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</div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maintenance</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> maintenir ou à rétablir un bien dans un état spécifié afin que celui-ci soit en mesure d'assurer un service déterminé </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><big><b>La maintenance</b></big> vise à maintenir ou à rétablir un bien dans un état dans lequel il peut accomplir la fonction requise</p> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"> <figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Sources_%C3%A0_lier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> <figcaption> Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Certaines informations figurant dans cet article ou cette section devraient être mieux reliées aux sources mentionnées dans les sections « Bibliographie », « Sources » ou « Liens externes »</strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-12" data-sort-value="2017-12">décembre 2017</time>).</small></p> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Konstantin_Apollonowitsch_Sawizkij_001.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Konstantin_Apollonowitsch_Sawizkij_001.jpg/170px-Konstantin_Apollonowitsch_Sawizkij_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Konstantin_Apollonowitsch_Sawizkij_001.jpg/255px-Konstantin_Apollonowitsch_Sawizkij_001.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Konstantin_Apollonowitsch_Sawizkij_001.jpg/340px-Konstantin_Apollonowitsch_Sawizkij_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="663"></a> <figcaption> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Travaux_de_r%C3%A9paration_sur_une_ligne_de_chemin_de_fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Travaux de réparation sur une ligne de chemin de fer">Travaux de réparation sur une ligne de chemin de fer</a></i>, peinture de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Savitski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Savitski">Constantin Savitski</a> exécutée en 1874. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La maintenance regroupe ainsi les actions de contrôle, de vérification, de réglage, de nettoyage, de révision, de dépannage et de réparation des biens immobiliers<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou matériels (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Machine">machines</a>, véhicules, bâtiments, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Objet_manufactur%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Objet manufacturé">objets manufacturés</a>, etc.) ou même immatériels (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_du_logiciel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maintenance du logiciel">logiciels</a>); ainsi que l'organisation connexe de ces actions, managériale ou administrative.</p> <p>Le secteur de la maintenance emploie en France en 2024 plus de 400 000 personnes dans l'industrie, l'immobilier et le tertiaire.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> Un service de maintenance peut également être amené à participer à des études d'amélioration du processus industriel, et doit, comme d'autres services de l'entreprise, prendre en considération de nombreuses contraintes comme la qualité, la sécurité, l'environnement, le coût, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Defense.gov_News_Photo_110213-N-OK922-036_-_U.S._Navy_Airman_Tracey_Gonzales_performs_maintenance_on_a_mobile_electric_power_plant_in_the_hangar_bay_of_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Carl_Vinson.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Defense.gov_News_Photo_110213-N-OK922-036_-_U.S._Navy_Airman_Tracey_Gonzales_performs_maintenance_on_a_mobile_electric_power_plant_in_the_hangar_bay_of_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Carl_Vinson.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Defense.gov_News_Photo_110213-N-OK922-036_-_U.S._Navy_Airman_Tracey_Gonzales_performs_maintenance_on_a_mobile_electric_power_plant_in_the_hangar_bay_of_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Carl_Vinson.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Defense.gov_News_Photo_110213-N-OK922-036_-_U.S._Navy_Airman_Tracey_Gonzales_performs_maintenance_on_a_mobile_electric_power_plant_in_the_hangar_bay_of_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Carl_Vinson.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1793"></a> <figcaption> Maintenance d'un générateur électrique mobile par le soldat Tracey Gonzales dans le hangar du porte-avions américain <i>Carl Vinson</i> en 2011. </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89volution_s%C3%A9mantique"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Évolution sémantique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9finitions_normatives"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Définitions normatives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Typologie_de_la_maintenance_du_mat%C3%A9riel"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Typologie de la maintenance du matériel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Typologie_de_la_maintenance_des_logiciels"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Typologie de la maintenance des logiciels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Niveaux_de_maintenance"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Niveaux de maintenance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sigles_de_la_maintenance"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sigles de la maintenance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Annexes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Annexes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie_2"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Évolution_sémantique"><span id=".C3.89volution_s.C3.A9mantique"></span>Évolution sémantique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Évolution sémantique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>En français, au <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, le mot « maintenance » signifie <span class="citation">« action de conserver une possession<sup id="cite_ref-cnr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cnr-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> »</span> pour évoluer vers <span class="citation">« action de maintenir, maintien, soutien, au <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-cnr_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cnr-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> »</span>.