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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="خطأ الإحالة الأساسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطأ الإحالة الأساسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="প্ৰাথমিক আৰোপন ত্ৰুটি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাথমিক আৰোপন ত্ৰুটি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фундаментална атрибутивна грешка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фундаментална атрибутивна грешка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_d%27atribuci%C3%B3_fonamental" title="Error d'atribució fonamental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Error d'atribució fonamental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%AD_atribu%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_chyba" title="Základní atribuční chyba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Základní atribuční chyba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributionsfehler" title="Attributionsfehler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Attributionsfehler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Θεμελιώδες σφάλμα απόδοσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεμελιώδες σφάλμα απόδοσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesgo_de_correspondencia" title="Sesgo de correspondencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sesgo de correspondencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%86" title="خطای بنیادی برچسب‌زدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خطای بنیادی برچسب‌زدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreur_fondamentale_d%27attribution" title="Erreur fondamentale d'attribution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Erreur fondamentale d'attribution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesalahan_atribusi_mendasar" title="Kesalahan atribusi mendasar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesalahan atribusi mendasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errore_fondamentale_di_attribuzione" title="Errore fondamentale di attribuzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Errore fondamentale di attribuzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טעות הייחוס הבסיסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טעות הייחוס הבסיסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapvet%C5%91_attrib%C3%BAci%C3%B3s_hiba" title="Alapvető attribúciós hiba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alapvető attribúciós hiba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentele_attributiefout" title="Fundamentele attributiefout – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fundamentele attributiefout" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF" title="मौलिक आरोपण त्रुटि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मौलिक आरोपण त्रुटि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E3%81%AA%E5%B8%B0%E5%B1%9E%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%A4%E3%82%8A" title="根本的な帰属の誤り – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="根本的な帰属の誤り" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_attribusjonsfeil" title="Fundamental attribusjonsfeil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fundamental attribusjonsfeil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podstawowy_b%C5%82%C4%85d_atrybucji" title="Podstawowy błąd atrybucji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podstawowy błąd atrybucji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erro_fundamental_de_atribui%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Erro fundamental de atribuição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erro fundamental de atribuição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Фундаментальная ошибка атрибуции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фундаментальная ошибка атрибуции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error" title="Fundamental attribution error – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fundamental attribution error" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%A1_atribu%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_chyba" title="Základná atribučná chyba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Základná atribučná chyba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentala_attributionsfelet" title="Fundamentala attributionsfelet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fundamentala attributionsfelet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Фундаментальна помилка атрибуції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фундаментальна помилка атрибуції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%AD%B8%E5%9B%A0%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="基本歸因謬誤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基本歸因謬誤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q575786#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the social psychology term. For the legal term, see <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_error" title="Fundamental error">Fundamental error</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundamental_attribution_error.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fundamental_attribution_error.png/330px-Fundamental_attribution_error.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fundamental_attribution_error.png/495px-Fundamental_attribution_error.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fundamental_attribution_error.png/660px-Fundamental_attribution_error.png 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Chart describing the fundamental attribution error, with an example</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, the <b>fundamental attribution error</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Attribution_bias" title="Attribution bias">attribution bias</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93observer_asymmetry" title="Actor–observer asymmetry">observers</a> underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, observers tend to overattribute the behaviors of others to their personality (e.g., <i>he is late because he's selfish</i>) and underattribute them to the situation or context (e.g., <i>he is late because he got stuck in traffic</i>). Although <a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">personality traits</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/predisposition" class="extiw" title="wikt:predisposition">predispositions</a> are considered to be observable facts in psychology, the fundamental attribution error is an error because it misinterprets their effects. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Group_attribution_error" title="Group attribution error">group attribution error</a> is identical to the fundamental attribution error, where the bias is shown between members of different groups rather than different individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-BandinelliPalma1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BandinelliPalma1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_attribution_error" title="Ultimate attribution error">ultimate attribution error</a> is a derivative of the fundamental attribution error and group attribution error relating to the actions of groups, with an additional layer of self-justification relating to whether the action of an individual is representative of the wider group.