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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Language support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Specification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Software testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agile_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agile_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Agile practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agile_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Static_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Static_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Static analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Static_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Open source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debugging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debugging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Debugging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debugging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Severity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Severity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Priority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Patch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Maintenance release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Known issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Known_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benchmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benchmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Benchmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benchmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design_error" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_error"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Design error</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_error-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arithmetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arithmetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Arithmetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arithmetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Control flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfacing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfacing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Interfacing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfacing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concurrency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concurrency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Concurrency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concurrency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resourcing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resourcing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Resourcing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resourcing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teamwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teamwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Teamwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teamwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Bugs_in_the_System"_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Bugs_in_the_System"_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>"Bugs in the System" report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Bugs_in_the_System"_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Software bug</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="خطأ برمجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطأ برمجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97" title="সফটওয়্যার বাগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সফটওয়্যার বাগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Програмна грешка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Програмна грешка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_de_programari" title="Error de programari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Error de programari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarov%C3%A1_chyba" title="Softwarová chyba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Softwarová chyba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(computer)" title="Bug (computer) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bug (computer)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmfehler" title="Programmfehler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Programmfehler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Software bug" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_de_software" title="Error de software – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Error de software" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimo_(komputscienco)" title="Cimo (komputscienco) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cimo (komputscienco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-errore" title="Software-errore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Software-errore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اشکال نرم‌افزاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشکال نرم‌افزاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(informatique)" title="Bug (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bug (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brek" title="Brek – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabht_(r%C3%ADomhaireacht)" title="Fabht (ríomhaireacht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fabht (ríomhaireacht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug" title="Bug – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bug" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EB%B2%84%EA%B7%B8" title="소프트웨어 버그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트웨어 버그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97" title="सॉफ्टवेयर बग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सॉफ्टवेयर बग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(softver)" title="Bug (softver) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bug (softver)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimo_(informatiko)" title="Cimo (informatiko) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cimo (informatiko)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutu_(komputer)" title="Kutu (komputer) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kutu (komputer)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug" title="Bug – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bug" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%92" title="באג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasoro" title="Kasoro – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kasoro" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug" title="Bug – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bug" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug" title="Bug – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bug" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(informatika)" title="Bug (informatika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bug (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ ബഗ്ഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ ബഗ്ഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepijat" title="Pepijat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pepijat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Програмын алдаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Програмын алдаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(technologie)" title="Bug (technologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bug (technologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0" title="バグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvarefeil" title="Programvarefeil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Programvarefeil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(informatica)" title="Bug (informatica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bug (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%82%C4%85d_(informatyka)" title="Błąd (informatyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Błąd (informatyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug" title="Bug – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bug" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroare_de_program" title="Eroare de program – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eroare de program" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Программная ошибка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программная ошибка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug" title="Bug – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bug" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Software bug" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hro%C5%A1%C4%8D_(ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo)" title="Hrošč (računalništvo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hrošč (računalništvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Софтверска грешка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Софтверска грешка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohjelmointivirhe" title="Ohjelmointivirhe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohjelmointivirhe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugg_(dator)" title="Bugg (dator) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bugg (dator)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="மென்பொருள் வழு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மென்பொருள் வழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="บั๊กซอฟต์แวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บั๊กซอฟต์แวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%97i_ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Lỗi phần mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lỗi phần mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%B1%E8%AF%AF" title="虱误 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="虱误" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%92" title="סאפטוועיר באג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאפטוועיר באג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">RUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management">Deployment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_test-driven_development" title="Acceptance test-driven development">ATDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_development_process" title="Template:Software development process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_development_process" title="Template talk:Software development process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_development_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software development process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>software bug</b> is a design defect (<a href="/wiki/Bug_(engineering)" title="Bug (engineering)">bug</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> with many or serious bugs may be described as <i>buggy</i>. </p><p>The effects of a software bug range from minor (such as a misspelled word in the <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>) to severe (such as frequent <a href="/wiki/Crash_(computing)" title="Crash (computing)">crashing</a>). </p><p>In 2002, a study commissioned by the US <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> concluded that "software bugs, or errors, are so prevalent and so detrimental that they cost the US economy an estimated $59 billion annually, or about 0.6 percent of the gross domestic product".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1950s, some computer systems have been designed to detect or auto-correct various software errors during operations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bug_(engineering)#History" title="Bug (engineering)">Bug (engineering) § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mistake metamorphism</i> (from Greek <i>meta</i> = "change", <i>morph</i> = "form") refers to the evolution of a defect in the final stage of software deployment. Transformation of a <i>mistake</i> committed by an analyst in the early stages of the software development lifecycle, which leads to a <i>defect</i> in the final stage of the cycle has been called <i>mistake metamorphism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-metamorph_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metamorph-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different stages of a mistake in the development cycle may be described as mistake,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeGlossary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> anomaly,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeGlossary_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> fault,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeGlossary_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> failure,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeGlossary_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> error,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeGlossary_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> exception,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeGlossary_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup> crash,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeGlossary_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> glitch, bug,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeGlossary_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> defect, incident,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeGlossary_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeGlossary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> or side effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software bugs have been linked to disasters. </p> <ul><li>Software bugs in the <a href="/wiki/Therac-25" title="Therac-25">Therac-25 radiation therapy machine</a> were directly responsible for patient deaths in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Raj_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raj-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s US$1 billion prototype <a href="/wiki/Ariane_flight_V88" title="Ariane flight V88">Ariane 5 rocket was destroyed</a> less than a minute after launch due to a bug in the on-board guidance computer program.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1994, an <a href="/wiki/1994_Scotland_RAF_Chinook_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash">RAF Chinook helicopter crashed</a>, killing 29; was initially blamed on pilot error, but was later thought to have been caused by a software bug in the <a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">engine-control computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Buggy software caused the early 21st century <a href="/wiki/British_Post_Office_scandal" title="British Post Office scandal">British Post Office scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beeb182_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beeb182-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes the use of <i>bug</i> to describe the behavior of software is contentious due to perception. Some suggest that the term should be abandoned; contending that <i>bug</i> implies that the defect arose on its own and push to use <i>defect</i> instead since it more clearly indicates they are caused by a human.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contend that <i>bug</i> may be used to <a href="/wiki/Coverup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coverup">coverup</a> an intentional design decision. In 2011, after receiving scrutiny from US Senator <a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Al Franken</a> for recording and storing users' locations in unencrypted files,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple called the behavior a bug. However, Justin Brookman of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a> directly challenged that portrayal, stating "I'm glad that they are fixing what they call bugs, but I take exception with their strong denial that they track users."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg/220px-Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg/330px-Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg/440px-Software_bug_displayed_on_two_screens_at_La_Croix_de_Berny_station_in_France_-_2021-10-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Error resulting from a software bug displayed on two screens at <a href="/wiki/La_Croix_de_Berny_station" title="La Croix de Berny station">La Croix de Berny station</a> in France</figcaption></figure> <p>Preventing bugs as early as possible in the <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a> is a target of investment and innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_support">Language support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newer <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> tend to be designed to prevent common bugs based on vulnerabilities of existing languages. Lessons learned from older languages such as <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> are used to inform the design of later languages such as <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>. </p><p>Languages may include features such as a static <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a>, restricted <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular programming</a>. For example, for a typed, compiled language (like <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>): </p> <pre>float num = "3"; </pre> <p>is syntactically correct, but fails type checking since the right side, a string, cannot be assigned to a float variable. Compilation fails – forcing this defect to be fixed before development progress can resume. With an interpreted language, a failure would not occur until later at runtime. </p><p>Some languages exclude features that easily lead to bugs, at the expense of slower performance – the principle being that it is usually better to write simpler, slower correct code than complicated, buggy code. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> does not support <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointer</a> arithmetic which is generally fast, but is considered dangerous; relatively easy to cause a major bug. </p><p>Some languages include features that add runtime overhead in order to prevent some bugs. For example, many languages include runtime <a href="/wiki/Bounds_checking" title="Bounds checking">bounds checking</a> and a way to handle out-of-bounds conditions instead of crashing. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Compiled" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiled">compiled</a> language allows for detecting some typos (such as a misspelled identifier) before <a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a> which is earlier in the <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a> than for an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreted</a> language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques">Techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Programming techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Programming_style" title="Programming style">programming style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defensive_programming" title="Defensive programming">defensive programming</a> are intended to prevent typos. </p><p>For example, a bug may be caused by a relatively minor, typographical error (typo) in the code. For example, this code executes function <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">foo</code> only if <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">condition</code>is true. </p> <pre>if (condition) foo(); </pre> <p>But this code always executes <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">foo</code>: </p> <pre>if (condition); foo(); </pre> <p>A convention that tends to prevent this particular issue is to require braces for a block even if it has just one line. </p> <pre>if (condition) { foo(); } </pre> <p>Enforcement of conventions may be manual (i.e. via <a href="/wiki/Code_review" title="Code review">code review</a>) or via automated tools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specification">Specification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Specification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some contend that writing a <a href="/wiki/Program_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Program specification">program specification</a> which states the behavior of a program, can prevent bugs. </p><p>Some contend that formal specifications are impractical for anything but the shortest programs, because of problems of <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_explosion" title="Combinatorial explosion">combinatorial explosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_algorithm" title="Nondeterministic algorithm">indeterminacy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_testing">Software testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Software testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One goal of <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a> is to find bugs. </p><p>Measurements during testing can provide an estimate of the number of likely bugs remaining. This becomes more reliable the longer a product is tested and developed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agile_practices">Agile practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agile practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile software development</a> may involve frequent software releases with relatively small changes. Defects are revealed by user feedback. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">test-driven development</a> (TDD), <a href="/wiki/Unit_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit test">unit tests</a> are written while writing the production code, and the production code is not considered complete until all tests complete successfully. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Static_analysis">Static analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Static analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tools for <a href="/wiki/Static_code_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Static code analysis">static code analysis</a> help developers by inspecting the program text beyond the compiler's capabilities to spot potential problems. Although in general the problem of finding all programming errors given a specification is not solvable (see <a href="/wiki/Halting_problem" title="Halting problem">halting problem</a>), these tools exploit the fact that human programmers tend to make certain kinds of simple mistakes often when writing software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tools to monitor the performance of the software as it is running, either specifically to find problems such as <a href="/wiki/Bottleneck_(engineering)" title="Bottleneck (engineering)">bottlenecks</a> or to give assurance as to correct working, may be embedded in the code explicitly (perhaps as simple as a statement saying <code>PRINT "I AM HERE"</code>), or provided as tools. It is often a surprise to find where most of the time is taken by a piece of code, and this removal of assumptions might cause the code to be rewritten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_source">Open source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Open source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a> development allows anyone to examine source code. A school of thought popularized by <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> as <a href="/wiki/Linus%27s_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a> says that popular <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> has more chance of having few or no bugs than other software, because "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This assertion has been disputed, however: computer security specialist <a href="/wiki/Elias_Levy" title="Elias Levy">Elias Levy</a> wrote that "it is easy to hide vulnerabilities in complex, little understood and undocumented source code," because, "even if people are reviewing the code, that doesn't mean they're qualified to do so."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of an open-source software bug was the <a href="/wiki/Debian#2008_OpenSSL_vulnerability" title="Debian">2008 OpenSSL vulnerability in Debian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debugging">Debugging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Debugging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></div> <p><i>Debugging</i> can be a significant part of the <a href="/wiki/Software_development_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development lifecycle">software development lifecycle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Maurice Wilkes</a>, an early computing pioneer, described his realization in the late 1940s that “a good part of the remainder of my life was going to be spent in finding errors in my own programs”.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A program known as a <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a> can help a programmer find faulty code by examining the inner workings of a program such as executing code line-by-line and viewing variable values. </p><p>As an alternative to using a debugger, code may be instrumented with logic to output debug information to trace program execution and view values. Output is typically to <a href="/wiki/System_console" class="mw-redirect" title="System console">console</a>, <a href="/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">window</a>, <a href="/wiki/Log_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Log file">log file</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> output (i.e. <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>). </p><p>Some contend that locating a bug is something of an art. </p><p>It is not uncommon for a bug in one section of a program to cause failures in a different section,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> thus making it difficult to track, in an apparently unrelated part of the system. For example, an error in a graphics <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a> routine causing a file <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a> routine to fail. </p><p>Sometimes, the most difficult part of debugging is finding the cause of the bug. Once found, correcting the problem is sometimes easy if not trivial. </p><p>Sometimes, a bug is not an isolated flaw, but represents an error of thinking or planning on the part of the programmers. Often, such a <i><a href="/wiki/Logic_error" title="Logic error">logic error</a></i> requires a section of the program to be overhauled or rewritten. </p><p>Some contend that as a part of <a href="/wiki/Code_review" title="Code review">code review</a>, stepping through the code and imagining or