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He transformed the country from a small feudal state to the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe. He was also a great builder, constructing the [[Louvre Palace]] and the first wall around Paris, and founding the [[University of Paris]] (1215).<ref>''Petit Robert Dictipnnaire Universel des Noms Propres'' (1988), p. 1409</ref> The new structures were larger and taller, and their forms were simplified and more balanced.{{Sfn|Mignon|2015|p=20}} He was succeeded by [[Louis IX of France]], whose reign saw the construction of several great cathedrals, and his own remarkable chapel, [[Sainte-Chapelle]].<ref name="EB Rayonnant">{{Britannica |492572 |Rayonnant style}}</ref> The early thirteenth-century cathedral style in France is often called [[High Gothic]]. The objective of the architects was larger windows and more lavish decoration rather than simply greater size. The mid-level triforium gradually disappeared, and stained glass windows seemed to cover entire walls. The great monuments of the style included [[Amiens Cathedral]], the modified [[Notre Dame de Paris]], and especially the royal chapel of Louis IX of France, [[Sainte-Chapelle]] (consecrated 1248).<ref name="EB Rayonnant" /> * ''' [[Chartres Cathedral]] ''' was constructed following the destruction by fire of the Romanesque cathedral in 1194, which left only the crypt, royal total an apse intact. It was rapidly reconstructed, and was largely finished by 1221.{{Sfn|Mignon|2015|p=20-21}} It surpassed Notre Dame de Paris both in length (130.2 meters) and height (36 meters). It had an immense transept which had its own collateral chapels. The choir was extended by a double disambulatory with three radiating chapels. Chartres has a number of innovative features. The traditional level of tribunes on both sides of the nave were removed, thanks to the strength and reach of the flying buttresses, reducing the number of levels from four to three. This made room for a row of large windows, the same height as the ground-floor arcades, bringing much more light into the church, and a greater sensation of harmony. Another innovation was the use of the simpler but stronger quadripartite [[rib vault]] instead of the six-part vaults of Notre Dame, which allowed greater height and a simpler arrangement of columns and pillars on the ground floor. The cathedral was originally planned to have seven towers, but in the end had only two, from different periods.{{Sfn|Mignon|2015|p=20}} Another feature of Chartres was the use of walls painted white or in different colours. {{As of| 2020}}, after the walls had been cleaned of soot and dirt, these colours are in the process of being restored or recreated, a measure that has drawn some criticism.<ref name="icu light">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture/chartres-cathedral-clean-up-row-experts-divided-over-whether-dirt-should-be-left-in-place-to-keep-a6706627.html|title=Let there be light? Chartres Cathedral caught in clean-up row|last=Lichfield|first=John|date=23 October 2015|newspaper=Independent}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:Notre Dame de Chartres.jpg|[[Chartres Cathedral]] (1194–1221), showing the flying buttresses. File:Triforium Chartres.jpg|The three levels of the nave of Chartres Cathedral, with larger windows in the [[clerestory]] on the top level. File:Chartres - Cathédrale (2012.01) 08.jpg|South [[rose window]] of Chartres Cathedral. </gallery> * '''[[Notre Dame de Paris]]''' during the reign of Louis IX underwent enlargement and extensive modifications into the Rayonnant style. The old sexpartite [[rib vault]]s vaults in the nave were replaced by the simpler and stronger quadripartite vaults. Dramatic new Rayonnant [[rose windows]] were added to the north and south transepts. Longer and stronger flying buttresses were added to support the choir, which allowed thinner walls, and larger windows were added to the clerestory. The two towers were completed in 1245.{{sfn|Guide|p=303}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, 3 June 2010.jpg|Notre-Dame, showing south rose window and extended flying buttresses around the choir (about 1260) File:North rose window of Notre-Dame de Paris, Aug 2010.jpg|The north rose window of Notre Dame (about 1260) </gallery> * ''' [[Amiens Cathedral]] ''' was begun in 1220. Its builder, the Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, had the ambition of making it the largest cathedral in France, and he succeeded. Its nave is 145 meters long and 70 meters wide at the transept. Its elevation copied Chartres in having just three, not four levels, but the plan was very different. At Amiens the arcades on the ground floor are a full eighteen meters high, equaling the combined height of the triforium and clerestory above. Amiens adopted the system of stained glass windows in chassis that was used at Reims, but went a step further. The high clerestory windows in the nave are composed of four lancet windows topped by two rosettes, while those in the transept have as many as eight lancets in single window.