<sup id="cite_ref-“BandinelliPalma2”_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-“BandinelliPalma2”-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phrase was coined by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Ross" title="Lee Ross">Lee Ross</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10 years after an experiment by <a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Jones" title="Edward E. Jones">Edward E. Jones</a> and Victor Harris in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesHarris67_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesHarris67-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross argued in a popular paper that the fundamental attribution error forms the conceptual bedrock for the field of <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>. Jones wrote that he found Ross's phrase "overly provocative and somewhat misleading", and also joked: "Furthermore, I'm angry that I didn't think of it first."<sup id="cite_ref-gilbert2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilbert2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some psychologists, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gilbert_(psychologist)" title="Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)">Daniel Gilbert</a>, have used the phrase "correspondence bias" for the fundamental attribution error.<sup id="cite_ref-gilbert2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilbert2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other psychologists have argued that the fundamental attribution error and correspondence bias are related but independent phenomena, with the former being a common explanation for the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967_demonstration_study">1967 demonstration study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1967 demonstration study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jones and Harris hypothesized, based on the <a href="/wiki/Correspondent_inference_theory" title="Correspondent inference theory">correspondent inference theory</a>, that people would attribute apparently freely chosen behaviors to disposition and apparently chance-directed behaviors to situation. The hypothesis was <a href="/wiki/Confounded" class="mw-redirect" title="Confounded">confounded</a> by the fundamental attribution error.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesHarris67_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesHarris67-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subjects in an experiment read essays for and against <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>. Then they were asked to rate the pro-Castro attitudes of the writers. When the subjects believed that the writers freely chose positions for or against Castro, they would normally rate the people who praised Castro as having a more positive attitude towards Castro. However, contradicting Jones and Harris' initial hypothesis, when the subjects were told that the writers' positions were determined by a coin toss, they still rated writers who spoke in favor of Castro as having, on average, a more positive attitude towards Castro than those who spoke against him. In other words, the subjects were unable to properly see the influence of the situational constraints placed upon the writers; they could not refrain from attributing sincere belief to the writers. The experimental group provided more internal attributions towards the writer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hypothesis that people systematically overattribute behavior to traits (at least for other people's behavior) is contested. A 1986 study tested whether subjects over-, under-, or correctly estimated the empirical correlation among behaviors (i.e., traits, see <i><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">trait theory</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found that estimates of correlations among behaviors correlated strongly with empirically-observed correlations among these behaviors. Subjects were sensitive to even very small correlations, and their confidence in the association tracked how far they were discrepant (i.e., if they knew when they did not know), and was higher for the strongest relations. Subjects also showed awareness of the effect of aggregation over occasions and used reasonable strategies to arrive at decisions. Epstein concluded that "Far from being inveterate trait believers, as has been previously suggested, [subjects'] intuitions paralleled psychometric principles in several important respects when assessing relations between real-life behaviors."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2006 meta-analysis found little support for a related bias, the <a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93observer_asymmetry" title="Actor–observer asymmetry">actor–observer asymmetry</a>, in which people attribute their own behavior more to the environment, but others' behavior to individual attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implications for the fundamental attribution error, the author explained, were mixed. He explained that the fundamental attribution error has two versions: </p> <ol><li>Observers tend to explain an actor's behavior with dispositional rather than environmental explanations;</li> <li>Observers tend to draw conclusions about an actor's stable disposition based on the actor's behavior in a given situation.</li></ol> <p>The author of the meta-analysis concluded that the existing weight of evidence does not support the first form of the fundamental attribution error, but does not contradict the second. </p><p>In 2015, the fundamental attribution error was contested once again in an argument against the measures originally used from the 1967 demonstration study done by Jones and Harris, and the 1982 study done by Quattrone. In this argument, the authors posed that the degree to which behaviour is constrained by a situation is a vital determinant of whether or not a dispositional attribution will be made.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since situations are undeniably complex and are of different "strengths", this will interact with an individual's disposition and determine what kind of attribution is made; although some amount of attribution can consistently be allocated to disposition, the way in which this is balanced with situational attribution will be dependent on the kind of situation one is in and the information available in said situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors analyzing the 2015 study claimed that the results found in the traditional fundamental attribution error studies were "interpreted as biased only because they have been compared to an inappropriate benchmark of rationality predicated on the assumption of deterministic dispositions and situations."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanations">Explanations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several theories predict the fundamental attribution error, and thus both compete to explain it, and can be falsified if it does not occur. Some examples include: </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Just-world_fallacy" title="Just-world fallacy">Just-world fallacy</a>.</b> The belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, the concept of which was first theorized by <a href="/wiki/Melvin_J._Lerner" title="Melvin J. Lerner">Melvin J. Lerner</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attributing failures to dispositional causes rather than situational causes—which are unchangeable and uncontrollable—satisfies our need to believe that the world is fair and that we have control over our lives. We are motivated to see a just world because this reduces our perceived threats,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives us a sense of security, helps us find meaning in difficult and unsettling circumstances, and benefits us psychologically.