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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Paywall" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Hard"_paywalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Hard"_paywalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 "Hard" paywalls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Hard"_paywalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Soft"_paywalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Soft"_paywalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 "Soft" paywalls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Soft"_paywalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Combination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cookie_paywall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cookie_paywall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cookie paywall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cookie_paywall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Reader </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ethical implications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethical_implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethical implications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethical_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deterioration_of_the_online_public_sphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deterioration_of_the_online_public_sphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Deterioration of the online public sphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deterioration_of_the_online_public_sphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paying_to_stay_informed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paying_to_stay_informed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Paying to stay informed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paying_to_stay_informed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Counter strategies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counter_strategies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Counter strategies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Counter_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers_disabling_the_paywall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers_disabling_the_paywall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Newspapers disabling the paywall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers_disabling_the_paywall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_revenue_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_revenue_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 New revenue initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_revenue_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_revenue_initiative:_API" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_revenue_initiative:_API"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Alternative revenue initiative: API </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_revenue_initiative:_API-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Readers_bypassing_paywalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Readers_bypassing_paywalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Readers bypassing paywalls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Readers_bypassing_paywalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abandoned_paywall_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandoned_paywall_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Abandoned paywall initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandoned_paywall_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Paywall</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaalmuur" title="Betaalmuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Betaalmuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9" title="جدار دفع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جدار دفع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Стена за плащане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стена за плащане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_de_pagament" title="Mur de pagament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mur de pagament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paywall" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalingsmur" title="Betalingsmur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Betalingsmur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="حيط د لخلاص – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حيط د لخلاص" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paywall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_de_pago" title="Muro de pago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muro de pago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagmuro" title="Pagmuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pagmuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paywall" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Paywall" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paywall" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D" title="חומת תשלום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומת תשלום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizet%C3%A9si_fal" title="Fizetési fal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fizetési fal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekatan_berbayar" title="Sekatan berbayar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sekatan berbayar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaalmuur" title="Betaalmuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Betaalmuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalingsmur" title="Betalingsmur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betalingsmur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paywall" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acesso_pago" title="Acesso pago – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acesso pago" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paywall" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Пейволл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пейволл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksumuuri" title="Maksumuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maksumuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betalv%C3%A4gg" title="Betalvägg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betalvägg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="เพย์วอลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพย์วอลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Paywall" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%98%E8%B2%BB%E7%89%86" title="付費牆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="付費牆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paywall_Example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paywall_Example.svg/290px-Paywall_Example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paywall_Example.svg/435px-Paywall_Example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paywall_Example.svg/580px-Paywall_Example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Mock-up of a "hard" paywall on a fictional news website</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-02-09_philosophy_03-paywall_by-David-Revoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2015-02-09_philosophy_03-paywall_by-David-Revoy.jpg/300px-2015-02-09_philosophy_03-paywall_by-David-Revoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2015-02-09_philosophy_03-paywall_by-David-Revoy.jpg/450px-2015-02-09_philosophy_03-paywall_by-David-Revoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/2015-02-09_philosophy_03-paywall_by-David-Revoy.jpg/600px-2015-02-09_philosophy_03-paywall_by-David-Revoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>"Philosophy 03 paywall" by French artist <a href="/wiki/David_Revoy" title="David Revoy">David Revoy</a>, featuring the character Carrot and various paywalls. A paywall may restrict non-paying users either from any content, from a set limit of content, or from select content. The second wall from the left does not require the user to pay, but rather requires the user to subscribe (or register) for full access to content.