Във водна среда протоните формират съединенията H(H2O)n, n = 1 – 6.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Един от най-разпространените йони във Вселената (но не и на Земята) е H3+ – <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Протонизиран молекулен водород (страницата не съществува)">протонизираният молекулен водород</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carrington1989218&#32;–&#32;222-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Вода">Вода</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Редактиране на раздел: Вода" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Вода">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">Вода</a></div></dd> <dd><div class="dablink noprint"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Тежка вода">Тежка вода</a></div></dd></dl> Водата е оксид на водорода. Заема ¾ от повърхността на Земята. Чистата вода е прозрачна безцветна течност без вкус и мирис. Известни са разлики в свойствата на обикновената, деутериевата и тритиевата вода. Всички особености на водата се обясняват с ковалентната полярна химична връзка между водорода и кислорода и образуването на водородни връзки между молекулите. Ковалентната връзка определя ниската топлопроводимост на водата в течно и твърдо състояние. Водородните връзки обясняват по-ниската плътност на леда спрямо водата. Водната молекула е силно реактивоспособна и проявява амфотерни свойства. Тя е силен окислител на метали и други редуктори с отрицателни стойности на стандартни потенциали спрямо нея.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Реагира с метали, метални оксиди, неметали и неметални оксиди: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na + H2O -> NaOH + 1/2 H2 ^}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>NaOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Na + H2O -> NaOH + 1/2 H2 ^}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22bfa083aee5e5e87dc6a5376f0577314be98884" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:30.362ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Na + H2O -> NaOH + 1/2 H2 ^}}}"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO + H2O ->Ca(OH)2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CaO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO + H2O ->Ca(OH)2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d57a1fb4c08447a15da3d412290d2d754d83540" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.446ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaO + H2O ->Ca(OH)2}}}">. Само металните оксиди, които не се разтварят във вода, не реагират с нея.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Водната молекула образува координационни съединения – хидрати и клапрати. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Хидроксониеви_съединения">Хидроксониеви съединения</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Редактиране на раздел: Хидроксониеви съединения" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Хидроксониеви съединения">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> При пълно донорно координиране на водни молекули се образува серия хидроксониеви йони – [H(H2O)n], n = 1 – 6. Те са доказани в структурата на различни съединения чрез рентгенострктурен анализ. Най-простият хидроксониев йон (H3O+) е открит в монохидратите на солната, азотната, перхлорната, сярната и други киселини – H2O•HNO3 ≡ H3O+●NO3-. При нормална температура е стабилен H3O+SbF5+. [H2O5]+, [H7O3]+ и [H9O4]+ са открити в полихидратите на някои халогенни неорганични киселини, а [H13O3]+ е доказан в структурата на някои по-сложни органични съединения.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Водороден_пероксид">Водороден пероксид</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Редактиране на раздел: Водороден пероксид" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Водороден пероксид">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> Основна статия: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Водороден пероксид">Водороден пероксид</a></div></dd></dl> Чист силно концентриран H2O2 е маслообразна синкава течност с неприятна миризма. При обикновена температура се разпада на вода и кислород. Разтваря се във вода във всякакво отношение. При -51 °C са изолирани кристали със структура H2O2●2H2O.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Лабораторно се получава от бариев пероксид и сярна или фосфорна киселина: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {BaO2 + H2SO4 -> BaSO4 v + H2O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>BaO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>BaSO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↓</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {BaO2 + H2SO4 -> BaSO4 v + H2O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4daaea5af2a848eb50b688ca709784db1dd677c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:37.184ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {BaO2 + H2SO4 -> BaSO4 v + H2O2}}}"> Водородният пероксид участва в окислително-редукционни реакции в кисела и алкална среда. Използва се за избелване на вълнени и памучни тъкани, слама, кожа и пера. 3%-ен разтвор се използва като медицински дезинфектант – кислородна вода. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Органични_съединения">Органични съединения</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Редактиране на раздел: Органични съединения" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Органични съединения">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Водородът образува многобройни съединения с <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглерод">въглерода</a>, наричани <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглеводород">въглеводороди</a>, и множество съединения с <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хетероатом (страницата не съществува)">хетероатоми</a>, които са важни съставки на живата материя и поради това се наричат <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Органично съединение">органични съединения</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Purdue_University2008-33">[32]</a> Изследването на техните свойства е предмет на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Органична химия">органичната химия</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lexico_Publishing_Group2008a-34">[33]</a> а тяхното влияние върху жизнените процеси се изучава в <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия">биохимията</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lexico_Publishing_Group2008b-35">[34]</a> Известни са милиони въглеводороди, като повечето от тях се образуват по сложни синтетични пътища, които рядко включват реакции с чист водород. Повечето органични съединения съдържат водород и въглерод, като на връзката между атомите на тези два елемента се дължат много от основните свойства на тези съединения. Според много класификации именно наличието на водородно-въглеродни връзки е определящата характеристика на органичните съединения.<a href="#cite_note-Lexico_Publishing_Group2008a-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="История_на_изследванията">История на изследванията</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Редактиране на раздел: История на изследванията" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: История на изследванията">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> През 16 век Парацелз получава водород при взаимодействие на желязо със сярна киселина.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> През 1766 г. англичанинът Хенри Кавендиш пръв получава чист водород и се смята за негов откривател.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> През 1783 г. Лавоазие направил точни изследвания, потвърдил резултатите на Кавендиш и открил, че водородът е съставна част на водата.