<sup id="cite_ref-correspondence_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-correspondence-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the just-world fallacy also results in a tendency for people to <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">blame and disparage victims</a> of an accident or a tragedy, such as <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic abuse">domestic abuse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reassure themselves of their insusceptibility to such events. People may even <a href="/wiki/Blame_the_victim" class="mw-redirect" title="Blame the victim">blame the victim</a>'s faults in a "past life" to pursue justification for their bad outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Salience_(language)" title="Salience (language)">Salience</a> of the actor.</b> We tend to attribute an observed effect to potential causes that capture our attention. When we observe other people, the person is the primary reference point while the situation is overlooked as if it is nothing but mere background. As such, attributions for others' behavior are more likely to focus on the person we see, not the situational forces acting upon that person that we may not be aware of.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (When we observe ourselves, we are more aware of the forces acting upon us. Such a differential inward versus outward orientation<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accounts for the actor–observer bias.)</li> <li><b>Lack of effortful adjustment.</b> Sometimes, even though we are aware that the person's behavior is constrained by situational factors, we still commit the fundamental attribution error.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesHarris67_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesHarris67-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because we do not take into account behavioral and situational information simultaneously to characterize the dispositions of the actor.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, we use the observed behavior to characterize the person by <a href="/wiki/Automaticity" title="Automaticity">automaticity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We need to make deliberate and conscious effort to adjust our inference by considering the situational constraints. Therefore, when situational information is not sufficiently taken into account for adjustment, the uncorrected dispositional inference creates the fundamental attribution error. This would also explain why people commit the fundamental attribution error to a greater degree when they're under <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">cognitive load</a>; i.e. when they have less motivation or energy for processing the situational information.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert1989_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert1989-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Culture.</b> It has been suggested cultural differences occur in attribution error:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people from <a href="/wiki/Individualistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualistic">individualistic</a> (Western) cultures are reportedly more prone to the error while people from <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivistic</a> cultures are less prone.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on cartoon-figure presentations to Japanese and American subjects, it has been suggested that collectivist subjects may be more influenced by information from context (for instance being influenced more by surrounding faces in judging facial expressions<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Alternatively, individualist subjects may favor processing of focal objects, rather than contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suggest Western individualism is associated with viewing both oneself and others as <a href="/wiki/Self-determination_theory" title="Self-determination theory">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agents</a>, therefore focusing more on individuals rather than contextual details.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study found that in contrast to American children emphasizing dispositional factors to explain an event, Hindu children from India were also found to rely more on situational factors.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to individualistic cultures normalizing only valuing traits of each person, such as their skills, achievements, unique interests, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, those in collectivistic cultures view each individual in terms of their social role, viewing them as valuable parts of a group.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these contexts, it is normalized to view decision making in terms of what benefits the larger group and aligns with social norms rather than one's own opinion. Based on these differences, participants in these studies mostly rely on aspects learned by their respective cultures, when making attributions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versus_correspondence_bias">Versus correspondence bias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Versus correspondence bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fundamental attribution error is commonly used interchangeably with "correspondence bias" (sometimes called "correspondence inference"), although this phrase refers to a judgment which does not necessarily constitute a bias, which arises when the inference drawn is incorrect, e.g., dispositional inference when the actual cause is situational. However, there has been debate about whether the two terms should be distinguished from each other. Three main differences between these two judgmental processes have been argued: </p> <ol><li>They seem to be elicited under different circumstances, as both correspondent dispositional inferences and situational inferences can be elicited spontaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attributional processing, however, seems to only occur when the event is unexpected or conflicting with prior expectations. This notion is supported by a 1994 study, which found that different types of verbs invited different inferences and attributions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correspondence inferences were invited to a greater degree by interpretative action verbs (such as "to help") than state action or state verbs, thus suggesting that the two are produced under different circumstances.</li> <li>Correspondence inferences and causal attributions also differ in automaticity. Inferences can occur spontaneously if the behavior implies a situational or dispositional inference, while causal attributions occur much more slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It has also been suggested that correspondence inferences and causal attributions are elicited by different mechanisms. It is generally agreed that correspondence inferences are formed by going through several stages. Firstly, the person must interpret the behavior, and then, if there is enough information to do so, add situational information and revise their inference. They may then further adjust their inferences by taking into account dispositional information as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert1989_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert1989-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Causal attributions however seem to be formed either by processing visual information using perceptual mechanisms, or by activating knowledge structures (e.g. schemas) or by systematic data analysis and processing.