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<li id="toc-Invention_through_1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention_through_1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Invention through 1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention_through_1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_to_present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_to_present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1950s to present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_to_present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Framing_and_print_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Framing_and_print_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Framing and print size</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Attitudes of artists in other fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_of_artists_in_other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_reference_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_reference_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In reference books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_reference_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_scholarly_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_scholarly_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In scholarly articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_scholarly_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_World_Wide_Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_World_Wide_Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>On the World Wide Web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_World_Wide_Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fine-art photography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A" title="تصوير ضوئي فني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير ضوئي فني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Художествена фотография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Художествена фотография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_art%C3%ADstica" title="Fotografia artística – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotografia artística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDtvarn%C3%A1_fotografie" title="Výtvarná fotografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výtvarná fotografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstlerische_Fotografie" title="Künstlerische Fotografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Künstlerische Fotografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotokunst" title="Fotokunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fotokunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Fotografía de Bellas Artes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotografía de Bellas Artes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="عکاسی هنرهای زیبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عکاسی هنرهای زیبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3tagrafa%C3%ADocht_m%C3%ADneala%C3%ADne" title="Fótagrafaíocht mínealaíne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fótagrafaíocht mínealaíne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa_como_arte" title="Fotografía como arte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fotografía como arte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84" title="예술사진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예술사진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetni%C4%8Dka_fotografija_20._stolje%C4%87a" title="Umjetnička fotografija 20. stoljeća – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umjetnička fotografija 20. stoljeća" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_d%27arte" title="Fotografia d'arte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotografia d'arte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F" title="芸術写真 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="芸術写真" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotokunst" title="Fotokunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotokunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foto_san%CA%BCati" title="Foto sanʼati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Foto sanʼati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_artystyczna" title="Fotografia artystyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fotografia artystyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_fine_art" title="Fotografia fine art – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotografia fine art" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Фотоискусство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фотоискусство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Уметничка фотографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уметничка фотографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetni%C4%8Dka_fotografija" title="Umjetnička fotografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Umjetnička fotografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valokuvataide" title="Valokuvataide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valokuvataide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Художня фотографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Художня фотографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1066582#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of photography</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fine-art+photography%22">"Fine-art photography"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fine-art+photography%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fine-art+photography%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fine-art+photography%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fine-art+photography%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fine-art+photography%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Stieglitz_-_The_Steerage_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alfred_Stieglitz_-_The_Steerage_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Alfred_Stieglitz_-_The_Steerage_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alfred_Stieglitz_-_The_Steerage_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Alfred_Stieglitz_-_The_Steerage_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alfred_Stieglitz_-_The_Steerage_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Alfred_Stieglitz_-_The_Steerage_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="5203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz's</a> photograph <i><a href="/wiki/The_Steerage" title="The Steerage">The Steerage</a></i> (1907) was an early work of artistic modernism, and considered by many historians to be the most important photograph ever made.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stieglitz was notable for introducing fine art photography into museum collections.