CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hives - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b1baa3bf-f11b-460d-b87a-9a64bb063bd8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hives","wgTitle":"Hives","wgCurRevisionId":1280742247,"wgRevisionId":1280742247,"wgArticleId":904954,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","Articles to be expanded from April 2024","All articles to be expanded","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016","Commons category link from Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate","Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism","Type I hypersensitivity","Urticaria and angioedema"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hives","wgRelevantArticleId":904954,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q187440","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EMminor2010.JPG/1200px-EMminor2010.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EMminor2010.JPG/800px-EMminor2010.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EMminor2010.JPG/640px-EMminor2010.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hives - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hives"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hives rootpage-Hives skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hives" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hives" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hives" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hives" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cause subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection_or_environmental_agent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection_or_environmental_agent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Infection or environmental agent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection_or_environmental_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dermatographic_urticaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dermatographic_urticaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dermatographic urticaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dermatographic_urticaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure_or_delayed_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_or_delayed_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pressure or delayed pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_or_delayed_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cholinergic_or_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cholinergic_or_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cholinergic or stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cholinergic_or_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold-induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold-induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Cold-induced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold-induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_urticaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_urticaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Solar urticaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_urticaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water-induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water-induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Water-induced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Exercise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pathophysiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allergic_hives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergic_hives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Allergic hives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergic_hives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autoimmune_hives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoimmune_hives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Autoimmune hives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoimmune_hives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Infections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonallergic_hives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonallergic_hives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nonallergic hives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonallergic_hives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_histamine_poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_histamine_poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dietary histamine poisoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_histamine_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_and_chronic_idiopathic_hives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_and_chronic_idiopathic_hives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Stress and chronic idiopathic hives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_and_chronic_idiopathic_hives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acute_versus_chronic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_versus_chronic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Acute versus chronic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_versus_chronic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Related conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Angioedema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angioedema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Angioedema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angioedema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vibratory_angioedema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vibratory_angioedema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Vibratory angioedema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vibratory_angioedema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Systemic_steroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic_steroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Systemic steroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic_steroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leukotriene-receptor_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leukotriene-receptor_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Leukotriene-receptor antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leukotriene-receptor_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hives</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geulaseu%C3%AB" title="Geulaseuë – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Geulaseuë" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%89" title="شرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96vr%C9%99_x%C9%99st%C9%99liyi" title="Övrə xəstəliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Övrə xəstəliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="ছুলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছুলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уртикария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уртикария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtic%C3%A0ria" title="Urticària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urticària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtik%C3%A1rie" title="Urtikárie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urtikárie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_ddanadfrech" title="Y ddanadfrech – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y ddanadfrech" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6ldefeber" title="Nældefeber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nældefeber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesselsucht" title="Nesselsucht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nesselsucht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κνίδωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κνίδωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria" title="Urticaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Urticaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtikario" title="Urtikario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urtikario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtikaria" title="Urtikaria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urtikaria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="کهیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کهیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaire" title="Urticaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Urticaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtac%C3%A1ire" title="Urtacáire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Urtacáire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ng-mo%CC%8Dk" title="Lâng-mo̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lâng-mo̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%EB%93%9C%EB%9F%AC%EA%B8%B0" title="두드러기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="두드러기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matattu" title="Matattu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Matattu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Եղնջացան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղնջացան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="शीतपित्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शीतपित्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koprivnja%C4%8Da" title="Koprivnjača – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koprivnjača" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtikario" title="Urtikario – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urtikario" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biduran" title="Biduran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biduran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orticaria" title="Orticaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orticaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%AA" title="סרפדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרפדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Есекжем – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Есекжем" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Бөрү жатыш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бөрү жатыш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81trene" title="Nātrene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nātrene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesselsucht" title="Nesselsucht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nesselsucht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilg%C4%97lin%C4%97" title="Dilgėlinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dilgėlinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csal%C3%A1nki%C3%BCt%C3%A9s" title="Csalánkiütés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csalánkiütés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Сугреб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сугреб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ആർട്ടികേറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർട്ടികേറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netelroos" title="Netelroos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Netelroos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%81%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9" title="蕁麻疹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蕁麻疹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elveblest" title="Elveblest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elveblest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B8" title="ହାଇଭ୍‌ସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହାଇଭ୍‌ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshakyemi" title="Eshakyemi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eshakyemi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸ਼ੀਤਪਿਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੀਤਪਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokrzywka" title="Pokrzywka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pokrzywka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtic%C3%A1ria" title="Urticária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urticária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticarie" title="Urticarie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urticarie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Крапивница – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крапивница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AA%D9%88" title="ڇاپاڪو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڇاپاڪو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koprivnica_(bolezen)" title="Koprivnica (bolezen) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koprivnica (bolezen)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C)" title="لیر (نەخۆشی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیر (نەخۆشی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koprivnja%C4%8Da" title="Koprivnjača – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Koprivnjača" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koprivnja%C4%8Da" title="Koprivnjača – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koprivnjača" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligata" title="Kaligata – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaligata" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokkosihottuma" title="Nokkosihottuma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nokkosihottuma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtikaria" title="Urtikaria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urtikaria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9" title="ลมพิษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลมพิษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Crtiker" title="Ürtiker – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ürtiker" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Кропив'янка (хвороба) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кропив'янка (хвороба)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="چھپاکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چھپاکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_ng%E1%BB%A9a" title="Phong ngứa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong ngứa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E7%96%B9%E5%9D%97" title="风疹块 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="风疹块" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E7%99%A9" title="風癩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="風癩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%A8%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9" title="荨麻疹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荨麻疹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187440#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hives" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hives" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hives"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hives"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hives" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hives" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&oldid=1280742247" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hives&id=1280742247&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHives"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHives"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hives&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urticaria" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187440" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Skin disease characterized by red, raised, and itchy bumps</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hive_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hive (disambiguation)">Hive (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Hives</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Urticaria</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EMminor2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EMminor2010.JPG/220px-EMminor2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EMminor2010.JPG/330px-EMminor2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/EMminor2010.JPG/440px-EMminor2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Hives on the arm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology#Clinical_immunology" title="Immunology">Clinical immunology</a>, Allergology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Red, raised, itchy bumps<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">A few days<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Stress, following an infection, result of an <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reaction</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">Hay fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zub2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zub2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">patch testing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene inhibitors">leukotriene inhibitors</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">~20%<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Hives</b>, also known as <b>urticaria</b>, is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Skin_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin rash">skin rash</a> with red and/or flesh-colored, raised, itchy bumps.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hives may burn or sting.