</figcaption></figure> A paywall is a method of restricting access to <a href="/wiki/Content_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media)">content</a>, with a purchase or a <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">paid subscription</a>, especially news.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Beginning in the mid-2010s, newspapers started implementing paywalls on their websites as a way to increase revenue after years of decline in paid print readership and advertising revenue, partly due to the use of <a href="/wiki/Ad_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad blocker">ad blockers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-preston-3">[3]</a> In academics, <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">research papers</a> are often subject to a paywall and are available via <a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">academic libraries</a> that subscribe.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Paywalls have also been used as a way of increasing the number of print subscribers; for example, some newspapers offer access to online content plus delivery of a Sunday print edition at a lower price than <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> access alone.<a href="#cite_note-rosen-7">[7]</a> Newspaper websites such as that of <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> use this tactic because it increases both their online revenue and their print circulation (which in turn provides more ad <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a>).<a href="#cite_note-rosen-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> set up and has continued to maintain a "hard" paywall.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It continued to be widely read, acquiring over one million users by mid-2007,<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> and 15 million visitors in March 2008.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 2010, following in the footsteps of The Wall Street Journal, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> (London) implemented a "hard" paywall; a decision which was controversial because, unlike The Wall Street Journal, The Times is a general news site, and it was said that rather than paying, users would seek the information without charge elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-crunch-11">[11]</a> The paywall was deemed in practice to be neither a success nor a failure, having recruited 105,000 paying visitors.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In contrast <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> resisted the use of a paywall, citing "a belief in an open Internet" and "care in the community" as its reasoning – an explanation found in its welcome article to online news readers who, blocked from The Times site following the implementation of their paywall, came to The Guardian for online news.<a href="#cite_note-welcome-13">[13]</a> The Guardian since experimented with other revenue-increasing ventures such as <a href="/wiki/Open_API" title="Open API">open API</a>. Other papers, prominently <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, have oscillated between the implementation and removal of various paywalls.<a href="#cite_note-nov_3-14">[14]</a> Because online news remains a relatively new medium, it has been suggested that experimentation is key to maintaining revenue while keeping online news consumers satisfied.<a href="#cite_note-Vinter-15">[15]</a> Some implementations of paywalls proved unsuccessful, and have been removed.<a href="#cite_note-Five_Failed-16">[16]</a> Experts who are skeptical of the paywall model include <a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Arianna Huffington</a>, who declared "the paywall is history" in a 2009 article in The Guardian.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> reportedly called The Times's paywall "a foolish experiment."<a href="#cite_note-jimmy-18">[18]</a> One major concern was that, with content so widely available, potential subscribers would turn to free sources for their news.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The adverse effects of earlier implementations included decline in traffic<a href="#cite_note-EdPub-20">[20]</a> and poor <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Five_Failed-16">[16]</a> Paywalls have become controversial, with partisans arguing over the effectiveness of paywalls in generating revenue and their effect on media in general. Critics of paywalls include many businesspeople, academics such as media professor Jay Rosen, and journalists such as Howard Owens and media analyst Matthew Ingram of GigaOm. Those who see potential in paywalls include investor <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>, former Wall Street Journal publisher Gordon Crovitz, and media mogul <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>. Some have changed their opinions of paywalls. Felix Salmon of Reuters was initially an outspoken skeptic of paywalls, but later expressed the opinion that they could be effective.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A NYU media theorist, Clay Shirky, was initially a skeptic of paywalls, but in May 2012 wrote, "[Newspapers] should turn to their most loyal readers for income, via a digital subscription service of the sort the [New York Times] has implemented."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> Three high level models of paywall have emerged: hard paywalls that allow no free content and prompt the user straight away to pay in order to read, listen or watch the content, soft paywalls that allow some free content, such as an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstract</a> or summary, and metered paywalls that allow a set number of free articles that a reader can access over a specific period of time, allowing more flexibility in what users can view without subscribing.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Hard"_paywalls">"Hard" paywalls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Hard" paywalls">edit</a>]</div> The "hard" paywall, as used by <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, requires paid subscription before any of their online content can be accessed. A paywall of this design is considered the riskiest option for the content provider.<a href="#cite_note-filloux-25">[25]</a> It is estimated that a website will lose 90% of its online audience and ad revenue only to gain it back through its ability to produce online content appealing enough to attract subscribers.