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fine-art photography</b> is <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> created in line with the vision of the photographer as artist, using photography as a medium for creative expression. The goal of fine-art photography is to express an idea, a message, or an emotion. This stands in contrast to representational photography, such as <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalism</a>, which provides a <a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">documentary</a> visual account of specific subjects and events, literally representing objective reality rather than the subjective intent of the photographer; and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aktikompositsioon_19_(J._K%C3%BCnnap).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Aktikompositsioon_19_%28J._K%C3%BCnnap%29.jpg/150px-Aktikompositsioon_19_%28J._K%C3%BCnnap%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Aktikompositsioon_19_%28J._K%C3%BCnnap%29.jpg/225px-Aktikompositsioon_19_%28J._K%C3%BCnnap%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Aktikompositsioon_19_%28J._K%C3%BCnnap%29.jpg/300px-Aktikompositsioon_19_%28J._K%C3%BCnnap%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a> has been one of the dominating themes in fine-art photography. <i>Nude composition 19</i> from 1988 by <a href="/wiki/Jaan_K%C3%BCnnap" title="Jaan Künnap">Jaan Künnap</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention_through_1940s">Invention through 1940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Invention through 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One photography historian claimed that "the earliest exponent of 'Fine Art' or composition photography was <a href="/wiki/John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayall" title="John Jabez Edwin Mayall">John Edwin Mayall</a>", who exhibited <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotypes</a> illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successful attempts to make <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> photography can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> practitioners such as <a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lutwidge Dodgson">Charles Lutwidge Dodgson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gustave_Rejlander" title="Oscar Gustave Rejlander">Oscar Gustave Rejlander</a> and others. In the U.S. <a href="/wiki/F._Holland_Day" title="F. Holland Day">F. Holland Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Edward Steichen</a> were instrumental in making photography a fine art, and Stieglitz was especially notable in introducing it into museum collections. </p><p>In the UK as recently as 1960, photography was not really recognised as a fine art. <a href="/wiki/S._D._Jouhar" title="S. D. Jouhar">S. D. Jouhar</a> said, when he formed the Photographic Fine Art Association at that time: "At the moment, photography is not generally recognized as anything more than a craft. In the USA photography has been openly accepted as Fine Art in certain official quarters. It is shown in galleries and exhibitions as an Art. There is not corresponding recognition in this country. The London Salon shows pictorial photography, but it is not generally understood as an art. Whether a work shows aesthetic qualities or not it is designated 'Pictorial Photography' which is a very ambiguous term. The photographer himself must have confidence in his work and in its dignity and aesthetic value, to force recognition as an Art rather than a Craft".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (September 2021)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until the late 1970s several genres predominated, such as nudes, portraits, and natural landscapes (exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>). Breakthrough 'star' artists in the 1970s and 80s, such as <a href="/wiki/Sally_Mann" title="Sally Mann">Sally Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Farber_(photographer)" title="Robert Farber (photographer)">Robert Farber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sherman" title="Cindy Sherman">Cindy Sherman</a>, still relied heavily on such <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a>, although seeing them with fresh eyes. Others investigated a <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapshot aesthetic">snapshot aesthetic</a> approach. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_(1976).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg/220px-Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg/330px-Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg/440px-Josef_H_Neumann-_Gustav_I_%281976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Josef H. Neumann: Chemogram <i>Gustav I</i> 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-1970s <a href="/wiki/Josef_H._Neumann" title="Josef H. Neumann">Josef H. Neumann</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Chemogram" title="Chemogram">chemograms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos_Molina2018293–297_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos_Molina2018293–297-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are products of both <a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">photographic processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> on <a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">photographic paper</a>. Before the spread of computers and the use of image processing software the process of creating chemograms can be considered an early form of analog post-production, in which the original image is altered after the enlarging process. Unlike works of <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> each chemogram is a unique piece.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aperture_Foundation" title="Aperture Foundation">Aperture Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>(MoMA), have done much to keep photography at the forefront of the fine arts. MoMA's establishment of a department of photography in 1940 and appointment of <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Newhall" title="Beaumont Newhall">Beaumont Newhall</a> as its first curator are often cited as institutional confirmation of photography's status as an art.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_to_present_day">1950s to present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1950s to present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gursky_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Gursky_Shanghai.jpg/170px-Gursky_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Gursky_Shanghai.jpg/255px-Gursky_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Gursky_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gursky" title="Andreas Gursky">Andreas Gursky</a>, <i>Shanghai</i>, 2000, C-print mounted to plexiglass, 119 x 81 inches</figcaption></figure> <p>There is now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2023)">as of?