transcribing the execution process may often find errors without ever reproducing the bug as such. </p><p>Typically, the first step in locating a bug is to reproduce it reliably. If unable to reproduce the issue, a programmer cannot find the cause of the bug and therefore cannot fix it. </p><p>Some bugs are revealed by inputs that may be difficult for the programmer to re-create. One cause of the <a href="/wiki/Therac-25" title="Therac-25">Therac-25</a> radiation machine deaths was a bug (specifically, a <a href="/wiki/Race_condition" title="Race condition">race condition</a>) that occurred only when the machine operator very rapidly entered a treatment plan; it took days of practice to become able to do this, so the bug did not manifest in testing or when the manufacturer attempted to duplicate it. Other bugs may stop occurring whenever the setup is augmented to help find the bug, such as running the program with a debugger; these are called <i><a href="/wiki/Heisenbug" title="Heisenbug">heisenbugs</a></i> (humorously named after the <a href="/wiki/Heisenberg_uncertainty_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisenberg uncertainty principle">Heisenberg uncertainty principle</a>). </p><p>Since the 1990s, particularly following the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_Flight_501" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 Flight 501">Ariane 5 Flight 501</a> disaster, interest in automated aids to debugging rose, such as <a href="/wiki/Static_code_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Static code analysis">static code analysis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abstract_interpretation" title="Abstract interpretation">abstract interpretation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, bugs come about during coding, but faulty design documentation may cause a bug. In some cases, changes to the code may eliminate the problem even though the code then no longer matches the documentation. </p><p>In an <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system</a>, the software is often modified to <a href="/wiki/Workaround" title="Workaround">work around</a> a hardware bug since it's cheaper than modifying the hardware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classpath_bugs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Classpath_bugs.png/350px-Classpath_bugs.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Classpath_bugs.png/525px-Classpath_bugs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Classpath_bugs.png/700px-Classpath_bugs.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Example bug history (<a href="/wiki/GNU_Classpath" title="GNU Classpath">GNU Classpath</a> project data). A new bug is initially <i>unconfirmed.</i> Once reproducibility is confirmed, it is changed to <i>confirmed</i>. Once the issue is resolved, it is changed to <i>fixed</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bugs are managed via activities like documenting, categorizing, assigning, reproducing, correcting and releasing the corrected code. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a> are often used to track bugs and other issues with software. Typically, different tools are used by the software development team to <a href="/wiki/Bug_tracking_system" title="Bug tracking system">track their workload</a> than by <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a> to <a href="/wiki/Issue_tracking_system" title="Issue tracking system">track user feedback</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tracked item is often called <i>bug</i>, <i>defect</i>, <i>ticket</i>, <i>issue</i>, <i>feature</i>, or for <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile software development</a>, <i>story</i> or <i>epic</i>. Items are often categorized by aspects such as severity, priority and <a href="/wiki/Version_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Version number">version number</a>. </p><p>In a process sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">triage</a>, choices are made for each bug about whether and when to fix it based on information such as the bug's severity and priority and external factors such as development schedules. Triage generally does not include investigation into cause. Triage may occur regularly. Triage generally consists of reviewing new bugs since the previous triage and maybe all open bugs. Attendees may include project manager, development manager, test manager, build manager, and technical experts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Severity">Severity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Severity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Severity</i> is a measure of impact the bug has.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This impact may be data loss, financial, loss of goodwill and wasted effort. Severity levels are not standardized, but differ by context such as industry and tracking tool. For example, a crash in a video game has a different impact than a crash in a bank server. Severity levels might be <i>crash or hang</i>, <i>no workaround</i> (user cannot accomplish a task), <i>has workaround</i> (user can still accomplish the task), <i>visual defect</i> (a misspelling for example), or <i>documentation error</i>. Another example set of severities: <i>critical</i>, <i>high</i>, <i>low</i>, <i>blocker</i>, <i>trivial</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The severity of a bug may be a separate category to its priority for fixing, or the two may be quantified and managed separately. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Show_stopper"></span><span class="anchor" id="Showstopper"></span><span class="anchor" id="Showstopper_bug"></span>A bug severe enough to delay the release of the product is called a <i>show stopper</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DoD_Glossary1989_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoD_Glossary1989-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zachary1994_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zachary1994-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Priority">Priority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Priority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Priority</i> describes the importance of resolving the bug in relation to other bugs. Priorities might be numerical, such as 1 through 5, or named, such as <i>critical</i>, <i>high</i>, <i>low</i>, and <i>deferred</i>. The values might be similar or identical to severity ratings, even though priority is a different aspect. </p><p>Priority may be a combination of the bug's severity with the level of effort to fix. A bug with low severity but easy to fix may get a higher priority than a bug with moderate severity that requires significantly more effort to fix. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patch">Patch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Patch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bugs of sufficiently high priority may warrant a special release which is sometimes called a <i><a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patch</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance_release">Maintenance release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Maintenance release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A software release that emphasizes bug fixes may be called a <i>maintenance</i> release – to differentiate it from a release that emphasizes new features or other changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Known_issue">Known issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Known issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is common practice to release software with known, low-priority bugs or other issues. Possible reasons include but are not limited to: </p> <ul><li>A deadline must be met and resources are insufficient to fix all bugs by the deadline<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The bug is already fixed in an upcoming release, and it is not of high priority</li></ul> <ul><li>The changes required to fix the bug are too costly or affect too many other components, requiring a major testing activity</li></ul> <ul><li>It may be suspected, or known, that some users are relying on the existing buggy behavior; a proposed fix may introduce a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/breaking_change" class="extiw" title="wikt:breaking change">breaking change</a></li></ul> <ul><li>The problem is in an area that will be obsolete with an upcoming release; fixing it is unnecessary</li></ul> <ul><li>"It's not a bug, it's a feature"<sup id="cite_ref-wired_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A misunderstanding exists between expected and actual behavior or <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_feature" title="Undocumented feature">undocumented feature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implications">Implications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount and type of damage a software bug may cause affects decision-making, processes and policy regarding software quality. In applications such as <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> or <a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">automotive safety</a>, since software flaws have the potential to cause human injury or even death, such software will have far more scrutiny and quality control than, for example, an online shopping website. In applications such as banking, where software flaws have the potential to cause serious financial damage to a bank or its customers, quality control is also more important than, say, a photo editing application. </p><p>Other than the damage caused by bugs, some of their cost is due to the effort invested in fixing them. In 1978, Lientz et al. showed that the median of projects invest 17 percent of the development effort in bug fixing.