{{Sfn|Mignon|2015|p=28}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:0 Amiens - Cathédrale Notre-Dame (1).JPG|[[Amiens Cathedral]] (begun 1220) File:Amiens Cathedral choir Wikimedia Commons.jpg|Choir and altar of Amiens Cathedral </gallery> * '''[[Sainte-Chapelle]]''' (1241–48) was the royal chapel constructed by [[Louis IX of France]] at his palace on the [[Île de la Cité]] in Paris to shelter the relics of the [[Passion of Christ]]. It is composed of a lower chapel, used by the Palace and the Court, and an upper chapel, where the relics were kept, where the walls are filled with an exceptional array of stained glass windows.{{sfn|Guide|p=297}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:SteChapelle von N.JPG|Exterior of Sainte-Chapelle (1241–48) File:Sainte Chapelle - Upper level 1.jpg|Upper chapel of [[Sainte-Chapelle]] (1241–48) File:Sainte Chapelle - Rosace.jpg|The Rayonnant rose window of [[Sainte-Chapelle]] (1241–48) </gallery> * ''' [[Reims Cathedral]] ''' had the special distinction as the coronation church for the Kings of France. The Romanesque cathedral was destroyed by a fire in 1210. The Archbishop Aubrey de Humbert began a new cathedral in the Gothic style in 1211. The choir was finished in 1241. Work on the façade did not begin until 1251, and was not finished until the 16th century. It was heavily damaged in the [[First World War]], but restored and reconsecrated in 1937. Like Chartres, the elevation has just three levels, giving more space for windows. The traditional tympanum on the façade was replaced by a large rose window, while the sculpture usually on the tympanum was moved to the inside of the façade. Another innovation at the Reims was the placement of each stained glass windows in a large separate ''chassis'', or frame, rather than directly into the wall, which allowed much more complex patterns. Another innovation was the placement of statues of angels sheltered in the pinnacles atop the flying buttresses. In all, Reims has more than 2300 statues in its decoration.{{Sfn|Mignon|2015|p=26}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:Facade de Notre Dame de Reims.png|Façade of [[Reims Cathedral]] (1211 to the 16th century) File:Reims Cathedrale Notre Dame interior 002.JPG|Western rose window </gallery> * ''' [[Beauvais Cathedral]] ''' had an unfortunate history. After a fire in 1225 destroyed the old cathedral, Bishop [[Milo of Nanteuil|Milon de Nanteuil]] proposed to construct the tallest cathedral of all. The choir, forty meters high, was finished in 1272, but collapsed in 1284. It was rebuilt with reinforced pillar vaults with additional rib in the 14th century. The transept was completed in the 1560s and was capped with a stone and wood spire 150 meters high. Unfortunately, the spire collapsed in 1573, and the cathedral was left unfinished, with only the choir and transept completed.{{Sfn|Mignon|2015|p=29}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:Beauvais Cathedral Exterior 1, Picardy, France - Diliff.jpg|The unfinished [[Beauvais Cathedral]] (1225–1272) File:Picardie Beauvais2 tango7174.jpg|Choir of Beauvais Cathedral </gallery> ===French regional Gothic – Normandy === At the beginning of the 13th century, [[Normandy]] was nominally under English rule, independent of France, and the Romanesque [[Norman architecture]] was distinct from the French style. In 1204, King [[Philip II of France]] claimed Normandy for France. and in 1259, King Henry III was forced to recognise French sovereignty, though in the following centuries it was often disputed. The early Gothic in Normandy had several distinctive features. One of these was the Norman [[chevet]], a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome. The [[lantern tower]] was another popular feature in Norman Gothic.<ref name=LarousseGothique/> *'''[[Lessay Abbey]]''' (1098) in Normandy, a [[Benedictine]] Abbey, founded in 1056 and confirmed by [[William the Conqueror]]. The choir was rebuilt with rib vaults beginning in 1098, about the same time as [[Durham Cathedral]] and the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]], making them among the earliest Gothic vaults in Europe. The church was destroyed by the retreating Germans in 1944, and later completely rebuilt in the original Romanesque style.<ref name=LarousseGothique/> *'''[[Lisieux Cathedral]]''' begun in 1170, was one of the first Norman cathedrals to be built with Gothic features.{{sfn|Mignon|2015|p=38}} *'''[[Bayeux Cathedral]]''' (1060–1070). The Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style. *'''[[Coutances Cathedral]]''' was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220. Its most original feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, resting on pendentive vaults, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows.{{sfn|Mignon|2015|p=30}} *'''[[Rouen Cathedral]]''' (begun 1185). The Archbishop of Rouen, Gautier de Coutances, began to reconstruct the Romanesque interior of the newly built [[Rouen Cathedral]], The nave retained the early Gothic plan of four levels, but the tribunes were deliberately left unfinished, and the newer choir merged the four levels into three. The ambulatory was surrounded with three radiating chapels. It retained certain other Norman characteristics, such as the lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades.{{sfn|Mignon|2015|p=30-31}} *'''[[Evreux Cathedral]]''' begun in the late 13th century, is filled with light by the merger of the triforium and high windows, It is a notable example of the Norman Rayonnante style.{{sfn|Mignon|2015|p=20-21}} *'''[[Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey]]''' was first constructed with pre-Romanesque vaults in the 10th century, then as a Romanesque church (1060–1080), then with Gothic vaults in the nave in 1135. The Gothic structure called La Merveille (The Marvel), the monks' living area, dates to 1203–1228. The Gothic tower replaced the original Romanesque tower in 1311. The Abbey was extensively rebuilt in the 17th century, undoing much of the Gothic work, and then in the 19th century, particularly by [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]], to bring it back to his view of its Gothic appearance.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/ville/Le_Mont-Saint-Michel_50116/133946 |work=Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne |title=Le Mont-Saint-Michel |access-date=2020-07-09 |language=fr}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:LessayAbbaye3.JPG|[[Lessay Abbey]], with its Norman lantern tower and at transept and semicircular [[chevet]] at the east end File:Abbaye de Lessay - choeur 2.JPG|Rib vaults of [[Lessay Abbey]] (1098), restored to original form after World War II. File:50200 Coutances, France - panoramio (1).jpg|[[Coutances Cathedral]] File:Voûtes du choeur et tour lanterne Notre-Dame de Coutances.jpg|Vaults and lantern tower of [[Coutances Cathedral]] in [[Normandy]] (1210–1274) File:Lisieux, Cathédrale Saint-Pierre PM 30664.jpg|Choir of [[Lisieux Cathedral]] File:Lisieux-Cathedrale.jpg|Exterior of [[Lisieux Cathedral]], with lantern tower and cheviot File:Portail transept nord cathédrale d'Évreux.JPG|North transept portal of [[Evreux Cathedral]], Normandy. File:Normandie Eure Evreux2 tango7174.jpg|Choir of [[Evreux Cathedral]] File:Normandie Eure Evreux3 tango7174.jpg|The octagonal central tower of [[Evreux Cathedral]] seen from below File:FranceNormandieLeMontSaintMichelAbbaye.jpg|[[Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey]] was rebuilt from Romanesque to Gothic in the 12th century. File:Normandie Manche Mont1 tango7174.jpg|The Gothic cloister of [[Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey]] (12th century) </gallery> ===Meridional or southern French Gothic=== *'''[[Albi Cathedral]]'''. In the southwest of France, [[Albi Cathedral]] (begun 1282) is an example of [[Southern French Gothic]]. It is built entirely of brick, due to the shortage of suitable stone. In place of flying buttresses, it uses semicircular tower-like supports the height of the building. It is austere in form, with no transept, There is a tower, but a minimum of other decoration. It is massive in size, 113 meters long, 35 meters wide and 30 meters high. The interior is filled with carved stalls and works of polychrome sculpture, largely in their original state.{{sfn|Mignon|2015|p=47}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> Albi - Cathédrale Sainte-Cécile - Vue générale.jpg|Exterior of [[Albi Cathedral]] (begun 1222) (Albi) East views of the Ste Cécile Cathedral - Apse.jpg|Exterior of the apse of Albi Cathedral Albi Cathedral Nave Wikimedia Commons.jpg|The colorful interior of [[Albi Cathedral]] </gallery> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches&action=edit&section=6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nv2q5","wgBackendResponseTime":266,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.071","walltime":"0.091","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 62.250 1 -total"," 99.84% 62.152 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 40.57% 25.256 2 Template:Replace"," 39.82% 24.787 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 35.93% 22.366 1 Template:Hidden"," 16.12% 10.034 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.10% 8.780 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.31% 1.441 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.26% 1.408 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.89% 1.177 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.013","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043346,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nv2q5","timestamp":"20241123183810","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>