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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Minoan sistrum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minoan_sistrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cited literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84" title="الصلاصل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصلاصل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="সিস্ত্রাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিস্ত্রাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Систрум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Систрум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistre" title="Sistre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sistrum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sistrum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sistrum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Σείστρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σείστρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistro" title="Sistro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistro" title="Sistro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sistro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistro" title="Sistro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sistro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistre" title="Sistre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sistre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80" title="Սիստր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիստր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistro" title="Sistro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sistro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistro" title="Sistro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="סיסטרום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיסטרום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სისტრუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სისტრუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrumas" title="Sistrumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sistrumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szisztrum" title="Szisztrum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szisztrum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum_(muziekinstrument)" title="Sistrum (muziekinstrument) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sistrum (muziekinstrument)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="シストラム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シストラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistre" title="Sistre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sistrum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistro" title="Sistro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Систр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Систр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sistrum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sistrum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sistrum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum" title="Sistrum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sistrum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Систр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Систр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q426948#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mostra_Olearie_-_sistro_1010384.JPG/390px-Mostra_Olearie_-_sistro_1010384.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mostra_Olearie_-_sistro_1010384.JPG/520px-Mostra_Olearie_-_sistro_1010384.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>A <i>sekhem</i>-style sistrum</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sistrum" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sistrum"> sistrum</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y8.png?a8a89" height="38" title="Y8" alt="Y8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: navajowhite; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid peru; padding: 0.5em">Sistrum<br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>A <b>sistrum</b> (plural: <b>sistra</b> or (in Latin) <b>sīstra</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-randomhouse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randomhouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σεῖστρον</span></span> <i>seistron</i> of the same meaning; literally "that which is being shaken", from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:σείω">σείειν</a></span></span> <i>seiein</i>, "to shake"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a> family, a form of <a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">rattle</a>, used most notably by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>. It consists of a handle and a U-shaped metal frame, made of brass or bronze and ranging from 30 to 76 cm (12–30 in) in width. The frame supports sliding metal cross-bars, which may hold metal rings. When shaken, the small rings or loops of thin metal on its movable crossbars produce a sound that can vary from a soft clank to a loud jangling. Its name in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a> was <i>sekhem</i> <i>(sḫm)</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or <i>sesheshet</i> <i>(sššt)</i> because of the sound it made when it rattled.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Egyptian sistrum had important associations with religious and ritualistic practices concerning various musical and joyful deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Tahya_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tahya-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>sekhem</i> is the simpler, hoop-like sistrum,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while a <i>sesheshet</i> (an <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeic" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomatopoeic">onomatopoeic</a> word) is the <a href="/wiki/Naos_(hieroglyph)" title="Naos (hieroglyph)">naos</a>-shaped one.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English language has adopted the name <i>sistrum</i> to refer to modern-day <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> disc-<a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">rattle</a> instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egyptian_sistrum">Egyptian sistrum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Egyptian sistrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Naos-sistrum_-_Walters_48465_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Egyptian_-_Naos-sistrum_-_Walters_48465_%282%29.jpg/250px-Egyptian_-_Naos-sistrum_-_Walters_48465_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Egyptian_-_Naos-sistrum_-_Walters_48465_%282%29.