<a href="#cite_note-filloux-25">[25]</a> News sites with "hard" paywalls can succeed if they: <ul><li>Provide added value to their content</li> <li>Target a niche audience</li> <li>Already dominate their own market<a href="#cite_note-filloux-25">[25]</a></li></ul> Many experts denounce the "hard" paywall because of its inflexibility, believing it acts as a major deterrent for users. Financial blogger Felix Salmon wrote that when one encounters a "paywall and can't get past it, you simply go away and feel disappointed in your experience."<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, argued that the use of a "hard" paywall diminishes a site's influence. Wales stated that, by implementing a "hard" paywall, The Times "made itself irrelevant."<a href="#cite_note-jimmy-18">[18]</a> Though the Times had potentially increased its revenue, it decreased its traffic by 60%.<a href="#cite_note-crunch-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Soft"_paywalls">"Soft" paywalls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Soft" paywalls">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metered_Paywall_Example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Metered_Paywall_Example.svg/220px-Metered_Paywall_Example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Metered_Paywall_Example.svg/330px-Metered_Paywall_Example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Metered_Paywall_Example.svg/440px-Metered_Paywall_Example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>In this fictional example, the user can read seven more articles for free before they need to subscribe.</figcaption></figure> The "soft" paywall is best embodied by the metered model. The metered paywall allows users to view a specific number of articles before requiring paid subscription.<a href="#cite_note-filloux-25">[25]</a> In contrast to sites allowing access to select content outside the paywall, the metered paywall allows access to any article as long as the user has not surpassed the set limit. The <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> allows users to access 10 articles before becoming paid subscribers.<a href="#cite_note-filloux-25">[25]</a> The New York Times controversially<a href="#cite_note-preston-3">[3]</a> implemented a metered paywall in March 2011 which let users view 20 free articles a month before paid subscription and in April 2012 they reduced the number of free articles per month to 10.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Their metered paywall has been defined as not only soft, but "porous",<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-26">[26]</a> because it also allows access to any link posted on a social media site, and up to 25 free articles a day if accessed through a search engine.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The model is designed to allow the paper to "retain traffic from light users", which in turn allows the paper to keep their number of visitors high, while receiving circulation revenue from the site's heavy users.<a href="#cite_note-newsessay-29">[29]</a> Using this model The New York Times garnered 224,000 subscribers in the first three months.<a href="#cite_note-preston-3">[3]</a> While many proclaimed their paywall a success after it reported a profit in the third quarter of 2011, the profit increase is said to be "ephemeral" and "largely based on a combination of cutbacks and the sale of assets."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a> previously enforced a policy known as "First Click Free", whereby paywalled news websites were required to have a metered paywall for a minimum number of articles per-day (three, initially five) that could be accessed via results on Google Search or <a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a>. The site could still paywall other articles that were accessible via the page. This encouraged publications to allow their articles to be <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_indexing" title="Search engine indexing">indexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Googlebot" title="Googlebot">Google's web crawler</a>, thus enhancing their prominence on Google Search and Google News. Sites that opted out of First Click Free were demoted in Google's <a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">rankings</a>. Google discontinued the policy in 2017, stating that it provides additional tools for helping publications integrate subscriptions into its platforms.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combination">Combination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Combination">edit</a>]</div> A "softer" paywall strategy includes allowing free access to select content, while keeping premium content behind a paywall. Such a strategy has been said to lead to "the creation of two categories: cheap fodder available for free (often created by junior staffers), and more 'noble' content."<a href="#cite_note-filloux-25">[25]</a> This type of separation brings into question the egalitarianism of the online news medium. According to political and media theorist <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Hackett" title="Robert A. Hackett">Robert A Hackett</a>, "the commercial press of the 1800s, the modern world's first mass medium, was born with a profound democratic promise: to present information without fear or favour, to make it accessible to everyone, and to foster public rationality based on equal access to relevant facts.".<a href="#cite_note-hackett-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a> implemented a version of this strategy in September 2011 by launching a second website, BostonGlobe.com, to solely offer content from the paper behind a hard paywall, aside from most sports content, which was kept open to compete against other local sports websites. The former Boston Globe website, <a href="/wiki/Boston.com" title="Boston.com">Boston.com</a>, was relaunched with a larger focus on community news, sports, and lifestyle content, as well as selected Boston Globe content. The paper's editor Martin Baron described the two services as "two different sites for two different kinds of reader – some understand [that] journalism needs to be funded and paid for. Other people just won't pay. We have a site for them."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> By March 2014 the site had over 60,000 digital subscribers; at that time, the Globe announced that it would replace the hard paywall with a metered system allowing users to read 10 articles without charge in any 30-day period. The Boston Globe editor Brian McGrory believed that an ability to sample the site's premium content would encourage more people to subscribe to the service. At the same time, McGrory also announced plans to give Boston.com a more distinct editorial focus, with a "sharper voice that better captures the sensibilities of Boston", while migrating other content by Globe writers, such as blogs from Boston.com to the paper's website, but keeping them freely available.<a href="#cite_note-poynter-bostonglobesoftwall-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cookie_paywall">Cookie paywall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cookie paywall">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Cookie_banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cookie banner">cookie banner</a> that requires to either pay or accept ads and <a href="/wiki/Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party cookies</a> in order to read the content. The compatibility of this technique with data protection laws like the <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> is controversial and multiple data protection agencies have established different guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In countries like Italy, Austria, France and Denmark, it is lawful as long as the website provides the data subject with the option of accessing equivalent content or services without giving his or her consent to the storage and use of cookies or other tracking tools and the subscription to the site has a modest and fair cost so that it does not constrain the user’s free choice.