</span></a></i>]</sup> a trend toward a careful staging and lighting of the picture, rather than hoping to "discover" it ready-made. Photographers such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Crewdson" title="Gregory Crewdson">Gregory Crewdson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Wall" title="Jeff Wall">Jeff Wall</a> are noted for the quality of their <a href="/wiki/Tableau_vivant" title="Tableau vivant">staged</a> pictures. Additionally, new technological trends in digital photography have opened a new direction in <a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Full spectrum photography">full spectrum photography</a>, where careful filtering choices across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared lead to new artistic visions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasiliy_Ryabchenko._%22Still_life%22,_photo,_1970s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vasiliy_Ryabchenko._%22Still_life%22%2C_photo%2C_1970s.jpg/220px-Vasiliy_Ryabchenko._%22Still_life%22%2C_photo%2C_1970s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vasiliy_Ryabchenko._%22Still_life%22%2C_photo%2C_1970s.jpg/330px-Vasiliy_Ryabchenko._%22Still_life%22%2C_photo%2C_1970s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vasiliy_Ryabchenko._%22Still_life%22%2C_photo%2C_1970s.jpg/440px-Vasiliy_Ryabchenko._%22Still_life%22%2C_photo%2C_1970s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasiliy_Ryabchenko" title="Vasiliy Ryabchenko">Vasiliy Ryabchenko</a>, <i>Still life (</i>1970s)</figcaption></figure> <p>As printing technologies have improved since around 1980, a photographer's art prints reproduced in a finely-printed limited-edition book have now become an area of strong interest to collectors. This is because books usually have high production values, a short print run, and their limited market means they are almost never reprinted. The collector's market in photography books by individual photographers is developing rapidly. </p><p>According to <i>Art Market Trends 2004</i> 7,000 photographs were sold in auction rooms in 2004, and photographs averaged a 7.6 <a href="/wiki/Percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent">percent</a> annual price rise from 1994 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2008)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Around 80 percent were sold in the United States, although auction sales only record a fraction of total private sales. There is now a thriving collectors' market for which the most sought-after art photographers will produce high quality archival prints in strictly limited editions. Attempts by online art retailers to sell fine photography to the general public alongside prints of paintings have had mixed results, with strong sales coming only from the traditional major photographers such as <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>. </p><p>In addition to the "digital movement" towards manipulation, filtering, or resolution changes, some fine artists deliberately seek a "naturalistic", including "natural lighting" as a value in itself. Sometimes the art work as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a> consists of a photographic image that has been subsequently painted over with oil paints and/or contains some political or historical significance beyond the image itself. The existence of "photographically-projected painting" now blurs the line between painting and photography which traditionally was absolute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Framing_and_print_size">Framing and print size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Framing and print size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the mid-1950s it was widely considered vulgar and pretentious to frame a photograph for a gallery exhibition. Prints were usually simply pasted onto blockboard or plywood, or given a white border in the darkroom and then pinned at the corners onto display boards. Prints were thus shown without any glass reflections obscuring them. Steichen's famous <i><a href="/wiki/The_Family_of_Man" title="The Family of Man">The Family of Man</a></i> exhibition was unframed, the pictures pasted to panels. Even as late as 1966 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Brandt" title="Bill Brandt">Bill Brandt</a>'s MoMA show was unframed, with simple prints pasted to thin plywood. From the mid-1950s to about 2000 most gallery exhibitions had prints behind glass. Since about 2000 there has been a noticeable move toward once again showing contemporary gallery prints on boards and without glass. In addition, throughout the twentieth century, there was a noticeable increase in the size of prints. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/300px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/450px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/600px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>' <i>The Tetons and the Snake River</i> (1942)</figcaption></figure> <p>Fine art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist's vision, but as a byproduct it has also been important in advancing certain causes. The work of <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yosemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite">Yosemite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> provides an example. Adams is one of the most widely recognized fine art photographers of the 20th century, and was an avid promoter of conservation. While his primary focus was on photography as art, some of his work raised public awareness of the beauty of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> and helped to build political support for their protection. </p><p>Such photography has also had effects in the area of censorship law and free expression, due to its concern with the nude body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overlap_with_other_genres">Overlap with other genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overlap with other genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although fine art photography may overlap with many other genres of photography, the overlaps with <a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">fashion photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalism</a> merit special attention. </p><p>In 1996 it was stated that there had been a "recent blurring of lines between commercial illustrative photography and fine art photography," especially in the area of fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for the overlap of fine art photography and fashion photography includes lectures,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exhibitions,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trade fairs such as <a href="/wiki/Art_Basel" title="Art Basel">Art Basel</a> Miami Beach,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and books.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photojournalism and fine art photography overlapped beginning in the "late 1960s and 1970s, when... news photographers struck up liaisons with art photography and painting".<sup id="cite_ref-Goldberg_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_of_Photography" title="International Center of Photography">International Center of Photography</a> opened, with emphases on both "humanitarian photojournalism" and "art photography".<sup id="cite_ref-Goldberg_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1987, "pictures that were taken on assignments for magazines and newspapers now regularly reappear[ed] – in frames – on the walls of museums and galleries".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smartphone apps such as <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> sometimes are used for fine-art photography.