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Naos-sistrum_-_Walters_48465_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A <i>sesheshet</i>-type sistrum, shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Naos_(hieroglyph)" title="Naos (hieroglyph)">naos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty</a> (ca. 580–525 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The sistrum was a sacred instrument in ancient Egypt. Perhaps originating in the worship of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a>, it was used in dances and religious ceremonies, particularly in the worship of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>, with the U-shape of the sistrum's handle and frame seen as resembling the face and horns of the cow goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another type of sistrum used during the worship of Hathor is naos-shaped: a small temple with an elaboratly adorned handle with the head of Hathor on top of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sistrum was exclusively carried by women or musical priestesses for ritualistic practices, except for festivals when the king would use the sistrum in order to present something to Hathor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sounds made by the percussive instrument along with the rhythm of the music was largely important for calling upon deities, the repetitive sound thought to aid in ritual healing and alter reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Tahya_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tahya-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sistrum was also used outside of religious contexts for other types of music, dancing, and merrymaking until the 18th dynasty, when the use of the sistrum became increasingly more restricted, until it was only used for religious purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also was shaken to avert the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">flooding of the Nile</a> and to frighten away <a href="/wiki/Set_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (mythology)">Set</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Wall_Painting-_Woman_Holding_a_Sistrum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Egyptian_-_Wall_Painting-_Woman_Holding_a_Sistrum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/147px-Egyptian_-_Wall_Painting-_Woman_Holding_a_Sistrum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Egyptian_-_Wall_Painting-_Woman_Holding_a_Sistrum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/221px-Egyptian_-_Wall_Painting-_Woman_Holding_a_Sistrum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Egyptian_-_Wall_Painting-_Woman_Holding_a_Sistrum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/295px-Egyptian_-_Wall_Painting-_Woman_Holding_a_Sistrum_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5376" data-file-height="7689" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Relief of Woman Holding a Sistrum</figcaption></figure> <p>Isis in her role as mother and creator was depicted holding a <a href="/wiki/Bucket" title="Bucket">pail</a>, symbolizing the flooding of the Nile, in one hand and a sistrum in the other.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddess <a href="/wiki/Bast_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast (goddess)">Bast</a> often is depicted holding a sistrum also, with it symbolizing her role as a goddess of dance, joy, and festivity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sistra are still used in the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic Rite">Ethiopic Rite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the depiction in <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Egypt">Egyptian art</a> with dancing and expressions of joy, the sistrum was also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Egyptian literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hieroglyph for the sistrum is shown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minoan_sistrum">Minoan sistrum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Minoan sistrum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clay_sistrum,_Archanes_2100-1900_BC,_AMH,_144849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Clay_sistrum%2C_Archanes_2100-1900_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144849.jpg/120px-Clay_sistrum%2C_Archanes_2100-1900_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144849.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Clay_sistrum%2C_Archanes_2100-1900_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144849.jpg/250px-Clay_sistrum%2C_Archanes_2100-1900_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144849.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4248" /></a><figcaption>Minoan clay sistrum found in <a href="/wiki/Archanes" title="Archanes">Archanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoans</a> also used the sistrum, and a number of examples made of local clay have been found on the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. Five of these are displayed at the Archaeological Museum of <a href="/wiki/Agios_Nikolaos,_Crete" title="Agios Nikolaos, Crete">Agios Nikolaos</a>. A sistrum is also depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Harvester_Vase" title="Harvester Vase">Harvester Vase</a>, an artifact found at the site of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Triada" title="Hagia Triada">Hagia Triada</a>. </p><p>Minoans use of the sistrum perhaps also centered around Hathor in a rituals involving fertility, entertainment aspects like music and dancing, as well as indulgence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sistrums used by ancient Minoans show overlaps with ancient Egyptian usage through their similar use during funerary contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of two bronze Minoan sistra suggests that they were created by separately molding the arch and handle, joining the two together with rivets later in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers are not sure yet whether the clay sistra were actual instruments that were used to provide music or instead were models with only symbolic significance. But experiments with a ceramic replica show that a satisfactory clacking sound is produced by such a design in clay, so a use in rituals is probably to be preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagios_Charalambos_excavation_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagios_Charalambos_excavation-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_use">Later use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">senasel</i></span> (sistrum) and later <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_(instrument)" title="Crotalus (instrument)">crotalus</a> remained a liturgical instrument in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughout the centuries and is played today during the dance performed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">debtera</a></i> (cantors) on important church festivals. It is also occasionally found in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Neopagan</a> worship and ritual.