</p> <p>Le terme est emprunté outre-Manche vers la même époque, dans le sens de « tenue », « comportement », évoluant, au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, vers celui de « maintenir ou garder en vie »<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dans son acception actuelle, le terme de « maintenance » est un anglicisme partiel. Il est donné comme « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9emprunt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réemprunt">réemprunt</a> intégré » par le linguiste <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Tournier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Tournier">Jean Tournier</a> dans <i>Les Mots anglais du français</i> : <span class="citation">« <b>maintenance</b> (...) (mintt-nanss), n. f. a) 1953. Maintien numérique des effectifs et du matériel d'une troupe au combat ; b) 1962, plus généralement, ensemble des opérations d'entretien du matériel. Du moyen français <i>maintenance</i> « protection ». Réemprunt intégré. Admis au J. O. au sens b) dans différents domaines (18.01.73, 19.02.84, 21.03.86) »</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Définitions_normatives"><span id="D.C3.A9finitions_normatives"></span>Définitions normatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Définitions normatives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Une première définition normative de la maintenance est donnée par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_fran%C3%A7aise_de_normalisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association française de normalisation">AFNOR</a> en 1994 (norme NFX 60-010<sup id="cite_ref-AFNOR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AFNOR-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), à savoir « l'ensemble des actions permettant de maintenir ou de rétablir un bien dans un état spécifié ou en mesure d’assurer un service déterminé ». Depuis 2001, elle a été remplacée par une nouvelle définition, désormais européenne<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (NF EN 13306 X 60-319) : <span class="citation">« Ensemble de toutes les actions techniques, administratives et de management durant le cycle de vie d'un bien, destinées à le maintenir ou à le rétablir dans un état dans lequel il peut accomplir la fonction requise. »</span></p> <p>La Fédération européenne des sociétés nationales de maintenance (en anglais <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">European Federation of National Maintenance Societies</span></i> ou <i>EFNMS</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> propose une définition similaire en anglais : <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">« <span class="italique">All actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. The actions include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative, managerial, and supervision actions</span> »</span> (littéralement : <span class="citation">« Toutes les actions qui ont pour objectif de garder ou de remettre une chose en état de remplir la fonction qu’on exige d’elle. Ces actions regroupent toutes les actions techniques et toutes les actions d’administration, de direction et de supervision correspondantes »</span>).</p> <p>Le domaine d'application de la norme NFX 60-010 sur la maintenance exclut explicitement la maintenance des biens immatériels tels que les logiciels.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Typologie_de_la_maintenance_du_matériel"><span id="Typologie_de_la_maintenance_du_mat.C3.A9riel"></span>Typologie de la maintenance du matériel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Typologie de la maintenance du matériel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:NATO_Airbase_in_France_-_F-84_-_Escadron_de_Chasse_1-3_Navarre.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NATO_Airbase_in_France_-_F-84_-_Escadron_de_Chasse_1-3_Navarre.jpg/220px-NATO_Airbase_in_France_-_F-84_-_Escadron_de_Chasse_1-3_Navarre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4175" data-file-height="2768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NATO_Airbase_in_France_-_F-84_-_Escadron_de_Chasse_1-3_Navarre.jpg/220px-NATO_Airbase_in_France_-_F-84_-_Escadron_de_Chasse_1-3_Navarre.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NATO_Airbase_in_France_-_F-84_-_Escadron_de_Chasse_1-3_Navarre.jpg/330px-NATO_Airbase_in_France_-_F-84_-_Escadron_de_Chasse_1-3_Navarre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NATO_Airbase_in_France_-_F-84_-_Escadron_de_Chasse_1-3_Navarre.jpg/440px-NATO_Airbase_in_France_-_F-84_-_Escadron_de_Chasse_1-3_Navarre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Entretien d'un chasseur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_F-84F_Thunderstreak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic F-84F Thunderstreak">Republic F-84F Thunderstreak</a> de l'armée de l'air française entre 1955 et 1965. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les actions de maintenance sont organisées de deux façons complémentaires : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_pr%C3%A9ventive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maintenance préventive">maintenance préventive</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_corrective?