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patches of rash may appear on different body parts,<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with variable duration from minutes to days, and typically do not leave any long-lasting skin change.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fewer than 5% of cases last for more than six weeks (a condition known as chronic urticaria).<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condition frequently recurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hives frequently occur following an infection or as a result of an <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reaction</a> such as to medication, <a href="/wiki/Insect_bite" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bite">insect bites</a>, or food.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Psychological stress</a>, cold temperature, or vibration may also be a trigger.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In half of cases the <a href="/wiki/Idiopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathy">cause remains unknown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include having conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zub2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zub2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis is typically based on appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">Patch testing</a> may be useful to determine the allergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prevention is by avoiding whatever it is that causes the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment is typically with <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>, with the second generation antihistamines such as <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">fexofenadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">loratadine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">cetirizine</a> being preferred due to less risk of sedation and cognitive impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In refractory (obstinate) cases, <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene inhibitors">leukotriene inhibitors</a> may also be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keeping the environmental temperature cool is also useful.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For cases that last more than six weeks, long-term antihistamine therapy is indicated. <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant">Immunosuppressants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">omalizumab</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclosporin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclosporin">cyclosporin</a> may also be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 20% of people are affected at some point in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short duration cases occur equally in males and females, lasting a few days and without leaving any long-lasting skin changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long duration cases are more common in females.<sup id="cite_ref-Gri2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gri2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short duration cases are also more common among children, while long duration cases are more common among those who are middle aged.<sup id="cite_ref-Gri2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gri2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fewer than 5% of cases last for more than six weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condition frequently recurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In half of cases of hives, the <a href="/wiki/Idiopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathy">cause remains unknown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hives have been described since at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gri2016_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gri2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term urticaria is from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>urtica</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">nettle</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Entomology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Entomology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hives2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hives2010.JPG/220px-Hives2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hives2010.JPG/330px-Hives2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hives2010.JPG/440px-Hives2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="2637" /></a><figcaption>Hives on the left chest wall. Notice that they are slightly raised.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hives2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hives2018.png/220px-Hives2018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hives2018.png/330px-Hives2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hives2018.png/440px-Hives2018.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption>Hives</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urticaria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Urticaria.png/220px-Urticaria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Urticaria.png/330px-Urticaria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Urticaria.png/440px-Urticaria.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of hives</figcaption></figure> <p>Hives, or urticaria, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Skin_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin rash">skin rash</a> with red, raised, itchy bumps.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also burn or sting.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hives can appear anywhere on the surface of the skin. Whether the trigger is allergic or not, a complex release of inflammatory mediators, including <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> from cutaneous <a href="/wiki/Mast_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast cells">mast cells</a>, results in fluid leakage from superficial blood vessels. Hives may be pinpoint in size or several inches in diameter, they can be individual or confluent, coalescing into larger forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a> is a related condition (also from allergic and nonallergic causes), though fluid leakage is from much deeper blood vessels in the subcutaneous or submucosal layers. Individual hives that are painful, last more than 24 hours, or leave a bruise as they heal are more likely to be a more serious condition called <a href="/wiki/Urticarial_vasculitis" title="Urticarial vasculitis">urticarial vasculitis</a>. Hives caused by stroking the skin (often linear in appearance) are due to a benign condition called <a href="/wiki/Dermatographic_urticaria" title="Dermatographic urticaria">dermatographic urticaria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hives can also be classified by the purported causative agent. Many different substances in the environment may cause hives, including medications, food and physical agents. In perhaps more than 50% of people with chronic hives of unknown cause, it is due to an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a> reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-FraserRobertson2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraserRobertson2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include having conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zub2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zub2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drugs that have caused allergic reactions evidenced as hives include <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, sulphate of <a href="/wiki/Morphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphia">morphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dxl57_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dxl57-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">clotrimazole</a>, trichazole, <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cefaclor" title="Cefaclor">cefaclor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">piracetam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antidiabetic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiabetic drug">antidiabetic drugs</a>. The antidiabetic <a href="/wiki/Sulphonylurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphonylurea">sulphonylurea</a> <a href="/wiki/Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">glimepiride</a>, in particular, has been documented to induce allergic reactions manifesting as hives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common food allergies in adults are <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. The most common food allergies in children are <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, nuts, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>. One study showed <a href="/wiki/Balsam_of_Peru" title="Balsam of Peru">Balsam of Peru</a>, which is in many processed foods, to be the most common cause of immediate contact urticaria.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another food allergy that can cause hives is <a href="/wiki/Alpha-gal_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-gal allergy">alpha-gal allergy</a>, which may cause sensitivity to milk and red meat. A less common cause is exposure to certain bacteria, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i> species or possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8601663_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8601663-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infection_or_environmental_agent">Infection or environmental agent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Infection or environmental agent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hives including chronic spontaneous hives can be a complication and symptom of a parasitic infection, such as <a href="/wiki/Blastocystosis" title="Blastocystosis">blastocystosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strongyloidiasis" title="Strongyloidiasis">strongyloidiasis</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26648083_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26648083-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rash that develops from <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison_oak" title="Poison oak">poison oak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poison_sumac" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison sumac">poison sumac</a> contact is commonly mistaken for urticaria. This rash is caused by contact with <a href="/wiki/Urushiol" title="Urushiol">urushiol</a> and results in a form of <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a> called <a href="/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis" title="Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis">urushiol-induced contact dermatitis</a>. Urushiol is spread by contact but can be washed off with a strong grease- or oil-dissolving detergent and cool water and rubbing ointments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dermatographic_urticaria">Dermatographic urticaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dermatographic urticaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dermatographic_urticaria" title="Dermatographic urticaria">Dermatographic urticaria</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dermatographic_urticaria" title="Dermatographic urticaria">Dermatographic urticaria</a> (also known as dermatographism or "skin writing") is marked by the appearance of weals or welts on the skin as a result of scratching or firm stroking of the skin. Seen in 4–5% of the population, it is one of the most common types of urticaria,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the skin becomes raised and inflamed when stroked, scratched, rubbed, and sometimes even slapped.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skin reaction usually becomes evident soon after the scratching and disappears within 30 minutes. Dermatographism is the most common form of a subset of chronic hives, acknowledged as "physical hives".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It stands in contrast to the linear reddening that does not itch seen in healthy people who are scratched. In most cases, the cause is unknown, although it may be preceded by a viral infection, antibiotic therapy, or emotional upset. Dermatographism is diagnosed by applying pressure by stroking or scratching the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hives should develop within a few minutes. Unless the skin is highly sensitive and reacts continually, treatment is not needed. Taking antihistamines can reduce the response in cases that are annoying to the person.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure_or_delayed_pressure">Pressure or delayed pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pressure or delayed pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of hives can occur right away, precisely after a pressure stimulus or as a deferred response to sustained pressure being enforced to the skin. In the deferred form, the hives only appear after about six hours from the initial application of pressure to the skin. Under normal circumstances, these hives are not the same as those witnessed with most urticariae. Instead, the protrusion in the affected areas is typically more spread out. The hives may last from eight hours to three days. The source of the pressure on the skin can happen from tight fitted clothing, belts, clothing with tough straps, walking, leaning against an object, standing, sitting on a hard surface, etc. The areas of the body most commonly affected are the hands, feet, trunk, abdomen, buttocks, legs and face. Although this appears to be very similar to dermatographism, the cardinal difference is that the swelled skin areas do not become visible quickly and tend to last much longer. This form of the skin disease is, however, rare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cholinergic_or_stress">Cholinergic or stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cholinergic or stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic_urticaria" title="Cholinergic urticaria">Cholinergic urticaria</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cholinergic_urticaria" title="Cholinergic urticaria">Cholinergic urticaria</a> (CU) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Physical_urticaria" title="Physical urticaria">physical urticaria</a> which is provoked during sweating events such as exercise, bathing, staying in a heated environment, or emotional stress. The hives produced are typically smaller than classic hives and are generally shorter-lasting.<sup id="cite_ref-CU2009REF2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU2009REF2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CU2009REF3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU2009REF3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple subtypes have been elucidated, each of which require distinct treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-PCU_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCU-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PCU2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCU2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold-induced">Cold-induced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cold-induced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cold_urticaria" title="Cold urticaria">Cold urticaria</a></div> <p>The cold type of urticaria is caused by exposure of the skin to extreme cold, damp and windy conditions; it occurs in two forms. The rare form is hereditary and becomes evident as hives all over the body 9 to 18 hours after cold exposure. The common form of cold urticaria demonstrates itself with the rapid onset of hives on the face, neck, or hands after exposure to cold. Cold urticaria is common and lasts for an average of five to six years. The population most affected is young adults, between 18 and 25 years old. Many people with the condition also have dermographism and cholinergic hives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Severe reactions can be seen with exposure to cold water; swimming in cold water is the most common cause of a severe reaction. This can cause a massive discharge of histamine, resulting in low blood pressure, fainting, shock and even loss of life. Cold urticaria is diagnosed by dabbing an ice cube against the skin of the forearm for 1 to 5 minutes. A distinct hive should develop if a person has cold urticaria. This is different from the normal redness that can be seen in people without cold urticaria. People with cold urticaria need to learn to protect themselves from a hasty drop in body temperature. Regular antihistamines are not generally efficacious. One particular antihistamine, cyproheptadine (Periactin), has been found to be useful. The tricyclic antidepressant <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a> has been found to be effective blocking agents of histamine. Finally, a medication named ketotifen, which keeps mast cells from discharging histamine, has also been employed with widespread success.