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, research on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> repositories showed the median is 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="residual_defects"></span><span class="anchor" id="Deployment_failures"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> managed to reduce their average number of errors from 4.5 per 1000 lines of code (<a href="/wiki/Source_lines_of_code" title="Source lines of code">SLOC</a>) down to 1 per 1000 SLOC.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA1994_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA1994-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study in 1990 reported that exceptionally good software development processes can achieve deployment failure rates as low as 0.1 per 1000 SLOC.<sup id="cite_ref-CobbMills1990_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CobbMills1990-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure is iterated in literature such as <i><a href="/wiki/Code_Complete" title="Code Complete">Code Complete</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_McConnell" title="Steve McConnell">Steve McConnell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McConnel1993_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McConnel1993-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>NASA study on Flight Software Complexity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some projects even attained zero defects: the <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> in the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Wheelwriter" title="IBM Wheelwriter">IBM Wheelwriter</a> typewriter which consists of 63,000 SLOC, and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> software with 500,000 SLOC.<sup id="cite_ref-CobbMills1990_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CobbMills1990-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benchmark">Benchmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Benchmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To facilitate reproducible research on testing and debugging, researchers use curated benchmarks of bugs: </p> <ul><li>the Siemens benchmark</li> <li>ManyBugs<sup id="cite_ref-Le_GouesHoltschulte2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_GouesHoltschulte2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a benchmark of 185 C bugs in nine open-source programs.</li> <li>Defects4J<sup id="cite_ref-JustJalali2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JustJalali2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a benchmark of 341 Java bugs from 5 open-source projects. It contains the corresponding patches, which cover a variety of patch type.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some notable types of bugs: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_error">Design error</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Design error"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bug can be caused by insufficient or incorrect design based on the specification. For example, given that the specification is to alphabetize a list of words, a design bug might occur if the design does not account for symbols; resulting in incorrect alphabetization of words with symbols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arithmetic">Arithmetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Arithmetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerical operations can result in unexpected output, slow processing, or crashing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a bug can be from a lack of awareness of the qualities of the data storage such as a <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic precision">loss of precision</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerically_unstable" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerically unstable">numerically unstable</a> algorithms, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_overflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic overflow">arithmetic overflow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Underflow">underflow</a>, or from lack of awareness of how calculations are handled by different software coding languages such as <a href="/wiki/Division_by_zero#Computer_arithmetic" title="Division by zero">division by zero</a> which in some languages may throw an exception, and in others may return a special value such as <a href="/wiki/NaN" title="NaN">NaN</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infinity#Computing" title="Infinity">infinity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_flow">Control flow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Control flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Logic_error" title="Logic error">Logic error</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> bug, a.k.a. logic error, is characterized by code that does not fail with an error, but does not have the expected behavior, such as <a href="/wiki/Infinite_loop" title="Infinite loop">infinite looping</a>, infinite <a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">recursion</a>, incorrect comparison in a <a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">conditional</a> such as using the wrong <a href="/wiki/Comparison_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison operator">comparison operator</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Off-by-one_error" title="Off-by-one error">off-by-one error</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfacing">Interfacing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Interfacing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Incorrect API usage.</li> <li>Incorrect protocol implementation.</li> <li>Incorrect hardware handling.</li> <li>Incorrect assumptions of a particular platform.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Incompatible</a> systems. A new <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocol</a> may seem to work when two systems use different versions, but errors may occur when a function or feature implemented in one version is changed or missing in another. In production systems which must run continually, shutting down the entire system for a major update may not be possible, such as in the telecommunication industry<sup id="cite_ref-Kimbler1998_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimbler1998-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman2001_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WuIrwin2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WuIrwin2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, smaller segments of a large system are upgraded individually, to minimize disruption to a large network. However, some sections could be overlooked and not upgraded, and cause compatibility errors which may be difficult to find and repair.</li> <li>Incorrect code annotations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concurrency">Concurrency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Concurrency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">Deadlock</a> – a task cannot continue until a second finishes, but at the same time, the second cannot continue until the first finishes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_condition" title="Race condition">Race condition</a> – multiple simultaneous tasks compete for resources.</li> <li>Errors in <a href="/wiki/Critical_section" title="Critical section">critical sections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutual_exclusion" title="Mutual exclusion">mutual exclusions</a> and other features of <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_programming#Coordinating_access_to_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent processing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time-of-check-to-time-of-use" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-of-check-to-time-of-use">Time-of-check-to-time-of-use</a> (TOCTOU) is a form of unprotected critical section.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resourcing">Resourcing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Resourcing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Runtime_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime error">Runtime error</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">Null pointer</a> dereference.