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The sistrum was occasionally revived in 19th century Western orchestral music, appearing most prominently in Act 1 of the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i> (1856–1858) by the French composer <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>. Nowadays, however, it is replaced by its close modern equivalent, the <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>. The effect produced by the sistrum in music – when shaken in short, sharp, rhythmic pulses – is to arouse movement and activity. The rhythmical shaking of the sistrum, like the tambourine, is associated with religious or ecstatic events, whether shaken as a sacred rattle in the worship of Hathor of ancient Egypt, or in the strident jangling of the tambourine in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> song and dance, on stage at a rock concert, or to heighten a large-scale orchestral <a href="/wiki/Tutti" title="Tutti">tutti</a>. </p><p>Classical composer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a> (1926–2012) calls for the flautist to play two sistra in his 1988 work <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonate_f%C3%BCr_sechs_Spieler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonate für sechs Spieler (page does not exist)">Sonate für sechs Spieler</a></i> (<i>Sonata for six players</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various modern West African and Gabon rattle instruments are also called <i>sistra</i> (plural of <i>sistrum</i>): the calabash sistrum, the West Africa sistrum or disc rattle (n'goso m'bara) also called Wasamba or Wassahouba rattle. It typically consists of a V-shaped branch with some or many concave calabash discs attached, which can be decorated.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Broken_Sistrum_(1890)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Broken Egyptian Sistrum"><img alt="Broken Egyptian Sistrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Broken_Sistrum_%281890%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/124px-Broken_Sistrum_%281890%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Broken_Sistrum_%281890%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/186px-Broken_Sistrum_%281890%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Broken_Sistrum_%281890%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/248px-Broken_Sistrum_%281890%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Broken Egyptian Sistrum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Nefartari_Sistrum-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nefertari, wife of Ramesses II, holding a sekhem-type sistrum"><img alt="Nefertari, wife of Ramesses II, holding a sekhem-type sistrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Abu_Simbel_Nefartari_Sistrum-2.jpg/120px-Abu_Simbel_Nefartari_Sistrum-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Abu_Simbel_Nefartari_Sistrum-2.jpg/250px-Abu_Simbel_Nefartari_Sistrum-2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>, holding a <i>sekhem</i>-type sistrum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%2BB-Music-Fig5-EgyptianSistrum.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian Sistrum"><img alt="Egyptian Sistrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/C%2BB-Music-Fig5-EgyptianSistrum.PNG/120px-C%2BB-Music-Fig5-EgyptianSistrum.PNG" decoding="async" width="82" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/C%2BB-Music-Fig5-EgyptianSistrum.PNG/124px-C%2BB-Music-Fig5-EgyptianSistrum.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/C%2BB-Music-Fig5-EgyptianSistrum.PNG/165px-C%2BB-Music-Fig5-EgyptianSistrum.PNG 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Egyptian Sistrum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1010937.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Collection of sistrums at the Louvre"><img alt="Collection of sistrums at the Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1010937.jpg/250px-Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1010937.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1010937.jpg/330px-Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1010937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Collection of sistrums at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Sistrum_-_Walters_541207.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walters Art Museum, ca. 380–250 BCE"><img alt="Walters Art Museum, ca. 380–250 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Egyptian_-_Sistrum_-_Walters_541207.jpg/250px-Egyptian_-_Sistrum_-_Walters_541207.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Egyptian_-_Sistrum_-_Walters_541207.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Sistrum_-_Walters_541207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, ca. 380–250 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:As-Hadrian-Aegyptus-RIC_0839,As.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated woman with sistrum on a coin issued under Hadrian"><img alt="Seated woman with sistrum on a coin issued under Hadrian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/As-Hadrian-Aegyptus-RIC_0839%2CAs.jpg/250px-As-Hadrian-Aegyptus-RIC_0839%2CAs.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/As-Hadrian-Aegyptus-RIC_0839%2CAs.jpg/330px-As-Hadrian-Aegyptus-RIC_0839%2CAs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/As-Hadrian-Aegyptus-RIC_0839%2CAs.jpg/500px-As-Hadrian-Aegyptus-RIC_0839%2CAs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seated woman with sistrum on a coin issued under <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanized Isis holding a sistrum, also from the time of Hadrian"><img alt="Romanized Isis holding a sistrum, also from the time of Hadrian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg/120px-Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg/250px-Isis_Musei_Capitolini_MC744.