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> Professional reception to the implementation of paywalls has been mixed. Most discussion of paywalls centers on their success or failure as business ventures, and overlooks their ethical implications for maintaining an informed public. In the paywall debate there are those who see the implementation of a paywall as a "sandbag strategy" – a strategy which may help increase revenue in the short term, but not a strategy that will foster future growth for the newspaper industry.<a href="#cite_note-nov_3-14">[14]</a> For the "hard" paywall specifically, however, there seems to be an industry consensus that the negative effects (loss of readership) outweigh the potential revenue, unless the newspaper targets a niche audience.<a href="#cite_note-filloux-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-paywallstudy-42">[42]</a> There are also those who remain optimistic about the use of paywalls to help revitalize floundering newspaper revenues. Those who believe implementing paywalls will succeed, however, continually buffer their opinion with contingencies. Bill Mitchell states that for a paywall to bring new revenue and not deter current readers, newspapers must: "invest in flexible systems, exploit their journalists' expertise in niche areas, and, crucially, offer readers their money's worth in terms of new value."<a href="#cite_note-Vinter-15">[15]</a> The State of the News Media's 2011 annual report on American journalism makes the sweeping claim that: "[t]o survive financially, the consensus on the business side of news operations is that news sites not only need to make their advertising smarter, but they also need to find some way to charge for content and to invent new revenue streams other than display advertising and subscriptions."<a href="#cite_note-onlineessay-43">[43]</a> Even those who do not believe in the general success of paywalls recognize that, for a profitable future, newspapers must start generating more attractive content with added value, or investigate new sources of earning revenue.<a href="#cite_note-nov_3-14">[14]</a> Proponents of the paywall believe that it may be crucial for smaller publications to stay afloat. They argue that since 90 percent of advertising revenues are concentrated in the top 50 publishers, smaller operations can not necessarily depend on the traditional ad-supported free content model the way that larger sites can.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Many paywall advocates also contend that people are more than willing to pay a small price for quality content. In a March 2013 guest post for <a href="/wiki/VentureBeat" title="VentureBeat">VentureBeat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_CasSelle" title="Malcolm CasSelle">Malcolm CasSelle</a> of MediaPass stated his belief that monetization would become "something of a self-fulfilling prophecy: people [will] pay for content, and that money goes back into making the overall content even better."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In April 2013 the <a href="/wiki/News_Media_Alliance" title="News Media Alliance">Newspaper Association of America</a> released its industry revenue profile for 2012, which reported that circulation revenue grew by 5 percent for dailies, making it the first year of circulation growth in ten years. Digital-only circulation revenue reportedly grew 275%; print and digital bundled circulation revenue grew 499%. Along with the shift towards bundling print and online into combined access subscriptions, print-only circulation revenue declined 14%. This news corroborates a growing belief that digital subscriptions will be the key to securing the long-term survival of newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In May 2019, research by the <a href="/wiki/Reuters_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Journalism" title="Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism">Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism</a> at the University of Oxford showed that despite the controversies surrounding paywalls, these were on the rise across Europe and the United States. According to the study by Felix Simon and Lucas Graves, more than two-thirds of leading newspapers (69%) across the EU and US were operating some kind of online paywall as of 2019, a trend that has increased since 2017 according to the researchers, with the US seeing an increase from 60% to 76%.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reader">Reader</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reader">edit</a>]</div> General user response to the implementation of paywalls has been measured through a number of recent studies which analyze readers' online news-reading habits. A study completed by the Canadian Media Research Consortium entitled "Canadian Consumers Unwilling to Pay for News Online", directly identifies the Canadian response to paywalls. Surveying 1,700 Canadians, the study found that 92% of participants who read the news online would rather find a free alternative than pay for their preferred site (in comparison to 82% of Americans<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>), while 81% stated that they would absolutely not pay for their preferred online news site.<a href="#cite_note-paywallrelease-51">[51]</a> Based on the poor reception of <a href="/wiki/Paid_content" title="Paid content">paid content</a> by the participants, the study concludes with a statement similar to those of the media experts, stating, with the exception of prominent papers such as The Wall Street Journal and The Times, that given the "current public attitudes, most publishers had better start looking elsewhere for revenue solutions."<a href="#cite_note-paywallstudy-42">[42]</a> A study by Elizabeth Benítez from the <a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_News_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="World Association of News Publishers">World Association of News Publishers</a> surveyed 355 participants in Mexico, Europe and the United States. The study found that "Young readers are willing to pay up to €6 for a monthly digital news subscription – 50% less than the average price (€14.09) across countries. According to the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (Simon and Graves 2019), €14.09 is the average monthly subscription price across six European countries and the United States."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_implications">Ethical implications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ethical implications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deterioration_of_the_online_public_sphere">Deterioration of the online public sphere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deterioration of the online public sphere">edit</a>]</div> Hackett argues that a "forum on the internet [...] can function as a specialized or smaller-scale public sphere."