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maintenance corrective">maintenance corrective</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>La maintenance préventive consiste à intervenir sur un équipement avant que celui-ci ne soit défaillant, afin de tenter de prévenir toute panne. On interviendra de manière préventive soit pour des raisons de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_de_fonctionnement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sûreté de fonctionnement">sûreté de fonctionnement</a> (les conséquences d'une défaillance étant inacceptables), soit pour des raisons économiques (cela revient moins cher) ou parfois pratiques (l'équipement n'est disponible pour la maintenance qu'à certains moments précis). La maintenance préventive se subdivise en :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_syst%C3%A9matique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maintenance systématique">maintenance systématique</a>, qui désigne des opérations effectuées systématiquement, soit selon un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier">calendrier</a> (à périodicité temporelle fixe), soit selon une périodicité d'usage (heures de fonctionnement, kilométrage, nombre d'unités produites, nombre de mouvements effectués, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_conditionnelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maintenance conditionnelle">maintenance conditionnelle</a>, réalisée à la suite de relevés ou de mesures, de contrôles révélateurs de l'état de dégradation de l'équipement (thermographie infrarouge, analyse vibratoire, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contr%C3%B4le_non_destructif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contrôle non destructif">contrôle non destructif</a>, mesure d'épaisseur, analyse d'huile, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_pr%C3%A9visionnelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maintenance prévisionnelle">maintenance prévisionnelle</a>, réalisée à la suite d'une analyse de l'évolution de l'état de dégradation de l'équipement (par exemple contrôle periodique défini par le constructeur ou l’expérience).</li> </ul> <p>La maintenance corrective consiste à intervenir sur un équipement lorsque celui-ci est défaillant ; elle se subdivise en :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_palliative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance palliative">maintenance palliative</a> : dépannage (donc provisoire) de l'équipement, permettant à celui-ci d'assurer tout ou partie d'une fonction requise ; elle doit toutefois être suivie d'une action curative dans les plus brefs délais ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_curative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance curative">maintenance curative</a> : réparation (donc durable) consistant en une remise en l'état initial ou apte à la fonction requise.</li> </ul> <p>Diverses méthodes permettent d'organiser la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planification">planification</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_de_l%27ordonnancement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théorie de l'ordonnancement">ordonnancement</a> des actions de maintenance : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_PERT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Réseau PERT">réseau PERT</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diagramme_de_Gantt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diagramme de Gantt">diagramme de Gantt</a>, la méthode <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_d%27%C3%A9valuation_des_risques_industriels_des_dysfonctionnements_des_%C3%A9quipements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthode d'évaluation des risques industriels des dysfonctionnements des équipements">MÉRIDE</a>, l'analyse <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AMDEC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AMDEC">AMDEC</a>.</p> <p>Il existe des méthodes (par exemple, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_Maxer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthode Maxer">méthode Maxer</a>) et des logiciels de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gestion_de_maintenance_assist%C3%A9e_par_ordinateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gestion de maintenance assistée par ordinateur">gestion de maintenance assistée par ordinateur</a> (GMAO), spécialement conçus pour assister les services de maintenance dans leurs activités.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Typologie_de_la_maintenance_des_logiciels">Typologie de la maintenance des logiciels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Typologie de la maintenance des logiciels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>En informatique logicielle, on divise la maintenance en plusieurs types :</p> <ul> <li>la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_corrective?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maintenance corrective">maintenance corrective</a> : elle consiste à corriger les défauts de fonctionnement ou les non-conformités d'un logiciel ;</li> <li>la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_adaptative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance adaptative">maintenance adaptative</a> : sans changer la fonctionnalité du logiciel, elle consiste à adapter l'application afin que celle-ci continue de fonctionner sur des versions plus récentes des logiciels de base, voire à faire migrer l'application sur de nouveaux logiciels de base (un logiciel de base étant un logiciel requis pour l'exécution d'une application; exemples : système d'exploitation, système de gestion de base de données).