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, due to the difference in theoretical structures, correspondence inferences are more strongly related to behavioral interpretation than causal attributions.</li></ol> <p>Based on the preceding differences between causal attribution and correspondence inference, some researchers argue that the fundamental attribution error should be considered as the tendency to make dispositional rather than situational explanations for behavior, whereas the correspondence bias should be considered as the tendency to draw correspondent dispositional inferences from behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krull2001_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krull2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With such distinct definitions between the two, some cross-cultural studies also found that cultural differences of correspondence bias are not equivalent to those of fundamental attribution error. While the latter has been found to be more prevalent in individualistic cultures than collectivistic cultures, correspondence bias occurs across cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting differences between the two phrases. Further, disposition correspondent inferences made to explain the behavior of nonhuman actors (e.g., robots) do not necessarily constitute an attributional error because there is little meaningful distinction between the interior dispositions and observable actions of machine agents.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_Factors">Environmental Factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental Factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fundamental attribution error is a multifaceted topic with many backgrounds of study. Some studies have looked deeper into the impacts of external environmental factors on this error, these are some of the factors researchers have found: </p> <ol><li><b>Contextual Influences:</b> The context in which automation is used plays a crucial role. Situational factors, such as the presence of guidelines or prior knowledge about the system, can shape responsibility judgments. The more control one believes they have in a situation the more likely they are to attribute responsibility to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Cultural Values:</b> Values such as individualism versus collectivism, can lead to different cognitive approaches, which in turn affects how judgements are made.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural backgrounds may have an influence on casual attribution, those raised in different cultural contexts could have varying perspectives on the causes of behavior and performance.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Feedback Mechanisms:</b> When individuals receive feedback on their judgments, it often serves to confirm their initial biases, leading them to continue attributing behaviors of others to internal factors rather than considering situational influences. This feedback process could create a reinforcing loop, where individuals grow more confident in their internal attributions and less likely to incorporate external factors that may offer a more accurate explanation of behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispositional_attribution" title="Dispositional attribution">Dispositional attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_style" title="Explanatory style">Explanatory style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlon%27s_razor" title="Hanlon's razor">Hanlon's razor</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_biases">Cognitive biases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cognitive biases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor-observer_asymmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Actor-observer asymmetry">Actor-observer asymmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributional_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributional bias">Attributional bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_attribution_hypothesis" title="Defensive attribution hypothesis">Defensive attribution hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_attribution_error" title="Group attribution error">Group attribution error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omission_bias" title="Omission bias">Omission bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_attribution_error" title="Ultimate attribution error">Ultimate attribution error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_incentives_bias" title="Extrinsic incentives bias">Extrinsic incentives bias</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as <b>correspondence bias</b> or <b>attribution effect</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGawronski2007" class="citation web cs1">Gawronski, Bertram (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281179007">"Fundamental Attribution Error"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Attribution+Error&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gawronski&rft.aufirst=Bertram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F281179007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+attribution+error" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BandinelliPalma1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BandinelliPalma1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandinelliPalma2012" class="citation book cs1">Bandinelli, Pier Lluca; Palma, Carlo (2012). "Subthreshold thoughts disorder: a continuum with paranoid delusions? The role of attributional heuristic biases in maintaining self-esteem". In Minati, G.; Abram, M.; Pessa, E. (eds.). <i>Methods, Models, Simulations And Approaches Towards A General Theory Of Change</i>. World Scientific Publishing Company Pte Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">587–</span>602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789814383332_0042">10.1142/9789814383332_0042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4383-32-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4383-32-5"><bdi>978-981-4383-32-5</bdi></a>. <q>Fundamental attribution error (Ross, 1977 [33]), is the tendency for explanations of other individuals' behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation (see also actor-observer bias). However, this is coupled with the opposite tendency for the self in that explanations for our own behaviors overemphasize the influence of our situation and underemphasize the influence of our own personality. The group attribution error (Allison and Messick, 1985 [1]) is a group-serving, attributional bias identical to the fundamental attribution error except that it occurs between members of different groups rather than different individuals. Group members are more likely to attribute a fellow group member's actions to their arbitrary circumstances, while attributing a non-group member's actions to something in that group's inherent