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In the past, the internet has been an ideal location for the general public to gather and discuss relevant news issues<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> – an activity made accessible first through free access to online news content, and subsequently the ability to comment on the content, creating a forum. Erecting a paywall restricts the public's open communication with one another by restricting the ability to both read and share online news. The obvious way in which a paywall restricts equal access to the online public sphere is through requiring payment, deterring those who do not want to pay, and barring those who cannot from joining the online discussion. The restriction of equal access was taken to a new extreme when the UK's <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> in October 2011 placed a paywall on foreign readers only.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Online news media have the proven ability to create global connection beyond the typical reach of a public sphere. In Democratizing Global Media, Hackett and global communications theorist Yuezhi Zhao describe how a new "wave of media democratization arises in the era of the internet which has facilitated transnational civil society networks of and for democratic communication."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The use of paywalls has also received many complaints from online news readers regarding an online subscriptions' inability to be shared like a traditional printed paper. While a printed paper can be shared among friends and family, the ethics behind sharing an online subscription are less clear because there is no physical object involved. The New York Times' "ethicist" columnist, Ariel Kaminer, addressing the question of sharing online subscription, states that "sharing with your spouse or young child is one thing; sharing with friends or family who live elsewhere is another."<a href="#cite_note-kaminer-57">[57]</a> The reader comments following Kaminer's response focus on the dichotomy between paying for a printed paper and paying for an online subscription.<a href="#cite_note-kaminer-57">[57]</a> A printed paper's ease of access meant that more individuals could read a single copy, and that everyone who read the paper had the ability to send a letter to the editor without the hassle of registering or paying for the subscription. As such, the use of a paywall closes off the communication in both the personal realm and online. This opinion is not just held by online news readers, but also by opinion writers. Jimmy Wales comments that he "would rather write [an opinion piece] where it is going to be read", declaring that "putting opinion pieces behind paywalls [makes] no sense." In the U.S., it has been observed that the use of paywalls by high-quality publications has enhanced the reach of non-paywalled online outlets that promote <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">right-wing</a> perspectives, conspiracy theories, and <a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">fake news</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paying_to_stay_informed">Paying to stay informed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paying to stay informed">edit</a>]</div> The use of a paywall to bar individuals from accessing news content online without payment, brings up numerous ethical questions. According to Hackett, media are already "failing to furnish citizens with ready access to relevant civic information."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The implementation of paywalls on previously free news content heightens this failure through intentional withholding. Hackett cites "general cultural and economic mechanisms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of information and the dependence of commercial media on advertising revenue" as two of the greatest influences on media performance. According to Hackett, these cultural and economic mechanisms "generate violations of the democratic norm of equality."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Implementation of a paywall addresses and intimately ties the two mechanisms cited by Hackett, as the paywall commodifies news content to bring in revenue from both readers and from increased circulation of printed paper's ads. The result of these mechanisms, as stated by Hackett, is an impediment to "equal access to relevant [news] facts."<a href="#cite_note-hackett-33">[33]</a> The commodification of information–making news into a product that must be purchased–restricts the egalitarian founding principle of the newspaper. Editor's Weblog reporter Katherine Travers, addressing this issue in a post discussing the future of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, asks, "is digital subscription as permissible as charging a couple of dollars now and then for a paper copy?"<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> While subscription fees have long been attached to print newspapers, all other forms of news have traditionally been free. Online news, in comparison has existed as a medium of free dissemination. Poynter digital media fellow Jeff Sonderman outlines the ethical tension created by a paywall. Sonderman explains that "[t]he underlying tension is that newspapers act simultaneously as businesses and as servants of the public’s interest. As for-profit enterprises, they have the right (the duty, even) to make money for shareholders or private owners. But most also claim to have a social compact, in which they safeguard the entire public interest and help their entire community shape and understand its shared values."<a href="#cite_note-s-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counter_strategies">Counter strategies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Counter strategies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers_disabling_the_paywall">Newspapers disabling the paywall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Newspapers disabling the paywall">edit</a>]</div> Some newspapers have removed their paywall from blocking content covering emergencies. When <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irene" title="Hurricane Irene">Hurricane Irene</a> hit the United States' east coast in late August 2011, The New York Times declared that all storm related coverage, accessed both online and through mobile devices, would be free to readers.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The New York Times‌' assistant managing editor, Jeff Roberts, discusses the paper's decision, stating: "[w]e are aware of our obligations to our audience and to the public at large when there is a big story that directly impacts such a large portion of people."<a href="#cite_note-s-64">[64]</a> In his article discussing the removal of paywalls, Sonderman commends The New York Times' action, stating that, while a publisher "commits to a paywall as the best business strategy for his news company, there may be some stories or subjects which carry such importance and urgency that it is irresponsible to withhold them from nonsubscribers."<a href="#cite_note-s-64">[64]</a> Similarly in 2020, a large number of outlets exempted stories relating to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> from their paywalls as a public service, and to combat <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">misinformation</a> relating to the virus.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In April 2020, Canadian newspaper group <a href="/wiki/Postmedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmedia">Postmedia</a> went further and removed its paywall from all content in April 2020, with a sponsorship from a <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> chain.