</li> </ul> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance_%C3%A9volutive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maintenance évolutive">maintenance évolutive</a> consiste à faire évoluer l'application en l'enrichissant de fonctions ou de modules supplémentaires, ou en remplaçant une fonction existante par une autre, voire en proposant une approche différente. Mais au sens de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_fran%C3%A7aise_de_normalisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association française de normalisation">AFNOR</a>, ce n'est même plus de la maintenance, puisque la maintenance consiste précisément à assurer qu'un bien continue de remplir sa fonction correctement<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Source_insuffisante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Source insuffisante">[source insuffisante]</a></sup>, non à l'améliorer.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Niveaux_de_maintenance">Niveaux de maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Niveaux de maintenance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>La norme NF X 60-000 (avril 2016) définit, à titre indicatif, cinq « niveaux de maintenance »<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (comprendre « interventions ») :</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th>Travaux</th> <th>Lieu</th> <th>Personnel</th> <th>Exemple</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Niveau 1</th> <td>Actions simples nécessaires à l'exploitation et réalisées sur des éléments facilement accessibles en toute sécurité à l'aide d'équipements de soutien intégrés au bien.</td> <td>Sur place</td> <td>Exploitant du bien</td> <td>Remise à zéro d'un automate après arrêt d'urgence, changement de consommable</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Niveau 2</th> <td>Actions qui nécessitent des instructions simples et/ou des équipements de soutien simples d'utilisation ou de mise en œuvre simple.</td> <td>Sur place</td> <td>Personnel qualifié</td> <td>Changement d'un relais - contrôle de fusibles - réenclenchement de disjoncteur</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Niveau 3</th> <td>Actions qui nécessitent des instructions complexes et/ou des équipements de soutien portatifs, d'utilisation ou de mise en œuvre complexes.</td> <td>Sur place ou dans atelier de maintenance</td> <td>Technicien qualifié</td> <td>Identification de l'élément défaillant, recherche de la cause, élimination de la cause, remplacement</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Niveau 4</th> <td>Actions dont les instructions impliquent la maîtrise d'une technique ou technologie particulière et/ou la mise en œuvre d'équipements de soutien spécialisés.</td> <td>Atelier spécialisé avec outillage général, bancs de mesure, documentation</td> <td>Technicien ou équipe spécialisés</td> <td>Intervention sur matériel dont la remise en service est soumise à qualification</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Niveau 5</th> <td>Actions dont les instructions impliquent un savoir-faire, faisant appel à des techniques ou technologies particulières, des processus et/ou des équipements de soutien industriels.</td> <td>Constructeur ou service ou société spécialisée et/ou habilitée.</td> <td>Équipements de soutien définis par le constructeur et donc proches de la fabrication du bien concerné.</td> <td>Mise en conformité selon la réglementation d'équipements lourds</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Il convient d'associer, dans la détermination des niveaux, la documentation et le matériel nécessaires<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence." style="cursor:help;">Le lieu de réalisation de l'opération de maintenance s'inscrit souvent logiquement en relation avec le niveau de maintenance mais ce critère n'est pas obligatoire et présente de nombreuses exceptions.</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[réf. nécessaire]</a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sigles_de_la_maintenance">Sigles de la maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sigles de la maintenance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>De même que le mot et le concept, les nombreux sigles de la maintenance sont d'origine anglo-saxonne. Toute une néologie a vu le jour, dont l'élément le plus spectaculaire est la kyrielle des sigles commençant par « <i>MT</i> » (initiales de « <i>mean time</i> », littéralement « temps moyen » (anglicisme), c'est-à-dire durée moyenne, intervalle de temps moyen, et par voie de conséquence, moyenne des temps). Quelques sigles à titre d'exemples, assortis de leur traduction plus ou moins littérale<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> :</p> <ul> <li>sigles de 4 lettres : <ul> <li><i>MTBD</i> : <i>mean time between defects</i>, temps moyen entre défauts</li> <li><i>MTBE</i> : <i>mean time between errors</i>, temps moyen entre erreurs</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temps_moyen_entre_pannes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temps moyen entre pannes">MTBF</a></i> : <i>mean time between failures</i>, temps moyen entre (deux débuts de) pannes</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MTBM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MTBM">MTBM</a></i> : <i>mean time between maintenances</i>, durée moyenne entre maintenances</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MTBO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MTBO">MTBO</a></i> : <i>mean time between overhauls</i>, temps moyen entre révisions</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MTBR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MTBR">MTBR</a></i> : <i>mean time between removals</i>, temps moyen entre