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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American economist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American politician and other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Susan Collins (disambiguation)">Susan Collins (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Susan M. Collins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_M._Collins_at_Ford_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Susan_M._Collins_at_Ford_School.jpg/220px-Susan_M._Collins_at_Ford_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Susan_M._Collins_at_Ford_School.jpg/330px-Susan_M._Collins_at_Ford_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Susan_M._Collins_at_Ford_School.jpg/440px-Susan_M._Collins_at_Ford_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br />July 1, 2022</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Rosengren" title="Eric S. Rosengren">Eric S. Rosengren</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Provost of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2020–2022</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Martin Philbert</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laurie_McCauley" title="Laurie McCauley">Laurie McCauley</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1958 or 1959 (age 65–66)<br /><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Donald Vereen</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Devaluations, Fixed Exchange Rates and Credibility Crises</i> (1984)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data">International <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Susan M. Collins</b> (born 1958/1959)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American economist who has served as the 14th president and CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</a> since July 1, 2022. She is the first African American woman and first woman of color to lead any of the 12 regional <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collins previously served as the 16th provost and executive vice president for academic affairs of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> from 2020 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_M._Collins_(economist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collins is a naturalized U.S. citizen of Jamaican descent, born in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, United Kingdom, and raised in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She graduated <i>summa cum laude</i> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in economics in 1980 and earned her <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in economics from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) in 1984. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_M._Collins_(economist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collins has held teaching positions at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. She also served on the President's <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> from 1989 to 1990 and was a visiting scholar at the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-brookings_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookings-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was a senior fellow in the Economic Studies program at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a><sup id="cite_ref-brookings2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookings2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 2007 to 2017 and became a nonresident senior fellow after her move to Michigan. </p><p>She served on the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago</a> board of directors from 2013 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-chicagofed_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicagofed-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collins is the Edward M. Gramlich Professor of Public Policy and a professor of economics at the University of Michigan, where she also served as dean of the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy">Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy</a> from 2007 to 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-umich_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umich-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She retains the designation of a professor at the university, on unpaid leave. In January 2020, Collins was appointed provost and executive vice president for academic affairs at the University of Michigan. As she stepped down as provost in June 2022, Michigan's Board of Regents awarded her a Regents' Citation of Honor for her dedication and service to the university.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collins was involved in the controversy surrounding the University of Michigan's reopening during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. On September 8, 2020, the university's <a href="/wiki/2020_Michigan_graduate_students_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Michigan graduate students strike">graduate student employees went on strike</a> because of concerns related to the university's pandemic response.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the university's chief academic officer, Collins was involved in negotiations with the graduate students while also urging students not to disrupt campus operations and claiming that the strike was illegal because it was not directly related to "wages, hours, or working conditions." The students disagreed, claiming that the strike directly related to the university's failure to provide a safe working environment which was required by the contract it agreed to only months prior.<sup id="cite_ref-michigandaily_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michigandaily-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a publicly broadcast question and answer session on September 15, 2020, Collins said of the administration's pandemic response: “We have not done nearly as well as we needed to.”<sup id="cite_ref-mlive_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlive-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston">Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_M._Collins_(economist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2022, Collins was selected to serve as president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, becoming the first woman of color to lead any of the 12 regional Reserve Banks.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She took office on July 1, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_M._Collins_(economist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bosworth, Barry, and Susan M. Collins. "Accounting for growth: comparing China and India." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 1 (2008): 45–66.</li> <li>Collins, Susan M., Barry P. Bosworth, and Dani Rodrik. "Economic growth in East Asia: accumulation versus assimilation." Brookings papers on economic activity 1996, no. 2 (1996): 135–203.</li> <li>Bosworth, Barry P., Susan M. Collins, and Carmen M. Reinhart. "Capital flows to developing economies: implications for saving and investment." Brookings papers on economic activity 1999, no. 1 (1999): 143–180.</li> <li>Razin, Ofair, and Susan M. Collins. Real exchange rate misalignments and growth. No. w6174. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.</li> <li>Collins, Susan M. "On becoming more flexible: Exchange rate regimes in Latin America and the Caribbean." Journal of Development Economics 51, no. 1 (1996): 117–138.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_M._Collins_(economist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/who-has-to-leave-the-federal-reserve-next/">"Who has to leave the Federal Reserve next?"</a>. 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+has+to+leave+the+Federal+Reserve+next%3F&rft.date=2023-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fopinions%2Fwho-has-to-leave-the-federal-reserve-next%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+M.+Collins+%28economist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-01/susan-collins-takes-office-as-boston-fed-chief-making-history">"Susan Collins Takes Office as Boston Fed Chief, Making History"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=University+of+Michigan+graduate+instructors+hit+the+picket+line&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft.aulast=Terranella&rft.aufirst=Slone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2F2020%2F09%2F08%2Funiversity-michigan-graduate-instructor-strike-covid-19%2F5748490002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+M.+Collins+%28economist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michigandaily-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-michigandaily_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigandaily.com/section/academics/deans-emails-strike">"U-M deans push on with classes as graduate students strike"</a>. <i>The Michigan Daily</i>. 