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_urticaria">Solar urticaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Solar urticaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_urticaria" title="Solar urticaria">Solar urticaria</a></div> <p>This form of the disease occurs on areas of the skin exposed to the sun; the condition becomes evident within minutes of exposure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water-induced">Water-induced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Water-induced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquagenic_urticaria" title="Aquagenic urticaria">Aquagenic urticaria</a></div> <p>This type of urticaria is also termed rare and occurs upon contact with water. The response is not temperature-dependent and the skin appears similar to the cholinergic form of the disease. The appearance of hives is within one to 15 minutes of contact with the water and can last from 10 minutes to two hours. This kind of hives does not seem to be stimulated by histamine discharge like the other physical hives. Most researchers believe this condition is actually skin sensitivity to additives in the water, such as chlorine. Water urticaria is diagnosed by dabbing tap water and distilled water to the skin and observing the gradual response. Aquagenic urticaria is treated with capsaicin (Zostrix) administered to the chafed skin. This is the same treatment used for <a href="/wiki/Shingles" title="Shingles">shingles</a>. Antihistamines are of questionable benefit in this instance since histamine is not the causative factor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exercise">Exercise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The condition was first distinguished in 1980. People with exercise urticaria (EU) experience hives, itchiness, shortness of breath and low blood pressure five to 30 minutes after beginning exercise. These symptoms can progress to shock and even sudden death. Jogging is the most common exercise to cause EU, but it is not induced by a hot shower, fever, or with fretfulness. This differentiates EU from cholinergic urticaria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>EU sometimes occurs only when someone exercises within 30 minutes of eating particular foods, such as wheat or shellfish. For these individuals, exercising alone or eating the injuring food without exercising produces no symptoms. EU can be diagnosed by having the person exercise and then observing the symptoms. This method must be used with caution and only with the appropriate resuscitative measures at hand. EU can be differentiated from cholinergic urticaria by the hot water immersion test. In this test, the person is immersed in water at 43 °C (109.4 °F). Someone with EU will not develop hives, while a person with cholinergic urticaria will develop the characteristic small hives, especially on the neck and chest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The immediate symptoms of this type are treated with antihistamines, <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> and airway support. Taking antihistamines prior to exercise may be effective. <a href="/wiki/Ketotifen" title="Ketotifen">Ketotifen</a> is acknowledged to stabilise mast cells and prevent histamine release, and has been effective in treating this hives disorder. Avoiding exercise or foods that cause the mentioned symptoms is very important. In particular circumstances, tolerance can be brought on by regular exercise, but this must be under medical supervision.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_leukocyte_antigen_alleles_associated_with_cutaneous_conditions" title="List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions">List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions</a></div> <p>The skin lesions of urticarial disease are caused by an inflammatory reaction in the skin, causing leakage of capillaries in the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, and resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> which persists until the <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial fluid</a> is absorbed into the surrounding cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hives are caused by the release of <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> and other mediators of inflammation (<a href="/wiki/Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a>) from cells in the skin. This process can be the result of an allergic or nonallergic reaction, differing in the eliciting mechanism of histamine release.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergic_hives">Allergic hives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Allergic hives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Histamine and other proinflammatory substances are released from <a href="/wiki/Mast_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast cells">mast cells</a> in the skin and tissues in response to the binding of <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a>-bound <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a> antibodies to high-affinity cell surface receptors. Basophils and other inflammatory cells are also seen to release histamine and other mediators, and are thought to play an important role, especially in chronic urticarial diseases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoimmune_hives">Autoimmune hives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Autoimmune hives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_urticaria" title="Autoimmune urticaria">Autoimmune urticaria</a></div> <p>Over half of all cases of chronic <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">idiopathic</a> hives are the result of an autoimmune trigger. Roughly 50% of people with chronic urticaria spontaneously develop autoantibodies directed at the receptor <a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="mw-redirect" title="FcεRI">FcεRI</a> located on skin mast cells. Chronic stimulation of this receptor leads to chronic hives. People with hives often have other autoimmune conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_thyroiditis" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune thyroiditis">autoimmune thyroiditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">type 1 diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren's syndrome">Sjögren's syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FraserRobertson2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraserRobertson2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infections">Infections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Infections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hive-like rashes commonly accompany viral illnesses, such as the common cold. They usually appear three to five days after the cold has started, and may even appear a few days after the cold has resolved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonallergic_hives">Nonallergic hives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nonallergic hives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mechanisms other than allergen-antibody interactions are known to cause histamine release from mast cells. Many drugs, for example <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, can induce direct histamine release not involving any <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a> molecule. Also, a diverse group of signaling substances called <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropeptides">neuropeptides</a>, have been found to be involved in emotionally induced hives. Dominantly inherited cutaneous and neurocutaneous <a href="/wiki/Porphyrias" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyrias">porphyrias</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">porphyria cutanea tarda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_coproporphyria" title="Hereditary coproporphyria">hereditary coproporphyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variegate_porphyria" title="Variegate porphyria">variegate porphyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietic_protoporphyria" title="Erythropoietic protoporphyria">erythropoietic protoporphyria</a>) have been associated with <a href="/wiki/Solar_urticaria" title="Solar urticaria">solar urticaria</a>. The occurrence of drug-induced solar urticaria may be associated with porphyrias. This may be caused by IgG binding, not IgE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary_histamine_poisoning">Dietary histamine poisoning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dietary histamine poisoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is termed <a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">scombroid food poisoning</a>. Ingestion of free histamine released by bacterial decay in fish flesh may result in a rapid-onset, allergic-type symptom complex which includes hives. However, the hives produced by scombroid is reported not to include wheals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_and_chronic_idiopathic_hives">Stress and chronic idiopathic hives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Stress and chronic idiopathic hives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronic idiopathic hives has been anecdotally linked to <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (biological)">stress</a> since the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large body of evidence demonstrates an association between this condition and both poor emotional well-being<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reduced health-related <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A link between stress and this condition has also been shown.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cases have been thought to be due to stress, including an association between <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-traumatic stress">post-traumatic stress</a> and chronic idiopathic hives.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_spontaneous_urticaria" title="Chronic spontaneous urticaria">chronic idiopathic urticaria</a>, no cause is identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_urticaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Micrograph_of_urticaria.jpg/220px-Micrograph_of_urticaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Micrograph_of_urticaria.jpg/330px-Micrograph_of_urticaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Micrograph_of_urticaria.jpg/440px-Micrograph_of_urticaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of urticaria. Dermal edema [solid arrows in (A, B)] and a sparse superficial predominantly perivascular and interstitial infiltrate of lymphocytes and eosinophils without signs of vasculitis (dashed arrow).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Diagnosis is typically based on the appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of chronic hives can rarely be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAAIfive_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAAIfive-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">Patch testing</a> may be useful to determine the allergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases regular extensive <a href="/wiki/Allergy_test" title="Allergy test">allergy testing</a> over a long period of time is requested in hopes of getting new insight.<sup id="cite_ref-manageurticaria_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manageurticaria-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-testurticaria_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-testurticaria-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No evidence shows regular allergy testing results in identification of a problem or relief for people with chronic hives.<sup id="cite_ref-manageurticaria_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manageurticaria-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-testurticaria_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-testurticaria-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular allergy testing for people with chronic hives is not recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAAIfive_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAAIfive-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_versus_chronic">Acute versus chronic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Acute versus chronic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Acute"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Acute</span></span> urticaria is defined as the presence of <a href="/wiki/Evanescent_(dermatology)" title="Evanescent (dermatology)">evanescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheals">wheals</a> which completely resolve within six weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_p150_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews_p150-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acute urticaria becomes evident a few minutes after the person has been exposed to an allergen. The outbreak may last several weeks, but usually the hives are gone in six weeks. Typically, the hives are a reaction to food, but in about half the cases, the trigger is unknown. Common foods may be the cause, as well as bee or wasp stings, or skin contact with certain fragrances. Acute viral infection is another common cause of acute urticaria (viral <a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">exanthem</a>). Less common causes of hives include friction, pressure, temperature extremes, exercise, and sunlight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" /><span class="vanchor"><span id="Chronic"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Chronic</span></span> urticaria is defined as the presence of hives which persist for greater than six weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_p150_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews_p150-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more severe chronic cases have lasted more than 20 years. A survey indicated chronic urticaria lasted a year or more in more than 50% of those affected and 20 years or more in 20% of them.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5801331_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5801331-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provocative skin challenge testing may be done in those with chronic urticaria, in which the skin is exposed to pressure (<a href="/wiki/Dermatographic_urticaria" title="Dermatographic urticaria">dermatographisim</a>), cold temperatures, warm temperatures, or light in an attempt to provoke symptoms and aid in the diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of physical examination guide the diagnosis of chronic urticaria, with extensive lab testing not recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaker_2020_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaker_2020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Acute and chronic hives are visually indistinguishable on visual inspection alone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_conditions">Related conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Related conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angioedema">Angioedema</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Angioedema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a> is similar to hives,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in angioedema, the swelling occurs in a lower layer of the dermis than in hives,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the subcutis. This swelling can occur around the mouth, eyes, in the throat, in the abdomen, or in other locations. Hives and angioedema sometimes occur together in response to an <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a>, and is a concern in severe cases, as angioedema of the throat can be fatal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vibratory_angioedema">Vibratory angioedema</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vibratory angioedema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This very rare form of angioedema develops in response to contact with vibration. In vibratory angioedema, symptoms develop within two to five minutes after contact with a vibrating object and abate after about an hour. People with this disorder do not experience dermographism or pressure urticaria. Vibratory angioedema is diagnosed by holding a vibrating device such as a laboratory vortex machine against the forearm for four minutes. Speedy swelling of the whole forearm extending into the upper arm is also noted later. The principal treatment is avoidance of vibratory stimulants. Antihistamines have also been proven helpful.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mainstay of therapy for both acute and chronic hives is education, avoiding triggers and using antihistamines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chronic hives can be difficult to treat and lead to significant disability. Unlike the acute form, 50–80% of people with chronic hives have no identifiable triggers. But 50% of people with chronic hives will experience remission within 1 year.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, treatment is geared towards symptomatic management. Individuals with chronic hives may need other medications in addition to antihistamines to control symptoms. People who experience hives with angioedema require emergency treatment as this is a life-threatening condition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Treatment guidelines for the management of chronic hives have been published.