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romanized Isis holding a sistrum, also from the time of Hadrian</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor,_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band,_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Sistrum_-_Disc_Rattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="School band player holding two disc rattles (sistra), Ziguinchor, Senegal, 1973"><img alt="School band player holding two disc rattles (sistra), Ziguinchor, Senegal, 1973" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Sistrum_-_Disc_Rattle.jpg/120px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Sistrum_-_Disc_Rattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Sistrum_-_Disc_Rattle.jpg/250px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Sistrum_-_Disc_Rattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">School band player holding two disc rattles (sistra), Ziguinchor, Senegal, 1973</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2300–2000 BC, Anatolia (Turkey), made in copper alloy."><img alt="2300–2000 BC, Anatolia (Turkey), made in copper alloy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sistro.jpg/95px-Sistro.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sistro.jpg/143px-Sistro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sistro.jpg/191px-Sistro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2300–2000 BC, Anatolia (Turkey), made in copper alloy.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kagura_suzu" title="Kagura suzu">Kagura suzu</a> (Shinto)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the ancient Egyptian language this instrument's name was <i>sesheshet</i> (sššt), an onomatopoeic word derived from the sounds of the instrument — that is, a soft jangling sound that resembles a breeze rustling/blowing through papyrus."<sup id="cite_ref-Tahya_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tahya-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-randomhouse-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-randomhouse_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStein1988" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Jess, ed. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/randomhousecolle00dict_1"><i>The Random House College Dictionary</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). New York: Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/randomhousecolle00dict_1/page/1230">1230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-43500-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-43500-1"><bdi>0-394-43500-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Random+House+College+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1230&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-394-43500-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frandomhousecolle00dict_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=sistrum">sistrum</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=sei=stron"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σεῖστρον</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=sei/w"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σείω</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED2-sistrum" class="citation book cs1">"sistrum". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sistrum&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tahya-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tahya_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tahya_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tahya_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTahya2018" class="citation web cs1">Tahya (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tahya.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Percussive_Notes_reprint.pdf">"Rediscovering the Sistrum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tahya.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tahya.com&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+the+Sistrum&rft.date=2018-07&rft.au=Tahya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftahya.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F11%2FPercussive_Notes_reprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyad2009" class="citation book cs1">Ayad, Mariam F. (2 June 2009). "Rites and rituals: The sistrum, the <i>menat</i>-necklace and objects sacred to Hathor". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8OVvzCDyNUC"><i>God's Wife, God's Servant: The God's Wife of Amun (ca.740–525 BC)</i></a>. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134127931" title="Special:BookSources/9781134127931"><bdi>9781134127931</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>The distinction between the two types of sistrum, <i>naos</i> or loop, is strictly based on shape. [...] Setting the two types of sistrum apart is the shape and composition of the top part. The loop-sistrum typically comprised an arched piece of wire to which were attached three horizontal bars. [...] The <i>naos</i>-sistrum is so-called because its top part took the shape of a temple's sanctuary, or <i>naos</i>. [...] In Egyptian, three words were used to refer to the sistrum: <i>sekhem</i>, <i>sesheshet</i>, and <i>ib</i>. [...] A recent study by Reynders has shown that the Egyptian word <i>sesheshet</i> was always used in the caption texts accompanying scenes of playing the systrum, regardless of which type of sistrum was depicted in the scene. This observation led her to conclude that the word <i>sesheshet</i> referred to the noise made by the sistrum, while <i>sekhem</i>, when applied to the sistrum, referred specifically to the incarnation or manifestation of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rites+and+rituals%3A+The+sistrum%2C+the+menat-necklace+and+objects+sacred+to+Hathor&rft.btitle=God%27s+Wife%2C+God%27s+Servant%3A+The+God%27s+Wife+of+Amun+%28ca.740%E2%80%93525+BC%29&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.isbn=9781134127931&rft.aulast=Ayad&rft.aufirst=Mariam+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ8OVvzCDyNUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?view=grid&fq=data_source%3A%22National+Museum+of+African+Art%22&fq=online_media_type%3A%22Images%22&q=sistrum&fq=online_visual_material%3Atrue">Smithsonian National Museum of African Art</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByghan2020" class="citation