</li> <li>Using an <a href="/wiki/Uninitialized_variable" title="Uninitialized variable">uninitialized variable</a>.</li> <li>Using an otherwise valid instruction on the wrong <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data type</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Packed_decimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Packed decimal">packed decimal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">binary-coded decimal</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Access violation">Access violations</a>.</li> <li>Resource leaks, where a finite system resource (such as <a href="/wiki/Memory_leak" title="Memory leak">memory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Handle_leak" title="Handle leak">file handles</a>) become exhausted by repeated allocation without release.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">Buffer overflow</a>, in which a program tries to store data past the end of allocated storage. This may or may not lead to an access violation or <a href="/wiki/Storage_violation" title="Storage violation">storage violation</a>. These are frequently <a href="/wiki/Security_bug" title="Security bug">security bugs</a>.</li> <li>Excessive recursion which—though logically valid—causes <a href="/wiki/Stack_overflow" title="Stack overflow">stack overflow</a>.</li> <li>Use-after-free error, where a <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointer</a> is used after the system has freed the memory it references.</li> <li>Double free error.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syntax_error" title="Syntax error">Syntax error</a></div> <ul><li>Use of the wrong <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis#Token" title="Lexical analysis">token</a>, such as performing assignment instead of <a href="/wiki/%3D%3D#Equality" class="mw-redirect" title="==">equality test</a>. For example, in some languages x=5 will set the value of x to 5 while x==5 will check whether x is currently 5 or some other number. Interpreted languages allow such code to fail. Compiled languages can catch such errors before testing begins.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teamwork">Teamwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Teamwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Unpropagated updates; e.g. programmer changes "myAdd" but forgets to change "mySubtract", which uses the same algorithm. These errors are mitigated by the <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Repeat_Yourself" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't Repeat Yourself">Don't Repeat Yourself</a> philosophy.</li> <li>Comments out of date or incorrect: many programmers assume the comments accurately describe the code.</li> <li>Differences between documentation and product.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_politics">In politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Bugs_in_the_System"_report"><span id=".22Bugs_in_the_System.22_report"></span>"Bugs in the System" report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: "Bugs in the System" report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Open Technology Institute, run by the group, <a href="/wiki/New_America_(organization)" title="New America (organization)">New America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> released a report "Bugs in the System" in August 2016 stating that U.S. policymakers should make reforms to help researchers identify and address software bugs. The report "highlights the need for reform in the field of software vulnerability discovery and disclosure."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the report's authors said that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> has not done enough to address cyber software vulnerability, even though Congress has passed a number of bills to combat the larger issue of cyber security.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government researchers, companies, and cyber security experts are the people who typically discover software flaws. The report calls for reforming computer crime and copyright laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Electronic Communications Privacy Act criminalize and create civil penalties for actions that security researchers routinely engage in while conducting legitimate security research, the report said.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In video gaming, the term "<a href="/wiki/Glitch#Video_game_glitches" title="Glitch">glitch</a>" is sometimes used to refer to a software bug. An example is the glitch and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon" title="List of Pokémon">unofficial Pokémon species</a> <a href="/wiki/MissingNo." title="MissingNo.">MissingNo.</a></li> <li>In both the 1968 novel <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i> and the corresponding <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey" title="2001: A Space Odyssey">film of the same name</a>, the spaceship's onboard computer, <a href="/wiki/HAL_9000" title="HAL 9000">HAL 9000</a>, attempts to kill all its crew members. In the follow-up 1982 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two" title="2010: Odyssey Two">2010: Odyssey Two</a></i>, and the accompanying 1984 film, <i><a href="/wiki/2010:_The_Year_We_Make_Contact" title="2010: The Year We Make Contact">2010: The Year We Make Contact</a></i>, it is revealed that this action was caused by the computer having been programmed with two conflicting objectives: to fully disclose all its information, and to keep the true purpose of the flight secret from the crew; this conflict caused HAL to become paranoid and eventually homicidal.</li> <li>In the English version of the Nena 1983 song <i><a href="/wiki/99_Luftballons" title="99 Luftballons">99 Luftballons</a></i> (99 Red Balloons) as a result of "bugs in the software", a release of a group of 99 red balloons are mistaken for an enemy nuclear missile launch, requiring an equivalent launch response and resulting in catastrophe.</li> <li>In the 1999 American comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Office_Space" title="Office Space">Office Space</a></i>, three employees attempt (unsuccessfully) to exploit their company's preoccupation with the Y2K computer bug using a computer virus that sends rounded-off fractions of a penny to their bank account—a long-known technique described as <a href="/wiki/Salami_slicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Salami slicing">salami slicing</a>.</li> <li>The 2004 novel <i>The Bug</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ullman" title="Ellen Ullman">Ellen Ullman</a>, is about a programmer's attempt to find an elusive bug in a database application.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2008 Canadian film <i><a href="/wiki/Control_Alt_Delete_(film)" title="Control Alt Delete (film)">Control Alt Delete</a></i> is about a computer programmer at the end of 1999 struggling to fix bugs at his company related to the year 2000 problem.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pattern" title="Anti-pattern">Anti-pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bug_fixing" title="Automatic bug fixing">Automatic bug fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_bounty_program" title="Bug bounty program">Bug bounty program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_removal" title="Glitch removal">Glitch removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_bug" title="Hardware bug">Hardware bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">ISO/IEC 9126</a>, which classifies a bug as either a <i>defect</i> or a <i>nonconformity</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_bugs" title="List of software bugs">List of software bugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_Defect_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal Defect Classification">Orthogonal Defect Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racetrack_problem" title="Racetrack problem">Racetrack problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISKS_Digest" title="RISKS Digest">RISKS Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-event_upset" title="Single-event upset">Single-event upset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_defect_indicator" title="Software defect indicator">Software defect indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_regression" title="Software regression">Software regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_rot" title="Software rot">Software rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VUCA" title="VUCA">VUCA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090610052743/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n02-10.htm">"Software bugs cost US economy dear"</a>. June 10, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n02-10.htm">the original</a> on June 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Software+bugs+cost+US+economy+dear&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpublic_affairs%2Freleases%2Fn02-10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metamorph-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metamorph_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Testing experience : te : the magazine for professional testers". <i>Testing Experience</i>. Germany: testingexperience: 42. 