disposition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subthreshold+thoughts+disorder%3A+a+continuum+with+paranoid+delusions%3F+The+role+of+attributional+heuristic+biases+in+maintaining+self-esteem&rft.btitle=Methods%2C+Models%2C+Simulations+And+Approaches+Towards+A+General+Theory+Of+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E602&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Company+Pte+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789814383332_0042&rft.isbn=978-981-4383-32-5&rft.aulast=Bandinelli&rft.aufirst=Pier+Lluca&rft.au=Palma%2C+Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+attribution+error" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-“BandinelliPalma2”-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-“BandinelliPalma2”_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandinelliPalma2012" class="citation book cs1">Bandinelli, Pier Lluca; Palma, Carlo (2012). "Subthreshold thoughts disorder: a continuum with paranoid delusions? The role of attributional heuristic biases in maintaining self-esteem". In Minati, G.; Abram, M.; Pessa, E. (eds.). <i>Methods, Models, Simulations And Approaches Towards A General Theory Of Change</i>. World Scientific Publishing Company Pte Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">587–</span>602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789814383332_0042">10.1142/9789814383332_0042</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4383-32-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4383-32-5"><bdi>978-981-4383-32-5</bdi></a>. <q>The negativity effect (Regan et al., 1974 [31]; Vonk, 1993 [39]), is an attributional bias that occurs when subjects are asked what they think caused actions of other people whom they dislike. Under these conditions, the positivity effect is reversed and people rate the positive behavior of those they dislike to the situation and their negative behavior to something in their inherent disposition. The negativity effect is sometimes called the ultimate attribution error because of its clear role in racial prejudice. Studies have also found that people assign more weight to negative information in descriptions of others. The positivity effect (Taylor and Koivumaki, 1976 [35]) refers to the tendency for people to attribute the positive behavior of other people whom they like to their disposition, while attributing negative behavior to their situation. It is thus an attributional bias. The opposite effect is called the negativity effect in which the opposite bias in attribution is found when subjects rate others whom they specifically dislike.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subthreshold+thoughts+disorder%3A+a+continuum+with+paranoid+delusions%3F+The+role+of+attributional+heuristic+biases+in+maintaining+self-esteem&rft.btitle=Methods%2C+Models%2C+Simulations+And+Approaches+Towards+A+General+Theory+Of+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E602&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Company+Pte+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789814383332_0042&rft.isbn=978-981-4383-32-5&rft.aulast=Bandinelli&rft.aufirst=Pier+Lluca&rft.au=Palma%2C+Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+attribution+error" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1977" class="citation book cs1">Ross, L. 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"Perception of cross-situational consistency". <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>50</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1152–</span>1160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.50.6.1152">10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3723332">3723332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Perception+of+cross-situational+consistency.&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1152-%3C%2Fspan%3E1160&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.50.6.1152&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3723332&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft.au=Teraspulsky%2C+Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+attribution+error" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalle2006" class="citation journal cs1">Malle, Bertram F. 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(2018-12-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6304350">"A Systematic Review of Teachers' Causal Attributions: Prevalence, Correlates, and Consequences"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>9</b>: 2305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.02305">10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02305</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6304350">6304350</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30618897">30618897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+Systematic+Review+of+Teachers%27+Causal+Attributions%3A+Prevalence%2C+Correlates%2C+and+Consequences&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=2305&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6304350%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30618897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.02305&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Hui&rft.au=Hall%2C+Nathan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6304350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+attribution+error" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunder1987" class="citation journal cs1">Funder, David C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.101.1.75">"Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment"</a>. <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>101</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.101.1.75">10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2909">0033-2909</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3562704">3562704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Errors+and+mistakes%3A+Evaluating+the+accuracy+of+social+judgment.&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0033-2909&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3562704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.101.1.75&rft.aulast=Funder&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1037%2F%2F0033-2909.101.1.75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+attribution+error" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Heider, Fritz. (1958). <i>The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations</i>. New York, John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-36833-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-36833-4">0-471-36833-4</a>.</li> <li>Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A., & Reisberg D. (1999). Psychology webBOOK: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060430042843/http://www.wwnorton.com/college/psych/gman5/glossary/F.htm#fundamentalattributionerror">Psychology Fifth Edition / Basic Psychology Fifth Edition</a></i>. W. W. Norton and Company. Accessed online 18 April 2006.