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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gurage_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurage_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gurage region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurage_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gurage_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gurage_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Gurage people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gurage_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Gurages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Gurages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable Gurages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Gurages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%88%AB%E1%8C%8C" title="ጉራጌ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጉራጌ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="جراجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جراجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage" title="Gurage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gurage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_gurage" title="Etnia gurage – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etnia gurage" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guragoj" title="Guragoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Guragoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage" title="Gurage – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurage" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouragu%C3%A9s" title="Gouragués – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouragués" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guragh%C3%A9" title="Guraghé – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guraghé" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Гураге – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гураге" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guragiai" title="Guragiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Guragiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guragi%C3%A9k" title="Guragiék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Guragiék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B2%E6%97%8F" title="グラゲ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラゲ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guragie" title="Guragie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Guragie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guraagee" title="Guraagee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Guraagee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage" title="Gurage – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gurage" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage" title="Gurage – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gurage" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Гураге – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гураге" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage" title="Gurage – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gurage" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guraget" title="Guraget – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guraget" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage" title="Gurage – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gurage" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gurage+people%22">"Gurage people"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gurage+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gurage+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gurage+people%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gurage+people%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gurage+people%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Semitic-speaking ethnic group in Ethiopia</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Gurage</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurage_region_,_Ethiopia.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gurage_region_%2C_Ethiopia.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Gurage_region_%2C_Ethiopia.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gurage_region_%2C_Ethiopia.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Gurage_region_%2C_Ethiopia.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gurage_region_%2C_Ethiopia.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Gurage_region_%2C_Ethiopia.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5281" data-file-height="3353" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Gurage boy ploughing in <a href="/wiki/Gurage_Zone" title="Gurage Zone">Gurage Zone</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1,867,350 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span data-sort-value="Ethiopia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Gurage_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage languages">Gurage languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">traditional faith</a><sup id="cite_ref-Huntingford_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntingford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lebel_1974_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebel_1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigrigni" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrigni">Tigrinya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tigre_people" title="Tigre people">Tigre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Silte_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Silte people">Silte</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zay_people" title="Zay people">Zay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a></li><li>other <a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples" title="Habesha peoples">Ethiopian Semitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> peoples<sup id="cite_ref-Joireman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joireman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gurage</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ʊəˈr/: 'ur' in 'plurality'">ʊəˈr</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gurage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage language">Gurage</a>: ጉራጌ, ቤተ-ጉራጌ) are a <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Semitic</a>-speaking ethnic group inhabiting <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huntingford_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntingford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Gurage_Zone" title="Gurage Zone">Gurage Zone</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Gurage_Zone" title="East Gurage Zone">East Gurage Zone</a>, a fertile, semi-mountainous region in <a href="/wiki/Central_Ethiopia_Regional_State" title="Central Ethiopia Regional State">Central Ethiopia Regional State</a>, about 125 kilometers southwest of <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Awash River</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Gibe_River" title="Gibe River">Gibe River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Omo_River_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omo River (Ethiopia)">Omo River</a>, to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Hora-Dambal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hora-Dambal">Hora-Dambal</a> in the east. </p><p>According to the 2007 Ethiopian national census the Gurage can also be found in substantial numbers in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harari Region </a> and <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henze" title="Paul B. Henze">Paul B. Henze</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gurage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage">Gurage</a> origin is explained by traditions of a military expedition to the south during the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a>, which left military colonies that eventually became isolated from both northern Ethiopia and each other.