9 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Michigan+Daily&rft.atitle=U-M+deans+push+on+with+classes+as+graduate+students+strike&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigandaily.com%2Fsection%2Facademics%2Fdeans-emails-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+M.+Collins+%28economist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlive-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mlive_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2020/09/university-of-michigan-president-provost-address-universitys-pandemic-response.html">"University of Michigan president, provost address university's pandemic response"</a>. <i>mlive.com</i>. 15 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlive.com&rft.atitle=University+of+Michigan+president%2C+provost+address+university%27s+pandemic+response&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fann-arbor%2F2020%2F09%2Funiversity-of-michigan-president-provost-address-universitys-pandemic-response.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+M.+Collins+%28economist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2022" class="citation news cs1">Edelman, Larry (2022-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/09/business/susan-collins-becomes-first-black-woman-woman-color-lead-boston-federal-reserve-bank">"Susan Collins becomes first Black woman, woman of color to lead Boston Federal Reserve Bank"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Susan+Collins+becomes+first+Black+woman%2C+woman+of+color+to+lead+Boston+Federal+Reserve+Bank&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2022%2F02%2F09%2Fbusiness%2Fsusan-collins-becomes-first-black-woman-woman-color-lead-boston-federal-reserve-bank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+M.+Collins+%28economist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonfed.org/news-and-events/press-releases/2022/federal-reserve-bank-of-boston-names-its-next-president-and-chief-executive-officer.aspx">"Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Names Its Next President and Chief Executive Officer"</a>. <i>Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</i>. February 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Boston&rft.atitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Boston+Names+Its+Next+President+and+Chief+Executive+Officer&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonfed.org%2Fnews-and-events%2Fpress-releases%2F2022%2Ffederal-reserve-bank-of-boston-names-its-next-president-and-chief-executive-officer.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusan+M.+Collins+%28economist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc;">Other offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Rosengren" title="Eric S. Rosengren">Eric S. Rosengren</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</a> </b><br />2022–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount window</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_rate" title="Bank rate">Bank rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds" title="Federal funds">Federal funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_funds_rate" title="Federal funds rate">Federal funds rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overnight_rate" title="Overnight rate">Overnight rate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_dealer" title="Primary dealer">Primary dealer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">Antecedents</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monetary_Commission" title="National Monetary Commission">National Monetary Commission</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittman_Act" title="Pittman Act">Pittman Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_Act" title="Edge Act">Edge Act</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelan_Act_of_1920" title="Phelan Act of 1920">Phelan Act</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_D_(FRB)" title="Regulation D (FRB)">Regulation D</a> (c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_Q" title="Regulation Q">Regulation Q</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Act_of_1935" title="Banking Act of 1935">Banking Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> (1944–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="History of the Federal Reserve System">U.S. Treasury Department Accord</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Federal_Open_Market_Committee_actions" title="History of Federal Open Market Committee actions">FOMC actions</a> (1961–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Agreement" title="Smithsonian Agreement">Smithsonian Agreement</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Banking_Act_of_1978" title="International Banking Act of 1978">International Banking Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">DIDMC Act</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors,_FRS_v._Investment_Co._Institute" title="Board of Governors, FRS v. Investment Co. Institute">Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_England" title="Bank of New England">Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspan_put" title="Greenspan put">Greenspan put</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_Funds_Availability_Act" title="Expedited Funds Availability Act">Expedited Funds Availability Act</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Reform,_Recovery,_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1989" title="Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989">FIRRE Act</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation_Improvement_Act_of_1991" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991">FDIC Improvement Act</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_responses_to_the_subprime_crisis" title="Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis responses</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_or_Deceptive_Acts_or_Practices" title="Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices">Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Dealer_Credit_Facility" title="Primary Dealer Credit Facility">Primary Dealer Credit Facility</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Supervisory_Capital_Assessment_Program" title="2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program">2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_Asset-Backed_Securities_Loan_Facility" title="Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility">Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93Private_Investment_Program_for_Legacy_Assets" title="Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets">Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets</a> (2009–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a> (2010; <a href="/wiki/Durbin_amendment" title="Durbin amendment">Durbin amendment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Paper_Funding_Facility" title="Commercial Paper Funding Facility">Commercial Paper Funding Facility</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corner_Post,_Inc._v._Board_of_Governors_of_the_Federal_Reserve_System" title="Corner Post, Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System">Corner Post v. Federal Reserve</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Hamlin" title="Charles Sumner Hamlin">Charles S. Hamlin</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._G._Harding" title="William P. G. Harding">William P. G. Harding</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Richard_Crissinger" title="Daniel Richard Crissinger">Daniel R. Crissinger</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_A._Young" title="Roy A. Young">Roy A. Young</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Robert_Black" title="Eugene Robert Black">Eugene R. Black</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriner_S._Eccles" title="Marriner S. Eccles">Marriner S. Eccles</a> (1934–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._McCabe" title="Thomas B. McCabe">Thomas B. McCabe</a> (1948–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McChesney_Martin" title="William McChesney Martin">William M. Martin</a> (1951–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1970–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> (1978–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> (1979–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2006–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2014–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Current<br />governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Powell" title="Jerome Powell">Jerome Powell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jefferson" title="Philip Jefferson">Philip Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barr_(Treasury_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Barr (Treasury official)">Michael Barr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair for Supervision</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bowman" title="Michelle Bowman">Michelle Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Waller" title="Christopher Waller">Christopher Waller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_D._Cook" title="Lisa D. Cook">Lisa D. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriana_Kugler" title="Adriana Kugler">Adriana Kugler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current presidents<br />(by district)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susan Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Boston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Williams_(economist)" title="John C. Williams (economist)">John Williams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_T._Harker" title="Patrick T. Harker">Patrick T. Harker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Philadelphia" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_M._Hammack" title="Beth M. Hammack">Beth M. Hammack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Cleveland" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barkin" title="Thomas Barkin">Thomas Barkin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Richmond" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond">Richmond</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Bostic" title="Raphael Bostic">Raphael Bostic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Atlanta" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta">Atlanta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Chicago" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Musalem" title="Alberto Musalem">Alberto Musalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">St. Louis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neel_Kashkari" title="Neel Kashkari">Neel Kashkari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Schmid" title="Jeffrey Schmid">Jeff Schmid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Kansas_City" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City">Kansas City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorie_K._Logan" title="Lorie K. Logan">Lorie Logan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Dallas" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas">Dallas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Daly" title="Mary C. Daly">Mary C. Daly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">San Francisco</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Criticism of the Federal Reserve">Criticism of the Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_model" title="Fed model">Fed model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedspeak" title="Fedspeak">Fedspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fed_put" class="mw-redirect" title="Fed put">Fed put</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort" title="Lender of last resort">Lender of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Monetary policy of the United States">Monetary policy of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monetary_policy_in_the_United_States" title="History of monetary policy in the United States">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_consumption_expenditures_price_index" title="Personal consumption expenditures price index">Personal consumption expenditures price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahm_rule" title="Sahm rule">Sahm rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BostonFedBank" title="Template:BostonFedBank"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:BostonFedBank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:BostonFedBank (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BostonFedBank" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BostonFedBank"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alfred L. Aiken (1914–1917)</li> <li>Charles A. Morss (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._G._Harding" title="William P. G. Harding">William P. G. Harding</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_A._Young" title="Roy A. Young">Roy A. Young</a> (1930–1942)</li> <li>William W. Paddock (1942–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Flanders" title="Ralph Flanders">Ralph Flanders</a> (1944–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_F._Whittemore" title="Laurence F. Whittemore">Laurence F. Whittemore</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Erickson" title="Joseph A. Erickson">Joseph A. Erickson</a> (1948–1961)</li> <li>George H. Ellis (1961–1968)</li> <li>Frank E. Morris (1968–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Syron" title="Richard F. Syron">Richard F. Syron</a> (1989–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Minehan" title="Cathy Minehan">Cathy Minehan</a> (1994–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Rosengren" title="Eric S. Rosengren">Eric S. Rosengren</a> (2007–2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Montgomery_(banker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Montgomery (banker) (page does not exist)">Kenneth Montgomery</a>* (2021–2022)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susan Collins</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52586016#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52586016#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52586016#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109066709">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60216880">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmK99KHWvrdKkHHgmrv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131523279">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86821109">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122921263">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122921263">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p075208989">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Collins, Susan M. (Susan Margaret), 1959-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000033612&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810570630605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259926505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14336442">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=210799">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031767060">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_M._Collins_(economist)&oldid=1246245225">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_M._Collins_(economist)&oldid=1246245225</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_educators" title="Category:20th-century African-American educators">20th-century African-American educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_women" title="Category:20th-century African-American women">20th-century African-American women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_economists" title="Category:20th-century American economists">20th-century American economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_educators" title="Category:20th-century American educators">20th-century American educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women_educators" title="Category:20th-century American women educators">20th-century American women educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_academics" title="Category:21st-century African-American academics">21st-century African-American academics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_academics" title="Category:21st-century American academics">21st-century American academics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_women" title="Category:21st-century African-American women">21st-century African-American women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_economists" title="Category:21st-century American economists">21st-century American economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_educators" title="Category:21st-century American educators">21st-century American educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_educators" title="Category:21st-century American women educators">21st-century American women educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_economists" title="Category:African-American economists">African-American economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_women_economists" title="Category:American women economists">American women economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brookings_Institution_people" title="Category:Brookings Institution people">Brookings Institution people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston_presidents" title="Category:Federal Reserve Bank of Boston presidents">Federal Reserve Bank of Boston presidents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gerald_R._Ford_School_of_Public_Policy_faculty" title="Category:Gerald R. 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