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a><div class="boilerplate plainlinks stub"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/23px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/35px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/46px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a> Този раздел е празен или е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Уикипедия:Мъниче">мъниче</a>. Можете да помогнете на Уикипедия, като го <a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit">разширите</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Наличие_в_природата">Наличие в природата</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Редактиране на раздел: Наличие в природата" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Наличие в природата">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Водородът е широко разпространен елемент в природата. В Космоса той е най-разпространеният елемент – около 92%<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> – и служи като гориво за поддържане на енергията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда">звездите</a>. Във вид на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Плазма">плазма</a> водородът представлява около половината от масата на Слънцето, повечето звезди и газовите мъглявини. В междузвездното пространство (Hi-район)<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> присъства неутрален<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> водород. В голяма част от материята в междузвездното пространство на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Млечен път">Млечния път</a>, както и другите <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Спирална галактика">спирални галактики</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> водородът е под формата на „студен“, неутрален водороден газ с температура около 100 К и плътност приблизително 1 атом/cm³.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Тези облаци лесно се откриват по характерното си вълново излъчване от 21 cm.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> В т. нар. „Hi-райони“ плътността е 10 – 1000 частици/cm³, а температурата е около 10 000 К.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Преобладаващото излъчване на тези райони е от водорода. Голяма част от това излъчване е във видимия спектър на светлината и е възможно наблюдаването им, като например <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Орион (мъглявина)">мъглявината Орион</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> Водородът се намира в атмосферата на редица планети и в свободно състояние в кометите,<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> в съединения (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан">метан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Етан">етан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">вода</a>) и радикали (CH, NH, OH, SiH, PH, MgH, NaH и др.),<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> в състава на корпускулярното излъчване на Слънцето. В космическите лъчи влиза във вид на поток от протони (йонизиран водород). Във вид на плазма, водородът в Слънцето служи за синтезиране на нови елементи чрез термоядрени процеси. Огромни количества от водород се изхвърлят чрез слънчевия вятър. Разсейвайки се в атмосферата, протоните намаляват енергията си и част от тях попадат на повърхността на Земята или остават в радиационният пояс. При това разсейване в атмосферата се получава излъчване във видимата област, което е причина за образуването на полярното сияние. Когато та Слънцето станат локални избухвания, насочени към Земята, върху нея попадат интензивни потоци от заредени частици, които създават магнитни бури. В земната кора, водородът заема около 1% по маса и 16 – 17% по брой на атомите. В свободно състояние се среща рядко. Водородът влиза в състава на водата, нефта, природния газ, глината, живите организми. Малки количества свободен водород се среща в земното въздушно пространство (0,00001% по брой на атомите),<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> но той лесно може да добие втора космическа скорост (11,2 km/s) и по този начин лесно да напусне атмосферата.<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> В околоземното пространство образува вътрешния радиационен (протонен)<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a> пояс на Земята. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Производство">Производство</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Редактиране на раздел: Производство" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Производство">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <div class="boilerplate plainlinks stub"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/23px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/35px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/46px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a> Този раздел е празен или е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Уикипедия:Мъниче">мъниче</a>. Можете да помогнете на Уикипедия, като го <a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit">разширите</a>.</div> Въпросът за евтино получаване на водород е актуален, заради световните екологични и енергийни проблеми. За да бъде решен, се създават компютърно генерирани затворени производствени цикли, които се подлагат на експериментална проверка. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Компютърно генерирани цикли за получаване на водород<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Цикъл 1 </th> <th>Цикъл 2 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CaBr_{2}+H_{2}O\ \xrightarrow {750\ ^{\circ }C} \ CaO+2HBr} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>750</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CaBr_{2}+H_{2}O\ \xrightarrow {750\ ^{\circ }C} \ CaO+2HBr} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19370077dcae34ed5cd5b3672663343426141e40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.429ex; width:35.69ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CaBr_{2}+H_{2}O\ \xrightarrow {750\ ^{\circ }C} \ CaO+2HBr} }"> </td> <td>1. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {3FeCl_{2}+4H_{2}O\ \xrightarrow {500\ ^{\circ }C} \ Fe_{3}O_{4}+6HCl+H_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>500</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {3FeCl_{2}+4H_{2}O\ \xrightarrow {500\ ^{\circ }C} \ Fe_{3}O_{4}+6HCl+H_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93d295ef9b617f15e1da4940f6cca605efff7ab5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.429ex; width:44.716ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {3FeCl_{2}+4H_{2}O\ \xrightarrow {500\ ^{\circ }C} \ Fe_{3}O_{4}+6HCl+H_{2}} }"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hg+2HBr\ \xrightarrow {100\ ^{\circ }C} \ HgBr_{2}+H_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>100</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hg+2HBr\ \xrightarrow {100\ ^{\circ }C} \ HgBr_{2}+H_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26db6c737f23dfe3b2948ca63786db906ab0a17a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.429ex; width:32.203ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Hg+2HBr\ \xrightarrow {100\ ^{\circ }C} \ HgBr_{2}+H_{2}} }"> </td> <td>2. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fe_{3}O_{4}+{\frac {3}{2}}Cl_{2}+6HCl\ \xrightarrow {100\ ^{\circ }C} \ 3FeCl_{3}+3H_{2}O+{\frac {1}{2}}O_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>100</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>3</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fe_{3}O_{4}+{\frac {3}{2}}Cl_{2}+6HCl\ \xrightarrow {100\ ^{\circ }C} \ 3FeCl_{3}+3H_{2}O+{\frac {1}{2}}O_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/743e3b15a180ab0916e41d967d7a7142dc134cf8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-top: -0.384ex; width:54.997ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fe_{3}O_{4}+{\frac {3}{2}}Cl_{2}+6HCl\ \xrightarrow {100\ ^{\circ }C} \ 3FeCl_{3}+3H_{2}O+{\frac {1}{2}}O_{2}} }"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HgBr_{2}+CaO\ \xrightarrow {25\ ^{\circ }C} \ HgO+CaBr_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>25</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {HgBr_{2}+CaO\ \xrightarrow {25\ ^{\circ }C} \ HgO+CaBr_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4a19272d2f9ebd9a556e6d9cb4cea75f8105873a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.429ex; width:36.03ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HgBr_{2}+CaO\ \xrightarrow {25\ ^{\circ }C} \ HgO+CaBr_{2}} }"> </td> <td>3. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {3FeCl_{3}\ \xrightarrow {300\ ^{\circ }C} \ 3FeCl_{2}+{\frac {3}{2}}Cl_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>300</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>3</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {3FeCl_{3}\ \xrightarrow {300\ ^{\circ }C} \ 3FeCl_{2}+{\frac {3}{2}}Cl_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0deca814ff82f0ad5013070b1235326173685a39" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-top: -0.387ex; width:31.242ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {3FeCl_{3}\ \xrightarrow {300\ ^{\circ }C} \ 3FeCl_{2}+{\frac {3}{2}}Cl_{2}} }"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HgO\ \xrightarrow {500\ ^{\circ }C} \ Hg+{\frac {1}{2}}O_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>500</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {HgO\ \xrightarrow {500\ ^{\circ }C} \ Hg+{\frac {1}{2}}O_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/295449655af186e5db3db06318d88dafbc1a11e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-top: -0.384ex; width:24.161ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {HgO\ \xrightarrow {500\ ^{\circ }C} \ Hg+{\frac {1}{2}}O_{2}} }"> </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Промишлени_методи">Промишлени методи</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Редактиране на раздел: Промишлени методи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Промишлени методи">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Промишленото получаване на водорода става главно по следните начини: <ul><li>Електролиза на разтвор на калиева основа с платинови електроди. Този метод се използва и за получаване на кислород, отделящ се на анода:</li></ul> катод: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O +2e- -> H2 + 2 OH-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O +2e- -> H2 + 2 OH-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2afde01ff013aafdb0dcb9d69ca66dceaa821127" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.433ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2O +2e- -> H2 + 2 OH-}}}"> анод: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2OH- -2e- -> H2O + O -> (O2)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2OH- -2e- -> H2O + O -> (O2)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb71a5c433cf92f5e3a15c54366b2bc4ec70fce1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.63ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2OH- -2e- -> H2O + O -> (O2)}}}"> При електролит бариев хидроксид е възможно използването на по-евтини никелови електроди. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Конверсия (химия) (страницата не съществува)">Конверсия</a> на метан и други въглеродороди от природен газ<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> с водна пара при 1000 °C:</li></ul> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{4}+H_{2}O\ \xrightarrow {1000\ ^{\circ }C} \ CO+3\,H_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>1000</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </mover> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{4}+H_{2}O\ \xrightarrow {1000\ ^{\circ }C} \ CO+3\,H_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d6aa8224c24c6a1e223dd98b8e3ce8cd35a3cff7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.429ex; width:32.257ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CH_{4}+H_{2}O\ \xrightarrow {1000\ ^{\circ }C} \ CO+3\,H_{2}} }"> <ul><li>Пропускане на водни пари над разкален <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Кокс">кокс</a> при температура около 1000 °C и незадължителен катализатор циментит (Fe2C3):<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[20]</a></li></ul> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}O+C\ {\xrightarrow[{Fe_{2}C_{3}}]{400\ -\ 500\ ^{\circ }C}}\ 2\,CO+H_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>400</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>−</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>500</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}O+C\ {\xrightarrow[{Fe_{2}C_{3}}]{400\ -\ 500\ ^{\circ }C}}\ 2\,CO+H_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e5be9024e94285b1ce42f07e93b38f215669e4e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.16ex; margin-top: -0.429ex; margin-bottom: -0.512ex; width:32.253ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}O+C\ {\xrightarrow[{Fe_{2}C_{3}}]{400\ -\ 500\ ^{\circ }C}}\ 2\,CO+H_{2}} }"> Реакцията е известна като „газификация на въглища“. Тъй като е ендотермична, с напредването ѝ въглищата загасват. За предотвратяването на този нежелан ефект, периодично се спира потокът на водната пара и се продухва въздух. Така въглищата изгарят напълно с краен продукт смес от CO и H2. Полученият CO се конвертира до CO2: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}O+CO\ {\xrightarrow[{Cr_{2}O_{3}/NiO}]{500\ ^{\circ }C}}\ CO_{2}+H_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mn>500</mn> <msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}O+CO\ {\xrightarrow[{Cr_{2}O_{3}/NiO}]{500\ ^{\circ }C}}\ CO_{2}+H_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2322b0c784b1f4743bb8817e2f828427bf1de834" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.293ex; margin-top: -0.429ex; margin-bottom: -0.545ex; width:32.158ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {H_{2}O+CO\ {\xrightarrow[{Cr_{2}O_{3}/NiO}]{500\ ^{\circ }C}}\ CO_{2}+H_{2}} }"> Реакцията е слабо екзотермична.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Електролиза">Електролиза</a> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода">водни</a> солни разтвори:</li></ul> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2NaCl + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>NaCl</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>NaOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>Cl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2NaCl + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1a6d2fb90573c1e176e38cf0aa04bfa9c5319f1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:40.735ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2NaCl + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2}}}"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Катализа">Каталитично</a> окисление на метан с кислород:</li></ul> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2CH4 + O2 <=> 2CO + 4H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2CH4 + O2 <=> 2CO + 4H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee5378d1fa90e52978c4e1497a4dec857d7282a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.599ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2CH4 + O2 <=> 2CO + 4H2}}}"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Лабораторни_методи">Лабораторни методи</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Редактиране на раздел: Лабораторни методи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Лабораторни методи">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> В лабораторни условия водород се получава при един от следните методи: <ul><li>действие на разредени киселини върху метали. Реакцията на взаимодействие между цинк и сярна киселина е най-използваната реакция за лабораторно получаване на водород:<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a></li></ul> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Zn + H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Zn</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>ZnSO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Zn + H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8434733a7b8932a167f2b4071a7abcc8fc774c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.107ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Zn + H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + H2}}}"> При недостатъчно чист цинк заедно с водорода е отделят AsH3, PH3, SO2 и H2S. За да бъде пречистен от тези газове, водородът преминава през разтвор на окислител – калиев перманганат или калиев дихромат, последван от разтвор на калиева основа, Газът се суши с k.H2SO4 или силикагел.