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_revenue_initiatives">New revenue initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New revenue initiatives">edit</a>]</div> Given the overwhelming opinion that, regardless of paywall success, new revenue sources must be sought out for newspapers' financial success, it is important to highlight new business initiatives. According to <a href="/wiki/Poynter_Institute" title="Poynter Institute">Poynter</a> media expert Bill Mitchell, in order for a paywall to generate sustainable revenue, newspapers must create "new value"—higher quality, innovation, etc.—in their online content that merits payment which previously free content did not.<a href="#cite_note-Vinter-15">[15]</a> In addition to erecting paywalls, newspapers have been increasingly exploiting tablet and mobile news products, the profitability of which remains inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Another strategy, pioneered by The New York Times, involves creating new revenue by packaging old content in e-books and special feature offerings, to create an appealing product for readers. The draw of these packages is not just the topic but the authors and the breadth of coverage. According to reporter Mathew Ingram, newspapers can benefit from these special offerings in two ways, first by taking advantage of old content when new interest arises, such as an anniversary or an important event, and second, through the creation of packages of general interest. The New York Times, for example, has created packages, mainly ebooks, on baseball, golf and the digital revolution.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Also, successful implementation of paywalls in digital media follows a rule of thumb: where there is a drop in advertising revenue, there is a solid chance for adopting a subscription model and/or paywalls.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_revenue_initiative:_API">Alternative revenue initiative: API</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alternative revenue initiative: API">edit</a>]</div> An open <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> (application programming interface) makes the online news site "a platform for data and information that [the newspaper company] can generate value from in other ways."<a href="#cite_note-nov_3-14">[14]</a> Opening their API makes a newspaper's data available to outside sources, allowing developers and other services to make use of a paper's content for a fee.<a href="#cite_note-api-72">[72]</a> The Guardian, in keeping with its "belief in an open internet",<a href="#cite_note-welcome-13">[13]</a> has been experimenting with the use of API.<a href="#cite_note-nov_3-14">[14]</a> The Guardian has created an "open platform" which works on a three level system: <ol><li>Base/Free – The Guardian's<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> content is free to anyone for personal and non-commercial uses</li> <li>Commercial – Commercial licenses are available for developers to use the API content if they agree to keep the associated advertising</li> <li>"Bespoke" Arrangement – Developers can partner with the newspaper, using specific data to create a service or an app, the revenue from which will be shared<a href="#cite_note-api-72">[72]</a></li></ol> While an open API is regarded as a gamble just like a paywall, journalist Matthew Ingram ethically notes that the use of an open API aims at "profiting from the open exchange of information and other aspects of an online-media world, while the [paywall] is an attempt to create the kind of artificial information scarcity that newspapers used to enjoy."<a href="#cite_note-nov_3-14">[14]</a> An open API keeps news content free to the public while the newspaper makes a profit from the quality and usefulness of its data to other businesses. The open API strategy can be commended because it takes the pressure off of the news room to continually investigate and explore new means of revenue. Instead, the open API strategy relies on the interest and ideas of those outside the newsroom, to whom the site's content and data are attractive.<a href="#cite_note-api-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Readers_bypassing_paywalls">Readers bypassing paywalls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Readers bypassing paywalls">edit</a>]</div> Readers are sometimes able to bypass paywalls by changing their browser settings (e.g. disabling <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> to bypass a paywall that requires it) or using third-party tools like <a href="/wiki/12ft" title="12ft">12ft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-74">[74]</a> Data on the number of readers who bypass paywalls is often unclear to publishers due to the variety of options employed to circumvent paywalls, and responses from publishers have been mixed. In 2023, the Financial Times expressed a lack of concern over paywall circumvention, finding that only a small portion of its readers bypass its paywalls, while the Boston Globe saw its subscriber count triple after closing its paywall loopholes in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:0-74">[74]</a> In November 2018, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> removed Bypass Paywalls, a paywall-bypassing <a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">browser extension</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> add-on store for violating its terms of service.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The browser extension <a href="/wiki/Bypass_Paywalls_Clean" title="Bypass Paywalls Clean">Bypass Paywalls Clean</a> was also removed from the Firefox add-on store in 2023,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/GitLab" title="GitLab">GitLab</a> and <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> software hosting services in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abandoned_paywall_initiatives">Abandoned paywall initiatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Abandoned paywall initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>The New York Times — TimesSelect</dt> <dd>The original online-subscription program, TimesSelect, was implemented in 2005 in an effort to create a new revenue stream. TimesSelect charged $49.95 a year, or $7.95 a month, for online access to the newspaper's archives. In 2007, paid subscriptions were earning $10 million, but growth projections were low compared to the growth of online advertising.<a href="#cite_note-Five_Failed-16">[16]</a> In 2007, The New York Times dropped the paywall to its post-1980 archive. Pre-1980 articles in <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> are still behind the paywall, but an abstract of most articles is available for free.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-78">[78]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></dt> <dd>Originally online content was available only to print subscribers. This changed in 2008 under the supervision of James Bennet, editor-in-chief, in an effort to rebrand the magazine into a multi-platform business.<a href="#cite_note-Five_Failed-16">[16]</a> The Atlantic reintroduced a soft paywall on 5 September 2019 which allows readers to view five free articles each month, requiring a subscription to view articles after that.