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December 31, 1990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1990.101064">10.1109/IEEESTD.1990.101064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-0391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-0391-4"><bdi>978-0-7381-0391-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=610.12-1990%3A+IEEE+Standard+Glossary+of+Software+Engineering+Terminology&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=1990-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.1990.101064&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-0391-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raj-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raj_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevesonTurner1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_G._Leveson" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy G. 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February 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Post+Office+scandal+ruined+lives%2C+inquiry+hears&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-60374182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Watts_Humphrey" title="Watts Humphrey">Humphrey, Watts S.</a> (April 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/documents/2648/1999_102_001_413932.pdf">"News at SEI – Bugs or Defects?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>News at SEI</i>. <a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institute" title="Software Engineering Institute">Software Engineering Institute</a>. page 73 of 154 in PDF file. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015130719/https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/documents/2648/1999_102_001_413932.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+at+SEI&rft.atitle=News+at+SEI+%E2%80%93+Bugs+or+Defects%3F&rft.pages=page+73+of+154+in+PDF+file&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Watts+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsights.sei.cmu.edu%2Fdocuments%2F2648%2F1999_102_001_413932.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span> (linked from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/library/news-at-sei-1999-archive/">News at SEI 1999 Archive</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Keizer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gregg Keizer (April 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/1546216/apple-faces-questions-from-congress-about-iphone-tracking2.html">"Apple faces questions from Congress about iPhone tracking"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Apple+faces+questions+from+Congress+about+iPhone+tracking&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft.au=Gregg+Keizer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F1546216%2Fapple-faces-questions-from-congress-about-iphone-tracking2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Keizer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gregg Keizer (April 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/1534426/apple-denies-tracking-iphone-users-but-promises-changes">"Apple denies tracking iPhone users, but promises changes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Apple+denies+tracking+iPhone+users%2C+but+promises+changes&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.au=Gregg+Keizer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F1534426%2Fapple-denies-tracking-iphone-users-but-promises-changes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorota_HuizingaAdam_Kolawa2007" class="citation book cs1">Dorota Huizinga; Adam Kolawa (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/book/5201515"><i>Automated Defect Prevention: Best Practices in Software Management</i></a>. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04212-0"><bdi>978-0-470-04212-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automated+Defect+Prevention%3A+Best+Practices+in+Software+Management&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE+Computer+Society+Press&rft.date=2007-09&rft.isbn=978-0-470-04212-0&rft.au=Dorota+Huizinga&rft.au=Adam+Kolawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fbook%2F5201515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldMusson,_RobertSmith,_Ross2007" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Marc; Musson, Robert; Smith, Ross (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto00/page/480"><i>The Practical Guide to Defect Prevention</i></a></span>. Microsoft Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicalguideto00/page/480">480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-2253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-2253-1"><bdi>978-0-7356-2253-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practical+Guide+to+Defect+Prevention&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7356-2253-1&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Musson%2C+Robert&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticalguideto00%2Fpage%2F480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/ar01s04.html">"Release Early, Release Often"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032650/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/ar01s04.html">Archived</a> May 14, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.securityfocus.com/news/19">"Wide Open Source"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105937/http://www.securityfocus.com/news/19">Archived</a> September 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elias_Levy" title="Elias Levy">Elias Levy</a>, <i>SecurityFocus</i>, April 17, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quotepark.com/quotes/1810905-maurice-wilkes-by-june-1949-people-had-begun-to-realize-that-it-w">"Maurice Wilkes Quotes"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Software+Testing+%26+Quality+Engineering+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bug+Tracking+Basics%3A+A+beginner%27s+guide+to+reporting+and+tracking+defects&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2002-05%2F2002-06&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stickyminds.com%2Fbetter-software-magazine%2Fbug-tracking-basics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex_Black2002" class="citation book cs1">Rex Black (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XN0izRhGylYC&dq=bug+triage&pg=PA139"><i>Managing The Testing Process</i></a> (2nd ed.). Wiley India Pvt. Limited. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126503131" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126503131"><bdi>978-8126503131</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+The+Testing+Process&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley+India+Pvt.+Limited&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8126503131&rft.au=Rex+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXN0izRhGylYC%26dq%3Dbug%2Btriage%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Vander_Mey2012" class="citation book cs1">Chris Vander Mey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKj-M_FlU_kC&dq=bug+triage&pg=PA80"><i>Shipping Greatness - Practical Lessons on Building and Launching Outstanding Software, Learned on the Job at Google and Amazon</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449336608" title="Special:BookSources/978-1449336608"><bdi>978-1449336608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shipping+Greatness+-+Practical+Lessons+on+Building+and+Launching+Outstanding+Software%2C+Learned+on+the+Job+at+Google+and+Amazon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1449336608&rft.au=Chris+Vander+Mey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKj-M_FlU_kC%26dq%3Dbug%2Btriage%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoleimani_NeysianiBabamirAritsugi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Soleimani Neysiani, Behzad; Babamir, Seyed Morteza; Aritsugi, Masayoshi (October 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950584920301117">"Efficient feature extraction model for validation performance improvement of duplicate bug report detection in software bug triage systems"</a>. <i>Information and Software Technology</i>. <b>126</b>: 106344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2020.106344">10.1016/j.infsof.2020.106344</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219733047">219733047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+and+Software+Technology&rft.atitle=Efficient+feature+extraction+model+for+validation+performance+improvement+of+duplicate+bug+report+detection+in+software+bug+triage+systems&rft.volume=126&rft.pages=106344&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2020.106344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219733047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Soleimani+Neysiani&rft.aufirst=Behzad&rft.au=Babamir%2C+Seyed+Morteza&rft.au=Aritsugi%2C+Masayoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0950584920301117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bugzilla.org/docs/4.4/en/html/bug_page.html">"5.3. 