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> <ul><li>взаимодействие на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калций">калция</a> с вода:</li></ul> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca + 2H2O -> Ca(OH)2 + H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca + 2H2O -> Ca(OH)2 + H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f55978f68a3082a24f0ca55b3e50639323cf692" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:31.825ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca + 2H2O -> Ca(OH)2 + H2}}}"> <ul><li>хидролиза на хидриди</li></ul> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaH + H2O-> NaOH + H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>NaH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>NaOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NaH + H2O-> NaOH + H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6bb9982d17af3f6d0e3f26d5915c6cb5e548caa2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.285ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaH + H2O-> NaOH + H2}}}"> <ul><li>действие на основи на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк">цинк</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алуминий">алуминий</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[9]</a></li></ul> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Zn + 2KOH + 2H2O-> K2[Zn(OH)4] + H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Zn</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>KOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>Zn</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Zn + 2KOH + 2H2O-> K2[Zn(OH)4] + H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/061432489b5089a289438d7180eed8d41eea5720" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.475ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Zn + 2KOH + 2H2O-> K2[Zn(OH)4] + H2}}}"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Приложение">Приложение</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Редактиране на раздел: Приложение" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Приложение">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Водородът има различни приложения, някои от които са посочени по-долу: <dl><dt>Химическа промишленост</dt></dl> <ul><li>за чисто производство на петролни продукти (виж други приложения)</li> <li>изстудяващ елемент (особено виж <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Течен водород (страницата не съществува)">течен водород</a>)</li> <li>при производство на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Амоняк">амоняк</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Метанол">метанол</a></li> <li>за хидрогениране на масла за нехранителни цели (изолация, пластмаси, кремове, сапуни и други химикали).</li> <li>като газ-носител в газовата <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хроматография">хроматография</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Хранително-вкусова промишленост</dt></dl> <ul><li>Регистриран е като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хранителна добавка">хранителна добавка</a> E949 (консервиращ газ, клас „Разни“).</li> <li>Използва се за хидрогениране на течни масла (като масла от соеви семена, риба, памучни семена и зърнени култури), което ги превръща в полутвърди, използвани като мазнини за сладкиши, маргарин, в някои видове фъстъчено масло.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Енергетика</dt></dl> <ul><li>за реакция с кислород в системите за водно охлаждане в ядрените реактори с кипяща вода за потискане на междукристалното корозионно напукване под напрежение в охладителната система</li></ul> <dl><dt>Производство на метали</dt></dl> <ul><li>като защитна среда при високотемпературни химични реакции и операции, като при производство на неръждаема стомана.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Обработка на метали</dt></dl> <ul><li>смесен с аргон при заваряване на аустенитна неръждаема стомана</li> <li>при плазмено заваряване и рязане</li></ul> <dl><dt>Други приложения</dt></dl> <ul><li>във фармацевтичната промишленост – за получаване на сорбитол (използван в козметиката), за производство на лепила и витамини А и С</li> <li>в нефтохимическата промишленост – за подобряване на характеристиките на петролните продукти чрез отстраняване на органичната сяра от суровия петрол, както и за преобразуване на тежките суровини в по-леки, по-лесни за рафиниране и по-продаваеми продукти.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Биологични_ефекти">Биологични ефекти</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Редактиране на раздел: Биологични ефекти" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Биологични ефекти">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <div class="boilerplate plainlinks stub"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/23px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/35px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/46px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a> Този раздел е празен или е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Уикипедия:Мъниче">мъниче</a>. Можете да помогнете на Уикипедия, като го <a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit">разширите</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Рискове_и_техники_на_безопасност">Рискове и техники на безопасност</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Редактиране на раздел: Рискове и техники на безопасност" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Рискове и техники на безопасност">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> Водородът крие редица опасности. Реакциите на водорода със някои силнореактивни елементи могат да доведат до пожари и/или <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Детонация">детонация</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASAH2-36">[35]</a> Продължително дишане на чист водород може да причини <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Асфиксия">асфиксия</a>. Tечният водород е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Криоген">криоген</a> и невнимателно боравене с него може да причини <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Измръзване">измръзвания</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Течният водород се разтваря в много метали, като това може да има неблагоприятни ефекти за самите метали – т.нар. „водородна трошливост“, която може да презивика напукване на метала или дори експлозия. Използваният за индустриални цели водород се пренася в стоманени бутилки под налягане 150 kg/cm2.<a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Бележки">Бележки</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Редактиране на раздел: Бележки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Бележки">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> В същото време основната част от масата на Вселената не е във вид на бариони или химични елементи – вижте <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тъмна материя">тъмна материя</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тъмна енергия">тъмна енергия</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници">Източници</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Източници">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CRC_Press2005-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_Press2005_1-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRC_Press2005">CRC Press 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylie-Interscience2005-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Wylie-Interscience2005_2-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWylie-Interscience2005">Wylie-Interscience 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2001-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001_3-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer1997-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer1997_4-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalmer1997">Palmer 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2010-6"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2010_6-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC2010">BBC 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Florida_Solar_Energy_Center2007-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Florida_Solar_Energy_Center2007_7-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorida_Solar_Energy_Center2007">Florida Solar Energy Center 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers19991057&#32;–&#32;1064-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers19991057&#32;–&#32;1064_8-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers1999">Rogers 1999</a>, с. 1057 – 1064. </li> <li id="cite_note-Christensen2005-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Christensen2005_9-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristensen2005">Christensen 