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2014 American practice parameters, treatment involves a stepwise approach. Step 1 consists of second generation, H1 receptor blocking antihistamines. Systemic glucocorticoids can also be used for episodes of severe disease but should not be used for long term due to their long list of side effects. Step 2 consists of increasing the dose of the current antihistamine, adding other antihistamines, or adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist such as montelukast. Step 3 consists of adding or replacing the current treatment with hydroxyzine or doxepin. If the individual doesn't respond to steps 1–3 then they are considered to have refractory symptoms. At this point, anti-inflammatory medications (dapsone, sulfasalazine), immunosuppressants (cyclosporin, sirolimus) or other medications like <a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">omalizumab</a> can be used. These options are explained in more detail below.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>First generation antihistamines, such as <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">hydroxyzine</a>, are not recommended as a first line therapy as they block both brain and peripheral H1 receptors, causing sedation. <a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist#Second-generation_and_third-generation_(selective)" title="H1 antagonist">Second-generation antihistamines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">loratadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">cetirizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">fexofenadine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Desloratadine" title="Desloratadine">desloratadine</a>, selectively antagonize peripheral H1 receptors, and are less sedating, less <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a>, and generally preferred over the first-generation antihistamines.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuberbier2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuberbier2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fexofenadine, a new-generation antihistamine that blocks histamine H1 receptors, may be less sedating than some second-generation antihistamines.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People who do not respond to the maximum dose of H1 antihistamines may benefit from increasing the dose further, then to switching to another non-sedating antihistamine, then to adding a <a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotriene antagonist">leukotriene antagonist</a>, then to using an older antihistamine, then to using systemic steroids and finally to using <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">omalizumab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuberbier2012_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuberbier2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steroids are often associated with rebound hives once discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/H2-receptor_antagonists" class="mw-redirect" title="H2-receptor antagonists">H2-receptor antagonists</a> are sometimes used in addition to H1-antagonists to treat urticaria, but there is limited evidence for their efficacy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systemic_steroids">Systemic steroids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Systemic steroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oral glucocorticoids are effective in controlling symptoms of chronic hives. However, they have an extensive list of adverse effects, such as adrenal suppression, weight gain, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, etc. Therefore, their use should be limited to a couple of weeks. In addition, one study found that systemic glucocorticoids combined with antihistamines did not hasten the time to symptom control compared with antihistamines alone.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leukotriene-receptor_antagonists">Leukotriene-receptor antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Leukotriene-receptor antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leukotrienes are released from mast cells along with histamine. The medications, montelukast and zafirlukast block leukotriene receptors and can be used as add on treatment or in isolation for people with CU. It is important to note that these medications may be more beneficial for people with NSAID induced CU.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other options for refractory symptoms of chronic hives include anti-inflammatory medications, omalizumab, and immunosuppressants. Potential anti-inflammatory agents include dapsone, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine. Dapsone is a sulfone antimicrobial agent and is thought to suppress prostaglandin and leukotriene activity. It is helpful in therapy-refractory cases<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is contraindicated in people with G6PD deficiency. Sulfasalazine, a 5-ASA derivative, is thought to alter adenosine release and inhibit IgE mediated mast cell degranulation, Sulfasalazine is a good option for people with anemia who cannot take dapsone. Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial agent that suppresses T lymphocytes. It has a low cost however it takes longer than dapsone or sulfasalazine to work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Omalizumab" title="Omalizumab">Omalizumab</a> was approved by the FDA in 2014 for people with hives 12 years old and above with chronic hives. It is a monoclonal antibody directed against IgE. Significant improvement in pruritus and quality of life was observed in a phase III, multicenter, randomized control trial.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immunosuppressants used for CU include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolate. Calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, inhibit cell responsiveness to mast cell products and inhibit T cell activity. They are preferred by some experts to treat severe symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirolimus and mycophenolate have less evidence for their use in the treatment of chronic hives but reports have shown them to be efficacious.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immunosuppressants are generally reserved as the last line of therapy for severe cases due to their potential for serious adverse effects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In those with chronic urticaria, defined as either continuous or intermittent symptoms lasting longer than 6 weeks, 35% of people are symptom free 1 year after treatment, while 29% have a reduction in their symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with a longer disease duration typically have a worse prognosis, with greater symptom severity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic urticaria is often accompanied by an intense pruritus, and other symptoms associated with a reduced quality of life and a high burden of co-morbid psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tat_2019_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tat_2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances in patients with chronic urticaria has been estimated to be 37%, 46%, and 53%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronic urticaria is usually seen in those older than 40 years, it is more common in women.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of chronic urticaria is 0.23% in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable risk factors associated with an increased risk of chronic urticaria include allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and autoimmune thyroid disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Afamelanotide" title="Afamelanotide">Afamelanotide</a> is being studied as a hives treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid antagonists">Opioid antagonists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">naltrexone</a> have tentative evidence to support their use.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>urticaria</i> was first used by the Scottish physician <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">William Cullen</a> in 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originates from the Latin word <i>urtica</i>, meaning stinging hair or nettle,<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Entomology_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Entomology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the classical presentation follows the contact with a perennial flowering plant <i><a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">Urtica dioica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of urticaria dates back to 1000–2000 BC with its reference as a wind-type concealed rash in the book <i>The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic</i> from <i><a href="/wiki/Huangdi_Neijing" title="Huangdi Neijing">Huangdi Neijing</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> in the 4th century first described urticaria as "knidosis" after the Greek word <i>knido</i> for nettle.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> in 1879 brought urticaria and similar conditions under a comprehensive idea of allergic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticarial_vasculitis" title="Urticarial vasculitis">Urticarial vasculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Dermatitis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NIH2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/hives.html">"Hives"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819090751/https://medlineplus.gov/hives.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fhives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaf2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaf2015_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJafilanJames2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jafilan, L; James, C (December 2015). "Urticaria and Allergy-Mediated Conditions". <i>Primary Care</i>. <b>42</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">473–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pop.2015.08.002">10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26612369">26612369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primary+Care&rft.atitle=Urticaria+and+Allergy-Mediated+Conditions.&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pop.2015.08.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26612369&rft.aulast=Jafilan&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=James%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zub2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zub2010_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zub2010_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zub2010_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuberbierGrattanMaurer2010" class="citation book cs1">Zuberbier, Torsten; Grattan, Clive; Maurer, Marcus (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzWdXE4VsfsC&pg=PA38"><i>Urticaria and Angioedema</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540790488" title="Special:BookSources/9783540790488"><bdi>9783540790488</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821084717/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kzWdXE4VsfsC&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urticaria+and+Angioedema&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783540790488&rft.aulast=Zuberbier&rft.aufirst=Torsten&rft.au=Grattan%2C+Clive&rft.au=Maurer%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzWdXE4VsfsC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang_2022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_2022_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lang, David M. (1 September 2022). "Chronic Urticaria". <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>387</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">824–</span>831. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra2120166">10.1056/NEJMra2120166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36053507">36053507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251992431">251992431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Chronic+Urticaria&rft.volume=387&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E824-%3C%2Fspan%3E831&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251992431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36053507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra2120166&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gri2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gri2016_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gri2016_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gri2016_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsBarkerBleikerChalmers2016" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Christopher; Barker, Jonathan; Bleiker, Tanya; Chalmers, Robert; Creamer, Daniel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA42-PA3"><i>Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set</i></a> (9 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. Chapter 42.3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118441176" title="Special:BookSources/9781118441176"><bdi>9781118441176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rook%27s+Textbook+of+Dermatology%2C+4+Volume+Set&rft.pages=Chapter+42.3&rft.edition=9&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781118441176&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Barker%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Bleiker%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Chalmers%2C+Robert&rft.au=Creamer%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEyypCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DSA42-PA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Entomology-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Entomology_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Entomology_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IcmCeAjp6cC&pg=PA1430"><i>A Dictionary of Entomology</i></a>. CABI. 2011. p. 1430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845935429" title="Special:BookSources/9781845935429"><bdi>9781845935429</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821091615/https://books.google.ca/books?id=9IcmCeAjp6cC&pg=PA1430">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Entomology&rft.pages=1430&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781845935429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IcmCeAjp6cC%26pg%3DPA1430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FraserRobertson2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FraserRobertson2013_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FraserRobertson2013_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFraserRobertson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fraser K, Robertson L (Dec 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skintherapyletter.com/2013/18.7/2.html">"Chronic urticaria and autoimmunity"</a>. <i>Skin Therapy Lett</i> (Review). <b>18</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24305753">24305753</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131141235/http://www.skintherapyletter.com/2013/18.7/2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skin+Therapy+Lett&rft.atitle=Chronic+urticaria+and+autoimmunity&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24305753&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Robertson%2C+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skintherapyletter.com%2F2013%2F18.7%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dxl57-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dxl57_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?id=1215&type=display">"Prescribing Information Dexedrine"</a>. GlaxoSmithKline. June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prescribing+Information+Dexedrine&rft.pub=GlaxoSmithKline&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FfdaDrugXsl.cfm%3Fid%3D1215%26type%3Ddisplay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_A._Fisher2008" class="citation book cs1">Alexander A. Fisher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQBAzfyCeQ8C&q=%22balsam+of+peru%22+hives&pg=PA635"><i>Fisher's Contact Dermatitis</i></a>. PMPH-USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550093780" title="Special:BookSources/9781550093780"><bdi>9781550093780</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705062725/http://books.google.com/books?id=dQBAzfyCeQ8C&pg=PA635&dq=%22balsam+of+peru%22+hives&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dGJZU5u6LYjJsATvnoHACw&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22balsam%20of%20peru%22%20hives&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Contact+Dermatitis&rft.pub=PMPH-USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781550093780&rft.au=Alexander+A.+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQBAzfyCeQ8C%26q%3D%2522balsam%2Bof%2Bperu%2522%2Bhives%26pg%3DPA635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8601663-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8601663_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTebbeGeilenSchulzkeBojarski1996" class="citation journal cs1">Tebbe, Beate; Geilen, Christoph C.; Schulzke, Jörg-Dieter; Bojarski, Christian; Radenhausen, Michael; Orfanos, Constantin E. (1996). "Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic urticaria". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">685–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2896%2980086-7">10.1016/S0190-9622(96)80086-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8601663">8601663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Helicobacter+pylori+infection+and+chronic+urticaria&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E685-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2896%2980086-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8601663&rft.aulast=Tebbe&rft.aufirst=Beate&rft.au=Geilen%2C+Christoph+C.