déposes</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temps_moyen_de_fonctionnement_avant_panne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temps moyen de fonctionnement avant panne">MTTF</a></i> : <i>mean time to failure</i>, temps moyen de fonctionnement avant panne</li> <li><i>MTTM</i> : <i>mean time to maintenance</i>, temps moyen jusqu'à la maintenance</li> <li><i>MTTN</i> : <i>mean time to notification</i>, temps moyen de signalement (du problème)</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MTTR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MTTR">MTTR</a></i> : <ul> <li>1/ <i>mean time to recovery</i>, temps moyen jusqu’à la remise en route ;</li> <li>2/ <i>mean time to repair</i>, temps moyen jusqu'à la réparation ;</li> <li>3/ <i>mean time to restoration</i>, temps moyen jusqu'à la remise en service</li> </ul></li> <li><i>MTUR</i> : <i>mean time to unscheduled removal</i>, temps moyen (s’écoulant) jusqu’à la dépose non programmée.</li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul> <li>sigles de 5 lettres : <ul> <li><i>MTBCF</i> : <i>mean time between critical failures</i>, temps moyen entre (deux débuts de) pannes graves ou « critiques » (anglicisme) (sur matériel redondé à dégradation progressive)</li> <li><i>MTBUR</i> : <ul> <li>1/ <i>mean time between unscheduled removals</i>, temps moyen entre déposes non planifiées ;</li> <li>2/ <i>mean time between unscheduled replacements</i>, temps moyen entre remplacements non planifiés</li> </ul></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MTTFF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MTTFF">MTTFF</a></i>: <i>mean time to first failure</i>, temps moyen jusqu'à la première défaillance</li> <li><i>MTTUR</i> : <i>mean time to unscheduled removal</i>, temps moyen jusqu’à la dépose non programmée.</li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p><span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" data-alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> : document utilisé comme source pour la rédaction de cet article.</p> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="A.,_Harris_M._J.1978"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kelly_A.,_Harris_M._J.1978"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Kelly A., Harris M. J., <cite class="italique" lang="en">Management of Industrial Maintenance</cite>, Londres, Butterworths Management Library, <time>1978</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+of+Industrial+Maintenance&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Butterworths+Management+Library&rft.au=Kelly+A.%2C+Harris+M.+J.&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="S.1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nakajima_S.1988"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nakajima S., <cite class="italique" lang="en">Total Productive Maintenance. Introduction to TPM</cite>, Cambridge, Productivity Press, <time>1988</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+Productive+Maintenance.+Introduction+to+TPM&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Productivity+Press&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Nakajima&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span> <ul> <li>édition originale : <span class="ouvrage" id="S.1984"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nakajima_S.1984">Nakajima S., <cite class="italique">TPM Nyumon</cite>, Tokyo, JIPM, <time>1984</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TPM+Nyumon&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=JIPM&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Nakajima&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span></li> </ul></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="A.1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kelly_A.1989"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Kelly A., <cite class="italique" lang="en">Maintenance and its Management</cite>, Farnham (England), Conference Communication, <time>1989</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maintenance+and+its+Management&rft.place=Farnham+%28England%29&rft.pub=Conference+Communication&rft.aulast=A.&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="S.1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nakajima_S.1989"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nakajima S., <cite class="italique" lang="en">TPM Development Program : Implementing Total Productive Maintenance</cite>, Cambridge, Productivity Press, <time>1989</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TPM+Development+Program+%3A+Implementing+Total+Productive+Maintenance&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Productivity+Press&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Nakajima&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span> <ul> <li>édition originale : <span class="ouvrage" id="S.1986"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nakajima_S.1986">Nakajima S., <cite class="italique">TPM Tenkai Program</cite>, Tokyo, JIPM, <time>1986</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TPM+Tenkai+Program&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=JIPM&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Nakajima&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span></li> <li>traduction française : <span class="ouvrage" id="S.1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nakajima_S.1989">Nakajima S., <cite class="italique">La Maintenance Productive Totale (TPM). Mise en œuvre</cite>, AFNOR, <time>1989</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Maintenance+Productive+Totale+%28TPM%29.+Mise+en+%C5%93uvre&rft.pub=AFNOR&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Nakajima&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span></li> </ul></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="J.