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However other historians have raised the issue of the complexity of Gurage peoples if viewed as a singular group, for example Ulrich Braukhamper states that the Gurage East people may have been an extension of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Harla" class="mw-redirect" title="Harla">Harla</a> people. Indeed, there is evidence that Harla architecture may have influenced old buildings (pre-16th c.) found near Harar (eastern Ethiopia), and the Gurage East group often cite kinship with <a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a> (Hararghe) peoples in the distant past.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Braukhamper also states King <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amda Seyon">Amda Seyon</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> troops to be sent to mountainous regions in Gurage (named Gerege), which eventually became a permanent settlement. In addition to Amda Seyon's military settlement there, the permanence of Abyssinian presence in Gurage is documented during his descendants <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dawit_II" title="Dawit II">Dawit II</a>'s reigns. Thus, historically, Gurage peoples may be the product of a complex mixture of <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian people">Abyssinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harla" class="mw-redirect" title="Harla">Harla</a> groups which migrated and settled in that region for different reasons and at various times.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another stated that the <a href="/wiki/Gurage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage">Gurage</a> were originated from a place called <a href="/wiki/Gura,_Eritrea" title="Gura, Eritrea">Gura, Eritrea</a>. This believed that linguistically by citing a southward Semitic migration during the late classical and medieval period; however more historical research needed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A single military expedition explanation is likely possible for soldiers to implant their language in the region effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the extent of Aksumite political and economic control over the interior Ethiopian Highlands, as well as that of successor dynasties dominating the Christian north, is being studied. Aside from local oral traditions linking their past to areas farther north, the Gurage countryside is home to orthodox Christian monasteries likely dating to the Middle Ages (Debre Tsion Maryam, Muher Iyesus, Abuna Gebre Menfes Kiddus, and others), before the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">Oromo migrations</a> into the central Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-gura2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gura2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1870s Menelik led a campaign to incorporate the lands of the Gurage people into <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>. In 1878, the Soddo Gurage living in Northern and Eastern Gurageland peacefully submitted to Menelik and their lands were left untouched by his armies, likely due to their shared <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> faith and prior submission to Negus <a href="/wiki/Sahle_Selassie" title="Sahle Selassie">Sahle Selassie</a>, grandfather of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a>. However, in Western Gurageland which was inhabited by the Sebat Bet, Kebena and Wolene fiercely resisted Menelik.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imam_Omar_Baqsa_of_Chaha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imam Omar Baqsa of Chaha (page does not exist)">Imam Omar Baqsa of Chaha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Enjamo" title="Hassan Enjamo">Hassan Enjamo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kebena_people" title="Kebena people">Kebena</a> who declared jihad against the Shewans. In October 1876 Menilek himself campaigned in Chaha Gurage.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was defeated and a large number of Shewan captives were sold to Wällamo by the victors. Only about one-third of Menilek's men returned safely. Among those killed in the battle was Aläqa Zänäb, author of the first chronicle of Emperor Tewodros. The muslim Gurages fought for over a decade to keep the Shewans from the Muslim areas of Gurage until 1888 when <a href="/wiki/Gobana_Dacche" title="Gobana Dacche">Gobana Dacche</a> faced them in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jebdu_Meda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jebdu Meda (page does not exist)">Battle of Jebdu Meda</a> where the army was defeated by the Shewans, and with that all of Gurageland was subdued.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gurage_people" title="Special:EditPage/Gurage people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Gurage languages are a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic family</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>. They have three subgroups: Northern, Eastern and Western. </p><p>Gurage languages include <a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet</a>, consisting of the dialects <a href="/wiki/Inor_language" title="Inor language">Inor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezha language">Ezha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muher_language" title="Muher language">Muher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geta_(woreda)" title="Geta (woreda)">Geta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gumer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumer language">Gumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endegegn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Endegegn language">Endegegn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaha_language" title="Chaha language">Chaha</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Soddo_language" title="Soddo language">Soddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesqan_language" title="Mesqan language">Masqan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zay_language" title="Zay language">Zay</a>. Like other <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a>, the Gurage languages are heavily influenced by the surrounding non-Semitic Afroasiatic <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Gurage is written left to right using a system based on the <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gurage_region">Gurage region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gurage region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 1994 census, the six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the <a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet Gurage</a> (45.02%), the Silt'e (34.81%), the <a href="/wiki/Soddo_language" title="Soddo language">Soddo Gurage</a> (9.75%), the Mareqo or Libido (2.21%), the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> (2.16%), and the Kebena (1.82%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.21% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Sebat_Bet_Gurage_language" title="Sebat Bet Gurage language">Sebat Bet Gurage</a> is spoken as a first language by 39.93%, 35.04% <a href="/wiki/Silte_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silte language">Silt'e</a>, 10.06% spoke <a href="/wiki/Soddo_language" title="Soddo language">Soddo Gurage</a>, 3.93% spoke <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, 2.16% spoke <a href="/wiki/Libido_language" title="Libido language">Libido</a>, and 1.93% spoke <a href="/wiki/Kebena_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebena language">Kebena</a>; the remaining 6.95% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Muslim</a>, with 29.98% of the population reporting that belief, while 51.97% practised <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity">Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity</a>, 15.9% were <a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">Protestants</a>, and 1.95% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Ethiopia">Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1994 Ethiopian census, self-identifying Gurage comprise about 2.7% of Ethiopia's population, or about 1.4 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The populations of Gurage people are not exactly known because approximately half of the population live outside of the Gurage zone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Gurage_people">The Gurage people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Gurage people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmoudahmedfeature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Mahmoudahmedfeature.jpg/220px-Mahmoudahmedfeature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Mahmoudahmedfeature.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Gurage artist Mahmoud Ahmed</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gurage, the writer <a href="/wiki/Nega_Mezlekia" title="Nega Mezlekia">Nega Mezlekia</a> notes, "have earned a reputation as skilled traders".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of an enterprising Gurage is Tekke, who Nathaniel T. Kenney described as "an Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Alger, Jr.">Horatio Alger, Jr.</a>": "He began his career selling old bottles and tin cans; the <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Emperor Haile Selassie</a> rewarded his achievement in creating his plantation by calling him to Addis Ababa and decorating him."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potato_picking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Potato_picking.jpg/170px-Potato_picking.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Potato_picking.jpg/255px-Potato_picking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Potato_picking.jpg/340px-Potato_picking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A Gurage teenager picking potatoes on one of the Ethiopian highlands</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gurage live a sedentary life based on agriculture, involving a complex system of <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> and transplanting. <a href="/wiki/Enset" class="mw-redirect" title="Enset">Ensete</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> are grown, which include <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a> which used as traditional <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> is practiced, mainly for milk supply and dung. Other foods consumed include green cabbage, cheese, butter, roasted grains, meat and others. </p><p>The principal crop of the Gurage is <a href="/wiki/Ensete_ventricosum" title="Ensete ventricosum">ensete</a> (also enset, <i>Ensete edulis</i>, äsät or "false banana plant"). This has a massive stem that grows underground and is involved in every aspect of Gurage life. It has a place in everyday interactions among community members as well as specific roles in rituals. For example: the ritual uses of ensete include wrapping a corpse after death with the fronds and tying off the umbilical cord after birth with an ensete fiber; the practical uses include wrapping goods and fireproofing thatch.<sup id="cite_ref-Shack_117_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shack_117-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ensete is also exchanged as part of a variety of social interactions, and used as a recompense for services rendered.<sup id="cite_ref-Shack_121_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shack_121-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ensete is totally involved in every aspect of the daily social and ritual life of the Gurage, who, with several others tribes in Southwest Ethiopia, form what has been termed the <i>Ensete Culture Complex</i> area... the life of the Gurage is enmeshed with various uses of ensete, not the least of which is nutritional.<sup id="cite_ref-Shack_117_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shack_117-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ensete can be prepared in a variety of ways. A normal Gurage diet consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Kocho_(food)" title="Kocho (food)">kocho</a>, a thick bread made from ensete, and is supplemented by cabbage, cheese, butter and grains. Meat is not consumed on a regular basis, but usually eaten when an animal is sacrificed during a ritual or ceremonial event.<sup id="cite_ref-Shack_117_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shack_117-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gurage pound the root of the ensete to extract the edible substance, then place it in deep pits between the rows of ensete plants in the field. It ferments in the pit, which makes it more palatable. It can be stored for up to several years in this fashion, and the Gurage typically retain large surpluses of ensete as a protection against famine.<sup id="cite_ref-Shack_121_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shack_121-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to ensete, cash crops are maintained (notably <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a>) and livestock is raised (mainly for milk and fertilizer). Some Gurage also plant <a href="/wiki/Eragrostis_tef" class="mw-redirect" title="Eragrostis tef">teff</a> and eat <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a> (which the Gurage also call injera).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gurage raise <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">zebu</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> are primarily kept for their butter, and a typical Gurage household has a large quantity of spiced butter aging in clay pots hung from the walls of their huts. Butter is believed to be medicinal, and the Gurage often take it internally or use it a lotion or poultice. A Gurage proverb states that "A sickness that has the upper hand over butter is destined for death." Different species of ensete are also eaten to alleviate illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunger,_Anxiety_1971_pp._30-43_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunger,_Anxiety_1971_pp._30-43-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gurage regard overeating as coarse and vulgar, and regard it as poor etiquette to eat all of the ensete that a host passes around to guests. It is considered polite to leave at least some ensete bread even after a very small portion is passed around.