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitudes_of_artists_in_other_fields">Attitudes of artists in other fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attitudes of artists in other fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birches_fine_art_photography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Birches_fine_art_photography.jpg/220px-Birches_fine_art_photography.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Birches_fine_art_photography.jpg/330px-Birches_fine_art_photography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Birches_fine_art_photography.jpg/440px-Birches_fine_art_photography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Martin Vorel, <i>Birches</i> (2021)</figcaption></figure> <p>The reactions of artists and writers have contributed significantly to perceptions of photography as fine art. Prominent painters have asserted their interest in the medium: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have always been very interested in photography. I have looked at far more photographs than I have paintings. Because their reality is stronger than reality itself.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)" title="Francis Bacon (artist)"> Francis Bacon</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (September 2021)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Noted authors, similarly, have responded to the artistic potential of photography: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...it does seem to me that <a href="/wiki/Robert_Capa" title="Robert Capa">Capa</a> has proved beyond all doubt that the camera need not be a cold mechanical device. Like the pen, it is as good as the man who uses it. It can be the extension of mind and heart...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (September 2021)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_definitions">List of definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here is a list of definitions of the related terms "art photography", "artistic photography", and "fine art photography". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_reference_books">In reference books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In reference books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the definitions that can be found in reference books are: </p> <ul><li>"Art photography": "Photography that is done as a fine art – that is, done to express the artist's perceptions and emotions and to share them with others".<sup id="cite_ref-McDarrah_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDarrah-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Fine art photography": "A picture that is produced for sale or display rather than one that is produced in response to a commercial commission".<sup id="cite_ref-Hope_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hope-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Fine art photography": "The production of images to fulfill the creative vision of a photographer. ... Synonymous with art photography".<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch-Johnt_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-Johnt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Art photography": A definition "is elusive," but "when photographers refer to it, they have in mind the photographs seen in magazines such as <i>American Photo</i>, <i>Popular Photography</i>, and <i>Print</i>, and in salons and exhibitions. Art (or artful) photography is salable.".<sup id="cite_ref-Engh_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Artistic photography": "A frequently used but somewhat vague term. The idea underlying it is that the producer of a given picture has aimed at something more than a merely realistic rendering of the subject, and has attempted to convey a personal impression".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Fine art photography": Also called "decor photography," or "photo decor," this "involves selling large photos... that can be used as wall art".<sup id="cite_ref-Engh_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_scholarly_articles">In scholarly articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In scholarly articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the definitions that can be found in scholarly articles are: </p> <ul><li>In 1961, <a href="/wiki/S._D._Jouhar" title="S. D. Jouhar">S. D. Jouhar</a> founded the Photographic Fine Art Association, and he was its chairman. Their definition of Fine Art was "Creating images that evoke emotion by a photographic process in which one's mind and imagination are freely but competently exercised."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Two studies by Christopherson in 1974 defined "fine art photographers" as "those persons who create and distribute photographs specifically as 'art.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1986 <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> study by Schwartz did not directly define "fine art photography" but did compare it with "camera club photography".<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It found that fine art photography "is tied to other media" such as painting; "responds to its own history and traditions" (as opposed to "aspir[ing] to the same achievements made by their predecessors"); "has its own vocabulary"; "conveys ideas" (e.g., "concern with form supersedes concern with subject matter"); "is innovative"; "is personal"; "is a lifestyle"; and "participates in the world of commerce."<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_World_Wide_Web">On the World Wide Web</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: On the World Wide Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the definitions that can be found on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings" title="Library of Congress Subject Headings">Library of Congress Subject Headings</a> use "art photography" as "photography of art," and "artistic photography" (i.e., "Photography, artistic") as "photography as a fine art, including aesthetic theory".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">Art & Architecture Thesaurus</a> states that "fine art photography" (preferred term) or "art photography" or "artistic photography" is "the movement in England and the United States, from around 1890 into the early 20th century, which promoted various aesthetic approaches. Historically, has sometimes been applied to any photography whose intention is aesthetic, as distinguished from scientific, commercial, or journalistic; for this meaning, use 'photography<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Definitions of "fine art photography" on photographers' static Web pages vary from "the subset of fine art that is created with a camera"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to "limited-reproduction photography, using materials and techniques that will outlive the artist".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the concept of limited-reproduction, in the French legal system, there is a very precise legal definition regarding fine art photography being considered as an artwork. The tax code states they, "are considered as artworks the photographs taken by the artist, printed by him/herself or under his/her control, signed and numbered in maximum thirty copies, including all sizes and mountings."