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2">в</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-3">г</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-4">д</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-5">е</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-6">ж</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-7">з</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-8">и</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-9">к</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-10">л</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-11">м</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-12">н</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-13">о</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-14">п</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-15">р</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-16">с</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-17">т</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-18">у</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-19">ф</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-20">х</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-21">ц</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-22">ч</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-23">ш</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-24">щ</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-25">ю</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-26">я</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-27">аа</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-28">аб</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-29">ав</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-30">аг</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-31">ад</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-32">ае</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-33">аж</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-34">аз</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-35">аи</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-36">ак</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-37">ал</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-38">ам</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-39">ан</a> <cite id="CITEREFЛефтеров2015" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Лефтеров, Димитър. Химичните елементи и техните изотопи. Издателство на БАН „Проф. Марин Дринов“, 2015. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9789543228317" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-954-322-831-7</a>. с. 146 – 152.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millar2003-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Millar2003_11-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillar2003">Millar 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern2005a-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Stern2005a_12-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFStern2005a">Stern 2005a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern2005b-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Stern2005b_13-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFStern2005b">Stern 2005b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Universal_Industrial_Gases,_Inc.2003-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Universal_Industrial_Gases,_Inc.2003_14-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFUniversal_Industrial_Gases,_Inc.2003">Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tikhonov20022363-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonov20022363_15-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFTikhonov2002">Tikhonov 2002</a>, с. 2363. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hritz2006-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Hritz2006_16-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHritz2006">Hritz 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shinitzky2006754&#32;–&#32;756-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Shinitzky2006754&#32;–&#32;756_17-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFShinitzky2006">Shinitzky 2006</a>, с. 754 – 756. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1">б</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-2">в</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-3">г</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-4">д</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-5">е</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-6">ж</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-7">з</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-8">и</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-9">к</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-10">л</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-11">м</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-12">н</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-13">о</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-14">п</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-15">р</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-16">с</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-17">т</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-18">у</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-19">ф</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-20">х</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-21">ц</a> <cite id="CITEREFКиркова2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Киркова, Елена. Химия на елементите и техните съединения. София, Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2013. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9789540735047" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-954-07-3504-7</a>. с. 36 – 55.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milenko199777&#32;–&#32;92-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Milenko199777&#32;–&#32;92_19-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilenko1997">Milenko 1997</a>, с. 77 – 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-Svadlenak19575385&#32;–&#32;5388-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Svadlenak19575385&#32;–&#32;5388_20-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSvadlenak1957">Svadlenak 1957</a>, с. 5385 – 5388. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1">б</a> <cite id="CITEREFпроф._Иванов1974" class="book" style="font-style:normal">проф. Иванов, Иван, доц. Върбанова, Сийка. Неорганична химия. Земиздат София, 1974. с. 181 – 183.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Southern_Maine-22"><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Southern_Maine_22-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_Maine">University of Southern Maine </a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carcassi20051439&#32;–&#32;1451-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Carcassi20051439&#32;–&#32;1451_23-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarcassi2005">Carcassi 2005</a>, с. 1439 – 1451. </li> <li id="cite_note-CASFHPU2004240-24"><a href="#cite_ref-CASFHPU2004240_24-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCASFHPU2004">CASFHPU 2004</a>, с. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-Patnaik2007402-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Patnaik2007402_25-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatnaik2007">Patnaik 2007</a>, с. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schefe20091234&#32;–&#32;1241-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Schefe20091234&#32;–&#32;1241_26-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchefe2009">Schefe 2009</a>, с. 1234 – 1241. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moers1920179&#32;–&#32;228-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Moers1920179&#32;–&#32;228_27-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoers1920">Moers 1920</a>, с. 179 – 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-Downs1994175&#32;–&#32;184-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Downs1994175&#32;–&#32;184_28-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowns1994">Downs 1994</a>, с. 175 – 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbs1999185&#32;–&#32;186-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbs1999185&#32;–&#32;186_29-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbs1999">Hibbs 1999</a>, с. 185 – 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-Miessler2003-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Miessler2003_30-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiessler2003">Miessler 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Okumura19903416&#32;–&#32;3427-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Okumura19903416&#32;–&#32;3427_31-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFOkumura1990">Okumura 1990</a>, с. 3416 – 3427. </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrington1989218&#32;–&#32;222-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Carrington1989218&#32;–&#32;222_32-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrington1989">Carrington 1989</a>, с. 218 – 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-Purdue_University2008-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_University2008_33-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPurdue_University2008">Purdue University 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexico_Publishing_Group2008a-34">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Lexico_Publishing_Group2008a_34-0">а</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lexico_Publishing_Group2008a_34-1">б</a> <a href="#CITEREFLexico_Publishing_Group2008a">Lexico Publishing Group 2008a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexico_Publishing_Group2008b-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Lexico_Publishing_Group2008b_35-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFLexico_Publishing_Group2008b">Lexico Publishing Group 2008b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NASAH2-36"><a href="#cite_ref-NASAH2_36-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970033338.pdf">Стандарт за безопасност за водород и водородни системи, NSS 1740.16</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%90" title="НАСА">НАСА</a>, 1997 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501105215/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970033338.pdf">архив</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogenandfuelcellsafety.info/resources/mdss/Praxair-LH2.pdf">Течен водород</a>, Praxair, Inc., 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527233910/http://www.hydrogenandfuelcellsafety.info/resources/mdss/Praxair-LH2.pdf">архив</a> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Цитирани източници</dt></dl> <div class="references"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCRC_Press2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds // <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a>. 86th. Boca Raton (FL), CRC Press, 2005. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0849304865" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8493-0486-5</a>. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWylie-Interscience2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Hydrogen // Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry. Wylie-Interscience, 2005. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0471615250" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-61525-0</a>. p. 797 – 799. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Emsley, John. Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0198503415" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-850341-5</a>. p. 183 – 191. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBBC2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00q2mk5">Discovering the Elements</a> // bbc.co.uk. BBC, 2010. Посетен на 11 ноември 2013. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCarcassi2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Carcassi, M.N et al. Deflagrations of H2–air and CH4–air lean mixtures in a vented multi-compartment environment // Energy 30 (8). 2005. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.02.012">10.1016/j.energy.2004.02.012</a>. p. 1439 – 1451. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCarrington1989" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Carrington, Alan et al. The infrared predissociation spectrum of triatomic hydrogen cation (H3+) // Accounts of Chemical Research 22 (6). 1989. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar00162a004">10.1021/ar00162a004</a>. p. 218 – 222. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCASFHPU2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">CASFHPU. The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs. National Academies Press, 2004. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0309091632" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0309091632</a>. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChristensen9_юли_2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Christensen, C.H et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20051226175615/http://www.dtu.dk:80/English/About_DTU/News.aspx?guid={E6FF7D39-1EDD-41A4-BC9A-20455C2CF1A7}">Making society independent of fossil fuels – Danish researchers reveal new technology</a> // Technical University of Denmark, 9 юли 2005. Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtu.dk/English/About_DTU/News.aspx?guid=%7BE6FF7D39-1EDD-41A4-BC9A-20455C2CF1A7%7D">оригинала</a> на 2005-12-26. Посетен на 28 март 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFClark2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Clark, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group7/acidityhx.html#top">The Acidity of the Hydrogen Halides</a> // Chemguide. 2002. Посетен на 9 март 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFClayton2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Clayton, D.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofisotop0000clay">Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium</a>. Cambridge University Press, 2003. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0521823811" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-82381-1</a>. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDowns1994" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Downs, Anthony J. et al. The hydrides of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium: a re-evaluation // Chemical Society Reviews 23 (3). 1994. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/CS9942300175">10.1039/CS9942300175</a>. p. 175 – 184. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFlorida_Solar_Energy_Center2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/hydrogen/basics/production.htm">Hydrogen Basics – Production</a> // Florida Solar Energy Center, 2007. Посетен на 5 февруари 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHibbs1999" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Hibbs, David E. et al. A remarkably stable indium trihydride complex: synthesis and characterisation of [InH3P(C6H11)3] // Chemical Communications (2). 1999. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a809279f">10.1039/a809279f</a>. p. 185 – 186. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHritzMarch_2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Hritz, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smad-ext.grc.nasa.gov/gso/manual/chapter_06.pdf">CH. 6 – Hydrogen (PDF)</a> // NASA Glenn Research Center Glenn Safety Manual, Document GRC-MQSA.001. NASA, March 2006. Посетен на 5 февруари 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKimball7_август_2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kimball, John W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030210212428/http://users.rcn.com:80/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/HydrogenBonds.html">Hydrogen</a> // Kimball's Biology Pages. 7 август 2003. Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/HydrogenBonds.html">оригинала</a> на 2003-02-10. Посетен на 4 март 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLexico_Publishing_Group2008a" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/organic%20chemistry">Organic Chemistry</a> // Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group, 2008a. Посетен на 23 март 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLexico_Publishing_Group2008b" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> // Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group, 2008b. Посетен на 23 март 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcNaught2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">McNaught, A. D. et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/H02899.html">hydrogen bond</a> // Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the „Gold Book“). IUPAC, 2012. Посетен на 13 ноември 2013. 