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunger,_Anxiety_pp._30-43_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunger,_Anxiety_pp._30-43-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gurage in rural highland areas centers their lives on the cultivation of their staple crop <a href="/wiki/Ensete" title="Ensete">ensete</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kocho_(food)" title="Kocho (food)">Kocho</a> is made by shaping the ensete paste into a thick circle and wrapping it in a thin layer of ensete leaves. Its baked in a small pit with coals. Sometimes the paste is just cooked over a griddle. <a href="/wiki/Kitfo" title="Kitfo">Kitfo</a> a minced raw beef mixed with butter and spicy pepper is commonly attributed to the Gurage. It is also supplemented by cabbage, cheese, butter, and grains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Gurages">Notable Gurages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable Gurages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desta_Damtew" title="Desta Damtew">Desta Damtew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habte_Giyorgis_Dinagde" title="Habte Giyorgis Dinagde">Habte Giyorgis Dinagde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmed" title="Mahmoud Ahmed">Mahmoud Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemon_Barega" title="Selemon Barega">Selemon Barega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhanu_Nega" title="Berhanu Nega">Berhanu Nega</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Statistical_Agency,_Ethiopia" class="citation web cs1">Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf">"Table 2.2 Percentage Distribution of Major Ethnic Groups: 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results</i>. United Nations Population Fund. p. 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Summary+and+Statistical+Report+of+the+2007+Population+and+Housing+Census+Results&rft.atitle=Table+2.2+Percentage+Distribution+of+Major+Ethnic+Groups%3A+2007&rft.pages=16&rft.au=Central+Statistical+Agency%2C+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csa.gov.et%2Fpdf%2FCen2007_firstdraft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntingford-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huntingford_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntingford_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. W. E. Huntingford, "William A. Shack: The Gurage: a people of the ensete culture"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebel_1974-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lebel_1974_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lebel, Phillip. 1974. "Oral Traditional and Chronicles on Guragé Immigration".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joireman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joireman_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoireman1997" class="citation book cs1">Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). <i>Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development</i>. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1581120001" title="Special:BookSources/1581120001"><bdi>1581120001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutional+Change+in+the+Horn+of+Africa%3A+The+Allocation+of+Property+Rights+and+Implications+for+Development&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1581120001&rft.aulast=Joireman&rft.aufirst=Sandra+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gurage">"Gurage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gurage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGurage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Table 3.1 on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-14-51-51/2013-04-01-11-53-00/census-2007">2007 Ethiopian Regional States Census Data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824054202/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php/2013-02-20-14-51-51/2013-04-01-11-53-00/census-2007">Archived</a> 2016-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henze, <i>Layers of Time</i> (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraukamper2002" class="citation book cs1">Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&q=gurageland+harala&pg=PA18"><i>Islamic History and Culture in South Ethiopia</i></a>. LITverlag. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825856717" title="Special:BookSources/9783825856717"><bdi>9783825856717</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+History+and+Culture+in+South+Ethiopia&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=LITverlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783825856717&rft.aulast=Braukamper&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGnyk8Pg9NgC%26q%3Dgurageland%2Bharala%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenze2016" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Paul B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083468654"><i>Layers of Time : a History of Ethiopia</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-11786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-11786-1"><bdi>978-1-137-11786-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083468654">1083468654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Time+%3A+a+History+of+Ethiopia.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083468654&rft.isbn=978-1-137-11786-1&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1083468654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenze2016" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Paul B. Palgrave. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083468654"><i>Layers of Time : a History of Ethiopia</i></a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-11786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-11786-1"><bdi>978-1-137-11786-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083468654">1083468654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Time+%3A+a+History+of+Ethiopia.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083468654&rft.isbn=978-1-137-11786-1&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.+Palgrave.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1083468654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gura2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gura2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Vinson <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19706094.pdf">[1]</a> THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION: A CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE ZAY</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zehabesha.com/the-introduction-and-legacy-of-meneliks-life-by-samuel-bekele/">"The Introduction and Legacy of Menelik's life"</a>. 