&rft.au=Schulzke%2C+J%C3%B6rg-Dieter&rft.au=Bojarski%2C+Christian&rft.au=Radenhausen%2C+Michael&rft.au=Orfanos%2C+Constantin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26648083-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26648083_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolkhirBalakirskiMerkOlisova2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kolkhir, P.; Balakirski, G.; Merk, HF.; Olisova, O.; Maurer, M. (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fall.12818">"Chronic spontaneous urticaria and internal parasites – a systematic review"</a>. <i>Allergy</i>. <b>71</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">308–</span>322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fall.12818">10.1111/all.12818</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26648083">26648083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allergy&rft.atitle=Chronic+spontaneous+urticaria+and+internal+parasites+%E2%80%93+a+systematic+review.&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fall.12818&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26648083&rft.aulast=Kolkhir&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Balakirski%2C+G.&rft.au=Merk%2C+HF.&rft.au=Olisova%2C+O.&rft.au=Maurer%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fall.12818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJedeleMichels1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jedele, Kerry B.; Michels, Virginia V. (1991). "Familial dermographism". <i>American Journal of Medical Genetics</i>. <b>39</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.1320390216">10.1002/ajmg.1320390216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2063925">2063925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Familial+dermographism&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.1320390216&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2063925&rft.aulast=Jedele&rft.aufirst=Kerry+B.&rft.au=Michels%2C+Virginia+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKontou-FiliBorici-MaziKappMatjevic1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kontou-Fili, K.; Borici-Mazi, R.; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kapp_(dermatologist_and_allergist)" title="Alexander Kapp (dermatologist and allergist)">Kapp, A.</a>; Matjevic, L. J.; Mitchel, F. B. (1997). "Physical urticaria: Classification and diagnostic guidelines". <i>Allergy</i>. <b>52</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">504–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1398-9995.1997.tb02593.x">10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02593.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9201361">9201361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45982469">45982469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allergy&rft.atitle=Physical+urticaria%3A+Classification+and+diagnostic+guidelines&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E504-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45982469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9201361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1398-9995.1997.tb02593.x&rft.aulast=Kontou-Fili&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Borici-Mazi%2C+R.&rft.au=Kapp%2C+A.&rft.au=Matjevic%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Mitchel%2C+F.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhuteDoshiPandeMahajan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bhute, Dipti; Doshi, Bhavana; Pande, Sushil; Mahajan, Sunanda; Kharkar, Vidya (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0378-6323.39724">"Dermatographism"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology</i>. <b>74</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">177–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0378-6323.39724">10.4103/0378-6323.39724</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18388395">18388395</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA177631349">A177631349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Dermatology%2C+Venereology+and+Leprology&rft.atitle=Dermatographism&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0378-6323.39724&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18388395&rft.aulast=Bhute&rft.aufirst=Dipti&rft.au=Doshi%2C+Bhavana&rft.au=Pande%2C+Sushil&rft.au=Mahajan%2C+Sunanda&rft.au=Kharkar%2C+Vidya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4103%252F0378-6323.39724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CU2009REF2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CU2009REF2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore-RobinsonWarin1968" class="citation journal cs1">Moore-Robinson, Miriam; Warin, Robert P. (1968). "Some Clikical Aspects of Cholhstergic Urticaria". <i>British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>80</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">794–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.1968.tb11948.x">10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb11948.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5706797">5706797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58415911">58415911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Some+Clikical+Aspects+of+Cholhstergic+Urticaria&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E794-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58415911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5706797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.1968.tb11948.x&rft.aulast=Moore-Robinson&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft.au=Warin%2C+Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CU2009REF3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CU2009REF3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHirschmannLawlorEnglishLouback1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hirschmann, J. V.; Lawlor, F; English, JS; Louback, JB; Winkelmann, RK; Greaves, MW (1987). "Cholinergic Urticaria - A Clinical and Histologic Study". <i>Archives of Dermatology</i>. <b>123</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">462–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchderm.1987.01660280064024">10.1001/archderm.1987.01660280064024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3827277">3827277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Cholinergic+Urticaria+-+A+Clinical+and+Histologic+Study&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E462-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchderm.1987.01660280064024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3827277&rft.aulast=Hirschmann&rft.aufirst=J.+V.&rft.au=Lawlor%2C+F&rft.au=English%2C+JS&rft.au=Louback%2C+JB&rft.au=Winkelmann%2C+RK&rft.au=Greaves%2C+MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCU-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PCU_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNakamizoEgawaMiyachiKabashima2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nakamizo, S.; Egawa, G.; Miyachi, Y.; Kabashima, K. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/891804">"Cholinergic urticaria: Pathogenesis-based categorization and its treatment options"</a>. <i>Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">114–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-3083.2011.04017.x">10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04017.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21371134">21371134</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35802279">35802279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+European+Academy+of+Dermatology+and+Venereology&rft.atitle=Cholinergic+urticaria%3A+Pathogenesis-based+categorization+and+its+treatment+options&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35802279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21371134&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-3083.2011.04017.x&rft.aulast=Nakamizo&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Egawa%2C+G.&rft.au=Miyachi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Kabashima%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F891804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCU2012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PCU2012_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBitoSawadaTokura2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bito, Toshinori; Sawada, Yu; Tokura, Yoshiki (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2332%2Fallergolint.12-RAI-0485">"Pathogenesis of Cholinergic Urticaria in Relation to Sweating"</a>. <i>Allergology International</i>. <b>61</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">539–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2332%2Fallergolint.12-RAI-0485">10.2332/allergolint.12-RAI-0485</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23093795">23093795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allergology+International&rft.atitle=Pathogenesis+of+Cholinergic+Urticaria+in+Relation+to+Sweating&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E539-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2332%2Fallergolint.12-RAI-0485&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23093795&rft.aulast=Bito&rft.aufirst=Toshinori&rft.au=Sawada%2C+Yu&rft.au=Tokura%2C+Yoshiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2332%252Fallergolint.12-RAI-0485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_L._McCanceSue_E._HuetherValentina_L._BrashersNeal_S._Rote2014" class="citation book cs1">Kathryn L. McCance; Sue E. Huether; Valentina L. Brashers; Neal S. Rote, eds. (2014). <i>Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children</i> (Seventh ed.). Elsevier – Health Sciences Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323088541" title="Special:BookSources/9780323088541"><bdi>9780323088541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathophysiology%3A+the+biologic+basis+for+disease+in+adults+and+children&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Elsevier+%E2%80%93+Health+Sciences+Division&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780323088541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dermnetnz.org/reactions/scombroid.html">"Scombroid fish poisoning. DermNet NZ"</a>. Dermnetnz.org. 2011-07-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041343/http://dermnetnz.org/reactions/scombroid.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scombroid+fish+poisoning.+DermNet+NZ&rft.pub=Dermnetnz.org&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdermnetnz.org%2Freactions%2Fscombroid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchellCurranMyers1947" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, John H; Curran, Charles A; Myers, Ruth N (1947). "Some Psychosomatic Aspects of Allergic Diseases". <i>Psychosomatic Medicine</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">184–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006842-194705000-00003">10.1097/00006842-194705000-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20239792">20239792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosomatic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Some+Psychosomatic+Aspects+of+Allergic+Diseases&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006842-194705000-00003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20239792&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+H&rft.au=Curran%2C+Charles+A&rft.au=Myers%2C+Ruth+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUguzEnginYilmaz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Uguz, Faruk; Engin, Burhan; Yilmaz, Ertan (2008). "Axis I and Axis II diagnoses in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria". <i>Journal of Psychosomatic Research</i>. <b>64</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpsychores.2007.08.006">10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.08.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18222137">18222137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychosomatic+Research&rft.atitle=Axis+I+and+Axis+II+diagnoses+in+patients+with+chronic+idiopathic+urticaria&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpsychores.2007.08.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18222137&rft.aulast=Uguz&rft.aufirst=Faruk&rft.au=Engin%2C+Burhan&rft.au=Yilmaz%2C+Ertan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnginUguzYilmazOzdemir2007" class="citation journal cs1">Engin, B; Uguz, F; Yilmaz, E; Ozdemir, M; Mevlitoglu, I (2007). "The levels of depression, anxiety and quality of life in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria". <i>Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-3083.2007.02324.x">10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02324.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18181971">18181971</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24060839">24060839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+European+Academy+of+Dermatology+and+Venereology&rft.atitle=The+levels+of+depression%2C+anxiety+and+quality+of+life+in+patients+with+chronic+idiopathic+urticaria&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24060839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18181971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-3083.2007.02324.x&rft.aulast=Engin&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Uguz%2C+F&rft.au=Yilmaz%2C+E&rft.au=Ozdemir%2C+M&rft.au=Mevlitoglu%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYangSunWuWang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Hsiao-Yu; Sun, Chee-Ching; Wu, Yin-Chang; Wang, Jung-Der (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/93579">"Stress, Insomnia, and Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria – a Case-Control Study"</a>. <i>Journal of the Formosan Medical Association</i>. <b>104</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">254–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15909063">15909063</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908204623/http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/93579">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Formosan+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Stress%2C+Insomnia%2C+and+Chronic+Idiopathic+Urticaria+%E2%80%93+a+Case-Control+Study&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15909063&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-Yu&rft.au=Sun%2C+Chee-Ching&rft.au=Wu%2C+Yin-Chang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jung-Der&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2Fhandle%2F246246%2F93579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChungSymonsGilliamKaminski2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chung, Man Cheung; Symons, Christine; Gilliam, Jane; Kaminski, Edward R. (2010). "The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, and personality traits among patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria". <i>Comprehensive Psychiatry</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2009.02.005">10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19932827">19932827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+posttraumatic+stress+disorder%2C+psychiatric+comorbidity%2C+and+personality+traits+among+patients+with+chronic+idiopathic+urticaria&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2009.02.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19932827&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Man+Cheung&rft.au=Symons%2C+Christine&rft.au=Gilliam%2C+Jane&rft.au=Kaminski%2C+Edward+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChungSymonsGilliamKaminski2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chung, Man Cheung; Symons, Christine; Gilliam, Jane; Kaminski, Edward R. (2010). "Stress, psychiatric co-morbidity and coping in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria". <i>Psychology & Health</i>. <b>25</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">477–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08870440802530780">10.1080/08870440802530780</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20204926">20204926</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44740560">44740560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+%26+Health&rft.atitle=Stress%2C+psychiatric+co-morbidity+and+coping+in+patients+with+chronic+idiopathic+urticaria&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44740560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20204926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08870440802530780&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Man+Cheung&rft.au=Symons%2C+Christine&rft.au=Gilliam%2C+Jane&rft.au=Kaminski%2C+Edward+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiangSeelenvan_DoornRissmann2018" class="citation journal cs1">Giang, Jenny; Seelen, Marc A. J.; van Doorn, Martijn B. A.; Rissmann, Robert; Prens, Errol P.; Damman, Jeffrey (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911619">"Complement Activation in Inflammatory Skin Diseases"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Immunology</i>. <b>9</b>: 639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2018.00639">10.3389/fimmu.2018.00639</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-3224">1664-3224</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5911619">5911619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29713318">29713318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Immunology&rft.atitle=Complement+Activation+in+Inflammatory+Skin+Diseases&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=639&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5911619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-3224&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29713318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffimmu.2018.00639&rft.aulast=Giang&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft.au=Seelen%2C+Marc+A.