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(на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMillar10_декември_2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Millar, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jupiter.phy.umist.ac.uk/~tjm/ISPhys/l7/ispl7.html">Lecture 7, Emission Lines – Examples</a> // PH-3009 (P507/P706/M324) Interstellar Physics. University of Manchester, 10 декември 2003. Посетен на 5 февруари 2008. (на английски)</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116023018/http://jupiter.phy.umist.ac.uk/~tjm/ISPhys/l7/ispl7.html">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2011-11-16 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMoers1920" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Moers, Kurt. Investigations on the Salt Character of Lithium Hydride // Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 113 (191). 1920. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19201130116">10.1002/zaac.19201130116</a>. p. 179 – 228. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOkumura1990" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Okumura, Anthony M. et al. Infrared spectra of the solvated hydronium ion: vibrational predissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected H3O+•(H2O)n•(H2)m // Journal of Physical Chemistry 94 (9). 1990. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100372a014">10.1021/j100372a014</a>. p. 3416 – 3427. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPatnaik2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Patnaik, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.jp/books?id=-CRRJBVv5d0C&pg=PA402">A comprehensive guide to the hazardous properties of chemical substances</a>. Wiley-Interscience, 2007. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0471714585" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0471714585</a>. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPalmer13_септември_1997" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Palmer, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971113i.html">Hydrogen in the Universe</a> // NASA, 13 септември 1997. Посетен на 5 февруари 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPurdue_University2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/organic.html">Structure and Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons</a> // Purdue University, 2008. Посетен на 23 март 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRogers1999" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Rogers, H.C. Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals // Science 159 (3819). 1999. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.159.3819.1057">10.1126/science.159.3819.1057</a>. p. 1057 – 1064. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSandrock2_май_2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Sandrock, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hydpark.ca.sandia.gov/DBFrame.html">Metal-Hydrogen Systems</a> // Sandia National Laboratories, 2 май 2002. Посетен на 23 март 2008. (на английски)</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6D9jPh4UQ?url=http://hydpark.ca.sandia.gov/DBFrame.html">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2012-12-24 в <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchefeJune_2009" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Schefe, R. W. et al. Visible emission of hydrogen flames // Combustion and Flame 156 (6). June 2009. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.01.011">10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.01.011</a>. p. 1234 – 1241. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFShinitzky2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Shinitzky, Meir et al. Ortho-para spin isomers of the protons in the methylene group // Chirality 18 (9). 2006. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.20319">10.1002/chir.20319</a>. p. 754 – 756. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStern16_май_2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Stern, David P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iki.rssi.ru/mirrors/stern/stargaze/Q5.htm">The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom</a> // NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (mirror), 16 май 2005. Посетен на 20 декември 2007. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStern13_февруари_2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Stern, David P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q7.htm">Wave Mechanics</a> // NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 13 февруари 2005. Посетен на 16 април 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSvadlenak1957" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Svadlenak, R. Eldo et al. The Conversion of Ortho- to Parahydrogen on Iron Oxide-Zinc Oxide Catalysts // Journal of the American Chemical Society 79 (20). 1957. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01577a013">10.1021/ja01577a013</a>. p. 5385 – 5388. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTikhonov2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Tikhonov, Vladimir I. et al. Separation of Water into Its Ortho and Para Isomers // Science 296 (5577). 2002. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1069513">10.1126/science.1069513</a>. p. 2363. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUniversal_Industrial_Gases,_Inc.2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uigi.com/hydrogen.html">Hydrogen (H2) Properties, Uses, Applications: Hydrogen Gas and Liquid Hydrogen</a> // Universal Industrial Gases, Inc., 2003. Посетен на 5 февруари 2008. (на английски)</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_Maine" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usm.maine.edu/~newton/Chy251_253/Lectures/LewisStructures/Dihydrogen.html">Dihydrogen</a> // O=CHem Directory. University of Southern Maine. Посетен на 6 април 2009. (на английски)</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6D9jJ0ebz?url=http://web1.uct.usm.maine.edu/~newton/Chy251_253/Lectures/LewisStructures/Dihydrogen.html">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2012-12-24 в <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a></li></ul> </div> <table cellspacing="2" style="clear:both; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border:1px dotted var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); padding:.3em; margin-top:.8em; margin-bottom:.5em; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="90px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Криейтив Комънс"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CC_BY-SA_icon.svg/60px-CC_BY-SA_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CC_BY-SA_icon.svg/90px-CC_BY-SA_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CC_BY-SA_icon.svg/120px-CC_BY-SA_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="Лиценз за свободна документация на ГНУ"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/20px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/30px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Heckert_GNU_white.svg/40px-Heckert_GNU_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="523" /></a> </td> <td style="font-style:italic">Тази страница частично или изцяло представлява <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Уикипедия:Превод">превод</a> на страницата <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Permalink/204488653" class="extiw" title="en:Special:Permalink/204488653">Hydrogen</a> в Уикипедия на английски. Оригиналният текст, както и този превод, са защитени от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Криейтив Комънс">Лиценза „Криейтив Комънс – Признание – Споделяне на споделеното“</a>, а за съдържание, създадено преди юни 2009 година – от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3" title="Лиценз за свободна документация на ГНУ">Лиценза за свободна документация на ГНУ</a>. Прегледайте <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PageHistory/_Hydrogen" class="extiw" title="en:Special:PageHistory/ Hydrogen">историята на редакциите</a> на оригиналната страница, както и на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:PageHistory/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Специални:PageHistory/Водород">преводната страница</a>, за да видите списъка на съавторите. ВАЖНО: Този шаблон се отнася единствено до <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3:%D0%90%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="У:АП">авторските права</a> върху съдържанието на статията. Добавянето му не отменя изискването да се посочват <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3:%D0%A6%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="У:ЦИ">конкретни източници на твърденията</a>, които да бъдат <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3:%D0%91%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="У:БИ">благонадеждни</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Библиография">Библиография</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Редактиране на раздел: Библиография" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">редактиране</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Библиография">редактиране на кода</a>]</div> <ul><li>Newton, David E. (1994). The Chemical Elements. New York: Franklin Watts. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780531125014" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-531-12501-4</a>.</li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="32"><div style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Шаблон:Периодична система"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Периодична система на елементите">Периодична система на елементите</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" colspan="30">  </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хелий">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий">Li</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берилий">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Бор (елемент)">B</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглерод">C</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Азот">N</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород">O</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Флуор">F</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Неон">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Натрий">Na</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магнезий">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алуминий">Al</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Силиций">Si</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">P</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сяра">S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хлор">Cl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аргон">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калий">K</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калций">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Скандий">Sc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Титан (елемент)">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий">V</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хром">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желязо">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Кобалт">Co</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Никел">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" class="mw-redirect" title="Мед (елемент)">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Цинк">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Галий">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Германий">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Арсен">As</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Селен">Se</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Бром">Br</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Криптон">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рубидий">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Стронций">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Итрий">Y</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цирконий">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ниобий">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Технеций">Tc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рутений">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Родий">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Паладий">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сребро">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кадмий">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Индий">In</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Калай">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антимон">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Телур">Te</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Йод">I</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ксенон">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цезий">Cs</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Барий">Ba</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лантан">La</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Церий">Ce</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Празеодим">Pr</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Неодим">Nd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Прометий">Pm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий">Sm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Европий">Eu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гадолиний">Gd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тербий">Tb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Диспросий">Dy</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Холмий">Ho</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ербий">Er</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Тулий">Tm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Итербий">Yb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лутеций">Lu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хафний">Hf</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Тантал (елемент)">Ta</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Волфрам">W</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рений">Re</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Осмий">Os</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иридий">Ir</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Платина">Pt</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Злато">Au</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Живак">Hg</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Талий">Tl</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Олово">Pb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бисмут">Bi</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Полоний">Po</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Астат">At</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Радон">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций">Fr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий">Ra</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий">Th</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Протактиний">Pa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Уран (елемент)">U</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нептуний">Np</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний">Pu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Америций">Am</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кюрий">Cm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Берклий">Bk</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний">Cf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Айнщайний">Es</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Фермий">Fm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Менделевий">Md</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нобелий">No</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лоуренсий">Lr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ръдърфордий">Rf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дубний">Db</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сиборгий">Sg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Борий">Bh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хасий">Hs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Майтнерий">Mt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Дармщадтий">Ds</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Рентгений">Rg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций">Cn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Нихоний">Nh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Флеровий">Fl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Московий">Mc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ливерморий">Lv</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тенесин">Ts</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оганесон">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32"> <table border="1" align="center" style="border:1px solid #ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; width:100%" rules="all" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_1%D0%90_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Група 1А на периодичната 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