20 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Introduction+and+Legacy+of+Menelik%27s+life&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzehabesha.com%2Fthe-introduction-and-legacy-of-meneliks-life-by-samuel-bekele%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZewde" class="citation book cs1">Zewde, Bahru. <i>The Aymallal Gurage in the 19th century: a political history</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aymallal+Gurage+in+the+19th+century%3A+a+political+history&rft.aulast=Zewde&rft.aufirst=Bahru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApproved" class="citation journal cs1">Approved, Indus Foundation International Journals UGC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35539230">"Change and Continuity of Traditional System of Governance: The Case of Oget among the Qebena, South Ethiopia"</a>. <i>indusedu.org</i> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=indusedu.org&rft.atitle=Change+and+Continuity+of+Traditional+System+of+Governance%3A+The+Case+of+Oget+among+the+Qebena%2C+South+Ethiopia&rft.aulast=Approved&rft.aufirst=Indus+Foundation+International+Journals+UGC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35539230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt23k7n21t/qt23k7n21t.pdf?t=mnq1ka">"Fanonet: Ethnohistorical Notes on the Gurage Urban Migration in Ethiopia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fanonet%3A+Ethnohistorical+Notes+on+the+Gurage+Urban+Migration+in+Ethiopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt23k7n21t%2Fqt23k7n21t.pdf%3Ft%3Dmnq1ka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113220306/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=273&format=raw&Itemid=521">Statistical Report</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)">CSA</a>. November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=273&format=raw&Itemid=521">the original</a> on 2012-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Statistical+Report&rft.pub=CSA&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csa.gov.et%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_rubberdoc%26view%3Ddoc%26id%3D273%26format%3Draw%26Itemid%3D521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf">Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174930/http://bxabeg.people.wm.edu/Ethiopia.Census%20Portrait.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed 6 April 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf">Statistical report Part 1</a>csa.gov.et <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081119232405/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck07%5Ck07_partI.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nega Mezlekia, <i>Notes from the Hyena's Belly</i> (New York: Picador, 2000), p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenney, "Ethiopian Adventure", <i>National Geographic</i>, 127 (1965), p. 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shack_117-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shack_117_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shack_117_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shack_117_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shack, Dorothy. "Nutritional Processes and Personality Development among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in <i>Food and Culture: A Reader</i>. Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. (New York: Routledge, 1997). p117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shack_121-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shack_121_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shack_121_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shack, Dorothy. "Nutritional Processes and Personality Development among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in <i>Food and Culture: A Reader</i>. Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. (New York: Routledge, 1997). p121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirma_A._DemekeRonny_Meyer2011" class="citation web cs1">Girma A. Demeke; Ronny Meyer (14 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106064828/http://cfee.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/Girma_Demeke_Meyer_english.pdf">"Contact-induced language change in selected Ethiopian Semitic Languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Centre français des études éthiopiennes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cfee.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/Girma_Demeke_Meyer_english.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact-induced+language+change+in+selected+Ethiopian+Semitic+Languages&rft.pub=Centre+fran%C3%A7ais+des+%C3%A9tudes+%C3%A9thiopiennes&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.au=Girma+A.+Demeke&rft.au=Ronny+Meyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcfee.cnrs.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FGirma_Demeke_Meyer_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGurage+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunger,_Anxiety_1971_pp._30-43-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunger,_Anxiety_1971_pp._30-43_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession Among the Gurage of Ethiopia Author(s): William A. Shack Source: Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 30-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunger,_Anxiety_pp._30-43-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunger,_Anxiety_pp._30-43_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession Among the Gurage of Ethiopia Author(s): William A. ShackSource: Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 30-43</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lebel, Phillip, 1974. "Oral Traditional and Chronicles on Guragé Immigration," <i>Journal of Ethiopian Studies</i>, Vol. 12 (2): pp. 95–106.</li> <li>G. W. E. Huntingford, 1966. Review article, <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, 29, pp 667–667 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00073857">10.1017/S0041977X00073857</a></li> <li>Shack, William, 1966: <i>The Guraghe. A People of the Ensete Culture</i>, London – New York – Nairobi: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Shack, William,1997: "Hunger, Anxiety, and Ritual: Deprivation and Spirit Possession among the Gurage of Ethiopia" in <i>Food and Culture: A Reader</i> (pp. 125–137). Ed. Carole Counihan and Penny van Esterik. New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Worku Nida 2005: "Guraghe ethno-historical survey". In: Siegbert Uhlig (ed.): <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_aethiopica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia aethiopica">Encyclopaedia Aethiopica</a>. Vol. 2: D-Ha. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 929–935.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurage_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://camba.ucsd.edu/gurage/">Gurage Research</a> <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ling.ucsd.edu/~rose/GSRG/gurage_background.htm">Gurage and Silte Research Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carolynford.org/gurage/index.shtml">The Gurage People – Carolyn Ford with SIM in Ethiopia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912053116/http://www.carolynford.org/gurage/index.shtml">Archived</a> 2009-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdslideshow.com/guragefacts.html">Facts about Gurage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917184128/http://www.cdslideshow.com/guragefacts.html">Archived</a> 2016-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041012211311/http://geohive.com/cd/link.php?xml=et&xsl=neo1">GeoHive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maplandia.com/ethiopia/southern/gurage/">Google map of Gurage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Ethiopia">Ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbore_people" title="Arbore people">Arbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awi_people" title="Awi people">Awi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danta_people" title="Danta people">Danta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo_people" title="Gedeo people">Gedeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_people" title="Hadiya