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_and_White_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and White Photography">Black and White Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">List of most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">List of photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">List of photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography_(art)" title="Nude photography (art)">Nude photography (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tableau_vivant" title="Tableau vivant">Tableau vivant</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWinters2014" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Dan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmD6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT256"><i>Road to Seeing</i></a>. New Riders. pp. 563–564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-315420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-315420-7"><bdi>978-0-13-315420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Road+to+Seeing&rft.pages=563-564&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-13-315420-7&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNmD6AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gernsheim, Helmut. <i>Creative photography: aesthetic trends 1839–1960</i>. New York: Dover, 1991, p. 73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26750-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-26750-4">0-486-26750-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos_Molina2018293–297-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos_Molina2018293–297_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamos_Molina2018">Ramos Molina 2018</a>, pp. 293–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannes Schmidt: "Bemerkungen zu den Chemogrammen von Josef Neumann. Ausstellung in der Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther". in: <i>Photo-Presse</i>, no. 22, 1976, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriele Richter: "Joseph H. Neumann. Chemogramme". in: <i>Color Foto</i>, no. 12, 1976, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Mante" title="Harald Mante">Harald Mante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_H._Neumann" title="Josef H. Neumann">Josef H. Neumann</a>: <i>Filme kreativ nutzen</i>. Photographie Verlag, Schaffhausen 1987, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_rONcyIgsI"><span class="plainlinks">"Die Hochglanzwelt des Josef H. Neumann"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, <i>Thema 3</i> (Stadtjournal) <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a> (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1982" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Christopher (Autumn 1982). "The Judgment Seat of Photography". <i>October</i>. <b>22</b>: 27–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F778362">10.2307/778362</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/778362">778362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=October&rft.atitle=The+Judgment+Seat+of+Photography&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=27-63&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F778362&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F778362%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116174818/http://press.artprice.com/pdf/trends2004.pdf"><i>Art Market Trends 2004</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryant-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryant, Eric. Review of <i>Fashion: Photography in the Nineties</i>. <i>Library Journal</i>, February 15, 1997, p.131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628062745/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/catherine-atherton-the-fine-art-of-fashion-photography-673645.html">Catherine Atherton: The fine art of fashion photography. From a talk given at the Museum of Modern Art by the senior lecturer in art, publishing and music at Oxford Brookes University.</a> <i>The Independent</i>, June 12, 2001. Retrieved October 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2004/fashion_fiction.html">Fashioning fiction in photography since 1990.</a> Museum of Modern Art, April 16 – June 28, 2004. Retrieved August 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaves2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Naves, Mario (April 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2099336/">"Striking poses: is fashion photography art?"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Striking+poses%3A+is+fashion+photography+art%3F&rft.date=2004-04-23&rft.aulast=Naves&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2099336%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sva.edu/sa/index.jsp?sid0=201&page_id=482&event_id=642">Click chic: the fine art of fashion photography.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224130947/http://www.sva.edu/sa/index.jsp?sid0=201&page_id=482&event_id=642">Archived</a> 2012-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> School of Visual Arts, September 6, 2007 – October 6, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrebay2007" class="citation news cs1">Trebay, Guy (December 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/06/fashion/06photo.html">"Work with me, baby"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Work+with+me%2C+baby&rft.date=2007-12-06&rft.aulast=Trebay&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F06%2Ffashion%2F06photo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The idealizing vision: the art of fashion photography</i>. New York: Aperture Foundation. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89381-462-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89381-462-8"><bdi>0-89381-462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+idealizing+vision%3A+the+art+of+fashion+photography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Aperture+Foundation&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-89381-462-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldberg, Vicki. Picture this - magazine photography, in just a few decades, has changed the way life itself is regarded. <i>Life</i> magazine, April 15, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundberg1987" class="citation news cs1">Grundberg, Andy (April 12, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1D9133EF931A25757C0A961948260">"Art; photojournalism lays claim to the realm of esthetics"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Art%3B+photojournalism+lays+claim+to+the+realm+of+esthetics&rft.date=1987-04-12&rft.aulast=Grundberg&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B0DE1D9133EF931A25757C0A961948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stevegiovinco.com/while-i-watch-my-father-die-photography-exhibition-on-snapchat-explores-memory-emotional-vanishing/">"While I Watch My Father Die: Photography Exhibition on Snapchat Explores Memory, Emotional Vanishing | Fine Art Photography, Commissions, NYC Teaching Tutorials Steve Giovinco"</a>. <i>stevegiovinco.com</i>. 