-P.1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Souris_J.-P.1990">Souris J.-P., <cite class="italique">La maintenance source de profits</cite>, Paris, Les Éditions d’Organisation, <time>1990</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+maintenance+source+de+profits&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Les+%C3%89ditions+d%E2%80%99Organisation&rft.aulast=J.-P.&rft.aufirst=Souris&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Monchy1991"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Monchy1991">François Monchy, <cite class="italique">La fonction maintenance, formation à la gestion de la maintenance industrielle</cite>, Paris, Édition Masson, <time>1991</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fonction+maintenance%2C+formation+%C3%A0+la+gestion+de+la+maintenance+industrielle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89dition+Masson&rft.aulast=Monchy&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Favier,_S._Gau,_D._Gavet,_I._Rak,_C._Teixedo1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._Favier,_S._Gau,_D._Gavet,_I._Rak,_C._Teixedo1996">J. Favier, S. Gau, D. Gavet, I. Rak, C. Teixedo, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de technologie industrielle</cite>, Paris, Foucher, <time>1996</time>, 384 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-216-03536-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-216-03536-X"><span class="nowrap">2-216-03536-X</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+technologie+industrielle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Foucher&rft.au=J.+Favier%2C+S.+Gau%2C+D.+Gavet%2C+I.+Rak%2C+C.+Teixedo&rft.date=1996&rft.tpages=384&rft.isbn=2-216-03536-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span></li> <li>Jean-Claude Francastel, <i>La fonction maintenance - De l'expression à la satisfaction du besoin</i>, AFNOR Éditions, 2007, 368 p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-12-475569-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-12-475569-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-12-475569-1</span></a>)</small></li> <li>François Monchy, Claude Kojchen, <i>Maintenance - Outils, Méthodes et Organisations</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition, Dunod, 2015, 610 p.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="DenisPontille2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jérôme_DenisDavid_Pontille2022">Jérôme Denis et David Pontille, <cite class="italique">Le soin des choses : Politiques de la maintenance</cite>, Paris, La Découverte, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Terrains philosophiques », <time>2022</time>, 368 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782348064838?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782348064838"><span class="nowrap">9782348064838</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+soin+des+choses&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.stitle=Politiques+de+la+maintenance&rft.aulast=Denis&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft.au=David+Pontille&rft.date=2022&rft.tpages=368&rft.isbn=9782348064838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMaintenance"></span></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" data-alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://services.dgesip.fr/fichiers/RIMESR-Tome3-PEMG_2019.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Programme d'exploitation Maintenance générique</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">Ministère enseignement supérieur & recherche</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2025-02-25" data-sort-value="2025-02-25">25 février 2025</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.afim.asso.fr/afim/association/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Association ingénieurs et responsables maintenance</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">AFIM</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2025-02-25" data-sort-value="2025-02-25">25 février 2025</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-cnr-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cnr_3-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cnr_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Informations <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/Maintenance/0">lexicographiques</a> et <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/Maintenance/0">étymologiques</a> de « Maintenance » (sens B) dans le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_informatis%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trésor de la langue française informatisé">Trésor de la langue française informatisé</a></i>, sur le site du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_national_de_ressources_textuelles_et_lexicales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales">Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Talking Dictionary</i>, The Learning Company, 1998.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jean Tournier, <i>Les Mots anglais du français</i>, Belin, 1998, section « Armement, armée », <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 282.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-AFNOR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AFNOR_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/fr-fr/norme/nf-x60010/maintenance-vocabulaire-de-maintenance-et-de-gestion-des-biens-durables/fa030747/79155">NF X60-010 - juin 1984 - Norme Annulée</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AFNOR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AFNOR">AFNOR</a> (consulté le 8 janvier 2023).