people">Hadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irob_people" title="Irob people">Irob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaata_people" title="Kambaata people">Kambaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konso_people" title="Konso people">Konso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qemant_people" title="Qemant people">Qemant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsamai_people" title="Tsamai people">Tsamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyto_(African_caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyto (African caste)">Weyto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argobba_people" title="Argobba people">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gurage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_Gurage_people" title="Soddo Gurage people">Soddo Gurage people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebo_people" title="Chebo people">Chebo people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt%27e_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt'e people">Silt'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolane_people" title="Wolane people">Wolane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werji_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Werji people">Werji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_people" title="Zay people">Zay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aari_people" title="Aari people">Aari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_people" title="Banna people">Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketo_people" title="Basketo people">Basketo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_people" title="Bench people">Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chara_people" title="Chara people">Chara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawro_people" title="Dawro people">Dawro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizi_people" title="Dizi people">Dizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorze_people" title="Dorze people">Dorze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamo_people" title="Gamo people">Gamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofa_people" title="Gofa people">Gofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamar_people" title="Hamar people">Hamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konta_people" title="Konta people">Konta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koore_people" title="Koore people">Koore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maale_people" title="Maale people">Maale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinasha_people" title="Shinasha people">Shinasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Wolaitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yem_people" title="Yem people">Yemsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zayse_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zayse people (page does not exist)">Zayse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumuz_people" title="Gumuz people">Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichepo_people" title="Kichepo people">Kichepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwama_people" title="Kwama people">Kwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwegu_people" title="Kwegu people">Kwegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majang_people" title="Majang people">Majang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekan_people" title="Mekan people">Mekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murle_people" title="Murle people">Murle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursi_people" title="Mursi people">Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_people" title="Nyangatom people">Nyangatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_people" title="Shabo people">Shabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanqella" title="Shanqella">Shanqella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shita_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shita people">Shita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surma_people" title="Surma people">Surma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirma_people" title="Tirma people">Tirma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Ethiopia23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Template:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Ethiopia23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Immigration to Ethiopia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_settlement_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American settlement in Africa">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ethiopia" title="Armenians in Ethiopia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ethiopia">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_in_Ethiopia" title="Jamaicans in Ethiopia">Jamaicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Habesha_peoples19" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Habesha_peoples" title="Template:Habesha peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Habesha_peoples" title="Template talk:Habesha peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Habesha_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Habesha peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Habesha_peoples19" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples" title="Habesha peoples">Habesha peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_of_Judah.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion of Judah"><img alt="Lion of Judah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lion_of_Judah.svg/75px-Lion_of_Judah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lion_of_Judah.svg/113px-Lion_of_Judah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lion_of_Judah.svg/150px-Lion_of_Judah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="157" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gurage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_people" title="Zay people">Zay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tegaru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tigrigni" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrigni">Tigrinya</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">People of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Eritrea" title="Demographics of Eritrea">People of Eritrea</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Eritreae.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the flag of Eritrea"><img alt="Arms of the flag of Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Insigne_Eritreae.png/50px-Insigne_Eritreae.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Insigne_Eritreae.png/75px-Insigne_Eritreae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Insigne_Eritreae.png/100px-Insigne_Eritreae.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1965" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Multi-ethnic civic nationalism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationalism" title="Ethiopian nationalism">Ethiopian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationalism" title="Eritrean nationalism">Eritrean nationalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844307#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata766" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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