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Press" title="Johnston Press">Johnston Press</a></dt> <dd>In November 2009, the UK regional publisher of over 300 titles erected paywalls on six local newspapers' websites, including Carrick Gazette and the <a href="/wiki/Whitby_Gazette" title="Whitby Gazette">Whitby Gazette</a>. The model was dropped in March 2010; paid subscriber growth during the 4-month period was reportedly in the low double-digits.<a href="#cite_note-Five_Failed-16">[16]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ogden_Newspapers" title="Ogden Newspapers">Ogden Newspapers</a></dt> <dd>Throughout 2014, 2015 and most of 2016, Ogden Newspapers' daily newspapers were placed behind a paywall. The system displayed teaser headlines and the first paragraph of the story. Paid subscribers had access to an e-edition of the newspapers as well as access to the publications via smart phone and tablet apps.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Ogden's papers began removing the paywall in November 2016, in conjunction with launching redesigned, mobile and tablet friendly websites.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a></dt> <dd>In April 2022, one of the major US business news websites dropped its paywall, which had been in place since 2019. The experiment showed that most of the publication's revenue still comes from advertising, not paid subscribers. All the information on Quartz's website became available for free. The membership option is designed only for those who want to receive exclusive editorial newsletters with analysis and insights on one big news item of the week.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attribute-based_access_control" title="Attribute-based access control">Attribute-based access control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_or_pay" title="Consent or pay">Consent or pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content control software">Content control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_(academic_publishing)" title="Embargo (academic publishing)">Embargo (academic publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_wants_to_be_free" title="Information wants to be free">Information wants to be free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_domain_resources_behind_a_paywall" title="List of public domain resources behind a paywall">List of public domain resources behind a paywall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paysite" title="Paysite">Paysite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_what_you_want" title="Pay what you want">Pay what you want</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Everywhere" title="TV Everywhere">TV Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_to_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay to play">Pay to play</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTom_Felle2016" class="citation web cs1">Tom Felle (4 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niemanlab.org/2016/07/here-are-6-reasons-why-newspapers-have-dropped-their-paywalls/">"Are paywalls saving journalism?"</a>. City, University of London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404234931/https://www.niemanlab.org/2016/07/here-are-6-reasons-why-newspapers-have-dropped-their-paywalls/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2020. 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Retrieved 16 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gigaom&rft.atitle=Planning+a+paywall%3F+Maybe+you+should+sell+some+e-books+instead&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgigaom.com%2F2011%2F10%2F11%2Fplanning-a-paywall-maybe-you-should-sell-some-e-books-instead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLuoQiuBandyopadhyay2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Shengli; Luo, Qiuyue; Qiu, Liangfei; Bandyopadhyay, Shubho (12 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2884252">"The Optimal Pricing Model of Digital Music: Subscription, Ownership or Mixed?"</a>. SSRN. Social Science Research Network. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2884252">2884252</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325110550/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2884252">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020. 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Gigaom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113085744/http://gigaom.com/2011/10/21/dont-think-of-it-as-a-newspaper-its-a-data-platform/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gigaom&rft.atitle=Don%27t+think+of+it+as+a+newspaper+%E2%80%93+it%27s+a+data+platform&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgigaom.com%2F2011%2F10%2F21%2Fdont-think-of-it-as-a-newspaper-its-a-data-platform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2013" class="citation news cs1">Ellis, Justin (30 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/guardian-ceo-andrew-miller-on-paywalls-mobile-and-going-global/">"Guardian CEOAndrew Miller on paywalls, mobile, and going global"</a>. Nieman Journalism Lab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202205426/http://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/guardian-ceo-andrew-miller-on-paywalls-mobile-and-going-global/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nieman+Journalism+Lab&rft.atitle=Guardian+CEOAndrew+Miller+on+paywalls%2C+mobile%2C+and+going+global&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niemanlab.org%2F2013%2F01%2Fguardian-ceo-andrew-miller-on-paywalls-mobile-and-going-global%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuaglione2023" class="citation web cs1">Guaglione, Sara (25 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digiday.com/media/publishers-still-find-it-challenging-to-measure-readers-bypassing-their-paywalls/">"Publishers still find it challenging to measure readers bypassing their paywalls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digiday" title="Digiday">Digiday</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digiday&rft.atitle=Publishers+still+find+it+challenging+to+measure+readers+bypassing+their+paywalls&rft.date=2023-08-25&rft.aulast=Guaglione&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigiday.com%2Fmedia%2Fpublishers-still-find-it-challenging-to-measure-readers-bypassing-their-paywalls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctorow2018" class="citation web cs1">Doctorow, Cory (29 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2018/11/29/but-not-chrome.html">"Mozilla pulls a popular paywall circumvention tool from Firefox add-ons store"</a>. Boing Boing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226075035/https://boingboing.net/2018/11/29/but-not-chrome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boing+Boing&rft.atitle=Mozilla+pulls+a+popular+paywall+circumvention+tool+from+Firefox+add-ons+store&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft.aulast=Doctorow&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboingboing.net%2F2018%2F11%2F29%2Fbut-not-chrome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gigazine.net/gsc_news/en/20230215-mozilla-removes-bypass-paywalls-clean-extension">"Paywall avoidance add-on 'Bypass Paywalls Clean' is deleted from Firefox's official add-on distribution site"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gigazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gigazine (page does not exist)">Gigazine</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigazine" class="extiw" title="jp:Gigazine">jp</a>]. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gigazine%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bjp%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Paywall+avoidance+add-on+%27Bypass+Paywalls+Clean%27+is+deleted+from+Firefox%27s+official+add-on+distribution+site&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gigazine.net%2Fgsc_news%2Fen%2F20230215-mozilla-removes-bypass-paywalls-clean-extension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell2024" class="citation web cs1">Maxwell, Andy (20 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torrentfreak.com/bypass-paywalls-clean-shut-down-for-dmca-anti-circumvention-violations-240820/">"Bypass Paywalls Clean Shut Down For DMCA Anti-Circumvention Violations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TorrentFreak" title="TorrentFreak">TorrentFreak</a>. Retrieved 16 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TorrentFreak&rft.atitle=Bypass+Paywalls+Clean+Shut+Down+For+DMCA+Anti-Circumvention+Violations&rft.date=2024-08-20&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorrentfreak.com%2Fbypass-paywalls-clean-shut-down-for-dmca-anti-circumvention-violations-240820%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1-78"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt1_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Peña2007" class="citation news cs1">Pérez-Peña, Richard (18 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/business/media/18times.html">"Times to Stop Charging for Parts of Its Web Site"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080116081404/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/18/business/media/18times.html?ex=1347768000&en=88011ab45717e39d&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2008. <q>These indirect readers, unable to get access to articles behind the pay wall and less likely to pay subscription fees than the more loyal direct users, were seen as opportunities for more page views and increased advertising revenue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Times+to+Stop+Charging+for+Parts+of+Its+Web+Site.&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F09%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2F18times.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2019" class="citation web cs1">Goldberg, Jeffrey (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2019/09/introducing-the-atlantics-new-subscription-model/597304/">"Introducing The Atlantic's New Subscription Model"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208140731/https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2019/09/introducing-the-atlantics-new-subscription-model/597304/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Introducing+The+Atlantic%27s+New+Subscription+Model&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2019%2F09%2Fintroducing-the-atlantics-new-subscription-model%2F597304%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-journal.com/allaccess/">"All Access"</a>. Post Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130092835/http://www.post-journal.com/allaccess/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Post+Journal&rft.atitle=All+Access&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-journal.com%2Fallaccess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-journal.com/news/page-one/2016/11/redesigned-website-launches/">Redesigned website launches</a>". The Post-Journal (1 November 2016). Retrieved 1 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102164231/http://www.post-journal.com/news/page-one/2016/11/redesigned-website-launches/">Archived</a> 2 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2022" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, Katie (14 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/14/business/media/quartz-paywall.html">"Quartz, the business news site, drops its paywall"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515175821/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/14/business/media/quartz-paywall.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Quartz%2C+the+business+news+site%2C+drops+its+paywall&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F04%2F14%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fquartz-paywall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paywall&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnannyBighash2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ananny, Mike; Bighash, Leila (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/5096/1715">"Why Drop a Paywall? Mapping Industry Accounts of Online News Decommodification"</a>. International Journal of Communication. 10: 3359–3380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Why+Drop+a+Paywall%3F+Mapping+Industry+Accounts+of+Online+News+Decommodification&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=3359-3380&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ananny&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Bighash%2C+Leila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijoc.org%2Findex.php%2Fijoc%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F5096%2F1715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrese2015" class="citation journal cs1">Arrese, Ángel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/897627">"From Gratis to Paywalls"</a>. Journalism Studies. 17 (8): 1051–1067. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1461670X.2015.1027788">10.1080/1461670X.2015.1027788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146390006">146390006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Gratis+to+Paywalls&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1051-1067&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1461670X.2015.1027788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146390006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arrese&rft.aufirst=%C3%81ngel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F897627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyllylahti2013" class="citation journal cs1">Myllylahti, Merja (2013). "Newspaper Paywalls–the Hype and the Reality". Digital Journalism. 2 (2): 179–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21670811.2013.813214">10.1080/21670811.2013.813214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166744924">166744924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Journalism&rft.atitle=Newspaper+Paywalls%E2%80%93the+Hype+and+the+Reality&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-194&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21670811.2013.813214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166744924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Myllylahti&rft.aufirst=Merja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaywall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocolow2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Socolow" title="Michael J. Socolow">Socolow, Michael J.</a> (2010). "'We should make money on our news?': The problem of profitability in network broadcast journalism history". 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"The Optimal Pricing Model of Digital Music: Subscription, Ownership or Mixed?" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2884252">https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2884252</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816080236/https://whatsnewinpublishing.com/publishers-best-paywall-examples-of-2022/">"Publishers: Best paywall examples of 2022"</a>, Whatsnewinpublishing.com, 15 August 2022, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatsnewinpublishing.com/publishers-best-paywall-examples-of-2022/">the original</a> on 16 August 2022</cite><span 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