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/fr-fr/resultats?Keywords%3D13306%26StandardStateIds%3D1"><cite style="font-style:normal;">norme NF EN 13306</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">AFNOR</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2025-02-23" data-sort-value="2025-02-23">23 février 2025</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.efnms.org/">Site de l'European Federation of National Maintenance Societies (EFNMS)</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.afim.asso.fr/media/1872/metierdelamaintenance.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La maintenance, des métiers d'avenir</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">AFIM Asso Fran. des Ingés et Resp.maintenance</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2025-02-25" data-sort-value="2025-02-25">25 février 2025</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Nicolas Terrier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.univ-angers.fr%252Fdocs%252Fetudquassi%252Fmaintenance.pdf">La maintenance</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr>, projet universitaire de DESS QUASSI, 2001-2002, université d'Angers.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.infoqualite.fr/les-5-niveaux-de-maintenance-industrielle/">Les 5 niveaux de maintenance industrielle</a>, infoqualite.fr (consulté le 8 janvier 2023).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Christian Coudre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://tpmattitude.fr/methodes.html">Les différentes formes de maintenance</a>, sur le site <i>TPM Attitude</i>, section « Les 5 niveaux de maintenance ».</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maintenance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Source : <i>The words of industrial maintenance / Les mots de la maintenance industrielle, English-French dictionary for the maintenance professional / Dictionnaire anglais-français pour le professionnel de la maintenance</i>, CERAV, Paris, octobre 2009.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/maintenance" class="extiw" title="wikt:maintenance">maintenance</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 45px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="45" data-height="45" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/68px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/90px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div style="margin-left:60px;"> Une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Cat%C3%A9gorie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Catégorie">catégorie</a> est consacrée à ce sujet : <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Maintenance_(science)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Maintenance (science)">Maintenance (science)</a></i>. </div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Fatime Ly, Zineb Simeu-Abazi, Jean-Baptiste Leger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww-ljk.imag.fr%252Fmembres%252FOlivier.Gaudoin%252FFIMA%252FTerminologieMaintenance.pdf%252Findex.html">Terminologie maintenance : bilan</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr> (certaines des traductions en anglais ne sont pas attestées)</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.weibull.com/hotwire/issue78/hottopics78.htm">Analysis and Modeling of Grouped and Opportunistic Preventive Maintenance</a></i></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://maintenanceresources.com/referencelibrary/maintenancemanagement/keyterms.htm">Maintenance Terminology - Some Key Terms. The Reliability Revolution</a></i>, By Sandy Dunn, Webmaster, Plant Maintenance Resource Center</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie_2">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://usbeketrica.com/fr/article/vers-l-age-de-la-maintenance"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Vers l'âge de la maintenance</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">usbeketrica.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-06-09" data-sort-value="2024-06-09">9 juin 2024</time>)</small></span></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9nie_m%C3%A9canique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du génie mécanique"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BotOp-logo.svg/24px-BotOp-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BotOp-logo.svg/24px-BotOp-logo.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BotOp-logo.svg/36px-BotOp-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BotOp-logo.svg/48px-BotOp-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9nie_m%C3%A9canique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Génie mécanique">Portail du génie mécanique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Industrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la production industrielle"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Industry_Creative_Tail.svg/24px-Industry_Creative_Tail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Industry_Creative_Tail.svg/24px-Industry_Creative_Tail.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Industry_Creative_Tail.svg/36px-Industry_Creative_Tail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Industry_Creative_Tail.svg/48px-Industry_Creative_Tail.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Industrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Industrie">Portail de la production industrielle</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Technologies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des technologies"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Crystal_kcontrol_2.svg/23px-Crystal_kcontrol_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="99"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Crystal_kcontrol_2.svg/23px-Crystal_kcontrol_2.