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drjSN9FrZtk">Detailed explanations by Lee Ross and Richard Nisbett</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Choice-supportive bias">Choice-supportive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">Commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_fade" title="Compassion fade">Compassion fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">Declinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_bias" title="Distinction bias">Distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect" title="Dunning–Kruger effect">Dunning–Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egocentric_bias" title="Egocentric bias">Egocentric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_knowledge" title="Curse of knowledge">Curse of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrinsic_incentives_bias" title="Extrinsic incentives bias">Extrinsic incentives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fading_affect_bias" title="Fading affect bias">Fading affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)" title="Framing effect (psychology)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_illusion" title="Frequency illusion">Frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_pond_effect" title="Frog pond effect">Frog pond effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_effect" title="Halo effect">Halo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_effect" title="Horn effect">Horn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_attribution_bias" title="Hostile attribution bias">Hostile attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_bias" title="Impact bias">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_stereotype" title="Implicit stereotype">Implicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionality_bias" title="Intentionality bias">Intentionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_transparency" title="Illusion of transparency">Illusion of transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_bias" title="Narrative bias">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalcy_bias" title="Normalcy bias">Normalcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omission_bias" title="Omission bias">Omission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-group_homogeneity" title="Out-group homogeneity">Out-group homogeneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcome_bias" title="Outcome bias">Outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_bias" title="Precision bias">Precision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_bias" title="Present bias">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-innovation_bias" title="Pro-innovation bias">Pro-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_bias" title="Proximity bias">Proximity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_bias" title="Response bias">Response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_bias" title="Restraint bias">Restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-serving_bias" title="Self-serving bias">Self-serving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_comparison_bias" title="Social comparison bias">Social comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_effect" title="Spotlight effect">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribute_substitution" title="Attribute substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-saving_bias" title="Time-saving bias">Time-saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_ascription_bias" title="Trait ascription bias">Trait ascription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_illusion" title="Turkey illusion">Turkey illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Restorff_effect" title="Von Restorff effect">von Restorff effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-risk_bias" title="Zero-risk bias">Zero-risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_in_animals" title="Cognitive bias in animals">In animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bias_(statistics)" title="Bias (statistics)">Statistical biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator" title="Bias of an estimator">Estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecast_bias" title="Forecast bias">Forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_user_bias" title="Healthy user bias">Healthy user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(epidemiology)" title="Information bias (epidemiology)">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_bias_(psychology)" title="Information bias (psychology)">Psychological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_time_bias" title="Lead time bias">Lead time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_time_bias" title="Length time bias">Length time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Non-response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer_bias" title="Observer bias">Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omitted-variable_bias" title="Omitted-variable bias">Omitted-variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_bias" title="Participation bias">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_bias" title="Recall bias">Recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-selection_bias" title="Self-selection bias">Self-selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social desirability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_bias" title="Spectrum bias">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivorship_bias" title="Survivorship bias">Survivorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">Systematic error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_bias" title="Verification bias">Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bias" title="Wet bias">Wet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other biases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basking_in_reflected_glory" title="Basking in reflected glory">Basking in reflected glory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9formation_professionnelle" title="Déformation professionnelle">Déformation professionnelle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUTON_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="FUTON bias">FUTON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_bias" title="Infrastructure bias">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_bias" title="Inherent bias">Inherent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias in education">In education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liking_gap" title="Liking gap">Liking gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_news_media_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States news media and the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_South_Asia" title="Media bias in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_the_Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_justification" title="System justification">System justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hat_bias" title="White hat bias">White hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Ideological bias on Wikipedia">Ideological bias on Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bias reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias_mitigation" title="Cognitive bias mitigation">Cognitive bias mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debiasing" title="Debiasing">Debiasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuristic_(psychology)" title="Heuristic (psychology)">Heuristics in judgment and decision-making</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases#Memory_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">Memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&oldid=1274832057">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_attribution_error&oldid=1274832057</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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