+J.&rft.au=van+Doorn%2C+Martijn+B.+A.&rft.au=Rissmann%2C+Robert&rft.au=Prens%2C+Errol+P.&rft.au=Damman%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5911619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAAIfive-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAAAIfive_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAAAIfive_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_AAAAI.pdf">"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Choosing Wisely</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Allergy,_Asthma,_and_Immunology" title="American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology">American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103151124/http://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_AAAAI.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Choosing+Wisely&rft.atitle=Five+Things+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Question&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchoosingwisely.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F04%2F5things_12_factsheet_AAAAI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manageurticaria-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manageurticaria_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manageurticaria_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarboxGuttaRadojicicLang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tarbox, James A.; Gutta, Ravi C.; Radojicic, Cristine; Lang, David M. (2011). "Utility of routine laboratory testing in management of chronic urticaria/angioedema". <i>Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology</i>. <b>107</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anai.2011.06.008">10.1016/j.anai.2011.06.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21875543">21875543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Allergy%2C+Asthma+%26+Immunology&rft.atitle=Utility+of+routine+laboratory+testing+in+management+of+chronic+urticaria%2Fangioedema&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anai.2011.06.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21875543&rft.aulast=Tarbox&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Gutta%2C+Ravi+C.&rft.au=Radojicic%2C+Cristine&rft.au=Lang%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-testurticaria-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-testurticaria_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-testurticaria_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKozelBossuytMekkesBos2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kozel, Martina M.A.; Bossuyt, Patrick M.M.; Mekkes, Jan R.; Bos, Jan D. (2003). "Laboratory tests and identified diagnoses in patients with physical and chronic urticaria and angioedema: A systematic review". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</i>. <b>48</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">409–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmjd.2003.142">10.1067/mjd.2003.142</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12637921">12637921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Laboratory+tests+and+identified+diagnoses+in+patients+with+physical+and+chronic+urticaria+and+angioedema%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1067%2Fmjd.2003.142&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12637921&rft.aulast=Kozel&rft.aufirst=Martina+M.A.&rft.au=Bossuyt%2C+Patrick+M.M.&rft.au=Mekkes%2C+Jan+R.&rft.au=Bos%2C+Jan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_p150-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_p150_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_p150_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamesBergerElston2005" class="citation book cs1">James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659"><i>Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology</i></a></span> (10th ed.). Saunders. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659/page/n160">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6"><bdi>978-0-7216-2921-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrews%27+Diseases+of+the+Skin%3A+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.pages=150&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Berger%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Elston%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewsdiseasess00mdwi_659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5801331-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5801331_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChampionRobertsCarpenterRoger1969" class="citation journal cs1">Champion, R. H.; Roberts, S. O. B.; Carpenter, R. G.; Roger, J. H. (1969). "Urticaria and Angio-Oedema". <i>British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>81</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">588–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.1969.tb16041.x">10.1111/j.1365-2133.1969.tb16041.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5801331">5801331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41089623">41089623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Urticaria+and+Angio-Oedema&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E588-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41089623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5801331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.1969.tb16041.x&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+S.+O.+B.&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Roger%2C+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaker_2020-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaker_2020_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShakerOppenheimerWallaceLang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shaker, Marcus; Oppenheimer, John; Wallace, Dana; Lang, David M.; Rambasek, Todd; Dykewicz, Mark; Greenhawt, Matthew (July 2020). "Optimizing Value in the Evaluation of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis". <i>The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice</i>. <b>8</b> (7): 2360–2369.e1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaip.2019.11.004">10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31751758">31751758</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208229213">208229213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Allergy+and+Clinical+Immunology%3A+In+Practice&rft.atitle=Optimizing+Value+in+the+Evaluation+of+Chronic+Spontaneous+Urticaria%3A+A+Cost-Effectiveness+Analysis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2360-2369.e1&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208229213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31751758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaip.2019.11.004&rft.aulast=Shaker&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+John&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Dana&rft.au=Lang%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Rambasek%2C+Todd&rft.au=Dykewicz%2C+Mark&rft.au=Greenhawt%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/one/000004995.htm">"angioedema"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Dorland%27s_medical_reference_works" title="Dorland's medical reference works">Dorland's Medical Dictionary</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/hives-urticaria-angioedema">"Hives (Urticaria and Angioedema)"</a>. 2006-03-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824182301/http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/hives-urticaria-angioedema">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hives+%28Urticaria+and+Angioedema%29&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fallergies%2Fguide%2Fhives-urticaria-angioedema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKozelMekkesBossuytBos2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kozel MM, Mekkes JR, Bossuyt PM, Bos JD (2001). "Natural course of physical and chronic urticaria and angioedema in 220 patients". <i>J Am Acad Dermatol</i>. <b>45</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmjd.2001.116217">10.1067/mjd.2001.116217</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11511835">11511835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Acad+Dermatol&rft.atitle=Natural+course+of+physical+and+chronic+urticaria+and+angioedema+in+220+patients&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1067%2Fmjd.2001.116217&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11511835&rft.aulast=Kozel&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Mekkes%2C+JR&rft.au=Bossuyt%2C+PM&rft.au=Bos%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Maurer, M (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fddg.12194">"Revisions to the international guidelines on the diagnosis and therapy of chronic urticaria"</a>. <i>J Dtsch Dermatol Ges</i>. <b>11</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">971–</span>978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fddg.12194">10.1111/ddg.12194</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24034140">24034140</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22110680">22110680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Dtsch+Dermatol+Ges&rft.atitle=Revisions+to+the+international+guidelines+on+the+diagnosis+and+therapy+of+chronic+urticaria&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E971-%3C%2Fspan%3E978&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22110680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24034140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fddg.12194&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fddg.12194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein, J (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2014.02.036">"The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update"</a>. <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol</i>. <b>133</b> (5): 1270–1277.e66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2014.02.036">10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24766875">24766875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Allergy+Clin+Immunol&rft.atitle=The+diagnosis+and+management+of+acute+and+chronic+urticaria%3A+2014+update.&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1270-1277.e66&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2014.02.036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24766875&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jaci.2014.02.036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuberbier2012-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zuberbier2012_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuberbier2012_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuberbier2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zuberbier, T (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3488932">"A Summary of the New International EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO Guidelines in Urticaria"</a>. <i>The World Allergy Organization Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (Suppl 1): S1-5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FWOX.0b013e3181f13432">10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181f13432</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3488932">3488932</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23282889">23282889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Allergy+Organization+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Summary+of+the+New+International+EAACI%2FGA2LEN%2FEDF%2FWAO+Guidelines+in+Urticaria.&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S1-5&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3488932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23282889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FWOX.0b013e3181f13432&rft.aulast=Zuberbier&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3488932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharmaBennettCohenCarter2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, M; Bennett, C; Cohen, SN; Carter, B (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481497">"H1-antihistamines for chronic spontaneous urticaria"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2017</b> (11): CD006137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006137.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD006137.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6481497">6481497</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25397904">25397904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=H1-antihistamines+for+chronic+spontaneous+urticaria.&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD006137&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6481497%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25397904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD006137.pub2&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Bennett%2C+C&rft.au=Cohen%2C+SN&rft.au=Carter%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6481497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huang-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huang_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuangJiangWangLuo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, Cheng-zhi; Jiang, Zhi-hui; Wang, Jian; Luo, Yue; Peng, Hua (29 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6884918">"Antihistamine effects and safety of fexofenadine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"</a>. <i>BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40360-019-0363-1">10.1186/s40360-019-0363-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-6511">2050-6511</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6884918">6884918</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31783781">31783781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Pharmacology+and+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Antihistamine+effects+and+safety+of+fexofenadine%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6884918%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2050-6511&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31783781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40360-019-0363-1&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Cheng-zhi&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Zhi-hui&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jian&rft.au=Luo%2C+Yue&rft.au=Peng%2C+Hua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6884918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFedorowiczvan_ZuurenHu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fedorowicz, Zbys; van Zuuren, Esther J; Hu, Nianfang (14 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7390502">"Histamine H2-receptor antagonists for urticaria"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2015</b> (2): CD008596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008596.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD008596.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7390502">7390502</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22419335">22419335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Histamine+H2-receptor+antagonists+for+urticaria&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=CD008596&rft.date=2012-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7390502%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22419335&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD008596.pub2&rft.aulast=Fedorowicz&rft.aufirst=Zbys&rft.au=van+Zuuren%2C+Esther+J&rft.au=Hu%2C+Nianfang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7390502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimBaekShinYoon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kim S, Baek S, Shin B, Yoon SY, Park SY, Lee T, Lee YS, Bae YJ, Kwon HS, Cho YS, Moon HB, Kim TB (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3720657">"Influence of initial treatment modality on long-term control of chronic idiopathic urticaria"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (7): e69345. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...869345K">2013PLoSO...869345K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069345">10.1371/journal.pone.0069345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3720657">3720657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23935990">23935990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Influence+of+initial+treatment+modality+on+long-term+control+of+chronic+idiopathic+urticaria&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e69345&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3720657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23935990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069345&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...869345K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Baek%2C+S&rft.au=Shin%2C+B&rft.au=Yoon%2C+SY&rft.au=Park%2C+SY&rft.au=Lee%2C+T&rft.au=Lee%2C+YS&rft.au=Bae%2C+YJ&rft.au=Kwon%2C+HS&rft.au=Cho%2C+YS&rft.au=Moon%2C+HB&rft.au=Kim%2C+TB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3720657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAU_Erbagci_Z_SO2002" class="citation journal cs1">AU Erbagci Z SO (2002). "The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical study". <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol</i>. <b>110</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">484–</span>488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1067%2Fmai.2002.126676">10.1067/mai.2002.126676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12209099">12209099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Allergy+Clin+Immunol&rft.atitle=The+leukotriene+receptor+antagonist+montelukast+in+the+treatment+of+chronic+idiopathic+urticaria%3A+a+single-blind%2C+placebo-controlled%2C+crossover+clinical+study&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E484-%3C%2Fspan%3E488&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1067%2Fmai.2002.126676&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12209099&rft.au=AU+Erbagci+Z+SO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPacorDi_LorenzoCorrocher2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pacor ML, Di Lorenzo G, Corrocher R (2001). "Efficacy of leukotriene receptor antagonist in chronic urticaria. A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of treatment with montelukast and cetirizine in patients with chronic urticaria with intolerance to food additive and/or acetylsalicylic acid". <i>Clin Exp Allergy</i>. <b>31</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1607–</span>1614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.2001.01189.x">10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01189.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11678862">11678862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33770584">33770584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Exp+Allergy&rft.atitle=Efficacy+of+leukotriene+receptor+antagonist+in+chronic+urticaria.+A+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+comparison+of+treatment+with+montelukast+and+cetirizine+in+patients+with+chronic+urticaria+with+intolerance+to+food+additive+and%2For+acetylsalicylic+acid&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1607-%3C%2Fspan%3E1614&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33770584%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11678862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2222.2001.01189.x&rft.aulast=Pacor&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Di+Lorenzo%2C+G&rft.au=Corrocher%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoehm1999" class="citation journal cs1">Boehm I, et al. (Jul 1999). "Urticaria treated with dapsone". <i>Allergy</i>. <b>54</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">765–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1398-9995.1999.00187.x">10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00187.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10442538">10442538</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40767363">40767363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allergy&rft.atitle=Urticaria+treated+with+dapsone&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E765-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40767363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10442538&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1398-9995.1999.00187.x&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurerRosénHsiehSaini2013" class="citation journal cs1">Maurer, Marcus; Rosén, Karin; Hsieh, Hsin-Ju; Saini, Sarbjit; Grattan, Clive; Gimenéz-Arnau, Ana; Agarwal, Sunil; Doyle, Ramona; Canvin, Janice; Kaplan, Allen; Casale, Thomas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1215372">"Omalizumab for the Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic or Spontaneous Urticaria"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>368</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">924–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1215372">10.1056/NEJMoa1215372</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23432142">23432142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Omalizumab+for+the+Treatment+of+Chronic+Idiopathic+or+Spontaneous+Urticaria&rft.volume=368&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E924-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa1215372&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23432142&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft.au=Ros%C3%A9n%2C+Karin&rft.au=Hsieh%2C+Hsin-Ju&rft.au=Saini%2C+Sarbjit&rft.au=Grattan%2C+Clive&rft.au=Gimen%C3%A9z-Arnau%2C+Ana&rft.au=Agarwal%2C+Sunil&rft.au=Doyle%2C+Ramona&rft.au=Canvin%2C+Janice&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Allen&rft.au=Casale%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1215372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaplan_AP2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan AP (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.10.050">"What the first 10,000 patients with chronic urticaria have taught me: a personal journey"</a>. <i>J Allergy Clin Immunol</i>. <b>123</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">713–</span>717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.10.050">10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19081615">19081615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Allergy+Clin+Immunol&rft.atitle=What+the+first+10%2C000+patients+with+chronic+urticaria+have+taught+me%3A+a+personal+journey&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E713-%3C%2Fspan%3E717&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.10.050&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19081615&rft.au=Kaplan+AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jaci.2008.10.050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan_M2009" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan M (2009). "Treatment of refractory chronic urticaria with sirolimus". <i>Arch Dermatol</i>. <b>145</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">637–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchdermatol.2009.13">10.1001/archdermatol.2009.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528416">19528416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch+Dermatol&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+refractory+chronic+urticaria+with+sirolimus&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E637-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchdermatol.2009.13&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19528416&rft.au=Morgan+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAU_ShaharBergmanGuttman-YasskyPollack2006" class="citation journal cs1">AU Shahar E, Bergman R, Guttman-Yassky E, Pollack S (2006). "Treatment of severe chronic idiopathic urticaria with oral mycophenolate mofetil in patients not responding to antihistamines and/or corticosteroids". <i>Int J Dermatol</i>. <b>45</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1224–</span>1227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2006.02655.x">10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02655.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040448">17040448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19744425">19744425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Dermatol&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+severe+chronic+idiopathic+urticaria+with+oral+mycophenolate+mofetil+in+patients+not+responding+to+antihistamines+and%2For+corticosteroids&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1224-%3C%2Fspan%3E1227&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19744425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17040448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2006.02655.x&rft.aulast=AU+Shahar&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Bergman%2C+R&rft.au=Guttman-Yassky%2C+E&rft.au=Pollack%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tat_2019-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tat_2019_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTat2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tat, Tugba Songul (4 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6329254">"Higher Levels of Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Chronic Urticaria"</a>. <i>Medical Science Monitor</i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">115–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.912362">10.12659/MSM.912362</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6329254">6329254</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30609422">30609422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Higher+Levels+of+Depression+and+Anxiety+in+Patients+with+Chronic+Urticaria&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6329254%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30609422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12659%2FMSM.912362&rft.aulast=Tat&rft.aufirst=Tugba+Songul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6329254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaynerGouWeilerIrelewuyi" class="citation journal cs1">Rayner, Daniel G.; Gou, David; Weiler, Laura; Irelewuyi, Lola; Xiong, Grace; Wang, Elaine; Sivanesanathan, Tresha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/all.16482">"Prevalence of Mental Health Symptoms in Chronic Urticaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"</a>. <i>Allergy</i>. <b>n/a</b> (n/a). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fall.16482">10.1111/all.16482</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1398-9995">1398-9995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allergy&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+Mental+Health+Symptoms+in+Chronic+Urticaria%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&rft.volume=n%2Fa&rft.issue=n%2Fa&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fall.16482&rft.issn=1398-9995&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rft.au=Gou%2C+David&rft.au=Weiler%2C+Laura&rft.au=Irelewuyi%2C+Lola&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Grace&rft.au=Wang%2C+Elaine&rft.au=Sivanesanathan%2C+Tresha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1111%2Fall.16482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGouKaloGrignanoGrover2025" class="citation journal cs1">Gou, David; Kalo, Carmen; Grignano, Veronica; Grover, Krystal; Rayner, Daniel G. (2025-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/12034754251316300">"Risk Factors for Chronic Urticaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"</a>. <i>Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F12034754251316300">10.1177/12034754251316300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1203-4754">1203-4754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cutaneous+Medicine+and+Surgery&rft.atitle=Risk+Factors+for+Chronic+Urticaria%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F12034754251316300&rft.issn=1203-4754&rft.aulast=Gou&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kalo%2C+Carmen&rft.au=Grignano%2C+Veronica&rft.au=Grover%2C+Krystal&rft.au=Rayner%2C+Daniel+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F12034754251316300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanganNie,_ZRhodes,_LE2010" class="citation journal cs1">Langan, EA; Nie, Z; Rhodes, LE (Sep 2010). "Melanotropic peptides: more than just 'Barbie drugs' and 'sun-tan jabs'?". <i>The British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>163</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">451–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2010.09891.x">10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09891.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20545686">20545686</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8203334">8203334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Melanotropic+peptides%3A+more+than+just+%27Barbie+drugs%27+and+%27sun-tan+jabs%27%3F&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8203334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20545686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2010.09891.x&rft.aulast=Langan&rft.aufirst=EA&rft.au=Nie%2C+Z&rft.au=Rhodes%2C+LE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhanBernhardLugerStänder2010" class="citation journal cs1">Phan, NQ; Bernhard, JD; Luger, TA; Ständer, S (October 2010). "Antipruritic treatment with systemic μ-opioid receptor antagonists: a review". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</i>. <b>63</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">680–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2009.08.052">10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20462660">20462660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Antipruritic+treatment+with+systemic+%CE%BC-opioid+receptor+antagonists%3A+a+review.&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E680-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2009.08.052&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20462660&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=NQ&rft.au=Bernhard%2C+JD&rft.au=Luger%2C+TA&rft.au=St%C3%A4nder%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volcheck, Gerald W. (2009) <i>Clinical Allergy Diagnosis and Management</i>. London: Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoonawallaKelly2009" class="citation journal cs1">Poonawalla T, Kelly B (2009). "Urticaria: A review". <i>American Journal of Clinical Dermatology</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F0128071-200910010-00002">10.2165/0128071-200910010-00002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19170406">19170406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35029156">35029156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Urticaria%3A+A+review&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35029156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19170406&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F0128071-200910010-00002&rft.aulast=Poonawalla&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Kelly%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGovern TW, Barkley TM (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telemedicine.org/stamford.htm"><i>The electronic textbook of Dermatology</i></a>. New York: Internet Dermatology Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juhlin L. (2000) <i>The History of Urticaria and Angioedema</i>. Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. ESHDV Special Annual Lecture.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hives&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urticaria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urticaria">Urticaria</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dermnet.com/moduleIndex.cfm?moduleID=19">Urticaria photo library at Dermnet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925113447/http://www.dermnet.com/moduleIndex.cfm?moduleID=19">Archived</a> 2007-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187440" class="extiw" title="d:Q187440">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/L50">L50</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=708">708</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014581">D014581</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13606.htm">13606</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000845.htm">000845</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/search/Urticaria-overview">search/Urticaria</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/urticaria-pro">Hives</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template talk:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">Acrochordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> and<br />subcutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermal inclusion cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">Hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_fibrous_histiocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign fibrous histiocytoma">Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoma" title="Lipoma">Lipoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibroma" title="Neurofibroma">Neurofibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_digital_fibromatosis" title="Infantile digital fibromatosis">Infantile digital fibromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_cell_tumor" title="Granular cell tumor">Granular cell tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangioma_circumscriptum" title="Lymphangioma circumscriptum">Lymphangioma circumscriptum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxoid_cyst" title="Myxoid cyst">Myxoid cyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With<br /> epidermal<br /> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eczematous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">Stasis dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagonoma syndrome">Glucagonoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus foliaceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li>Tinea (<a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Corporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Pedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Faciei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Pityriasis rosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Secondary syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Mycosis fungoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris" title="Pityriasis rubra pilaris">Pityriasis rubra pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">Parapsoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blistering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Acute contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">Porphyria cutanea tarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">Papular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bite reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliaria" title="Miliaria">Miliaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_spinulosus" title="Lichen spinulosus">Lichen spinulosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis" title="Transient acantholytic dermatosis">Transient acantholytic dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_nitidus" title="Lichen nitidus">Lichen nitidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides_et_varioliformis_acuta" title="Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta">Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Gonococcemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcorneal_pustular_dermatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcorneal pustular dermatosis">Subcorneal pustular dermatosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypopigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without<br /> epidermal<br /> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Red12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blanchable<br /> <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">Viral exanthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Toxic erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">Boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid_syndrome" title="Carcinoid syndrome">Carcinoid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">Fixed drug eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li>Erythema (<a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Migrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Gyratum repens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Annulare centrifugum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_ab_igne" title="Erythema ab igne">Ab igne</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonblanchable<br /> Purpura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">Thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_purpura" title="Solar purpura">Actinic/solar purpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indurated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morphea" title="Morphea">morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous<br /> disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telogen_effluvium" title="Telogen effluvium">Telogen effluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">Androgenic alopecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">Alopecia areata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">Tinea capitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loose_anagen_syndrome" title="Loose anagen syndrome">Loose anagen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planopilaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planopilaris">Lichen planopilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis_decalvans" title="Folliculitis decalvans">Folliculitis decalvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudofolliculitis_barbae" title="Pseudofolliculitis barbae">Acne keloidalis nuchae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrown_nail" title="Ingrown nail">Ingrown nail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucous<br /> membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" title="Mucous membrane pemphigoid">Mucous membrane pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatricial_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">Coxsackievirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Systemic histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urticaria_and_erythema110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urticaria_and_erythema" title="Template:Urticaria and erythema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urticaria_and_erythema" title="Template talk:Urticaria and erythema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urticaria_and_erythema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urticaria and erythema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urticaria_and_erythema110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Urticaria and erythema</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Acute_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute urticaria">acute</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chronic_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic urticaria">chronic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allergic urticaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticarial_allergic_eruption" title="Urticarial allergic eruption">Urticarial allergic eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_urticaria" title="Physical urticaria">Physical urticaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_urticaria" title="Cold urticaria">Cold urticaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familial_cold_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Familial cold urticaria">Familial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cold_contact_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary cold contact urticaria">Primary cold contact urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_cold_contact_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary cold contact urticaria">Secondary cold contact urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex_cold_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex cold urticaria">Reflex cold urticaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_urticaria" title="Heat urticaria">Heat urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_heat_contact_urticaria" title="Localized heat contact urticaria">Localized heat contact urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_urticaria" title="Solar urticaria">Solar urticaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatographic_urticaria" title="Dermatographic urticaria">Dermatographic urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibratory_angioedema" title="Vibratory angioedema">Vibratory angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_urticaria" title="Pressure urticaria">Pressure urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_pressure_urticaria" title="Delayed pressure urticaria">Delayed pressure urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholinergic_urticaria" title="Cholinergic urticaria">Cholinergic urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquagenic_urticaria" title="Aquagenic urticaria">Aquagenic urticaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other urticaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquired_C1_esterase_inhibitor_deficiency" title="Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency">Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_urticaria" title="Adrenergic urticaria">Adrenergic urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_urticaria" title="Autoimmune urticaria">Autoimmune urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise urticaria">Exercise urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvanic_urticaria" title="Galvanic urticaria">Galvanic urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnitzler_syndrome" title="Schnitzler syndrome">Schnitzler syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria-like_follicular_mucinosis" title="Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis">Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_spontaneous_urticaria" title="Chronic spontaneous urticaria">Chronic spontaneous urticaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gleich%27s_syndrome" title="Gleich's syndrome">Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_angioedema" title="Hereditary angioedema">Hereditary angioedema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Erythema multiforme</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">drug eruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme_minor" title="Erythema multiforme minor">Erythema multiforme minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme_major" title="Erythema multiforme major">Erythema multiforme major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens%E2%80%93Johnson_syndrome" title="Stevens–Johnson syndrome">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_epidermal_necrolysis" title="Toxic epidermal necrolysis">Toxic epidermal necrolysis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panniculitis" title="Panniculitis">panniculitis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_generalized_exanthematous_pustulosis" title="Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis">Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Figurate_erythema" title="Figurate erythema">Figurate erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Erythema annulare centrifugum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_marginatum" title="Erythema marginatum">Erythema marginatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_migrans" title="Erythema migrans">Erythema migrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Erythema gyratum repens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annular_erythema_of_infancy" title="Annular erythema of infancy">Annular erythema of infancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrolytic_migratory_erythema" title="Necrolytic migratory erythema">Necrolytic migratory erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Erythema toxicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroderma" title="Erythroderma">Erythroderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_erythema" title="Palmar erythema">Palmar erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_erythema" title="Generalized erythema">Generalized erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrolytic_acral_erythema" title="Necrolytic acral erythema">Necrolytic acral erythema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases466" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template talk:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_hypersensitivity" title="Type I hypersensitivity">Type I</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic asthma">Allergic asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic urticaria">Allergic urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Allergic rhinitis</a> (Hay fever)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> <ul><li>common allergies include: <a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood allergy">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">Soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">Tree nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_effects_of_penicillin" title="Side effects of penicillin">Penicillin allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_urticaria" title="Autoimmune urticaria">Autoimmune urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic esophagitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity" title="Type II hypersensitivity">Type II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity" title="Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity">ADCC</a><br /> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M" title="Immunoglobulin M">IgM</a></li></ul></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">Hemolytic disease of the newborn</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">Cytotoxic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodpasture_syndrome" title="Goodpasture syndrome">Goodpasture syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Immune thrombocytopenic purpura">Immune thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity#Type_V" title="Hypersensitivity">Type V</a>"/<a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graves%27_disease" title="Graves' disease">Graves' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">Myasthenia gravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">Pernicious anemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_III_hypersensitivity" title="Type III hypersensitivity">Type III</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">Immune complex</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henoch%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nlein_purpura" title="Henoch–Schönlein purpura">Henoch–Schönlein purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis" title="Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis">Hypersensitivity vasculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis">Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subacute_bacterial_endocarditis" title="Subacute bacterial endocarditis">Subacute bacterial endocarditis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_IV_hypersensitivity" title="Type IV hypersensitivity">Type IV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">Allergic contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantoux_test" title="Mantoux test">Mantoux test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis" title="Giant cell arteritis">Giant cell arteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis" title="Hashimoto's thyroiditis">Hashimoto's thyroiditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postorgasmic_illness_syndrome" title="Postorgasmic illness syndrome">Postorgasmic illness syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1 diabetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">GVHD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion-associated_graft-versus-host_disease" title="Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease">Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown/<br />multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a> (I+IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">Transplant rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_disease" title="Addison's disease">Autoimmune adrenalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome">Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_1" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1">APS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_2" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2">APS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjögren syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">Systemic autoimmune disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187440#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075291-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Urticaria"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85141474">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574800">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="urtikarie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138677&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000280724&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529758905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hives&oldid=1280742247">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hives&oldid=1280742247</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Skin_conditions_resulting_from_errors_in_metabolism" title="Category:Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism">Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Type_I_hypersensitivity" title="Category:Type I hypersensitivity">Type I hypersensitivity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urticaria_and_angioedema" title="Category:Urticaria and angioedema">Urticaria and angioedema</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from April 2024">Articles to be expanded from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_emergency_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 March 2025, at 06:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hives&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hives</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>61 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-78bdfcd464-n97tp","wgBackendResponseTime":239,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.189","walltime":"1.491","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11194,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":357380,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18586,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":278545,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1264.348 1 -total"," 37.10% 469.075 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.85% 263.606 44 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.09% 178.089 27 Template:Fix"," 13.96% 176.467 21 Template:Navbox"," 9.76% 123.437 13 Template:Cn"," 8.37% 105.769 2 Template:Short_description"," 7.59% 95.934 5 Template:Cite_web"," 7.11% 89.914 13 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.44% 81.418 1 Template:Medical_resources"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.722","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7873506,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-mpsfd","timestamp":"20250318155428","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hives","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hives","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q187440","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q187440","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-16T19:31:55Z","dateModified":"2025-03-16T06:22:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/63\/EMminor2010.JPG","headline":"skin disease characterized by skin rash notable for pale red, raised and itchy bumps, located in the upper dermis"}</script> </body> </html>