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(1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7BSGKJrWxsC&pg=PA8"><i>Feature Interactions in Telecommunications and Software Systems V</i></a>. IOS Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5199-431-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5199-431-5"><bdi>978-90-5199-431-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feature+Interactions+in+Telecommunications+and+Software+Systems+V&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-5199-431-5&rft.aulast=Kimbler&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7BSGKJrWxsC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahman2001-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rahman2001_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed2001" class="citation book cs1">Syed, Mahbubur Rahman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3rAmuQSUXkC&pg=PA398"><i>Multimedia Networking: Technology, Management and Applications: Technology, Management and Applications</i></a>. Idea Group Inc (IGI). p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-005-9"><bdi>978-1-59140-005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multimedia+Networking%3A+Technology%2C+Management+and+Applications%3A+Technology%2C+Management+and+Applications&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Idea+Group+Inc+%28IGI%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-59140-005-9&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Mahbubur+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3rAmuQSUXkC%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WuIrwin2016-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WuIrwin2016_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuIrwin2016" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Chwan-Hwa (John); Irwin, J. David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bInNBQAAQBAJ"><i>Introduction to Computer Networks and Cybersecurity</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-7214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-7214-0"><bdi>978-1-4665-7214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Computer+Networks+and+Cybersecurity&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-7214-0&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Chwan-Hwa+%28John%29&rft.au=Irwin%2C+J.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbInNBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1263" class="extiw" title="rfc:1263">RFC 1263</a>: "TCP Extensions Considered Harmful" quote: "the time to distribute the new version of the protocol to all hosts can be quite long (forever in fact). ... If there is the slightest incompatibly between old and new versions, chaos can result."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonSchulmanBankstonHerr" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Andi; Schulman, Ross; Bankston, Kevin; Herr, Trey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://na-production.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/Bugs-in-the-System-Final.pdf">"Bugs in the System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Open Policy Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921012606/https://na-production.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/Bugs-in-the-System-Final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=Bugs+in+the+System&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andi&rft.au=Schulman%2C+Ross&rft.au=Bankston%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Herr%2C+Trey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fna-production.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdocuments%2FBugs-in-the-System-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozens2016" class="citation web cs1">Rozens, Tracy (August 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homelandprepnews.com/government/19481-cyber-reforms-needed-strengthen-software-bug-discovery-disclosure-new-america-report/">"Cyber reforms needed to strengthen software bug discovery and disclosure: New America report – Homeland Preparedness News"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyber+reforms+needed+to+strengthen+software+bug+discovery+and+disclosure%3A+New+America+report+%E2%80%93+Homeland+Preparedness+News&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft.aulast=Rozens&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomelandprepnews.com%2Fgovernment%2F19481-cyber-reforms-needed-strengthen-software-bug-discovery-disclosure-new-america-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman2004" class="citation book cs1">Ullman, Ellen (2004). <i>The Bug</i>. <a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Picador</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-00249-5"><bdi>978-1-250-00249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bug&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-250-00249-5&rft.aulast=Ullman&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+bug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_bug&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/40px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/60px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/80px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">MediaWiki has documentation related to: <i><b><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Bug_management" class="extiw" title="mw:Bug management">Bug management</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/cwe.cfm">Common Weakness Enumeration</a>" – an expert webpage focus on bugs, at NIST.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensourceforu.com/2010/10/joy-of-programming-types-of-bugs">BUG type of Jim Gray</a> – another Bug type</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215748/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h96000/h96566kc.htm">Picture of the "first computer bug"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived January 12, 2015)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970430003658/http://www.waterholes.com/~dennette/1996/hopper/bug.htm">The First Computer Bug!</a>" – an email from 1981 about Adm. Hopper's bug</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2931037.2931074">Toward Understanding Compiler Bugs in GCC and LLVM</a>". A 2016 study of bugs in compilers</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_fraud" title="Computer fraud">Computer fraud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAJMK1209-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="vectorial version"><img alt="vectorial version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/150px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/225px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/300px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>vectorial version</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">Threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">Advanced persistent threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">Arbitrary code execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoors</a></li> <li>Bombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_bomb" title="Fork bomb">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_bomb" title="Logic bomb">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_bomb_(software)" title="Time bomb (software)">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_bomb" title="Zip bomb">Zip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_backdoor" title="Hardware backdoor">Hardware backdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_injection" title="Code injection">Code injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_leaks" title="Cross-site leaks">Cross-site leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOM_clobbering" title="DOM clobbering">DOM clobbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_sniffing" title="History sniffing">History sniffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptojacking" title="Cryptojacking">Cryptojacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">Data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive-by_download" title="Drive-by download">Drive-by download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">Browser Helper Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Data scraping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">Denial-of-service attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">Exploits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecure_direct_object_reference" title="Insecure direct object reference">Insecure direct object reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke loggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li> <li><a 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