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="23" data-height="24" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Crystal_kcontrol_2.svg/34px-Crystal_kcontrol_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Crystal_kcontrol_2.svg/45px-Crystal_kcontrol_2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Technologies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Technologies">Portail des technologies</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DMaintenance%26oldid%3D223369353">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&oldid=223369353</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maintenance&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Elnon" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1740524276"> <span>Dernière modification le 25 février 2025, à 23:57</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B5%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9" title="صيانة – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_(%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0)" title="Профилактика (техника) – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Профилактика (техника)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteniment" title="Manteniment – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manteniment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Adr%25C5%25BEba" title="Údržba – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Údržba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartung" title="Wartung – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wartung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamirkar" title="Tamirkar – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tamirkar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance" title="Maintenance – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Maintenance" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantenimiento" title="Mantenimiento – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mantenimiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantentze" title="Mantentze – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mantentze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2588_%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2587%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="تعمیر و نگهداری – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعمیر و نگهداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnossapito" title="Kunnossapito – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kunnossapito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%2597%25D7%2596%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%2594" title="תחזוקה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחזוקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B5,_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A4,_%25E0%25A4%2594%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="रखरखाव, मरम्मत, और संचालन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रखरखाव, मरम्मत, और संचालन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odr%25C5%25BEavanje" title="Održavanje – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Održavanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemeliharaan" title="Pemeliharaan – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemeliharaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manutenzione" title="Manutenzione – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manutenzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25A1%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2586%25E3%2583%258A%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B9" title="メンテナンス – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メンテナンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259C%25A0%25EC%25A7%2580%25EB%25B3%25B4%25EC%2588%2598%25EC%259A%25B4%25EC%2598%2581" title="유지보수운영 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유지보수운영" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyelenggaraan" title="Penyelenggaraan – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyelenggaraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderhoud" title="Onderhoud – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onderhoud" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserwacja" title="Konserwacja – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konserwacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentenan%25C8%259B%25C4%2583" title="Mentenanță – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mentenanță" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D1%2583%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582" title="Техническое обслуживание и ремонт – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Техническое обслуживание и ремонт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odr%25C5%25BEavanje" title="Održavanje – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Održavanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir%25C3%25ABmbajtja" title="Mirëmbajtja – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mirëmbajtja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparation" title="Reparation – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reparation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B2" title="การบำรุงรักษา – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบำรุงรักษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%25C4%25B1m_(teknik)" title="Bakım (teknik) – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakım (teknik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25B6%25AD%25E8%25AD%25B7" title="維護 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維護" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25B6%25AD%25E4%25BF%25AE" title="維修 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維修" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 25 février 2025 à 23:57.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf mention contraire.</li> </ul> <ul 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