28 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stevegiovinco.com&rft.atitle=While+I+Watch+My+Father+Die%3A+Photography+Exhibition+on+Snapchat+Explores+Memory%2C+Emotional+Vanishing+%7C+Fine+Art+Photography%2C+Commissions%2C+NYC+Teaching+Tutorials+Steve+Giovinco&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstevegiovinco.com%2Fwhile-i-watch-my-father-die-photography-exhibition-on-snapchat-explores-memory-emotional-vanishing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDarrah-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDarrah_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDarrah, Gloria S., et al. <i>The photography encyclopedia</i>. New York: Schirmer, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865025-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865025-5">0-02-865025-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hope-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hope_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hope, Terry. <i>Fine art photography: creating beautiful images for sale and display</i>. Mies, Switzerland: RotoVision, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88046-724-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-88046-724-1">2-88046-724-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch-Johnt-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lynch-Johnt_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch-Johnt, Barbara, and Michelle Perkins. <i>Illustrated dictionary of photography: the professional's guide to terms and techniques</i>. Buffalo, NY: Amherst Media, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58428-222-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58428-222-8">978-1-58428-222-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engh-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engh_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engh_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Engh, Rohn. <i>Sell & re-sell your photos</i>, 5th ed. 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New York: Arno, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-04922-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-04922-6">0-405-04922-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouhar1964" class="citation journal cs1">Jouhar, Sultan (October 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.rps.org/archive/volume-104/742322">"The Work of Dr. Jouhar"</a>. <i>The Royal Photographic Society Journal</i>. <b>104</b> (10): 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Photographic+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Work+of+Dr.+Jouhar&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=261&rft.date=1964-10&rft.aulast=Jouhar&rft.aufirst=Sultan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.rps.org%2Farchive%2Fvolume-104%2F742322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopherson, Richard W. Making Art With Machines: Photography's Institutional Inadequacies. <i>Urban Life and Culture</i>, Vol. 3, No. 1, April 1974, pages 3–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopherson, Richard W. From Folk Art To Fine Art: A Transformation in the Meaning of Photographic Work. <i>Urban Life and Culture</i>, Vol. 3, No. 2, July 1974, pages 123–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, Dona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sjmc.cla.umn.edu/faculty/schwartz/contents/Camera_clubs/camera_clubs.html">Camera clubs and fine art photography: the social construction of an elite code.</a> Originally published in <i>Urban Life,</i> vol. 15, no. 2 (July 1986), pp.165–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorities.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&PAGE=First">Authority headings search.</a> Retrieved August 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Getty Research Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=art+photography&logic=AND&note=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300178594">Art photography.</a> Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online. Retrieved August 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, Stephen G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgbphotography.com/articles/What_Is_Fine_Art_Photography.aspx">What Is Fine Art Photography?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060243/http://www.sgbphotography.com/articles/What_Is_Fine_Art_Photography.aspx">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved August 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinman, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bytesmiths.com/News/n0012.php">Bytesmiths Editions Newsletter December 2000.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125045920/http://www.bytesmiths.com/News/n0012.php">Archived</a> 2016-11-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved August 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419124503/https://www.artphotolimited.com/en/art-piece">"What is an artwork? – Art Photo Limited – Photography – Artwork"</a>. <i>Art Photo Limited</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artphotolimited.com/en/art-piece">the original</a> on 2019-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+Photo+Limited&rft.atitle=What+is+an+artwork%3F+%E2%80%93+Art+Photo+Limited+%E2%80%93+Photography+%E2%80%93+Artwork&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artphotolimited.com%2Fen%2Fart-piece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos_Molina2018" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramos Molina, Antonio Luis (2018). <i>La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística</i> (doctoral thesis) (in Spanish). University of Granada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=La+magia+de+la+qu%C3%ADmica+fotogr%C3%A1fica%3A+El+quimigrama.+Conceptos%2C+t%C3%A9cnicas+y+procedimientos+del+quimigrama+en+la+expresi%C3%B3n+art%C3%ADstica&rft.inst=University+of+Granada&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ramos+Molina&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine-art+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bright, Susan. <i>Art photography now</i>. New York: Aperture, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931788-91-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-931788-91-X">1-931788-91-X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marco_Fodde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marco Fodde (page does not exist)">Fodde, Marco</a>. <i>Fotografia Fine Art</i>. 1st edition. Milano: Apogeo La Feltrinelli, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-503-1397-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-503-1397-6">978-88-503-1397-6</a></li> <li>Peres, Michael R. ed. <i>The Focal encyclopedia of photography: digital imaging, theory and applications, history, and science</i>. 4th edition. Amsterdam & Boston: Elsevier/Focal Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9">978-0-240-80740-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Rosenblum" title="Naomi Rosenblum">Rosenblum, Naomi</a>. <i>A world history of photography</i>. 4th edition. New York: Abbeville Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0937-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0937-5">978-0-7892-0937-5</a></li> <li>Thompson, Jerry L. <i>Truth and photography: notes on looking and photographing</i>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-539-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-539-X">1-56663-539-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine-art_photography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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