book cs1">Byghan, Yowann (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoPWDwAAQBAJ"><i>Sacred and Mythological Animals: A Worldwide Taxonomy</i></a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476638874" title="Special:BookSources/9781476638874"><bdi>9781476638874</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>A <i>sekhem</i> (the Egytian name) or σεῖστρον (the Greek name), now called a <i>sistrum</i> in West Africa, was a percussion instrument with a chiming or rattling sound [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+and+Mythological+Animals%3A+A+Worldwide+Taxonomy&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.isbn=9781476638874&rft.aulast=Byghan&rft.aufirst=Yowann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoPWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart2005">Hart (2005)</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin1981" class="citation journal cs1">Duchesne-Guillemin, Marcelle (February 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/124240.pdf">"Music in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1981.9979803">10.1080/00438243.1981.9979803</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/124240">124240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Music+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia+and+Egypt&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289&rft.date=1981-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1981.9979803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F124240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Duchesne-Guillemin&rft.aufirst=Marcelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F124240.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Garis_Davies1920" class="citation journal cs1">de Garis Davies, N. (April 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3853608">"An Alabaster Sistrum Dedicated by King Teta"</a>. <i>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">70–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3853608">10.2307/3853608</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3853608">3853608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Egyptian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+Alabaster+Sistrum+Dedicated+by+King+Teta&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1920-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3853608&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3853608%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+Garis+Davies&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3853608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlutarch1936">Plutarch (1936)</a>, cap. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerchant1992">Merchant (1992)</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart2005">Hart (2005)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorroff1971">Borroff (1971)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Instruction_of_Amenemope" class="mw-redirect" title="The Instruction of Amenemope">The Instruction of Amenemope</a></i> in <a href="#CITEREFLichtheim2006">Lichtheim (2006)</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorowka2020" class="citation journal cs1">Borowka, Dawid (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49040366">"The Sistrum and its Mistress. Some thoughts about the usage of sistrum on Crete and its Hathoric associations"</a>. <i>Fontes Archaeological Posnanienses</i>. <b>56</b>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>53 – via <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fontes+Archaeological+Posnanienses&rft.atitle=The+Sistrum+and+its+Mistress.+Some+thoughts+about+the+usage+of+sistrum+on+Crete+and+its+Hathoric+associations&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Borowka&rft.aufirst=Dawid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49040366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagios_Charalambos_excavation-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hagios_Charalambos_excavation_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip P. Betancourt, Costis Davaras, and Eleni Stravopodi, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/40205763.pdf">Excavations in the Hagios Charlambos Cave: A Preliminary Report</a>", <i>Hesperia</i> 77 (2008): 539–605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurl,_James_Stevens2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Stevens_Curl" title="James Stevens Curl">Curl, James Stevens</a> (7 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anglicanism.org/a-marian-odyssey">"A Marian Odyssey"</a>. <i>Anglicanism.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anglicanism.org&rft.atitle=A+Marian+Odyssey&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft.au=Curl%2C+James+Stevens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanglicanism.org%2Fa-marian-odyssey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museevirtuel.ca/edu/ViewLoitDa.do;jsessionid=76F6360B6B0DE6338D30DB0BB2257152?method=preview&lang=EN&id=17762">Musée virtuel Canada museevirtuel.ca/edu Calabash Sistra, Gabon</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_literature">Cited literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cited literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHart2005" class="citation book cs1">Hart, George (2005). <i>The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses</i> (2nd ed.). Milton Park, UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34495-1"><bdi>978-0-415-34495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Egyptian+Gods+and+Goddesses&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34495-1&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerchant1992" class="citation book cs1">Merchant, Carolyn (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radicalecologyse00merc_0"><i>Radical Ecology: The Search for a Livable World</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90650-0"><bdi>978-0-415-90650-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Ecology%3A+The+Search+for+a+Livable+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90650-0&rft.aulast=Merchant&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradicalecologyse00merc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (1936). <i>Isis and Osiris</i>. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. V.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isis+and+Osiris&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1936&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorroff1971" class="citation book cs1">Borroff, Edith (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicineuropeu00edit"><i>Music in Europe and the United States: A History</i></a></span>. Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780136080831" title="Special:BookSources/9780136080831"><bdi>9780136080831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Europe+and+the+United+States%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780136080831&rft.aulast=Borroff&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicineuropeu00edit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLichtheim2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Lichtheim" title="Miriam Lichtheim">Lichtheim, Miriam</a> (2006) [1976]. <i>The New Kingdom</i>. Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. 2. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24843-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24843-4"><bdi>978-0-520-24843-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Kingdom&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.series=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24843-4&rft.aulast=Lichtheim&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASistrum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistrum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sistra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sistra">Sistra</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Sistrum.html">Sistrum (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sistrum"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sistrum">"Sistrum" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span 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idiophones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shaken_idiophones52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">Shaken idiophones</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chajchas" title="Chajchas">Chajchas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_shaker" title="Egg shaker">Egg shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexatone" title="Flexatone">Flexatone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganz%C3%A1" title="Ganzá">Ganzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosho_(instrument)" title="Hosho (instrument)">Hosho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsa_(instrument)" title="Katsa (instrument)">Katsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">Maraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_stick" title="Monkey stick">Monkey stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainstick" title="Rainstick">Rainstick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sistrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_(musical_instrument)" title="Shaker (musical instrument)">Shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_sheet" title="Thunder sheet">Thunder sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_rattle" title="Baby rattle">Toy rattle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_musical_instruments58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Template:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Template talk:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_musical_instruments58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Greek musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="String83" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pandura" title="Pandura">Pandura</a></dd></dl> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Barbiton" title="Barbiton">Barbiton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chelys" title="Chelys">Chelys</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kithara" title="Kithara">Kithara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_harps" title="Ancient Greek harps">Harp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigonion" title="Epigonion">Epigonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadis" title="Magadis">Magadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(instrument)" title="Sambuca (instrument)">Sambuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonon" title="Trigonon">Trigonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerophones">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cochilia" title="Cochilia">Cochilia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crotalum" title="Crotalum">Crotalum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Water_organ" title="Water organ">Water organ</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sistrum</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">String</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bowed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kemen%C3%A7e_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Kemençe of the Black Sea">Pontic lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classical_kemen%C3%A7e" title="Classical kemençe">Politiki lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian lyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_lira" title="Calabrian lira">Calabrian lira</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">Mandola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oudola" title="Oudola">Oudola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thaboura" title="Thaboura">Thaboura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Struck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Santouri</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karamuza" title="Karamuza">Karamuza</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lalitsa" title="Lalitsa">Lalitsa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mantura" title="Mantura">Mantura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membranophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toubeleki" title="Toubeleki">Toubeleki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Idiophones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Koudounia" title="Koudounia">Koudounia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stamna_(musical_instrument)" title="Stamna (musical instrument)">Stamna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Trigono</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zill" title="Zill">Zilia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek folk music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greek dances</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426948#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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